{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b7-c1","title":{"source":"I. Тлетворный дух","translated":"The Breath of Corruption"},"section":"Book VII — Alyosha","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b7-c1","lines":165},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b6-c3","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b7-c2","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b7-c1-s1","source":"Тело усопшего иеросхимонаха отца Зосимы приготовили к погребению по установленному чину.","translation":"The body of the departed hieroschemamonk, Father Zossima, was made ready for burial according to the established rite.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"усопшего","title":"«усопший» — the reposed","body":"A solemn, Church-Slavonic word for the dead, literally \"the one who has fallen asleep\" (from «успение», the \"falling-asleep\" of the Mother of God). It is the reverent register used of monks and saints, far above the neutral «умерший»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"иеросхимонаха","title":"«иеросхимонах» — hieroschemamonk","body":"A compound Greek loan: a monk who is both an ordained priest («иеро-») and has taken the highest, strictest monastic vows, the Great Schema («схима»). Zossima's rank is the loftiest in this monastic world, which is why the Gospel, not the Psalter, will be read over him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приготовили","title":"Subjectless \"they\"","body":"The 3rd-person plural perfective past «приготовили» (\"they prepared\") has no stated subject — an unnamed, indefinite \"they\" doing the ritual. The perfective frames it as a single completed act, against which the chapter's description unfolds."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тело","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of приготовили","gloss":"the body"},{"surface":"усопшего","lemma":"усопший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies иеросхимонаха","gloss":"departed"},{"surface":"иеросхимонаха","lemma":"иеросхимонах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Тело","gloss":"hieroschemamonk","note":"иеросхимонах is a monk of the highest monastic rank (great schema) who is also an ordained priest."},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies иеросхимонаха","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Зосимы","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"приготовили","lemma":"приготовить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was made ready"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking погребению","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"погребению","lemma":"погребение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приготовили","gloss":"burial"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чину","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"установленному","lemma":"установить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"modifies чину","gloss":"established"},{"surface":"чину","lemma":"чин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приготовили","gloss":"rite"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b7-c1-s2","source":"Умерших монахов и схимников, как известно, не омывают.","translation":"As is known, the bodies of dead monks and schemamonks are not washed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не омывают","title":"Subjectless habitual \"one does not\"","body":"«Не омывают» is a 3rd-plural imperfective with no subject — the impersonal \"they do not wash / one does not wash,\" stating a general rule. The imperfective fits a timeless custom rather than a single event."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как известно","title":"«как известно» — as is known","body":"A set parenthetical, \"as is known / as everyone knows,\" by which Dostoevsky's chronicler-narrator leans on shared communal knowledge, drawing the reader into the small-town \"we\" that runs through the book."}],"words":[{"surface":"Умерших","lemma":"умерший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies монахов","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"монахов","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of омывают","gloss":"monks"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"схимников","lemma":"схимник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with монахов","gloss":"schemamonks"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of известно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to омывают","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies омывают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"омывают","lemma":"омывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wash"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b7-c1-s3","source":"«Егда кто от монахов ко господу отыдет (сказано в большом требнике), то учиненный монах (то есть для сего назначенный) отирает тело его теплою водой, творя прежде губою (то есть греческою губкой) крест на челе скончавшегося, на персех, на руках и на ногах и на коленах, вящше же ничто же».","translation":"\"When one of the monks departeth unto the Lord (so it is said in the Great Book of Needs), then the appointed monk (that is, the one designated for this) wipes his body with warm water, first tracing with a sponge (that is, a Greek sponge) a cross upon the brow of the deceased, upon his breast, upon his hands and feet and knees, and nothing more.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Егда","title":"«Егда» — Church-Slavonic \"when\"","body":"The quotation from the service book opens in pure Church Slavonic. «Егда» is the Slavonic for \"when\" (modern «когда»), instantly marking the liturgical voice of the Great Book of Needs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отыдет","title":"Archaic verb «отыдет»","body":"«Отыдет» (\"departs, goes away\") is an archaic Slavonic perfective future where modern Russian would say «отойдёт». Set with «ко господу» (\"unto the Lord\"), it is the liturgical idiom for dying."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"творя","title":"Gerund «творя» — \"making (the sign)\"","body":"«Творя» is an imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») from «творить», expressing the action accompanying «отирает» — wiping the body \"while making\" the sign of the cross. The gerund stacks a second, simultaneous action onto the main verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на челе","title":"«чело», «перси» — brow and breast","body":"The body is named in Slavonic words: «чело» (brow, modern «лоб»), «перси» (breast, modern «грудь»). These full, sacred terms turn the washing of the corpse into a liturgical act traced across the body."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вящше же ничто же","title":"«вящше же ничто же» — \"and nothing more\"","body":"A wholly archaic close: «вящше» (\"more, further\") plus the Slavonic «ничто же» (\"nothing at all\"), the particle «же» reinforcing each word. The phrase rings with the cadence of an old rubric forbidding any further handling of the body."}],"words":[{"surface":"Егда","lemma":"егда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отыдет","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of отыдет","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монахов","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"монахов","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of кто","gloss":"the monks"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господу","gloss":"unto"},{"surface":"господу","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отыдет","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"отыдет","lemma":"отыти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the Егда-clause, modifying отирает","gloss":"departeth","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic form (отыти = \"to depart\") preserved for the liturgical quotation."},{"surface":"сказано","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying отыдет","gloss":"it is said"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking требнике","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"большом","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies требнике","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"требнике","lemma":"требник","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказано","gloss":"Book of Needs","note":"Требник (\"Book of Needs\") is the Orthodox liturgical book of rites for occasional services, including burial."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with Егда, introduces the clause of отирает","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"учиненный","lemma":"учинить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies монах","gloss":"appointed"},{"surface":"монах","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отирает","gloss":"monk"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase то есть, parenthetical on монах","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of назначенный","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"назначенный","lemma":"назначить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause explaining учиненный","gloss":"designated"},{"surface":"отирает","lemma":"отирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wipes"},{"surface":"тело","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отирает","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of тело","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"теплою","lemma":"тёплый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies водой","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"водой","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отирает","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"творя","lemma":"творить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отирает","gloss":"tracing"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies творя","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"губою","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of творя","gloss":"with a sponge"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase то есть, parenthetical on губою","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"греческою","lemma":"греческий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies губкой","gloss":"Greek"},{"surface":"губкой","lemma":"губка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"parenthetical restating губою","gloss":"sponge"},{"surface":"крест","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of творя","gloss":"a cross"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking челе","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"челе","lemma":"чело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of творя","gloss":"the brow"},{"surface":"скончавшегося","lemma":"скончаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies челе","gloss":"of the deceased"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking персех","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"персех","lemma":"перси","morphology":"noun, locative, plural","role":"coordinated with челе","gloss":"the breast","note":"персех is the archaic locative plural of перси (\"breast/chest\"), a Church Slavonic word."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with челе","gloss":"the hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногах","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ногах","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with руках","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленах","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"коленах","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, locative, plural","role":"coordinated with руках","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"вящше","lemma":"вящше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничто, elliptical for \"nothing further\"","gloss":"more","note":"Archaic comparative adverb; \"вящше же ничто же\" is a fixed liturgical phrase meaning \"and nothing more\"."},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вящше","gloss":"(and)"},{"surface":"ничто","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ничто","gloss":"(more)"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b7-c1-s4","source":"Всё это и исполнил над усопшим сам отец Паисий.","translation":"All this Father Paissy himself performed over the departed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё это и исполнил","title":"Fronted object + emphatic «и»","body":"The object «всё это» (\"all this\") is moved to the front and picked up by the emphatic particle «и» (\"this very thing he carried out\"), throwing the weight onto the completed totality of the rite. Free word order lets Russian foreground the object before the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of исполнил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies исполнил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"исполнил","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"performed"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking усопшим","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"усопшим","lemma":"усопший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of исполнил","gloss":"the departed"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of исполнил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b7-c1-s5","source":"После отирания одел его в монашеское одеяние и обвил мантиею; для чего, по правилу, несколько разрезал ее, чтоб обвить крестообразно.","translation":"After the wiping he clothed him in the monastic garb and wrapped him in the mantle; for which, according to the rule, he slit it in several places, so as to wrap it crosswise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мантиею","title":"Bookish ending «-ею»","body":"«Мантиею» is the instrumental of «мантия» with the elevated literary ending «-ею» rather than the everyday «-ей». This older instrumental singular gives the prose its solemn, period flavour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб обвить крестообразно","title":"Purpose clause with «чтоб» + infinitive","body":"«Чтоб обвить» is a purpose clause (a clipped «чтобы») with an infinitive — \"so as to wrap.\" When the purpose shares the main subject, Russian uses «чтобы» plus an infinitive rather than a finite verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"После","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отирания","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"отирания","lemma":"отирание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of одел","gloss":"the wiping"},{"surface":"одел","lemma":"одеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"clothed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of одел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одеяние","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"монашеское","lemma":"монашеский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies одеяние","gloss":"monastic"},{"surface":"одеяние","lemma":"одеяние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of одел","gloss":"garb"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обвил","lemma":"обвить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with одел","gloss":"wrapped"},{"surface":"мантиею","lemma":"мантия","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обвил","gloss":"in the mantle"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of разрезал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правилу","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"правилу","lemma":"правило","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of разрезал","gloss":"the rule"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разрезал","gloss":"in several places"},{"surface":"разрезал","lemma":"разрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with одел","gloss":"slit"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of разрезал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обвить","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"обвить","lemma":"обвить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on разрезал","gloss":"to wrap"},{"surface":"крестообразно","lemma":"крестообразно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обвить","gloss":"crosswise"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b7-c1-s6","source":"На голову надел ему куколь с осьмиконечным крестом.","translation":"On his head he set the cowl with the eight-pointed cross.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осьмиконечным","title":"Archaic «осьми-»","body":"«Осьмиконечный» uses the old «осьм-» for \"eight\" (modern «восьми-»). The pre-modern numeral form belongs to the church-and-old-book texture the narrator keeps in religious passages."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надел","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"надел","lemma":"надеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of надел","gloss":"on him"},{"surface":"куколь","lemma":"куколь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of надел","gloss":"the cowl","note":"куколь is the pointed monastic hood worn by schemamonks."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крестом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"осьмиконечным","lemma":"осьмиконечный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крестом","gloss":"eight-pointed"},{"surface":"крестом","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies куколь","gloss":"cross"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b7-c1-s7","source":"Куколь оставлен был открытым, лик же усопшего закрыли черным возду́хом.","translation":"The cowl was left open, but the face of the departed was covered with the black veil.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Куколь оставлен был открытым","title":"Periphrastic passive + instrumental predicate","body":"«Оставлен был» is a short passive participle with «был» — \"the cowl was left\" — and «открытым» is the instrumental predicate of the resulting state (\"left [in an] open [condition]\"). After such verbs the result-adjective takes the instrumental, not the nominative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лик же усопшего","title":"Contrastive «же»","body":"The particle «же» here is not emphatic but contrastive — \"the cowl was left open, the face, on the other hand, was covered.\" Placed after the topic word, «же» quietly pivots the sentence from one thing to its counterpart."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возду́хом","title":"«воздух» — the liturgical veil","body":"Not \"air\": the «во́здух» (here in its older stress, «возду́хом») is the large embroidered cloth that in the liturgy covers the chalice and paten. Laid over the dead monk's face, it is a specific Orthodox burial object — note «лик», the icon-word for a holy face."}],"words":[{"surface":"Куколь","lemma":"куколь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставлен","gloss":"The cowl"},{"surface":"оставлен","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was left"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to открытым","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"открытым","lemma":"открытый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of оставлен","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"лик","lemma":"лик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of закрыли (fronted)","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лик","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"усопшего","lemma":"усопший","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лик","gloss":"of the departed"},{"surface":"закрыли","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb, contrasted with оставлен","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"черным","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies возду́хом","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"возду́хом","lemma":"воздух","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of закрыли","gloss":"veil","note":"Возду́х here is the liturgical term for the cloth veil covering a monk's face, not ordinary 'air'."}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b7-c1-s8","source":"В руки ему положили икону Спасителя.","translation":"Into his hands they laid an icon of the Saviour.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В руки ему положили","title":"Dative possessor «ему»","body":"«В руки ему» — literally \"into the hands to him\" — uses the dative «ему» where English says \"into his hands.\" Russian routinely marks the affected possessor with a dative pronoun rather than a possessive."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of положили","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"possessive dative modifying руки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"положили","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"икону","lemma":"икона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of положили","gloss":"an icon"},{"surface":"Спасителя","lemma":"спаситель","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies икону","gloss":"of the Saviour"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b7-c1-s9","source":"В таком виде к утру переложили его во гроб (уже прежде давно заготовленный).","translation":"In this state, toward morning, they transferred him into the coffin (long since made ready beforehand).","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"во гроб","title":"Archaic «во гроб» + accusative of motion","body":"«Во гроб» shows the old, fuller preposition «во» before «гроб» and the accusative of motion-into. «Гроб» here keeps its archaic sense \"coffin\" (in modern Russian it has narrowed; the older word also meant \"grave\")."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заготовленный","title":"Past passive participle «заготовленный»","body":"«Заготовленный» (\"prepared in advance\") is a past passive participle from the perfective «заготовить», used attributively in the parenthetical — \"the long-since-made-ready coffin.\" Such participles compress a whole relative clause into one word."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of виде","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переложили","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утру","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"утру","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of переложили","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"переложили","lemma":"переложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"transferred"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of переложили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гроб","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переложили","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заготовленный","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"заготовленный","lemma":"заготовить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies гроб","gloss":"made ready"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b7-c1-s10","source":"Гроб же вознамерились оставить в келье (в первой большой комнате, в той самой, в которой покойный старец принимал братию и мирских) на весь день.","translation":"The coffin they resolved to leave in the cell (in the first, large room, the very one in which the late elder had received both the brethren and the laity) for the whole day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"братию и мирских","title":"«братия» vs «мирские»","body":"«Братия» is the collective \"brethren\" of a monastery (a feminine singular collective noun); «мирские» are \"the worldly,\" lay people from outside the cloister. The pair sets the monastery against the «мир», the secular world."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Гроб же вознамерились оставить","title":"Fronted object + subjectless verb","body":"«Гроб» is fronted as the topic (with contrastive «же»), and «вознамерились» (\"[they] resolved\") again has an unnamed plural subject. The bookish «вознамериться» (\"to form an intention\") belongs to the elevated narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставить (fronted)","gloss":"The coffin"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Гроб","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"вознамерились","lemma":"вознамериться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"оставить","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of вознамерились","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставить","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"первой","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to келье","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking самой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of самой","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to комнате","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"покойный","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старец","gloss":"the late"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принимал","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"принимал","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on комнате","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"братию","lemma":"братия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принимал","gloss":"the brethren"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мирских","lemma":"мирской","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with братию","gloss":"the laity"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставить","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b7-c1-s11","source":"Так как усопший по чину был иеросхимонах, то над ним следовало иеромонахам же и иеродиаконам читать не Псалтирь, а Евангелие.","translation":"Since by his rank the departed was a hieroschemamonk, it was fitting that hieromonks and hierodeacons should read over him not the Psalter but the Gospel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так как... то","title":"Causal «так как… то»","body":"«Так как» (\"since, because\") opens a causal subordinate clause, answered by the resumptive «то» (\"then\") at the head of the main clause. This «так как… то» frame is a hallmark of careful, bookish argumentation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"следовало... читать","title":"Impersonal «следовало» + infinitive","body":"«Следовало читать» is an impersonal construction — \"it was fitting/proper to read,\" with no nominative subject and the readers («иеромонахам же и иеродиаконам») in the dative. The dative names who is obliged; the neuter «следовало» carries the modality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the conjunction так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the conjunction так как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"усопший","lemma":"усопший","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"the departed"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чину","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"чину","lemma":"чин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking усопший to иеросхимонах","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"иеросхимонах","lemma":"иеросхимонах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a hieroschemamonk"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the clause of следовало","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of следовало","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"следовало","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it was proper"},{"surface":"иеромонахам","lemma":"иеромонах","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"logical subject of читать","gloss":"hieromonks"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies иеромонахам","gloss":"for their part"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"иеродиаконам","lemma":"иеродиакон","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with иеромонахам","gloss":"hierodeacons"},{"surface":"читать","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on следовало","gloss":"to read"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Псалтирь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Псалтирь","lemma":"псалтирь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of читать","gloss":"the Psalter"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Евангелие","lemma":"евангелие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Псалтирь","gloss":"the Gospel"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b7-c1-s12","source":"Начал чтение, сейчас после панихиды, отец Иосиф; отец же Паисий, сам пожелавший читать потом весь день и всю ночь, пока еще был очень занят и озабочен, вместе с отцом настоятелем скита, ибо вдруг стало обнаруживаться, и чем далее, тем более, и в монастырской братии, и в прибывавших из монастырских гостиниц и из города толпами мирских нечто необычайное, какое-то неслыханное и «неподобающее» даже волнение и нетерпеливое ожидание.","translation":"The reading was begun, immediately after the requiem, by Father Iosif; while Father Paissy, who himself wished to read afterward through the whole day and the whole night, was for the time being still very busy and preoccupied together with the Father Superior of the hermitage, for there had suddenly begun to make itself felt — and the further it went, the more so — both among the monastery brethren and among the laity who were arriving in crowds from the monastery guest-houses and from the town, something extraordinary, a kind of unheard-of and \"unseemly\" agitation and impatient expectation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"настоятелем скита","title":"«настоятель», «скит» — superior and hermitage","body":"The «настоятель» is the father superior; the «скит» is the secluded hermitage, a smaller, stricter community set apart from the main monastery, where the elders live. Zossima belonged to the skete."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пожелавший читать","title":"Past active participle «пожелавший»","body":"«Сам пожелавший читать» (\"who himself had wished to read\") is a past active participle from perfective «пожелать», standing in for a «который»-clause about Father Paissy. Dostoevsky packs such participial modifiers into his long sentences."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стало обнаруживаться","title":"Ingressive «стало» + reflexive imperfective","body":"«Стало обнаруживаться» = \"began to make itself felt,\" with «стало» (perfective \"began\") plus the imperfective reflexive infinitive «обнаруживаться». The -ся makes the verb middle/passive — the disquiet reveals itself, no agent named."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«неподобающее»","title":"«неподобающее» — \"unseemly\"","body":"Set in quotation marks, «неподобающее» (\"improper, unbecoming\") is the monks' own censorious word for the excitement — a slightly elevated, churchly term the narrator flags as borrowed from their lips. It returns in Father Paissy's rebuke below."}],"words":[{"surface":"Начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"чтение","lemma":"чтение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Начал","gloss":"the reading"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies после","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking панихиды","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"панихиды","lemma":"панихида","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Начал","gloss":"the requiem"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Начал","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Иосиф","lemma":"иосиф","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Iosif"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of занят","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Паисий","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"пожелавший","lemma":"пожелать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies Паисий","gloss":"having wished"},{"surface":"читать","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пожелавший","gloss":"to read"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies читать","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of читать","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with день","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of занят","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies занят","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to занят","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies занят","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"занят","lemma":"занять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short-form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"busy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"озабочен","lemma":"озабоченный","morphology":"adjective, short-form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with занят","gloss":"preoccupied"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies занят","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"the father"},{"surface":"настоятелем","lemma":"настоятель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отцом","gloss":"superior"},{"surface":"скита","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies настоятелем","gloss":"of the hermitage"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стало","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"обнаруживаться","lemma":"обнаруживаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"to become apparent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"part of чем...тем correlative","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative adverbial modifying обнаруживаться","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of более","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on далее","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братии","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"монастырской","lemma":"монастырский","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies братии","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"братии","lemma":"братия","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обнаруживаться","gloss":"the brethren"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прибывавших","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"прибывавших","lemma":"прибывать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle (substantivized), plural, locative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with братии","gloss":"those arriving"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостиниц","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"монастырских","lemma":"монастырский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies гостиниц","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"гостиниц","lemma":"гостиница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прибывавших","gloss":"guest-houses"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking города","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with гостиниц","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"толпами","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прибывавших","gloss":"in crowds"},{"surface":"мирских","lemma":"мирской","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), genitive, plural","role":"modifies толпами","gloss":"of laity"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"modifies волнение","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"необычайное","lemma":"необычайный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of неслыханное","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"part of какое-то, determiner of неслыханное","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"неслыханное","lemma":"неслыханный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies волнение","gloss":"unheard-of"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неподобающее","lemma":"неподобающий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with неслыханное","gloss":"unseemly","note":"The narrator's quotation marks around 'неподобающее' mark it as borrowed/ironic phrasing."},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies волнение","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"волнение","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стало обнаруживаться","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нетерпеливое","lemma":"нетерпеливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ожидание","gloss":"impatient"},{"surface":"ожидание","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with волнение","gloss":"expectation"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b7-c1-s13","source":"И настоятель, и отец Паисий прилагали все старания по возможности успокоить столь суетливо волнующихся.","translation":"Both the Superior and Father Paissy made every effort to calm, so far as they could, those who were so fussily worked up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь суетливо волнующихся","title":"Substantivised present participle","body":"«Волнующихся» is a present active participle («those getting agitated») used as a noun and put in the accusative as the object of «успокоить». Russian freely turns a participle into the very person it describes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прилагали все старания","title":"«прилагать старания» — to make every effort","body":"A bookish set phrase, \"to apply [one's] efforts,\" i.e. to do one's utmost. «Столь» (\"so\") for «так» is likewise an elevated literary touch throughout this passage."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of и...и correlative","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"настоятель","lemma":"настоятель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прилагали","gloss":"the superior"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with настоятель","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"прилагали","lemma":"прилагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of старания","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"старания","lemma":"старание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of прилагали","gloss":"effort"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возможности","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"возможности","lemma":"возможность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of успокоить","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"успокоить","lemma":"успокоить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose complement of прилагали","gloss":"to calm"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies суетливо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"суетливо","lemma":"суетливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies волнующихся","gloss":"fussily"},{"surface":"волнующихся","lemma":"волноваться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle (substantivized), plural, accusative, imperfective","role":"direct object of успокоить","gloss":"those agitated"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b7-c1-s14","source":"Когда уже достаточно ободняло, то из города начали прибывать некоторые даже такие, кои захватили с собою больных своих, особенно детей, — точно ждали для сего нарочно сей минуты, видимо уповая на немедленную силу исцеления, какая, по вере их, не могла замедлить обнаружиться.","translation":"When the day had already grown light enough, some from the town even began to arrive who had brought their sick along with them, especially children — as if they had been waiting on purpose precisely for this moment, evidently trusting in an immediate power of healing that, by their faith, could not be slow to reveal itself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ободняло","title":"«ободняло» — the day grew light","body":"An impersonal verb meaning \"day broke / it grew fully light,\" from «день». «Когда уже достаточно ободняло» = \"when it had become day enough\" — a colloquial-narrative impersonal of natural process."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кои","title":"Archaic relative «кои»","body":"«Кои» is the bookish/archaic relative pronoun (modern «которые»), \"who/which.\" It recurs in this chapter («коих», «коих») and is a clear marker of the chronicler's elevated 19th-century style."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно ждали... сей минуты","title":"«точно» + «сей» — \"as if\" with archaic demonstrative","body":"«Точно» here means \"as if, as though\" (introducing a comparison), and «сей минуты» / «для сего» use the archaic demonstrative «сей» (\"this\") for modern «этот». «Сей» pervades the narrator's solemn idiom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уповая","title":"Gerund «уповая» — \"trusting\"","body":"«Уповая» is an imperfective gerund from the elevated «уповать» (\"to hope, to trust in\"), expressing the attitude attending the action — they came \"trusting\" in an immediate healing. The verb itself is a religious, hope-in-God word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ободняло","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достаточно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"достаточно","lemma":"достаточно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ободняло","gloss":"sufficiently"},{"surface":"ободняло","lemma":"ободнять","morphology":"verb, impersonal, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on начали","gloss":"grew light"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking города","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибывать","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"прибывать","lemma":"прибывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начали","gloss":"to arrive"},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner (substantivized), nominative, plural","role":"subject of начали","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такие","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to некоторые","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"кои","lemma":"кой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of захватили","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"захватили","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying такие","gloss":"brought along"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"part of the phrase с собою","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"больных","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of захватили","gloss":"the sick"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of больных","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies детей","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to больных","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждали","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"ждали","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начали","gloss":"had waited"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждали","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждали","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ждали","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уповая","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"уповая","lemma":"уповать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ждали","gloss":"trusting"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"немедленную","lemma":"немедленный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силу","gloss":"immediate"},{"surface":"силу","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уповая","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"исцеления","lemma":"исцеление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies силу","gloss":"of healing"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вере","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"вере","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of могла","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies вере","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying силу","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"замедлить","lemma":"замедлить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"delay"},{"surface":"обнаружиться","lemma":"обнаружиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of замедлить","gloss":"reveal itself"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b7-c1-s15","source":"И вот тут только обнаружилось, до какой степени все у нас приобыкли считать усопшего старца еще при жизни его за несомненного и великого святого.","translation":"And it was only then that it came to light to what degree everyone among us had grown accustomed, even during his lifetime, to regard the departed elder as an unquestionable and great saint.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приобыкли","title":"«приобыкли» — had grown accustomed","body":"An archaic, intensified form of «привыкли» (\"got used to\"), with the doubled prefix «при-об-». It heightens the sense of a long-settled habit of revering Zossima as a saint."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до какой степени все у нас приобыкли","title":"«до какой степени» — degree clause","body":"«Обнаружилось, до какой степени…» (\"it came to light to what degree…\") opens an embedded exclamative-degree clause. The chronicler's «у нас» (\"among us\") keeps the collective small-town narrator present."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обнаружилось","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обнаружилось","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"обнаружилось","lemma":"обнаружиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became clear"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of степени","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обнаружилось","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of приобыкли","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of приобыкли","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"приобыкли","lemma":"приобыкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of обнаружилось","gloss":"had grown accustomed"},{"surface":"считать","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of приобыкли","gloss":"to regard"},{"surface":"усопшего","lemma":"усопший","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старца","gloss":"the departed"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of считать","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считать","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking святого","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"несомненного","lemma":"несомненный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies святого","gloss":"unquestionable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"великого","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with несомненного","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"святого","lemma":"святой","morphology":"noun (substantivized), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of считать","gloss":"a saint"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b7-c1-s16","source":"И между прибывающими были далеко не из одного лишь простонародья.","translation":"And among those arriving were by no means people of the common folk alone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"далеко не из одного лишь простонародья","title":"Genitive after «из» + emphatic negation","body":"«Из… простонародья» puts the noun in the genitive after «из» (\"from among\"), and «далеко не» (\"by no means\") is an emphatic negator, \"far from only.\" The double restriction «одного лишь» (\"only, alone\") sharpens the point."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"простонародья","title":"«простонародье» — the common folk","body":"A collective noun for the lower, uneducated classes, \"the simple people.\" The narrator notes that the crowd's miracle-hunger was not confined to them — educated people were caught up in it too."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прибывающими","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"прибывающими","lemma":"прибывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle (substantivized), plural, instrumental, imperfective","role":"oblique complement of были","gloss":"those arriving"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb, copula linking to простонародья","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"by no means"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простонародья","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking простонародья","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies простонародья","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простонародья","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"простонародья","lemma":"простонародье","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"common folk"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b7-c1-s17","source":"Это великое ожидание верующих, столь поспешно и обнаженно выказываемое и даже с нетерпением и чуть не с требованием, казалось отцу Паисию несомненным соблазном, и хотя еще и задолго им предчувствованным, но на самом деле превысившим его ожидания.","translation":"This great expectation of the faithful, displayed so hastily and so nakedly, even with impatience and almost with insistence, struck Father Paissy as an unquestionable temptation, one that, though he had long foreseen it, in actual fact exceeded his expectations.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выказываемое","title":"Present passive participle «выказываемое»","body":"«Столь поспешно и обнаженно выказываемое» (\"displayed so hastily and nakedly\") is a present passive participle in «-емое», agreeing with «ожидание». This rare, bookish participle type names the thing being acted upon and is markedly literary."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"казалось отцу Паисию","title":"Dative experiencer with «казаться»","body":"«Казалось отцу Паисию соблазном» — \"seemed to Father Paissy a temptation.\" The one to whom it seems stands in the dative («отцу Паисию»), and the predicate «соблазном» takes the instrumental after «казаться»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"превысившим его ожидания","title":"Past active participle «превысившим»","body":"«Превысившим его ожидания» (\"which exceeded his expectations\") is a past active participle in the instrumental, agreeing with «соблазном». Russian piles such participles in series; here it modifies the same noun as «предчувствованным»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ожидание","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ожидание","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ожидание","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of казалось","gloss":"expectation"},{"surface":"верующих","lemma":"верующий","morphology":"noun (substantivized), genitive, plural","role":"modifies ожидание","gloss":"of the faithful"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поспешно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"поспешно","lemma":"поспешно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выказываемое","gloss":"hastily"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обнаженно","lemma":"обнажённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выказываемое","gloss":"nakedly"},{"surface":"выказываемое","lemma":"выказывать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies ожидание","gloss":"displayed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нетерпением","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нетерпением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нетерпением","lemma":"нетерпение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of выказываемое","gloss":"impatience"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of чуть не, modifies требованием","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking требованием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"требованием","lemma":"требование","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with нетерпением","gloss":"insistence"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of казалось","gloss":"to Father"},{"surface":"Паисию","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отцу","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"несомненным","lemma":"несомненный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies соблазном","gloss":"an unquestionable"},{"surface":"соблазном","lemma":"соблазн","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of казалось","gloss":"temptation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предчувствованным","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задолго","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies задолго","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"задолго","lemma":"задолго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предчувствованным","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of предчувствованным","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"предчувствованным","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"coordinated with соблазном","gloss":"foreseen"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"actual"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of превысившим","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"превысившим","lemma":"превысить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"coordinated with предчувствованным","gloss":"exceeding"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ожидания","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ожидания","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of превысившим","gloss":"expectations"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b7-c1-s18","source":"Встречаясь со взволнованными из иноков, отец Паисий стал даже выговаривать им: «Таковое и столь немедленное ожидание чего-то великого, — говорил он, — есть легкомыслие, возможное лишь между светскими, нам же неподобающее».","translation":"Meeting some of the agitated monks, Father Paissy even began to admonish them: \"Such an expectation, and so immediate, of something great,\" he said, \"is a frivolity possible only among worldly people, but unseemly in us.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Встречаясь со взволнованными из иноков","title":"Gerund «встречаясь» — attendant circumstance","body":"«Встречаясь» is an imperfective reflexive gerund (\"meeting, as he met\"), setting the recurring circumstance under which Paissy began to admonish the monks. The -ся here marks the reciprocal/encounter sense of «встречаться»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"иноков","title":"«инок» — monk","body":"«Инок» is an elevated, somewhat archaic word for a monk (one who lives \"otherwise,\" «иначе», than the world). It is the chronicler's preferred term throughout this monastery chapter, alongside «монах»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Таковое... нам же неподобающее","title":"«таковое» + dative «нам неподобающее»","body":"Paissy's reproach uses the archaic «таковое» (\"such\") and ends with a dative-of-reference: «нам неподобающее» — \"unseemly for us [monks].\" The dative names those for whom the levity is improper, against «между светскими» (the worldly)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Встречаясь","lemma":"встречаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on стал","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взволнованными","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"взволнованными","lemma":"взволновать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle (substantivized), plural, instrumental, perfective","role":"complement of Встречаясь","gloss":"the agitated"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иноков","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"иноков","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of взволнованными","gloss":"the monks"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выговаривать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"выговаривать","lemma":"выговаривать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to admonish"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of выговаривать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"Таковое","lemma":"таковой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ожидание","gloss":"Such"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies немедленное","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"немедленное","lemma":"немедленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Таковое","gloss":"immediate"},{"surface":"ожидание","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"expectation"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"modifies ожидание, part of чего-то","gloss":"of something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"part of чего-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"великого","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чего-то","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, invariant (archaic copula), imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"легкомыслие","lemma":"легкомыслие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominal complement of есть","gloss":"frivolity"},{"surface":"возможное","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies легкомыслие","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies между","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking светскими","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"светскими","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of возможное","gloss":"worldly people"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative of reference modifying неподобающее","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нам","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"неподобающее","lemma":"неподобающий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with возможное","gloss":"unseemly"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b7-c1-s19","source":"Но его мало слушали, и отец Паисий с беспокойством замечал это, несмотря на то, что даже и сам (если уж всё вспоминать правдиво), хотя и возмущался слишком нетерпеливыми ожиданиями и находил в них легкомыслие и суету, но потаенно, про себя, в глубине души своей, ждал почти того же, чего и сии взволнованные, в чем сам себе не мог не сознаться.","translation":"But they paid him little heed, and Father Paissy noted this with uneasiness, notwithstanding that even he himself (if everything is to be recalled truthfully), though he was indignant at expectations so excessively impatient and found in them a frivolity and vanity, yet secretly, within himself, in the depths of his own soul, awaited very nearly the same thing as these agitated ones did — something he could not but confess to himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"его мало слушали","title":"Genitive object + subjectless verb","body":"«Его мало слушали» — \"[they] heeded him little.\" The verb «слушаться»/«слушать» here governs «его» (the monks paid him little heed), with an unnamed plural subject; «мало» quantifies the attention given."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мог не сознаться","title":"Double negation «не мог не»","body":"«Не мог не сознаться» = \"could not but confess\" — two negatives making an emphatic positive (he was bound to admit it). This «не мочь не + infinitive» is a standard, forceful Russian litotes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"потаенно, про себя","title":"«потаенно» — secretly within","body":"«Потаенно» (\"secretly, in concealment\") with «про себя» (\"to himself, inwardly\") opens Paissy's hidden inner life: even he, in the depths of his soul («в глубине души своей»), awaited the very miracle he rebuked — a classic Dostoevskian self-division."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего и сии взволнованные","title":"Genitive object of «ждать» + archaic «сии»","body":"«Ждал почти того же, чего и сии взволнованные» — «ждать» takes the genitive of an awaited thing («того же», «чего»), and «сии» is the archaic plural \"these.\" The genitive after \"to await\" is one of that case's regular jobs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слушали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушали","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"слушали","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they heeded"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замечал","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспокойством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"беспокойством","lemma":"беспокойство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of замечал","gloss":"unease"},{"surface":"замечал","lemma":"замечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слушали","gloss":"noted"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of замечал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb, part of the compound preposition несмотря на","role":"governs то together with на","gloss":"despite","note":"несмотря на то, что = \"despite the fact that\" — a fixed idiom."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря на","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of на, anticipating the что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the omitted subject (Paissy) of возмущался/ждал","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вспоминать","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"вспоминать","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"impersonal predicate of the если-clause","gloss":"is to be recalled"},{"surface":"правдиво","lemma":"правдивый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспоминать","gloss":"truthfully"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of возмущался","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возмущался","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"возмущался","lemma":"возмущаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"concessive clause conceding against ждал","gloss":"he was indignant"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нетерпеливыми","gloss":"excessively"},{"surface":"нетерпеливыми","lemma":"нетерпеливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies ожиданиями","gloss":"impatient"},{"surface":"ожиданиями","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of возмущался","gloss":"expectations"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"находил","lemma":"находить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with возмущался","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of находил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"легкомыслие","lemma":"легкомыслие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of находил","gloss":"frivolity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"суету","lemma":"суета","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with легкомыслие","gloss":"vanity"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"потаенно","lemma":"потаённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"secretly"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of ждал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глубине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глубине","lemma":"глубина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждал","gloss":"the depth"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies глубине","gloss":"of soul"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"contrasts with возмущался/находил, linked by но","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies того","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждал","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of the elided ждали, parallel to того","gloss":"as what"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сии","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"сии","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of взволнованные","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"взволнованные","lemma":"взволнованный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural (substantivized)","role":"subject of the elided ждали, parallel to того","gloss":"agitated ones"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог/сознаться","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject (Paissy) of мог","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of сознаться","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause introduced by в чем","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сознаться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сознаться","lemma":"сознаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"confess"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b7-c1-s20","source":"Тем не менее ему особенно неприятны были иные встречи, возбуждавшие в нем, по некоему предчувствию, большие сомнения.","translation":"Nonetheless, certain encounters were especially unpleasant to him, rousing in him, by some presentiment, grave misgivings.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему особенно неприятны были иные встречи","title":"Dative + short adjective predicate","body":"«Ему… неприятны были иные встречи» — the experiencer «ему» is dative, and «неприятны» is a short-form adjective predicate (\"were unpleasant\") agreeing with the plural subject «встречи». Short adjectives carry such predicative, often momentary states."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возбуждавшие... большие сомнения","title":"Past active participle «возбуждавшие»","body":"«Возбуждавшие в нем… большие сомнения» (\"rousing in him grave doubts\") is an imperfective past active participle modifying «встречи». «По некоему предчувствию» (\"by some presentiment\") uses the archaic «некий» — \"a certain.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase Тем не менее","gloss":"Nonetheless"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Тем не менее","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase Тем не менее","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of неприятны","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неприятны","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"неприятны","lemma":"неприятный","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"predicate adjective with были","gloss":"unpleasant"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to неприятны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies встречи","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"встречи","lemma":"встреча","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of неприятны","gloss":"encounters"},{"surface":"возбуждавшие","lemma":"возбуждать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying встречи","gloss":"rousing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возбуждавшие","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предчувствию","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"некоему","lemma":"некий","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of предчувствию","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"предчувствию","lemma":"предчувствие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of возбуждавшие","gloss":"presentiment"},{"surface":"большие","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies сомнения","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"сомнения","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of возбуждавшие","gloss":"misgivings"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b7-c1-s21","source":"В теснившейся в келье усопшего толпе заметил он с отвращением душевным (за которое сам себя тут же и попрекнул) присутствие, например, Ракитина, или далекого гостя — обдорского инока, всё еще пребывавшего в монастыре, и обоих их отец Паисий вдруг почему-то счел подозрительными — хотя и не их одних можно было заметить в этом же смысле.","translation":"In the crowd pressing within the departed one's cell he noticed, with an inward revulsion (for which he at once reproached himself), the presence, for instance, of Rakitin, or of a distant guest — the monk from Obdorsk, who was still lingering in the monastery — and both of these Father Paissy for some reason suddenly took to be suspect, though they were not the only ones who might be marked in that same sense.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В теснившейся в келье усопшего толпе","title":"Pre-posed participle «теснившейся»","body":"«В теснившейся в келье усопшего толпе» — \"in the crowd pressing in the cell\" — packs a reflexive past active participle before its noun «толпе», all in the prepositional after «в». Russian can stack a participle and its own complements ahead of the head noun."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обдорского инока","title":"The monk from Obdorsk","body":"«Обдорский инок» — a monk from Obdorsk, a remote far-northern Siberian outpost (now Salekhard). The geographic tag marks him as an outsider; his restless meddling makes Paissy uneasy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя и не их одних можно было заметить","title":"Concessive «хотя и» + impersonal «можно было»","body":"«Хотя и не их одних можно было заметить» = \"though it was not they alone who could be noticed.\" «Хотя и» is concessive (\"although\"), and «можно было заметить» is an impersonal modal — no subject, the potential observer left unstated."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking толпе","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"теснившейся","lemma":"тесниться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, locative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying толпе","gloss":"crowding"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of теснившейся","gloss":"cell"},{"surface":"усопшего","lemma":"усопший","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies келье","gloss":"of the departed one"},{"surface":"толпе","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"the crowd"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отвращением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отвращением","lemma":"отвращение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"revulsion"},{"surface":"душевным","lemma":"душевный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отвращением","gloss":"inward"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которое","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of попрекнул","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject (он) of попрекнул","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of попрекнул","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb, part of the phrase тут же","role":"modifies попрекнул","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies попрекнул","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"попрекнул","lemma":"попрекнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying отвращением","gloss":"reproached"},{"surface":"присутствие","lemma":"присутствие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"the presence"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of присутствие","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies присутствие","gloss":"of Rakitin"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"далекого","lemma":"далёкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гостя","gloss":"distant"},{"surface":"гостя","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Ракитина","gloss":"guest"},{"surface":"обдорского","lemma":"обдорский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies инока","gloss":"from Obdorsk"},{"surface":"инока","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to гостя","gloss":"monk"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle, part of the phrase всё еще","role":"modifies пребывавшего","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пребывавшего","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"пребывавшего","lemma":"пребывать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying инока","gloss":"lingering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пребывавшего","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies их","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of счел","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of счел","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies счел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb, part of the phrase почему-то","role":"modifies счел","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase почему-то","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"счел","lemma":"счесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заметил","gloss":"deemed"},{"surface":"подозрительными","lemma":"подозрительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of счел","gloss":"suspicious"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of можно","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates их одних","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of заметить (genitive under negation)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"одних","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies их","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (modal predicate)","role":"parallel clause to счел","gloss":"could be"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"заметить","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смысле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смысле","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этом","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"смысле","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметить","gloss":"sense"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b7-c1-s22","source":"Инок обдорский изо всех волновавшихся выдавался наиболее суетящимся; заметить его можно было всюду, во всех местах: везде он расспрашивал, везде прислушивался, везде шептался с каким-то особенным таинственным видом.","translation":"Of all the agitated, the monk from Obdorsk stood out as the most restless; he could be spotted everywhere, in every spot: everywhere he was questioning, everywhere listening in, everywhere whispering with some peculiar, mysterious air.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"изо всех волновавшихся выдавался наиболее суетящимся","title":"Superlative + instrumental predicate","body":"«Выдавался наиболее суетящимся» — \"stood out as the most fussing.\" «Наиболее» builds the superlative, «суетящимся» is a present participle used as the instrumental predicate after «выдаваться», and «изо всех волновавшихся» is the genitive-of-the-set after «из»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"везде... везде... везде","title":"Anaphoric «везде»","body":"The triple «везде он расспрашивал, везде прислушивался, везде шептался» hammers the adverb \"everywhere\" at the head of three parallel imperfective clauses, painting the Obdorsk monk's ceaseless, habitual snooping."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"суетящимся","title":"«суета», «суетиться» — fuss and vanity","body":"The root «суета» means both \"bustle\" and, in church language, \"vanity\" (cf. \"vanity of vanities\"). «Суетящийся» is thus both literally \"bustling about\" and morally tinged — empty, worldly agitation, exactly what Paissy condemns."}],"words":[{"surface":"Инок","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выдавался","gloss":"The monk"},{"surface":"обдорский","lemma":"обдорский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Инок","gloss":"from Obdorsk"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волновавшихся","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of волновавшихся","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"волновавшихся","lemma":"волноваться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective (substantivized)","role":"oblique complement of выдавался","gloss":"the agitated"},{"surface":"выдавался","lemma":"выдаваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood out"},{"surface":"наиболее","lemma":"наиболее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies суетящимся","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"суетящимся","lemma":"суетиться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, instrumental, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"complement of выдавался","gloss":"restless"},{"surface":"заметить","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"spot"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заметить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (modal predicate)","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"could be"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"всюду","lemma":"всюду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking местах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of местах","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"местах","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with всюду","gloss":"places"},{"surface":"везде","lemma":"везде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расспрашивал","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of расспрашивал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"расспрашивал","lemma":"расспрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the colon-list clause","gloss":"was questioning"},{"surface":"везде","lemma":"везде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прислушивался","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"прислушивался","lemma":"прислушиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with расспрашивал","gloss":"was listening in"},{"surface":"везде","lemma":"везде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шептался","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"шептался","lemma":"шептаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with расспрашивал","gloss":"was whispering"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular, part of каким-то","role":"determiner of видом","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase каким-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"особенным","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"таинственным","lemma":"таинственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"mysterious"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шептался","gloss":"air"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b7-c1-s23","source":"Выражение же лица имел самое нетерпеливое и как бы уже раздраженное тем, что ожидаемое столь долго не совершается.","translation":"The expression of his face, moreover, was of the utmost impatience, and as though already irritated that what was awaited so long was not coming to pass.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выражение же лица имел самое нетерпеливое","title":"Fronted object, dropped subject, «же»","body":"The object «выражение лица» is fronted (with topic-shifting «же»), the subject \"he\" is dropped, and «самое нетерпеливое» uses «самый» to form the superlative \"the most impatient.\" Free order lets the description lead and the verb «имел» fall mid-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы уже раздраженное тем, что","title":"«как бы» + correlative «тем, что»","body":"«Как бы… раздраженное» softens the participle to \"as if irritated,\" and «тем, что ожидаемое… не совершается» is the instrumental correlative «тем» pointing forward to a «что»-clause — \"irritated by the fact that what was awaited is not coming to pass.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Выражение","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имел (topicalized before the verb, coreferent with нетерпеливое/раздраженное); the clause's subject is an implicit он (the monk), confirmed by имел being masculine singular — a neuter subject Выражение would require имело","gloss":"The expression"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Выражение","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Выражение","gloss":"of his face"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нетерпеливое","gloss":"the utmost"},{"surface":"нетерпеливое","lemma":"нетерпеливый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"impatience"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, part of the phrase как бы","role":"modifies раздраженное","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздраженное","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"раздраженное","lemma":"раздражённый","morphology":"adjective (participle), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with нетерпеливое","gloss":"irritated"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздраженное","gloss":"by the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of совершается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ожидаемое","lemma":"ожидаемый","morphology":"adjective (participle), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of совершается","gloss":"what was awaited"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долго","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совершается","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совершается","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"совершается","lemma":"совершаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"come to pass"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b7-c1-s24","source":"А что до Ракитина, то тот, как оказалось потом, очутился столь рано в ските по особливому поручению госпожи Хохлаковой.","translation":"As for Rakitin, he, as it turned out afterward, had found himself in the hermitage so early upon a special errand from Madame Khokhlakova.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А что до Ракитина, то тот","title":"«что до… то» topicalising frame","body":"«А что до Ракитина, то тот…» = \"And as for Rakitin, he…\" — a set topic-marking frame: «что до X» raises the topic, «то тот» resumes it with the demonstrative «тот» as subject. The opening «а» gives the gentle contrastive shift."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по особливому поручению","title":"«особливый» — archaic \"special\"","body":"«Особливый» is the older form of «особый» (\"special, particular\"). «По особливому поручению госпожи Хохлаковой» — \"on a special errand from Madame Khokhlakova\" — keeps the period flavour while introducing Rakitin's mercenary mission."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"opens the new topic","gloss":"As"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, part of the phrase что до","role":"part of the phrase что до, introduces the topic Ракитина","gloss":"for","note":"что до = \"as for\", a fixed topicalizing idiom."},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase что до, marking Ракитина","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of что до","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (resumptive)","role":"resumes the topic Ракитина before тот очутился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of очутился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of оказалось","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"it turned out"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказалось","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"очутился","lemma":"очутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had found himself"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рано","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"рано","lemma":"рано","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очутился","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ските","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ските","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of очутился","gloss":"the hermitage"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поручению","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"особливому","lemma":"особливый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies поручению","gloss":"special"},{"surface":"поручению","lemma":"поручение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of очутился","gloss":"errand"},{"surface":"госпожи","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies поручению","gloss":"of Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожи","gloss":"Khokhlakova"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b7-c1-s25","source":"Сия добрая, но бесхарактерная женщина, которая сама не могла быть допущена в скит, чуть лишь проснулась и узнала о преставившемся, вдруг прониклась столь стремительным любопытством, что немедленно отрядила вместо себя в скит Ракитина, с тем чтобы тот всё наблюдал и немедленно доносил ей письменно, примерно в каждые полчаса, о ''всем, что произойдет''.","translation":"This kind but spineless woman, who could not herself be admitted into the hermitage, had no sooner woken and learned of the elder's passing than she was suddenly seized by so impetuous a curiosity that she at once dispatched Rakitin to the hermitage in her place, charging him to observe everything and to report to her in writing without delay, roughly every half-hour, about \"everything that might happen.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сия добрая, но бесхарактерная женщина","title":"Archaic «сия»","body":"«Сия» is the archaic feminine \"this\" (modern «эта»), opening the sentence in the chronicler's bookish voice. The «но» joins two contrasting epithets — \"kind but spineless.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бесхарактерная","title":"«бесхарактерный» — spineless","body":"Literally \"without character,\" i.e. weak-willed, lacking firmness. The narrator's tart label for Madame Khokhlakova, whose impulsive curiosity drives her to plant Rakitin as a spy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"о преставившемся","title":"«преставиться» — to pass away","body":"«Преставившемся» (a substantivised participle, \"of the one who had passed away\") is from «преставиться», the reverent Church-Slavonic verb for a holy person's death — \"to be translated\" out of this life. It echoes «усопший» from the chapter's opening."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чуть лишь проснулась и узнала","title":"«чуть лишь» — \"no sooner than\"","body":"«Чуть лишь проснулась и узнала… вдруг прониклась» = \"no sooner had she woken and learned… than she was at once seized.\" «Чуть лишь» sets up the \"hardly… when\" temporal correlation; the chain of perfectives drives the swift sequence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тем чтобы тот всё наблюдал и... доносил","title":"Purpose «с тем чтобы» + past-form irrealis","body":"«С тем чтобы… наблюдал и… доносил» is a purpose clause; because «чтобы» commands a willed outcome, the verbs take the past form (the irrealis born of «бы» inside «чтобы»). The agent is a different subject («тот»), so a finite clause is used, not an infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сия","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщина","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"добрая","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"бесхарактерная","lemma":"бесхарактерный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"spineless"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прониклась","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphasizes которая","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on женщина","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of допущена","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"допущена","lemma":"допустить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"admitted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скит","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"скит","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of допущена","gloss":"the hermitage"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb, part of the phrase чуть лишь","role":"modifies проснулась","gloss":"no sooner","note":"чуть лишь ... как/и = \"no sooner ... than\"."},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle, part of the phrase чуть лишь","role":"modifies проснулась","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"проснулась","lemma":"проснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, subject женщина","gloss":"woke"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"узнала","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проснулась","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преставившемся","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"преставившемся","lemma":"преставиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, locative, singular, perfective (substantivized)","role":"oblique complement of узнала","gloss":"the elder's passing"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прониклась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"прониклась","lemma":"проникнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, result of проснулась/узнала","gloss":"was seized"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стремительным","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"стремительным","lemma":"стремительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"impetuous"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прониклась","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of отрядила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрядила","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"отрядила","lemma":"отрядить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"result clause, столь...что construction","gloss":"dispatched"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"in place of"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of отрядила","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скит","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"скит","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отрядила","gloss":"the hermitage"},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отрядила","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition, part of the phrase с тем чтобы","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"with","note":"с тем чтобы = \"with the aim that / so that\", a fixed purpose idiom."},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase с тем чтобы","gloss":"the aim"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of наблюдал/доносил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наблюдал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of наблюдал","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"наблюдал","lemma":"наблюдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"purpose clause verb","gloss":"observe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доносил","gloss":"without delay"},{"surface":"доносил","lemma":"доносить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with наблюдал","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of доносил","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"письменно","lemma":"письменно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доносил","gloss":"in writing"},{"surface":"примерно","lemma":"примерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies каждые полчаса","gloss":"roughly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полчаса, part of в каждые полчаса","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"каждые","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of полчаса","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"полчаса","lemma":"полчаса","morphology":"noun, accusative, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of доносил","gloss":"half-hour"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of доносил","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произойдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"произойдет","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on всем","gloss":"might happen"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b7-c1-s26","source":"Ракитина же считала она за самого благочестивого и верующего молодого человека — до того он умел со всеми обойтись и каждому представиться сообразно с желанием того, если только усматривал в сем малейшую для себя выгоду.","translation":"Rakitin she took to be a most pious and believing young man — so well did he know how to get on with everyone and present himself to each according to that person's wishes, provided only that he discerned in it the slightest advantage for himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ракитина же считала она за самого благочестивого","title":"«считать за» + fronted object","body":"«Считать за самого благочестивого… человека» = \"to take/reckon for a most pious man,\" the older «считать за» (with accusative) for modern «считать кем-то». The object «Ракитина» is fronted and the subject «она» follows the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того он умел... представиться сообразно","title":"«до того… [что]» — degree of result","body":"«До того он умел… обойтись и… представиться» = \"so well did he know how to…\" — «до того» (lit. \"to that [point]\") signals a result-degree clause, with the dash standing for the implied «что». The imperfective «умел» states his habitual skill."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обойтись... представиться сообразно с желанием","title":"Rakitin's chameleon art","body":"«Обойтись со всеми» (\"to handle/get on with everyone\") and «представиться сообразно с желанием того» (\"present himself in accord with each one's wish\") sketch Rakitin's calculating adaptability — sincerity for hire, «если только усматривал… выгоду» (if only he spied a profit)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of считала","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ракитина","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"считала","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she took him"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of считала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies благочестивого","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"благочестивого","lemma":"благочестивый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"pious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"верующего","lemma":"верующий","morphology":"adjective (participle), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with благочестивого","gloss":"believing"},{"surface":"молодого","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считала (за + accusative)","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition, part of the phrase до того","role":"part of the phrase до того","gloss":"so","note":"до того ... что/чтобы = \"to such an extent that\"."},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase до того, oblique complement of умел","gloss":"an extent"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"умел","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the до того-clause","gloss":"knew how"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всеми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of обойтись","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"обойтись","lemma":"обойтись","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умел","gloss":"get on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"каждому","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of представиться","gloss":"to each"},{"surface":"представиться","lemma":"представиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with обойтись","gloss":"present himself"},{"surface":"сообразно","lemma":"сообразно","morphology":"adverb, part of the phrase сообразно с","role":"modifies представиться","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition, part of the phrase сообразно с","role":"preposition marking желанием","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"желанием","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of представиться","gloss":"the wishes"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies желанием","gloss":"of that person"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of усматривал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle, part of the phrase если только","role":"modifies усматривал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"усматривал","lemma":"усматривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"conditional clause verb","gloss":"discerned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of усматривал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"малейшую","lemma":"малейший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies выгоду","gloss":"slightest"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of малейшую","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"выгоду","lemma":"выгода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of усматривал","gloss":"advantage"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b7-c1-s27","source":"День был ясный и светлый, и из прибывших богомольцев многие толпились около скитских могил, наиболее скученных кругом храма, равно как и рассыпанных по всему скиту.","translation":"The day was clear and bright, and of the pilgrims who had arrived many crowded about the hermitage graves, which were clustered most densely around the church, though also scattered throughout the whole hermitage.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"богомольцев","title":"«богомолец» — pilgrim","body":"A «богомолец» is one who comes \"to pray to God\" — a pilgrim to the monastery. The word frames the crowd as devout seekers, the very people whose miracle-hunger drives the chapter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"наиболее скученных... равно как и рассыпанных","title":"Paired past passive participles","body":"«Скученных кругом храма» and «рассыпанных по всему скиту» are two past passive participles (\"clustered\" / \"scattered\") in the genitive, agreeing with «могил» and joined by «равно как и» (\"as well as\"). The participles compress where the graves stand."}],"words":[{"surface":"День","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"The day"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ясный","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ясный","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был, coordinated with светлый","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"светлый","lemma":"светлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ясный","gloss":"bright"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богомольцев","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"прибывших","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, genitive, plural, perfective","role":"modifies богомольцев","gloss":"who had arrived"},{"surface":"богомольцев","lemma":"богомолец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"partitive object of из","gloss":"the pilgrims"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of толпились","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"толпились","lemma":"толпиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with был","gloss":"crowded"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking могил","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"скитских","lemma":"скитский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies могил","gloss":"hermitage"},{"surface":"могил","lemma":"могила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition около","gloss":"graves"},{"surface":"наиболее","lemma":"наиболее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скученных","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"скученных","lemma":"скучить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, genitive, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying могил","gloss":"clustered"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking храма","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"храма","lemma":"храм","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition кругом","gloss":"the church"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase равно как, modifies рассыпанных","gloss":"as well"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase равно как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассыпанных","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"рассыпанных","lemma":"рассыпать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, genitive, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with скученных","gloss":"scattered"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скиту","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of скиту","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"скиту","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition по","gloss":"hermitage"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b7-c1-s28","source":"Обходя скит, отец Паисий вдруг вспомянул об Алеше и о том, что давно он его не видел, с самой почти ночи.","translation":"As he went about the hermitage, Father Paissy suddenly remembered Alyosha, and that he had not seen him for a long while — since nearly the night itself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Обходя скит","title":"Gerund «обходя» — \"as he went about\"","body":"«Обходя скит» is an imperfective gerund (\"going round / making the rounds of the hermitage\"), the attendant action during which Paissy remembers Alyosha. It shares the main verb's subject, as every gerund must."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вспомянул","title":"«вспомянул» — bookish \"recalled\"","body":"«Вспомянул» is the elevated, slightly archaic variant of «вспомнил» (\"remembered\"), with the older «-мянул» stem. It suits the narrator's solemn register; note the everyday «вспомнил» reappears in the next sentence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"об Алеше","title":"«Алёша» — the affectionate Alexei","body":"«Алёша» is the warm diminutive of «Алексей» (Alyosha for Alexei Karamazov). Throughout the book this familiar form, rather than the formal name-and-patronymic, signals the love everyone feels for the youngest brother."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обходя","lemma":"обходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вспомянул","gloss":"going about"},{"surface":"скит","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Обходя","gloss":"the hermitage"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспомянул","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспомянул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вспомянул","lemma":"вспомянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспомянул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Алеше","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"for a long while"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of том","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночи","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночи","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies самой","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"ночи","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b7-c1-s29","source":"И только что вспомнил о нем, как тотчас же и приметил его в самом отдаленном углу скита, у ограды, сидящего на могильном камне одного древле почившего и знаменитого по подвигам своим инока.","translation":"And no sooner had he thought of him than he caught sight of him at once, in the most remote corner of the hermitage, by the wall, sitting on the gravestone of a certain monk who had reposed in days of old and was renowned for his ascetic feats.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что вспомнил... как тотчас же и приметил","title":"«только что… как» — \"no sooner… than\"","body":"«Только что вспомнил… как тотчас же и приметил» = \"no sooner had he remembered… than he at once caught sight.\" The «только что… как» pairing yokes two perfectives into an instantaneous sequence, with «и» reinforcing the suddenness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидящего на могильном камне","title":"Present participle «сидящего» as object complement","body":"«Приметил его… сидящего на могильном камне» — \"noticed him sitting on the gravestone.\" «Сидящего» is a present active participle in the accusative, agreeing with «его», describing his posture when seen."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"древле почившего","title":"«древле почивший» — reposed in days of old","body":"«Древле» is the Slavonic adverb \"anciently, in days of old\"; «почивший» (\"who has reposed\") is the reverent participle for a dead holy person. Together they describe the long-dead, ascetically renowned monk whose grave Alyosha sits on."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"знаменитого по подвигам своим","title":"«подвиг» — ascetic feat","body":"In monastic language a «подвиг» is a spiritual labour or ascetic feat (fasting, vigil, prayer), not a battlefield \"exploit.\" The monk was \"renowned for his podvigi\" — his struggles of holiness."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что, modifies вспомнил","gloss":"no sooner"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"вспомнил","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had thought"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспомнил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlate of только что, introduces the clause of приметил","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приметил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приметил","lemma":"приметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вспомнил","gloss":"caught sight of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приметил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отдаленном","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"отдаленном","lemma":"отдалённый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies углу","gloss":"remote"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приметил","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"скита","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies углу","gloss":"of the hermitage"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ограды","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ограды","lemma":"ограда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"parallel locative phrase to углу","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"сидящего","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies его (agrees with accusative его — the participle describes Alyosha sitting, not the deceased monk, whose gravestone he sits on)","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking камне","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"могильном","lemma":"могильный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies камне","gloss":"grave-"},{"surface":"камне","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидящего","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies инока","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"древле","lemma":"древле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почившего","gloss":"of old","note":"Archaic adverb meaning 'in ancient times, long ago.'"},{"surface":"почившего","lemma":"почить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies инока","gloss":"who had reposed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаменитого","lemma":"знаменитый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with почившего, modifies инока","gloss":"renowned"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подвигам","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"подвигам","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of знаменитого","gloss":"feats"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of подвигам","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"инока","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies камне","gloss":"monk"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b7-c1-s30","source":"Он сидел спиной к скиту, лицом к ограде и как бы прятался за памятник.","translation":"He sat with his back to the hermitage, his face toward the wall, and as if hiding behind the monument.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спиной... лицом","title":"Instrumental of bodily orientation","body":"«Спиной к скиту, лицом к ограде» — \"with his back to the hermitage, his face to the wall.\" These instrumentals («спиной», «лицом») are the standard way Russian states how a body is turned, the instrumental of manner/orientation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы прятался за памятник","title":"«как бы» + reflexive «прятался»","body":"«Как бы прятался» = \"as if hiding himself.\" «Как бы» softens the observation to a seeming, and the -ся of «прятаться» makes it true reflexive — he hides himself behind the monument."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"спиной","lemma":"спина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"with his back"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скиту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"скиту","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"the hermitage"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with скиту","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ограде","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ограде","lemma":"ограда","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies прятался","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"прятался","lemma":"прятаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"hiding"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking памятник","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"памятник","lemma":"памятник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прятался","gloss":"the monument"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b7-c1-s31","source":"Подойдя вплоть, отец Паисий увидел, что он, закрыв обеими ладонями лицо, хотя и безгласно, но горько плачет, сотрясаясь всем телом своим от рыданий.","translation":"Coming right up to him, Father Paissy saw that he, covering his face with both palms, was weeping — soundlessly, yet bitterly — his whole body shaking with sobs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подойдя вплоть","title":"Perfective gerund «подойдя»","body":"«Подойдя вплоть» (\"having come right up\") is a perfective past gerund — a prior, completed action setting the stage for the main verb «увидел». Perfective gerunds in «-я/-в» mark \"having done X, [then] Y.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"закрыв обеими ладонями лицо","title":"Gerund «закрыв» + instrumental of means","body":"«Закрыв обеими ладонями лицо» — \"having covered his face with both palms.\" «Закрыв» is a perfective gerund; «обеими ладонями» is the instrumental of the means by which he covers it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сотрясаясь всем телом своим от рыданий","title":"Gerund «сотрясаясь» + reflexive «свой»","body":"«Сотрясаясь всем телом своим» (\"shaking with his whole body\") is an imperfective reflexive gerund of simultaneous action; «всем телом» is instrumental, and «своим» is the reflexive possessive, correctly pointing back to Alyosha as the clause's subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подойдя","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on увидел","gloss":"Coming up"},{"surface":"вплоть","lemma":"вплоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Подойдя","gloss":"right up"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увидел","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"увидел","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of плачет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of плачет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"закрыв","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on плачет","gloss":"covering"},{"surface":"обеими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine","role":"modifies ладонями","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ладонями","lemma":"ладонь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of закрыв","gloss":"palms"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of закрыв","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of безгласно","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies безгласно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"безгласно","lemma":"безгласно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плачет","gloss":"soundlessly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плачет","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"плачет","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate verb of the clause introduced by что","gloss":"was weeping"},{"surface":"сотрясаясь","lemma":"сотрясаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on плачет","gloss":"shaking"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of телом","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"телом","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сотрясаясь","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of телом","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рыданий","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"рыданий","lemma":"рыдание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition от","gloss":"sobs"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b7-c1-s32","source":"Отец Паисий постоял над ним несколько.","translation":"Father Paissy stood over him for a little while.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"постоял... несколько","title":"«постоял» + «несколько» — stood a while","body":"The prefix «по-» on «постоял» gives a delimitative perfective — \"stood for a [short] while.\" «Несколько» here is adverbial, \"somewhat, a little,\" not the numeral \"several.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of постоял","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Отец","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"постоял","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of постоял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постоял","gloss":"a little while"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b7-c1-s33","source":"— Полно, сыне милый, полно, друг, — прочувствованно произнес он наконец, — чего ты? Радуйся, а не плачь. Или не знаешь, что сей день есть величайший из дней ''его''? Где он теперь, в минуту сию, вспомни-ка лишь о том!","translation":"\"Enough, dear son, enough, friend,\" he uttered at last, with feeling, \"what ails you? Rejoice, do not weep. Or do you not know that this day is the greatest of his days? Where is he now, at this very minute — only call that to mind!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сыне","title":"Vocative «сыне»","body":"«Сыне» is the old Church-Slavonic vocative of «сын» (\"O son\"), the solemn, tender form of address Paissy uses. Modern Russian has lost the vocative case, but it survives in just such religious and affectionate speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Радуйся, а не плачь","title":"Imperatives «радуйся / плачь»","body":"Two imperatives: «радуйся» (reflexive, \"rejoice,\" from «радоваться») and the negated «не плачь» (\"do not weep\"). The contrastive «а» pivots between them — \"rejoice, rather than weep.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вспомни-ка","title":"Imperative softened by «-ка»","body":"«Вспомни-ка» is the imperative «вспомни» (\"recall\") with the coaxing clitic «-ка», which gently urges or softens a command — \"just call it to mind, won't you.\" It lends Paissy's exhortation warmth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сей день есть величайший из дней","title":"Bookish «есть» + superlative «-айший»","body":"«Сей день есть величайший из дней» keeps the explicit copula «есть» (normally dropped in the present) for solemnity, the archaic «сей» for \"this,\" and the bookish superlative «величайший» (\"greatest\") in «-айший». A triply elevated, almost liturgical line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Полно","lemma":"полно","morphology":"interjection/adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Enough"},{"surface":"сыне","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"son","note":"Archaic vocative form of сын (son), used in old-fashioned or Church-Slavonic address."},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сыне","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"полно","lemma":"полно","morphology":"interjection/adverb","role":"parallel to Полно","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, coordinated with сыне","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"прочувствованно","lemma":"прочувствованно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"with feeling"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"uttered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"interrogative predicate of ты","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of чего","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Радуйся","lemma":"радоваться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Rejoice"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плачь","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"плачь","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Радуйся","gloss":"weep"},{"surface":"Или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"this","note":"Archaic/literary word for 'this.'"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, clausal complement of знаешь","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"величайший","lemma":"величайший","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"the greatest"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дней","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition из","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дней","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the question","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Где (understood есть)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Где","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"this minute"},{"surface":"сию","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this very","note":"Archaic accusative form of сей (this)."},{"surface":"вспомни","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"call to mind"},{"surface":"ка","lemma":"ка","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вспомни","gloss":"just","note":"Colloquial enclitic that softens an imperative, roughly 'go on and.'"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies том","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспомни","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b7-c1-s34","source":"Алеша взглянул было на него, открыв свое распухшее от слез, как у малого ребенка, лицо, но тотчас же, ни слова не вымолвив, отвернулся и снова закрылся обеими ладонями.","translation":"Alyosha glanced up at him, uncovering his face, swollen with tears like a small child's, but at once, without a word, turned away and again hid behind both palms.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взглянул было на него","title":"The particle «было»","body":"«Взглянул было» uses the particle «было», which marks an action begun and then aborted or reversed — \"he glanced up (but)…\". Here it perfectly catches Alyosha's half-movement, immediately undone as he turns away again."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"открыв... ни слова не вымолвив... отвернулся","title":"Chained gerunds + negative concord","body":"Two perfective gerunds («открыв… вымолвив») bracket the main verbs. «Ни слова не вымолвив» shows negative concord — «ни слова» (genitive \"not a word\") together with «не» — \"without uttering a single word.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"распухшее от слез, как у малого ребенка, лицо","title":"Participle «распухшее» + «как у»","body":"«Распухшее от слёз… лицо» is a past active participle (\"swollen from tears\") modifying «лицо», and «как у малого ребёнка» (\"as with a small child\") uses «у» + genitive for comparison — the face swollen \"as a small child's [is].\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взглянул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"взглянул","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взглянул (marks a momentary/interrupted action)","gloss":"started to","note":"Particle marking an action begun and then interrupted or reversed."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взглянул","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"открыв","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on взглянул","gloss":"uncovering"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"распухшее","lemma":"распухнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"swollen"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слез","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"слез","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition от","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison, marking ребенка","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ребенка","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"малого","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ребенка","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"ребенка","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of открыв","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвернулся","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вымолвив (negative construction)","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вымолвив","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вымолвив","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вымолвив","lemma":"вымолвить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отвернулся","gloss":"uttering"},{"surface":"отвернулся","lemma":"отвернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взглянул","gloss":"turned away"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закрылся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"закрылся","lemma":"закрыться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвернулся","gloss":"hid"},{"surface":"обеими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine","role":"quantifies ладонями","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ладонями","lemma":"ладонь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of закрылся","gloss":"palms"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b7-c1-s35","source":"— А пожалуй что и так, — произнес отец Паисий вдумчиво, — пожалуй, и плачь, Христос тебе эти слезы послал.","translation":"\"Well, perhaps that is as it should be,\" said Father Paissy thoughtfully, \"perhaps; then weep — Christ has sent you these tears.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А пожалуй что и так","title":"«пожалуй» + «и так» — concessive musing","body":"«А пожалуй что и так» = \"well, perhaps that's even so / as it should be.\" «Пожалуй» concedes a possibility, «и так» affirms \"yes, that way too,\" and the opening «а» gives the reflective turn of Paissy's thought."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"плачь, Христос тебе эти слезы послал","title":"Imperative «плачь» + dative «тебе»","body":"The imperative «плачь» (\"weep\") now permits the tears, and «Христос тебе… послал» puts the recipient in the dative «тебе» — \"Christ has sent you these tears.\" The dative names the one to whom the gift comes."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to произнес","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase пожалуй что","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of пожалуй","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"вдумчиво","lemma":"вдумчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"thoughtfully"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плачь","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"плачь","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to произнес","gloss":"weep"},{"surface":"Христос","lemma":"Христос","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послал","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of послал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of слезы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of послал","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"has sent"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b7-c1-s36","source":"«Умилительные слезки твои лишь отдых душевный и к веселию сердца твоего милого послужат», — прибавил он уже про себя, отходя от Алеши и любовно о нем думая.","translation":"\"These tender little tears of yours will serve only as a rest for your soul and to gladden your dear heart,\" he added, now to himself, as he moved off from Alyosha, thinking of him with love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Умилительные слезки","title":"«слёзки», «умилительные» — tender little tears","body":"«Слёзки» is the diminutive of «слёзы» (\"tears\"), and «умилительный» means \"moving to tender emotion,\" from «умиление» — the soft, melting compunction prized in Orthodox spirituality. The whole phrase drips with affectionate piety."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к веселию сердца твоего милого послужат","title":"Bookish «-ие» noun + dative-of-purpose","body":"«К веселию сердца» uses the Church-Slavonic noun «веселие» (\"gladness,\" in «-ие» for modern «веселье»), and «послужат… к веселию» is \"will serve toward gladness\" — «к» + dative naming the end served."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прибавил он уже про себя, отходя","title":"Gerund «отходя» — to himself","body":"«Отходя от Алеши и любовно о нем думая» strings two imperfective gerunds (\"moving off… and thinking lovingly\") onto «прибавил». «Про себя» means \"to himself, inwardly\" — the prayerful line is spoken silently."}],"words":[{"surface":"Умилительные","lemma":"умилительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies слезки","gloss":"tender little"},{"surface":"слезки","lemma":"слёзка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of послужат","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of слезки","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отдых","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"отдых","lemma":"отдых","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of послужат","gloss":"a rest"},{"surface":"душевный","lemma":"душевный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отдых","gloss":"for the soul"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веселию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"веселию","lemma":"веселие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of послужат","gloss":"the gladdening"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies веселию","gloss":"of the heart"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"милого","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердца","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"послужат","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"will serve"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies про себя","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of прибавил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"отходя","lemma":"отходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавил, coordinated with думая","gloss":"moving away"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отходя","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"любовно","lemma":"любовно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думая","gloss":"lovingly"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думая","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"думая","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавил, coordinated with отходя","gloss":"thinking"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b7-c1-s37","source":"Отошел он, впрочем, поскорее, ибо почувствовал, что и сам, пожалуй, глядя на него, заплачет.","translation":"He moved off, however, as quickly as he could, for he felt that he himself, perhaps, looking at the boy, would burst into tears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо почувствовал, что и сам... заплачет","title":"«ибо» + ingressive «заплачет»","body":"«Ибо» is the bookish \"for, because\" (modern «потому что»). «Заплачет» is a perfective future with the inceptive prefix «за-» — \"would burst into tears, start crying\"; the «за-» marks the onset of the weeping."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и сам, пожалуй, глядя на него","title":"Intensifier «сам» + gerund «глядя»","body":"«И сам… глядя на него, заплачет» — «сам» (\"he himself\") intensifies the subject, and «глядя на него» is an imperfective gerund of attendant circumstance, \"looking at him.\" The point is that even Paissy is on the verge of tears."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отошел","lemma":"отойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"moved off"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Отошел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Отошел","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies Отошел","gloss":"rather quickly"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of почувствовал","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Отошел","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заплачет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes implied subject of заплачет","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заплачет","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"глядя","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заплачет","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядя","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"заплачет","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of почувствовал","gloss":"would burst into tears"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b7-c1-s38","source":"Время между тем шло, монастырские службы и панихиды по усопшем продолжались в порядке.","translation":"Meanwhile time was passing; the monastery services and the requiems for the departed continued in due order.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Время... шло... продолжались","title":"Imperfective background tense","body":"«Шло» and «продолжались» are imperfective pasts (\"was passing,\" \"continued\") painting the steady backdrop of time and services — against which the perfective shock of the corruption will soon break. This is aspect doing narrative work."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"панихиды по усопшем","title":"«по усопшем» — prepositional of mourning","body":"«Панихиды по усопшем» — \"requiems for the departed.\" In this commemorative sense «по» takes the prepositional case («усопшем»), an older government that marks services or grief on behalf of the dead."}],"words":[{"surface":"Время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of шло","gloss":"Time"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем, idiom between тем = meanwhile","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of шло","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"шло","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was passing"},{"surface":"монастырские","lemma":"монастырский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies службы","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"службы","lemma":"служба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of продолжались","gloss":"services"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"панихиды","lemma":"панихида","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with службы","gloss":"requiems"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking усопшем","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"усопшем","lemma":"усопший","morphology":"noun (substantivized participle), locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies панихиды","gloss":"the departed"},{"surface":"продолжались","lemma":"продолжаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with шло","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порядке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"порядке","lemma":"порядок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжались","gloss":"due order"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b7-c1-s39","source":"Отец Паисий снова заменил отца Иосифа у гроба и снова принял от него чтение Евангелия.","translation":"Father Paissy again relieved Father Iosif at the coffin and again took over from him the reading of the Gospel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"снова заменил... и снова принял","title":"Anaphoric «снова» + perfective relay","body":"The repeated «снова» (\"again\") and the perfectives «заменил»/«принял» frame the orderly relay of duty: Paissy \"again relieved\" Iosif and \"again took over\" the Gospel reading — completed handovers, one after another."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заменил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Отец","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заменил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"заменил","lemma":"заменить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"relieved"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заменил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Иосифа","lemma":"Иосиф","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Iosif"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гроба","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"гроба","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заменил","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принял","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заменил","gloss":"took over"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"чтение","lemma":"чтение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принял","gloss":"the reading"},{"surface":"Евангелия","lemma":"евангелие","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чтение","gloss":"of the Gospel"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b7-c1-s40","source":"Но еще не минуло и трех часов пополудни, как совершилось нечто, о чем упомянул я еще в конце прошлой книги, нечто, до того никем у нас не ожиданное и до того вразрез всеобщему упованию, что, повторяю, подробная и суетная повесть о сем происшествии даже до сих пор с чрезвычайною живостию вспоминается в нашем городе и по всей нашей окрестности.","translation":"But not yet three o'clock in the afternoon had passed when there came to pass something of which I made mention back at the close of the previous book — something so wholly unexpected by us, and so against the common hope, that, I repeat, the detailed and trivial tale of this incident is even to this day recalled with extraordinary vividness in our town and throughout all our district.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще не минуло и трех часов пополудни","title":"Genitive subject of negated «минуло»","body":"«Не минуло и трёх часов» — \"not even three o'clock had passed.\" Under negation the subject of «минуть» falls into the genitive («трёх часов»), and «и» means \"even\": the existential-negative genitive at work."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о чем упомянул я еще в конце прошлой книги","title":"«о чем» relative + chronicler's «я»","body":"«Нечто, о чём упомянул я…» uses «что» (in «о чём») as a relative after the indefinite «нечто», and the inverted «упомянул я» foregrounds the narrating \"I.\" Dostoevsky's chronicler steps forward, cross-referencing his own earlier book."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того... вразрез... что","title":"Result-degree «до того… что»","body":"«До того… не ожиданное и до того вразрез… что…» builds a result clause: \"so unexpected and so against [the hope]… that…\". The doubled «до того» piles up the degree before discharging it into the «что»-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не минуло","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates минуло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"минуло","lemma":"минуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had passed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes трех часов (even)","gloss":"even","note":"Emphatic и here means \"even,\" not \"and\": \"not even three o'clock had passed.\""},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies часов","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"genitive complement of минуло (negated)","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"пополудни","lemma":"пополудни","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часов","gloss":"in the afternoon"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause (не...как = hardly...when)","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"совершилось","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the как-clause","gloss":"came to pass"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of совершилось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of упомянул","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"упомянул","lemma":"упомянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on нечто","gloss":"mentioned"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of упомянул","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies конце","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конце","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"конце","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упомянул","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"прошлой","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies книги","gloss":"previous"},{"surface":"книги","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies конце","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"restates нечто (w11), in apposition","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того (idiom до того...что)","gloss":"to","note":"до того ... что is a correlative meaning \"to such a degree ... that\"."},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ожиданное, part of до того","gloss":"such a degree"},{"surface":"никем","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"agent of ожиданное","gloss":"by no one"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of ожиданное","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates ожиданное","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ожиданное","lemma":"ожиданный","morphology":"adjective (past passive participle), long form, neuter, singular, nominative","role":"predicate modifying нечто (w21)","gloss":"expected"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того (idiom до того...что)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вразрез, part of до того","gloss":"such a degree"},{"surface":"вразрез","lemma":"вразрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"coordinated with ожиданное (predicate), governs упованию","gloss":"contrary to"},{"surface":"всеобщему","lemma":"всеобщий","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies упованию","gloss":"universal"},{"surface":"упованию","lemma":"упование","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"governed by вразрез","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of вспоминается (до того...что)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical remark alongside вспоминается","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"подробная","lemma":"подробный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies повесть","gloss":"detailed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"суетная","lemma":"суетный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with подробная","gloss":"trivial"},{"surface":"повесть","lemma":"повесть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вспоминается","gloss":"tale"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking происшествии","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies происшествии","gloss":"this","note":"сем is the archaic locative of сей (\"this\")."},{"surface":"происшествии","lemma":"происшествие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of о, modifies повесть","gloss":"incident"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies до сих пор","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in idiom до сих пор (to this day)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking живостию","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чрезвычайною","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies живостию","gloss":"extraordinary","note":"Archaic instrumental feminine ending -ою (modern -ой)."},{"surface":"живостию","lemma":"живость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of с, modifies вспоминается","gloss":"vividness","note":"Archaic instrumental ending -ию (modern -ью)."},{"surface":"вспоминается","lemma":"вспоминаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"is recalled"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городе","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминается","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окрестности","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of окрестности","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of окрестности","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"окрестности","lemma":"окрестность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with городе","gloss":"district"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b7-c1-s41","source":"Тут прибавлю еще раз от себя лично: мне почти противно вспоминать об этом суетном и соблазнительном событии, в сущности же самом пустом и естественном, и я, конечно, выпустил бы его в рассказе моем вовсе без упоминовения, если бы не повлияло оно сильнейшим и известным образом на душу и сердце главного, ''хотя и будущего'' героя рассказа моего, Алеши, составив в душе его как бы перелом и переворот, потрясший, но и укрепивший его разум уже окончательно, на всю жизнь и к известной цели.","translation":"Here I will add once more, on my own personal account: it is almost repugnant to me to recall this fussy and scandalous occurrence, in essence the emptiest and most natural of things, and I should certainly have left it out of my narrative altogether, without any mention, had it not exerted a most powerful and definite influence upon the soul and heart of the chief — though only future — hero of my story, Alyosha, working in his soul as it were a fracture and an upheaval, one that shook but also strengthened his mind, now finally, for the whole of his life and toward a definite goal.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я... выпустил бы его... если бы не повлияло оно","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"«Выпустил бы… если бы не повлияло» is a full irrealis conditional: past-form verbs plus «бы» in both clauses — \"I should have left it out… had it not influenced.\" This «если бы… бы» pairing is Russian's contrary-to-fact construction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"перелом и переворот","title":"«перелом», «переворот» — fracture and upheaval","body":"Two strong metaphors for a turning-point: «перелом» (a \"break, fracture\") and «переворот» (an \"overturning, revolution\") of the soul. The narrator marks this scandal as the crisis that decisively reshapes Alyosha for life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потрясший, но и укрепивший его разум","title":"Antithetical past active participles","body":"«Потрясший, но и укрепивший» are two perfective past active participles — \"which shook, but also strengthened\" — set antithetically by «но и» and both modifying «перелом и переворот». A compact paradox of the spiritual crisis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавлю","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"прибавлю","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will add"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавлю","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of прибавлю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"лично","lemma":"лично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавлю","gloss":"personally"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of противно","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies противно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"противно","lemma":"противно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"repugnant"},{"surface":"вспоминать","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitival subject of противно","gloss":"to recall"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking событии","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of событии","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"суетном","lemma":"суетный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies событии","gloss":"fussy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"соблазнительном","lemma":"соблазнительный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with суетном","gloss":"scandalous"},{"surface":"событии","lemma":"событие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминать","gloss":"occurrence"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition, part of idiom в сущности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сущности","lemma":"сущность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"part of idiom в сущности, parenthetical on событии","gloss":"essence"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сущности","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"intensifies пустом (superlative)","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"пустом","lemma":"пустой","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies событии, in apposition","gloss":"emptiest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"естественном","lemma":"естественный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with пустом","gloss":"most natural"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выпустил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical modifying выпустил","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"выпустил","lemma":"выпустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of second coordinated clause","gloss":"would have left out"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks выпустил as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выпустил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассказе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"рассказе","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выпустил","gloss":"narrative"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рассказе","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies без упоминовения","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упоминовения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"упоминовения","lemma":"упоминовение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of без, modifying выпустил","gloss":"mention"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of повлияло","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks повлияло as conditional","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates повлияло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"повлияло","lemma":"повлиять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on выпустил","gloss":"had influenced"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of повлияло","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сильнейшим","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular (superlative)","role":"modifies образом","gloss":"the strongest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"известным","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сильнейшим","gloss":"definite"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повлияло","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душу","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повлияло (via на)","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with душу","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"главного","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies героя","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive phrase modifying героя","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будущего (хотя и = though indeed)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"будущего","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies героя, concessive with главного","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"героя","lemma":"герой","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive modifier of душу/сердце (whose soul and heart)","gloss":"hero"},{"surface":"рассказа","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies героя","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рассказа","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"apposition to героя","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"составив","lemma":"составить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on повлияло","gloss":"forming"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of составив","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"possessive modifier of душе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы (as it were)","gloss":"it were"},{"surface":"перелом","lemma":"перелом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of составив","gloss":"fracture"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"переворот","lemma":"переворот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with перелом","gloss":"upheaval"},{"surface":"потрясший","lemma":"потрясти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"relative-clause participle modifying переворот, governs разум","gloss":"which shook"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase но и (but also)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"укрепивший","lemma":"укрепить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with потрясший, governs разум","gloss":"strengthened"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"determiner of разум","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"разум","lemma":"разум","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of потрясший/укрепивший","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окончательно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потрясший/укрепивший","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of потрясший/укрепивший","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цели","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"известной","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies цели","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"цели","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with жизнь","gloss":"goal"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b7-c1-s42","source":"Итак, к рассказу.","translation":"And so, to the story.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Итак, к рассказу","title":"Verbless «к рассказу»","body":"«Итак, к рассказу» (\"And so, to the story\") is a verbless, elliptical command to self — «к» + dative, with the implied \"let us turn.\" «Итак» is the bookish resumptive \"and so, thus,\" steering the narration back on course."}],"words":[{"surface":"Итак","lemma":"итак","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the elliptical sentence","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассказу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"рассказу","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the story"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b7-c1-s43","source":"Когда еще до свету положили уготованное к погребению тело старца во гроб и вынесли его в первую, бывшую приемную комнату, то возник было между находившимися у гроба вопрос: надо ли отворить в комнате окна?","translation":"When, while it was still before daybreak, they had laid the elder's body, prepared for burial, into the coffin and carried it out into the first room, the former reception room, a question arose among those standing by the coffin: ought the windows in the room to be opened?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда еще до свету положили... то возник","title":"«когда… то» temporal frame","body":"«Когда… положили… и вынесли, то возник… вопрос» — the temporal «когда» clause is answered by the resumptive «то». «До свету» (\"before light\") uses an old genitive «-у» form for \"before daybreak.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возник было... вопрос","title":"Inceptive «возник было»","body":"«Возник было… вопрос» again uses the particle «было» — a question \"arose (but came to nothing).\" It foreshadows that the question of opening the windows will be raised and then left unanswered."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уготованное к погребению тело","title":"Slavonic participle «уготованное»","body":"«Уготованное к погребению» is a Church-Slavonic-flavoured past passive participle (\"prepared for burial\"), from the elevated «уготовать» rather than plain «приготовить». The sacred register clings to the body of the elder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of положили","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свету","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свету","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"свету","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of до, adverbial on положили","gloss":"daylight"},{"surface":"положили","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on возник","gloss":"they had laid"},{"surface":"уготованное","lemma":"уготовать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying тело","gloss":"prepared"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking погребению","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"погребению","lemma":"погребение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of уготованное","gloss":"burial"},{"surface":"тело","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of положили","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тело","gloss":"elder's"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гроб","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of положили","gloss":"coffin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вынесли","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with положили","gloss":"carried out"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вынесли","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"первую","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнату","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"бывшую","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with первую","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"приемную","lemma":"приёмный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнату","gloss":"reception"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынесли","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle introducing main clause возник","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"возник","lemma":"возникнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arose"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возник (marks a tentative/incomplete action)","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking находившимися","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"находившимися","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, instrumental, imperfective","role":"complement of между (substantivized: those present)","gloss":"those present"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гроба","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"гроба","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of у, modifying находившимися","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возник","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate of the embedded question, in apposition to вопрос","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"(interrogative)"},{"surface":"отворить","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to open"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отворить","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of отворить","gloss":"the windows"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b7-c1-s44","source":"Но вопрос сей, высказанный кем-то мимоходом и мельком, остался без ответа и почти незамеченным — разве лишь заметили его, да и то про себя, некоторые из присутствующих лишь в том смысле, что ожидание тления и тлетворного духа от тела такого почившего есть сущая нелепость, достойная даже сожаления (если не усмешки) относительно малой веры и легкомыслия изрекшего вопрос сей.","translation":"But this question, voiced by someone in passing and offhandedly, was left without an answer and went almost unnoticed — except that some of those present did mark it, and even then only to themselves, in the sense that to expect putrefaction and a breath of corruption from the body of such a departed one was sheer absurdity, deserving even of pity (if not of a sneer) toward the small faith and frivolity of the one who had uttered the question.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вопрос сей, высказанный кем-то мимоходом","title":"Post-posed «сей» + passive participle","body":"«Вопрос сей» places the archaic «сей» after its noun for rhetorical weight, and «высказанный кем-то» is a past passive participle (\"voiced by someone\") with the agent «кем-то» in the instrumental — the regular passive agent marking."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тления и тлетворного духа","title":"«тление», «тлетворный дух» — decay and the breath of corruption","body":"«Тление» is putrefaction, bodily decay; «тлетворный дух» (\"corruption-bearing breath/odour\") is the title-phrase of the chapter — the stench of decomposition. Whether such a stench would rise from a saint's body is the whole crisis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"достойная даже сожаления (если не усмешки)","title":"Genitive after «достойный»","body":"«Достойная сожаления (если не усмешки)» — \"deserving of pity (if not of a sneer).\" The adjective «достойный» governs the genitive of what is merited («сожаления», «усмешки»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остался, modified by сей","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"высказанный","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying вопрос","gloss":"voiced"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"agent of высказанный, part of кем-то","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite pronoun with кем (кем-то = someone)","gloss":"-one"},{"surface":"мимоходом","lemma":"мимоходом","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of высказанный","gloss":"in passing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мельком","lemma":"мельком","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with мимоходом","gloss":"offhandedly"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответа","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"ответа","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остался","gloss":"an answer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies незамеченным","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"незамеченным","lemma":"незамеченный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with остался","gloss":"unnoticed"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom разве лишь (except only), modifies заметили","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom разве лишь, modifies заметили","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"заметили","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"contrastive clause following остался","gloss":"did notice"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заметили","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination, part of да и (and even)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom да и то (and even then), modifies заметили","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"complement of про, modifies заметили","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заметили","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking присутствующих","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"присутствующих","lemma":"присутствующий","morphology":"participle (substantivized), genitive, plural","role":"complement of из, modifies некоторые","gloss":"those present"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смысле","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смысле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смысле","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"смысле","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметили","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ожидание","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"expectation"},{"surface":"тления","lemma":"тление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ожидание","gloss":"of decay"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тлетворного","lemma":"тлетворный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies духа","gloss":"noxious"},{"surface":"духа","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with тления","gloss":"odor"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тела","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тела","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of от, modifying ожидание","gloss":"the body"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of почившего","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"почившего","lemma":"почивший","morphology":"participle (substantivized), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тела (whose body)","gloss":"one who had passed away"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"сущая","lemma":"сущий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нелепость","gloss":"sheer"},{"surface":"нелепость","lemma":"нелепость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"absurdity"},{"surface":"достойная","lemma":"достойный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нелепость","gloss":"deserving"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сожаления","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сожаления","lemma":"сожаление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of достойная","gloss":"pity"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical если не усмешки","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates усмешки","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"усмешки","lemma":"усмешка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"parallel to сожаления (parenthetical alternative)","gloss":"a sneer"},{"surface":"относительно","lemma":"относительно","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веры","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"малой","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies веры","gloss":"the small"},{"surface":"веры","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of относительно, qualifies достойная","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"легкомыслия","lemma":"легкомыслие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with веры","gloss":"frivolity"},{"surface":"изрекшего","lemma":"изречь","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle (substantivized), masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"of the one who uttered, governs вопрос","gloss":"who had uttered"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of изрекшего","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос (w57)","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b7-c1-s45","source":"Ибо ждали совершенно противоположного.","translation":"For they expected the very opposite.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ибо ждали совершенно противоположного","title":"«ибо» + genitive object of «ждать»","body":"«Ибо ждали… противоположного» — the archaic «ибо» (\"for\") opens the clause, the subject is dropped (\"they expected\"), and «противоположного» is the genitive that «ждать» governs for an awaited thing: \"they expected the very opposite.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"connects to previous sentence (explanatory: for)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ждали","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they expected"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies противоположного","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"противоположного","lemma":"противоположный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ждали","gloss":"the opposite"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b7-c1-s46","source":"И вот вскорости после полудня началось нечто, сначала принимаемое входившими и выходившими лишь молча и про себя и даже с видимою боязнью каждого сообщить кому-либо начинающуюся мысль свою, но к трем часам пополудни обнаружившееся уже столь ясно и неопровержимо, что известие о сем мигом облетело весь скит и всех богомольцев — посетителей скита, тотчас же проникло и в монастырь и повергло в удивление всех монастырских, а наконец, чрез самый малый срок, достигло и города и взволновало в нем всех, и верующих и неверующих.","translation":"And then, shortly after noon, something began that was at first taken in by those coming and going only in silence and to themselves, and even with a visible dread on each one's part of confiding to anyone the thought that was dawning on him; but by three o'clock in the afternoon it had revealed itself already so plainly and incontestably that word of it flew in an instant through the whole hermitage and among all the pilgrims — the hermitage's visitors — at once penetrated the monastery as well and threw all the monastery folk into amazement, and at last, after the very shortest span, reached the town too and stirred up everyone in it, believers and unbelievers alike.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"началось нечто, сначала принимаемое... но... обнаружившееся","title":"Paired participles around «нечто»","body":"«Нечто» (\"something\") is described by two participles in tension: the present passive «принимаемое» (\"being taken in\") and the past active «обнаружившееся» (\"which had revealed itself\"). Russian can pile such modifiers onto one indefinite pronoun across a long arc."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"входившими и выходившими","title":"Substantivised participles «входившими/выходившими»","body":"«Входившими и выходившими» — \"by those coming in and going out\" — are two past active participles used as nouns, in the instrumental as the agent of «принимаемое». They name the anonymous flow of people without a head noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"облетело... проникло... повергло... достигло... взволновало","title":"Perfective cascade","body":"A chain of perfective pasts — «облетело, проникло, повергло, достигло, взволновало» — drives the news outward stage by stage (hermitage → monastery → town). Perfectives moving the story forward in rapid, discrete leaps."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"forms и вот = 'and then'","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вскорости","lemma":"вскорости","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies началось","gloss":"shortly"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полудня","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"полудня","lemma":"полдень","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of после","gloss":"noon"},{"surface":"началось","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of началось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимаемое","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"принимаемое","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"taken in"},{"surface":"входившими","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, instrumental, imperfective","role":"agent (instrumental) of принимаемое","gloss":"those entering"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выходившими","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, instrumental, imperfective","role":"coordinated with входившими","gloss":"those leaving"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies молча","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"manner adverbial of принимаемое","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of про, phrase coordinated with молча","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боязнью","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боязнью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"видимою","lemma":"видимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies боязнью","gloss":"visible"},{"surface":"боязнью","lemma":"боязнь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"manner phrase modifying принимаемое, coordinated with молча","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"каждого","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of боязнью","gloss":"each one's"},{"surface":"сообщить","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of боязнью","gloss":"to confide"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of сообщить","gloss":"to someone"},{"surface":"либо","lemma":"либо","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite pronoun with кому","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"начинающуюся","lemma":"начинаться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"dawning"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сообщить","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"трем","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"quantifies часам","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"часам","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"time phrase modifying обнаружившееся","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"пополудни","lemma":"пополудни","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часам","gloss":"in the afternoon"},{"surface":"обнаружившееся","lemma":"обнаружиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with принимаемое, modifies нечто","gloss":"had become manifest"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обнаружившееся","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ясно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обнаружившееся","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неопровержимо","lemma":"неопровержимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with ясно","gloss":"irrefutably"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of облетело","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"известие","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of облетело","gloss":"the news"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of о, modifies известие","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of облетело","gloss":"in an instant"},{"surface":"облетело","lemma":"облететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"spread through"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of скит","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"скит","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of облетело","gloss":"hermitage"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of богомольцев","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"богомольцев","lemma":"богомолец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with скит","gloss":"pilgrims"},{"surface":"посетителей","lemma":"посетитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to богомольцев","gloss":"visitors"},{"surface":"скита","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies посетителей","gloss":"of the hermitage"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проникло","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"проникло","lemma":"проникнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with облетело","gloss":"penetrated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies монастырь","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проникло","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"повергло","lemma":"повергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with облетело","gloss":"threw"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивление","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"удивление","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повергло","gloss":"amazement"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of монастырских","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"монастырских","lemma":"монастырский","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of повергло","gloss":"monastery folk"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достигло","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking срок","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies малый","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"малый","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies срок","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"срок","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of чрез, adverbial modifier of достигло","gloss":"span"},{"surface":"достигло","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with облетело","gloss":"reached"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies города","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of достигло","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взволновало","lemma":"взволновать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with облетело","gloss":"stirred up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взволновало","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of взволновало","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"верующих","lemma":"верующий","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to всех","gloss":"believers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неверующих","lemma":"неверующий","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with верующих","gloss":"unbelievers"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b7-c1-s47","source":"Неверующие возрадовались, а что до верующих, то нашлись иные из них возрадовавшиеся даже более самих неверующих, ибо «любят люди падение праведного и позор его», как изрек сам покойный старец в одном из поучений своих.","translation":"The unbelievers rejoiced, and as for the believers, there proved to be some among them who rejoiced even more than the unbelievers themselves, for \"men love the fall of the righteous and his disgrace,\" as the late elder himself had said in one of his homilies.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нашлись иные из них возрадовавшиеся даже более","title":"Participle «возрадовавшиеся» + comparative «более»","body":"«Возрадовавшиеся даже более самих неверующих» — a past active participle (\"who rejoiced\") with the comparative «более… [чем]», here \"even more than the unbelievers themselves.\" The Slavonic-tinged «возрадоваться» (\"to rejoice greatly\") sharpens the bitter irony."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«любят люди падение праведного и позор его»","title":"Zossima's saying quoted","body":"The narrator quotes the late elder's own homily: \"men love the fall of the righteous and his disgrace.\" «Праведный» is \"the righteous one\"; «изрек» (next clause) is the solemn \"uttered, pronounced.\" The line frames the whole scandal as a known truth of fallen human nature."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в одном из поучений своих","title":"«поучение» — homily, instruction","body":"A «поучение» is a teaching or homily; the elder's spiritual instructions are gathered in the previous book. The reflexive «своих» correctly ties them to the elder as the clause's subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неверующие","lemma":"неверующий","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of возрадовались","gloss":"The unbelievers"},{"surface":"возрадовались","lemma":"возрадоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rejoiced"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom 'что до' = as for","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking верующих","gloss":"regards"},{"surface":"верующих","lemma":"верующий","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of до","gloss":"the believers"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle introducing нашлись","gloss":"(then)"},{"surface":"нашлись","lemma":"найтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of second clause, coordinated with возрадовались","gloss":"there proved to be"},{"surface":"иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of нашлись","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies иные","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"возрадовавшиеся","lemma":"возрадоваться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies иные","gloss":"who rejoiced"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возрадовавшиеся","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"самих","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies неверующих","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"неверующих","lemma":"неверующий","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"object of comparison after более","gloss":"the unbelievers"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любят","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of любят","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"падение","lemma":"падение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of любят","gloss":"the fall"},{"surface":"праведного","lemma":"праведный","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies падение","gloss":"of the righteous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with падение","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies позор","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of изрек","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"изрек","lemma":"изречь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of как-clause","gloss":"had said"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старец","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"покойный","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старец","gloss":"the late"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изрек","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одном","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of изрек","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поучений","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"поучений","lemma":"поучение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies одном","gloss":"homilies"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of поучений","gloss":"his own"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b7-c1-s48","source":"Дело в том, что от гроба стал исходить мало-помалу, но чем далее, тем более замечаемый тлетворный дух, к трем же часам пополудни уже слишком явственно обнаружившийся и всё постепенно усиливавшийся.","translation":"The thing was that there began to issue from the coffin, little by little, but ever more perceptibly the further it went, a breath of corruption, which by three o'clock in the afternoon was already too plainly manifest and was steadily growing stronger.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал исходить мало-помалу","title":"Ingressive «стал исходить» + imperfective","body":"«Стал исходить» = \"began to issue,\" «стать» + imperfective infinitive marking the onset of a process. «Мало-помалу» (\"little by little\") and the imperfective stress the gradual, creeping spread of the odour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем далее, тем более замечаемый","title":"«чем… тем» correlative + participle","body":"«Чем далее, тем более замечаемый» — \"the further [it went], the more noticeable\" — the «чем… тем» comparative correlative, modifying the present passive participle «замечаемый» (\"being noticed\"). A compact way to render an intensifying tendency."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Дело в том, что","title":"«дело в том, что» — the thing is that","body":"A common explanatory formula, \"the thing is that / the point is that,\" by which the narrator finally states plainly what the whole crowd had been dreading — the breath of corruption rising from Zossima's coffin."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (дело в том, что...)","gloss":"The thing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement, explained by что-clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause complementing том","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гроба","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"гроба","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of исходить","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of что-clause, auxiliary to исходить","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"исходить","lemma":"исходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to issue"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исходить","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"помалу","lemma":"помалу","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with мало (idiom мало-помалу)","gloss":"by little"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces чем...тем construction","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlate in чем-clause","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"correlative with чем, modifies более","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замечаемый","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"замечаемый","lemma":"замечать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"тлетворный","lemma":"тлетворный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"corrupting"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обнаружившийся/усиливавшийся, modified by замечаемый","gloss":"breath"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"трем","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"quantifies часам","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трем","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"часам","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"time phrase modifying обнаружившийся","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"пополудни","lemma":"пополудни","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часам","gloss":"in the afternoon"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слишком","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явственно","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"явственно","lemma":"явственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обнаружившийся","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"обнаружившийся","lemma":"обнаружиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies дух, coordinated with усиливавшийся","gloss":"had become manifest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies усиливавшийся","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"постепенно","lemma":"постепенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усиливавшийся","gloss":"gradually"},{"surface":"усиливавшийся","lemma":"усиливаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обнаружившийся, modifies дух","gloss":"growing stronger"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b7-c1-s49","source":"И давно уже не бывало и даже припомнить невозможно было из всей прошлой жизни монастыря нашего такого соблазна, грубо разнузданного, а в другом каком случае так даже и невозможного, какой обнаружился тотчас же вслед за сим событием между самими даже иноками.","translation":"And for a long time there had not been — indeed it was impossible even to recall, out of the whole past life of our monastery — such a scandal, so crudely unbridled and in any other case so utterly impossible, as the one that broke out immediately following this event among the very monks themselves.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"давно уже не бывало... такого соблазна","title":"Genitive of the absent subject","body":"«Не бывало… такого соблазна» — \"there had not been such a scandal.\" Under the negated existential «не бывало», the subject «соблазна» stands in the genitive — the genitive of negation governing absence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"припомнить невозможно было","title":"Impersonal «невозможно было» + infinitive","body":"«Припомнить невозможно было» is an impersonal modal — \"it was impossible to recall,\" no nominative subject, the infinitive carrying the action. Such subjectless modal frames are pervasive in the narrator's reflective passages."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"грубо разнузданного","title":"«разнузданный» — unbridled","body":"«Разнузданный» literally means \"unbridled, unreined\" (from «узда», a bridle) — hence wild, dissolute, out of control. «Грубо разнузданного» paints the monks' scandalous behaviour as coarsely unrestrained."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывало","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывало","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies припомнить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"припомнить","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitival subject of невозможно","gloss":"to recall"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with бывало","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to невозможно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"прошлой","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывало","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"of the monastery"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of монастыря","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of соблазна","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"соблазна","lemma":"соблазн","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of бывало (genitive of negation)","gloss":"a scandal"},{"surface":"грубо","lemma":"грубо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разнузданного","gloss":"crudely"},{"surface":"разнузданного","lemma":"разнузданный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies соблазна","gloss":"unbridled"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying невозможного","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невозможного","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies невозможного","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies невозможного","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"невозможного","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with разнузданного, modifies соблазна","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обнаружился","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"обнаружился","lemma":"обнаружиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on соблазна","gloss":"broke out"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обнаружился","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обнаружился","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сим","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"сим","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies событием","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"событием","lemma":"событие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of за (вслед за)","gloss":"event"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иноками","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"самими","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies иноками","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies иноками","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"иноками","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обнаружился","gloss":"the monks"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b7-c1-s50","source":"Потом уже, и после многих даже лет, иные разумные иноки наши, припоминая весь тот день в подробности, удивлялись и ужасались тому, каким это образом соблазн мог достигнуть тогда такой степени.","translation":"Afterward, even after many years, certain sensible monks of ours, recalling that whole day in detail, would marvel and be horrified at the manner in which the scandal could then have reached such a pitch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"припоминая весь тот день... удивлялись и ужасались","title":"Gerund «припоминая» + reflexive verbs","body":"«Припоминая… удивлялись и ужасались» — the imperfective gerund «припоминая» (\"recalling\") sets the circumstance, and both main verbs carry -ся: «ужасались» (\"were horrified\") exists only in the reflexive form, a verb of inner state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каким это образом... мог достигнуть","title":"«каким образом» — embedded \"how\"","body":"«Удивлялись… каким образом соблазн мог достигнуть такой степени» — «каким образом» (instrumental, \"in what manner = how\") introduces the embedded question. The deictic «это» is interjected colloquially, as the chronicler's own wondering aside."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивлялись","gloss":"Afterward"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies потом","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of лет","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of после","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies иноки","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"разумные","lemma":"разумный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies иноки","gloss":"sensible"},{"surface":"иноки","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of удивлялись","gloss":"monks"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of иноки","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"припоминая","lemma":"припоминать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying удивлялись","gloss":"recalling"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of припоминая","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of припоминая","gloss":"detail"},{"surface":"удивлялись","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"marveled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ужасались","lemma":"ужасаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with удивлялись","gloss":"were horrified"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of удивлялись/ужасались","gloss":"at that"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"in what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle in каким...образом construction","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of достигнуть, in apposition to тому","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"соблазн","lemma":"соблазн","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"the scandal"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of relative clause explaining тому","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"достигнуть","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"reach"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достигнуть","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of степени","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of достигнуть","gloss":"a pitch"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b7-c1-s51","source":"Ибо и прежде сего случалось, что умирали иноки весьма праведной жизни и праведность коих была у всех на виду, старцы богобоязненные, а между тем и от их смиренных гробов исходил дух тлетворный, естественно, как и у всех мертвецов, появившийся, но сие не производило же соблазна и даже малейшего какого-либо волнения.","translation":"For even before this it had happened that monks of a most righteous life would die — monks whose righteousness was plain for all to see, God-fearing elders — and yet from their humble coffins too there had issued a breath of corruption, appearing naturally, as it does with all the dead; but this had produced neither scandal nor even the slightest agitation of any kind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ибо и прежде сего случалось, что умирали иноки","title":"Impersonal «случалось, что» + imperfective","body":"«Случалось, что умирали иноки» — \"it happened that monks would die.\" The impersonal «случалось» governs a «что»-clause, and the imperfective «умирали» renders a recurring, habitual past — deaths that happened from time to time."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"праведность коих была у всех на виду","title":"Archaic relative «коих»","body":"«Коих» is the archaic genitive plural relative (\"whose,\" modern «которых»): \"monks whose righteousness was plain for all to see.\" «У всех на виду» is the idiom \"in plain sight of all.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сие не производило же соблазна","title":"Genitive of negation + archaic «сие»","body":"«Не производило… соблазна» puts the negated object «соблазна» in the genitive (genitive of negation), with the neuter archaic «сие» (\"this\") as subject. «Же» here adds a quiet contrastive insistence — yet this caused no scandal."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"богобоязненные","title":"«богобоязненный» — God-fearing","body":"A transparent compound, «бога» (God) + «бояться» (to fear), \"God-fearing\" — the standard epithet of devout reverence. It places these earlier elders firmly among the righteous, sharpening the puzzle of Zossima's case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence (explanatory)","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"preposition","role":"governs сего","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of прежде","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"случалось","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it happened"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умирали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"умирали","lemma":"умирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of случалось","gloss":"would die"},{"surface":"иноки","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of умирали","gloss":"monks"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies праведной","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"праведной","lemma":"праведный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"righteous"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies иноки","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"праведность","lemma":"праведность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"righteousness"},{"surface":"коих","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of праведность","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of relative clause (copula)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"predicate idiom 'на виду' with была","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of на, predicate of была","gloss":"view"},{"surface":"старцы","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to иноки","gloss":"elders"},{"surface":"богобоязненные","lemma":"богобоязненный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies старцы","gloss":"God-fearing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"forms idiom 'между тем' = meanwhile, modifies исходил","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гробов","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гробов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of гробов","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"смиренных","lemma":"смиренный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies гробов","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"гробов","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of исходил","gloss":"coffins"},{"surface":"исходил","lemma":"исходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with умирали","gloss":"there issued"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of исходил","gloss":"a breath"},{"surface":"тлетворный","lemma":"тлетворный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"of corruption"},{"surface":"естественно","lemma":"естественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появившийся","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison, modifies естественно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мертвецов","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мертвецов","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of мертвецов","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мертвецов","lemma":"мертвец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"the dead"},{"surface":"появившийся","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"appearing"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of производило","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies производило","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"производило","lemma":"производить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with исходил","gloss":"produced"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies производило","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"соблазна","lemma":"соблазн","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of производило (genitive of negation)","gloss":"scandal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies малейшего","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"малейшего","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies волнения","gloss":"the slightest"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of волнения","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"либо","lemma":"либо","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite pronoun with какого","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"волнения","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with соблазна","gloss":"agitation"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b7-c1-s52","source":"Конечно, были некие и у нас из древле преставившихся, воспоминание о коих сохранилось еще живо в монастыре, и останки коих, по преданию, не обнаружили тления, что умилительно и таинственно повлияло на братию и сохранилось в памяти ее как нечто благолепное и чудесное и как обетование в будущем еще большей славы от их гробниц, если только волею божией придет тому время.","translation":"Of course, there had been certain ones among us, too, from those who reposed in days of old, the memory of whom was still living in the monastery, and whose remains, according to tradition, had shown no decay — which had moved the brethren tenderly and mysteriously, and was preserved in their memory as something beautiful and miraculous, and as a promise of yet greater glory in the future from their tombs, if only, by God's will, the time for that should come.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благолепное","title":"«благолепный», «обетование» — beautiful, a promise","body":"Two Church-Slavonic words: «благолепный» (\"of holy beauty, comely,\" from «благо» + «лепота») and «обетование» (\"promise, covenant-promise,\" the biblical word). They cast the memory in a sacred, scriptural light."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если только волею божией придет тому время","title":"«волею божией» — instrumental of will","body":"«Волею божией» (\"by God's will\") is the instrumental of means/cause, with the elevated ending «-ею». «Придёт тому время» inverts to \"the time for it shall come,\" the dative «тому» naming what the time is for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb, modifies были","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"некие","lemma":"некий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"certain ones"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies у нас (also, too)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of у, partitive modifier of некие","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing partitive phrase, modifies некие","gloss":"from among"},{"surface":"древле","lemma":"древле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies преставившихся","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"преставившихся","lemma":"преставиться","morphology":"verb, past active participle, genitive, plural, substantivized, perfective","role":"object of из, partitive complement of некие","gloss":"those who had passed away"},{"surface":"воспоминание","lemma":"воспоминание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сохранилось","gloss":"the memory"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коих","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"коих","lemma":"кой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"object of о, refers to преставившихся","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"сохранилось","lemma":"сохраниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of relative clause describing воспоминание","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies живо","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"живо","lemma":"живо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сохранилось","gloss":"vividly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сохранилось","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"останки","lemma":"останки","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of обнаружили","gloss":"the remains"},{"surface":"коих","lemma":"кой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies останки, refers to преставившихся","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преданию","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"преданию","lemma":"предание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обнаружили","gloss":"tradition"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обнаружили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обнаружили","lemma":"обнаружить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause verb, coordinated with сохранилось (w13)","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"тления","lemma":"тление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обнаружили","gloss":"decay"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of повлияло","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"умилительно","lemma":"умилительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повлияло","gloss":"movingly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"таинственно","lemma":"таинственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with умилительно","gloss":"mysteriously"},{"surface":"повлияло","lemma":"повлиять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of relative clause (что), coordinated with сохранилось (w34)","gloss":"affected"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братию","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"братию","lemma":"братия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повлияло","gloss":"the brethren"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сохранилось","lemma":"сохраниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повлияло","gloss":"was preserved"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking памяти","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"памяти","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сохранилось","gloss":"the memory"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies памяти","gloss":"their (its)"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces predicate нечто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"predicative complement of сохранилось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"благолепное","lemma":"благолепный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чудесное","lemma":"чудесный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with благолепное","gloss":"marvelous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces predicate обетование","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"обетование","lemma":"обетование","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with нечто, second predicative complement of сохранилось","gloss":"a promise"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking будущем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"будущем","lemma":"будущее","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обетование","gloss":"the future"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies большей","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"большей","lemma":"больший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies славы","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"славы","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of обетование","gloss":"of glory"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гробниц","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of гробниц","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"гробниц","lemma":"гробница","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies славы","gloss":"tombs"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies если (if only)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"волею","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies придет (by God's will)","gloss":"by the will"},{"surface":"божией","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies волею","gloss":"of God's"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause verb, modifies обетование","gloss":"shall come"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"the time"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b7-c1-s53","source":"Из таковых особенно сохранялась память о дожившем до ста пяти лет старце Иове, знаменитом подвижнике, великом постнике и молчальнике, преставившемся уже давно, еще в десятых годах нынешнего столетия, и могилу которого с особым и чрезвычайным уважением показывали всем впервые прибывающим богомольцам, таинственно упоминая при сем о некиих великих надеждах.","translation":"Among such, the memory was especially preserved of the elder Iov, who had lived to a hundred and five, a renowned ascetic, a great faster and keeper of silence, who had reposed long ago, back in the eighteen-tens, and whose grave was shown to all newly arriving pilgrims with a particular and extraordinary reverence, with mysterious allusions, on that occasion, to certain great hopes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"о дожившем до ста пяти лет старце Иове","title":"Participle «дожившем» + genitive numeral","body":"«О дожившем до ста пяти лет старце» — a past active participle (\"who lived to…\") modifying «старце», with «до ста пяти лет» in the genitive after «до». The numeral phrase «ста пяти» is itself declined into the genitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подвижнике, постнике и молчальнике","title":"Ascetic titles: «подвижник, постник, молчальник»","body":"Three monastic vocations heaped up: «подвижник» (ascetic, spiritual athlete), «постник» (great faster), «молчальник» (one who keeps the discipline of silence). The triad portrays the elder Iov as a heroic ascetic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в десятых годах нынешнего столетия","title":"«в десятых годах» — the eighteen-tens","body":"\"In the tens of the present century\" = the 1810s. «Нынешнее столетие» (\"the present century\") is the 19th, dating the chronicle to the author's own era and giving the long-dead elder a concrete historical reach."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"показывали всем впервые прибывающим богомольцам","title":"Imperfective habitual + dative recipients","body":"«Показывали… богомольцам» is an imperfective habitual past (\"they would show… to pilgrims\"), with the indirect-object pilgrims in the dative. «Впервые прибывающим» is a present participle, \"to those arriving for the first time.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking таковых","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"таковых","lemma":"таковой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"object of Из","gloss":"such ones"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сохранялась","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"сохранялась","lemma":"сохраняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was preserved"},{"surface":"память","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сохранялась","gloss":"the memory"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старце (the whole phrase)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"дожившем","lemma":"дожить","morphology":"verb, past active participle, masculine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"clause modifying старце","gloss":"who had lived"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ста","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"combines with пяти to form 105, quantifies лет","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"пяти","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"combines with ста, quantifies лет","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of дожившем","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"старце","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of о, modified by дожившем","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"Иове","lemma":"Иов","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старце","gloss":"Iov"},{"surface":"знаменитом","lemma":"знаменитый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подвижнике","gloss":"renowned"},{"surface":"подвижнике","lemma":"подвижник","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старце","gloss":"ascetic"},{"surface":"великом","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies постнике","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"постнике","lemma":"постник","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старце, coordinated with молчальнике","gloss":"faster"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молчальнике","lemma":"молчальник","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with постнике, in apposition to старце","gloss":"keeper of silence"},{"surface":"преставившемся","lemma":"преставиться","morphology":"verb, past active participle, masculine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying старце (Иове)","gloss":"who had passed away"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies преставившемся","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the temporal phrase в годах","gloss":"even (as far back as)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking годах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"десятых","lemma":"десятый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies годах","gloss":"tens (decade)"},{"surface":"годах","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"appositive temporal phrase elaborating давно","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"нынешнего","lemma":"нынешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies столетия","gloss":"of the present"},{"surface":"столетия","lemma":"столетие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies годах","gloss":"century"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"могилу","lemma":"могила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of показывали","gloss":"the grave"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies могилу","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уважением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"особым","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies уважением","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чрезвычайным","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with особым","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"уважением","lemma":"уважение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of показывали","gloss":"reverence"},{"surface":"показывали","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сохранялась","gloss":"they showed"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"determiner of богомольцам","gloss":"to all"},{"surface":"впервые","lemma":"впервые","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибывающим","gloss":"for the first time"},{"surface":"прибывающим","lemma":"прибывать","morphology":"verb, present active participle, plural, dative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying богомольцам","gloss":"arriving"},{"surface":"богомольцам","lemma":"богомолец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of показывали","gloss":"pilgrims"},{"surface":"таинственно","lemma":"таинственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упоминая","gloss":"mysteriously"},{"surface":"упоминая","lemma":"упоминать","morphology":"verb, present active gerund, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying показывали","gloss":"alluding"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of при (idiom при сем = on this occasion), modifies упоминая","gloss":"this occasion"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking надеждах","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"некиих","lemma":"некий","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"modifies надеждах","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"великих","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies надеждах","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"надеждах","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition о","gloss":"hopes"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b7-c1-s54","source":"(Это та самая могила, на которой отец Паисий застал утром сидящим Алешу).","translation":"(This is the very grave on which Father Paissy had found Alyosha sitting that morning.)","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"та самая могила, на которой... застал... сидящим Алешу","title":"«тот самый» + «который» + instrumental complement","body":"«Та самая могила, на которой… застал… сидящим Алешу» — «та самая» (\"the very same\") plus a «который»-relative in the prepositional «на которой». «Застал… сидящим» = \"found [him] sitting,\" the participle «сидящим» in the instrumental as the state-complement of «застать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могила","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of могила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies могила","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"могила","lemma":"могила","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of застал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of застал","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"застал","lemma":"застать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on могила","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of застал","gloss":"that morning"},{"surface":"сидящим","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present active participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"predicative modifier of Алешу, complement of застал","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of застал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b7-c1-s55","source":"Кроме сего древле почившего старца, жива была таковая же память и о преставившемся сравнительно уже недавно великом отце иеросхимонахе, старце Варсонофии — том самом, от которого отец Зосима и принял старчество и которого, при жизни его, все приходившие в монастырь богомольцы считали прямо за юродивого.","translation":"Besides this elder who had reposed in days of old, just such a memory was alive also of one who had passed away comparatively not long ago, the great Father hieroschemamonk, the elder Varsonofy — the very one from whom Father Zossima had received the eldership, and whom, during his lifetime, all the pilgrims who came to the monastery regarded outright as a holy fool.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"о преставившемся... великом отце... старце Варсонофии","title":"Substantivised participle «преставившемся»","body":"«О преставившемся… старце» — the reverent participle «преставившийся» (\"who has passed away,\" cf. s25) heads a long appositive chain naming the elder Varsonofy. The Slavonic verb keeps the holy register over the second incorrupt elder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старца","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"древле","lemma":"древле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почившего","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"почившего","lemma":"почить","morphology":"verb, past active participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies старца","gloss":"who had reposed"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of Кроме","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"жива","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to жива","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"таковая","lemma":"таковой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies память","gloss":"just such (a)"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таковая","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"память","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of жива","gloss":"a memory"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"also, coordinates with Кроме сего старца","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отце иеросхимонахе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"преставившемся","lemma":"преставиться","morphology":"verb, past active participle, masculine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"modifies отце","gloss":"who had passed away"},{"surface":"сравнительно","lemma":"сравнительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"comparatively"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недавно","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies преставившемся","gloss":"not long ago"},{"surface":"великом","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отце","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"отце","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of о, elaborating память","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"иеросхимонахе","lemma":"иеросхимонах","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отце","gloss":"hieroschemamonk"},{"surface":"старце","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отце","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"Варсонофии","lemma":"Варсонофий","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старце","gloss":"Varsonofy"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Варсонофии, resumptive pronoun","gloss":"the very one"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies том","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принял","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принял","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Зосима","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies принял (did receive)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on том","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"старчество","lemma":"старчество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принял","gloss":"the eldership"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of считали","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считали","gloss":"the lifetime"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of богомольцы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"приходившие","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past active participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying богомольцы","gloss":"who came"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходившие","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"богомольцы","lemma":"богомолец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of считали","gloss":"pilgrims"},{"surface":"считали","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принял","gloss":"regarded"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies считали (за юродивого)","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking юродивого","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"юродивого","lemma":"юродивый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считали","gloss":"a holy fool"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b7-c1-s56","source":"О сих обоих сохранилось в предании, что лежали они в гробах своих как живые и погребены были совсем нетленными и что даже лики их как бы просветлели в гробу.","translation":"Of both these it was preserved in tradition that they had lain in their coffins as though living, and had been buried wholly incorrupt, and that even their faces had as it were grown luminous in the coffin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"О сих обоих сохранилось в предании, что","title":"Archaic «сих обоих» + impersonal «сохранилось»","body":"«О сих обоих» uses the archaic «сей» in the genitive plural (\"of these two\"). «Сохранилось в предании, что…» is an impersonal reflexive — \"it was preserved in tradition that…\" — with the -ся giving a passive, agentless sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лежали... как живые... погребены были совсем нетленными","title":"Short passive + instrumental predicate «нетленными»","body":"«Погребены были… нетленными» — short passive participle «погребены» (\"were buried\") plus the instrumental predicate «нетленными» (\"incorrupt\"), the state in which they were buried. The instrumental marks the resulting condition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лики их... просветлели","title":"«лик», «просветлеть» — luminous faces","body":"«Лик» is the icon-word for a holy face (vs. ordinary «лицо»), and «просветлеть» means \"to grow light/radiant.\" The faces of the incorrupt elders \"grew luminous\" in the coffin — a sign of sanctity, against which Zossima's stench is a scandal."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сих обоих","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"modifies обоих","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, locative, masculine","role":"object of О","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"сохранилось","lemma":"сохраниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it was preserved"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"предании","lemma":"предание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сохранилось","gloss":"tradition"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лежали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"лежали","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of subject clause, complement of сохранилось","gloss":"they had lain"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of лежали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гробах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"гробах","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of лежали","gloss":"their coffins"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of гробах","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of живые","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"живые","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"complement of лежали","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"погребены","lemma":"погрести","morphology":"verb, past passive participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with лежали","gloss":"were buried"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of погребены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нетленными","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"нетленными","lemma":"нетленный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"predicative complement of погребены, describes они","gloss":"incorrupt"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of просветлели","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лики","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"лики","lemma":"лик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of просветлели","gloss":"the faces"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of лики","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom как бы, modifies просветлели","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom как бы","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"просветлели","lemma":"просветлеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of second что-clause, parallel to лежали","gloss":"had grown luminous"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гробу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"гробу","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просветлели","gloss":"the coffin"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b7-c1-s57","source":"А некие так даже вспоминали настоятельно, что от телес их осязалось явственно благоухание.","translation":"And some even insisted in their recollections that from their bodies a fragrance had been distinctly perceptible.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"от телес их осязалось... благоухание","title":"«телеса», «благоухание» — bodies and fragrance","body":"«Телес» is the archaic/Slavonic genitive plural of «тело» (\"bodies\"). «Благоухание» is \"sweet fragrance\" — the \"odour of sanctity\" said to rise from holy relics, the exact opposite of the «тлетворный дух» now issuing from Zossima."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"осязалось явственно благоухание","title":"Reflexive passive «осязалось»","body":"«Осязалось благоухание» — \"a fragrance was perceptible/was sensed,\" the -ся giving an agentless imperfective passive (the fragrance \"made itself felt\"). «Явственно» (\"distinctly\") intensifies the claim the recollectors press."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"некие","lemma":"некий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вспоминали","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспоминали","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вспоминали","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вспоминали","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"настоятельно","lemma":"настоятельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспоминали","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of осязалось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking телес","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"телес","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of осязалось","gloss":"bodies"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of телес","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"осязалось","lemma":"осязаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of что-clause, complement of вспоминали","gloss":"was perceptible"},{"surface":"явственно","lemma":"явственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осязалось","gloss":"distinctly"},{"surface":"благоухание","lemma":"благоухание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of осязалось","gloss":"a fragrance"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b7-c1-s58","source":"Но несмотря даже и на столь внушительные воспоминания сии, всё же трудно было бы объяснить ту прямую причину, по которой у гроба старца Зосимы могло произойти столь легкомысленное, нелепое и злобное явление.","translation":"But despite even such impressive recollections as these, it would still be difficult to explain the direct cause for which, at the coffin of the elder Zossima, so frivolous, absurd, and malicious a phenomenon could have come about.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"трудно было бы объяснить","title":"Impersonal «трудно было бы» + «бы»","body":"«Трудно было бы объяснить» is an impersonal modal with the conditional particle «бы» — \"it would be difficult to explain.\" No subject; «бы» softens the assertion to a hypothetical difficulty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по которой... могло произойти столь... явление","title":"Relative «по которой» — the cause for which","body":"«Ту прямую причину, по которой… могло произойти… явление» — a «который»-relative in «по которой» (\"the cause for which\"). «Столь легкомысленное, нелепое и злобное явление» heaps three adjectives, all agreeing with neuter «явление»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"preposition (part of несмотря на)","role":"preposition marking воспоминания (with на)","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase несмотря...на","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase несмотря...на, intensifies","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воспоминания","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies внушительные","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"внушительные","lemma":"внушительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies воспоминания","gloss":"impressive"},{"surface":"воспоминания","lemma":"воспоминание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of несмотря на","gloss":"recollections"},{"surface":"сии","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies воспоминания","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom всё же, modifies трудно","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"трудно","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to трудно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of трудно","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"объяснить","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on трудно","gloss":"to explain"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of причину","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прямую","lemma":"прямой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies причину","gloss":"direct"},{"surface":"причину","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of объяснить","gloss":"the cause"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of могло","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гроба","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"гроба","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of могло","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гроба","gloss":"of the elder"},{"surface":"Зосимы","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старца","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on причину","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"произойти","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"come about"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легкомысленное","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"легкомысленное","lemma":"легкомысленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies явление","gloss":"frivolous"},{"surface":"нелепое","lemma":"нелепый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with легкомысленное","gloss":"absurd"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"злобное","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with легкомысленное","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"явление","lemma":"явление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"a phenomenon"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b7-c1-s59","source":"Что до меня лично, то полагаю, что тут одновременно сошлось и много другого, много разных причин, заодно повлиявших.","translation":"As for me personally, I suppose that many different things converged here at once, many varied causes acting together.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что до меня лично, то полагаю","title":"«что до меня… то» + dropped «я»","body":"«Что до меня лично, то полагаю» — the topicalising frame «что до X, то…» (\"as for X\") raises the narrator himself; the subject «я» is dropped before «полагаю» (\"I suppose\"). The chronicler steps forward to offer his own theory."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сошлось... много другого, много разных причин","title":"«много» + genitive + neuter agreement","body":"«Сошлось много другого, много разных причин» — the quantifier «много» governs the genitive («другого», «разных причин»), and the verb «сошлось» takes default neuter-singular agreement, as quantified subjects regularly do."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заодно повлиявших","title":"Past active participle «повлиявших»","body":"«Заодно повлиявших» (\"acting together / that influenced jointly\") is a past active participle in the genitive plural, agreeing with «причин» — \"many causes that worked together.\" «Заодно» = \"in concert, at once.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom что до (as for)","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of до (idiom что до меня = as for me)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"лично","lemma":"лично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"personally"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle linking что до-clause to полагаю","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"полагаю","lemma":"полагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I suppose"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сошлось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошлось","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"одновременно","lemma":"одновременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошлось","gloss":"simultaneously"},{"surface":"сошлось","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of полагаю","gloss":"converged"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies много (both...and)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"subject of сошлось","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of много (partitive)","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with другого","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"разных","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies причин","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"причин","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"genitive complement of много","gloss":"causes"},{"surface":"заодно","lemma":"заодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повлиявших","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"повлиявших","lemma":"повлиять","morphology":"verb, past active participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying причин","gloss":"that had contributed"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b7-c1-s60","source":"Из таковых, например, была даже самая эта закоренелая вражда к старчеству, как к зловредному новшеству, глубоко таившаяся в монастыре в умах еще многих иноков.","translation":"Among such, for instance, was even that very deep-rooted enmity toward the eldership, as toward a pernicious innovation, that lay hidden in the monastery in the minds of many monks still.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"глубоко таившаяся в монастыре","title":"Reflexive participle «таившаяся»","body":"«Глубоко таившаяся… вражда» is a reflexive past active participle (\"the enmity that lay hidden\"), from «таиться» (-ся, \"to conceal oneself, lurk\"). It modifies «вражда», compressing a relative clause about the buried hostility."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зловредному новшеству","title":"«зловредный», «новшество» — pernicious novelty","body":"«Зловредный» is \"harmful, pernicious\" («зло» evil + «вред» harm), and «новшество» is a (here pejorative) \"innovation, newfangled thing.\" The conservative monks brand eldership a dangerous modern intrusion on old monastic ways."}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking таковых","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"таковых","lemma":"таковой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"object of Из","gloss":"such causes"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to вражда","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самая","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies эта","gloss":"this very"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вражда","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"закоренелая","lemma":"закоренелый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вражда","gloss":"deep-rooted"},{"surface":"вражда","lemma":"вражда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"enmity"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старчеству","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"старчеству","lemma":"старчество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вражда","gloss":"the eldership"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison к новшеству","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking новшеству","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"зловредному","lemma":"зловредный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies новшеству","gloss":"pernicious"},{"surface":"новшеству","lemma":"новшество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"comparison parallel to старчеству","gloss":"an innovation"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies таившаяся","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"таившаяся","lemma":"таиться","morphology":"verb, present active participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying вражда","gloss":"that lay hidden"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of таившаяся","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"умах","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of таившаяся","gloss":"the minds"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многих","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многий","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"modifies иноков","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"иноков","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies умах","gloss":"of monks"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b7-c1-s61","source":"А потом, конечно, и главное, была зависть к святости усопшего, столь сильно установившейся при жизни его, что и возражать как будто было воспрещено.","translation":"And then, of course, and chief of all, there was envy of the departed one's holiness, which had been established so firmly during his lifetime that to gainsay it had seemed almost forbidden.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"усопшего","title":"«усопший» — the departed","body":"A solemn, Church-Slavonic word for the dead person, literally 'the one who has fallen asleep' (cf. Eng. 'the deceased'). It belongs to the funeral and liturgical register, far more elevated than the plain «умерший», and recurs throughout this chapter for the dead elder."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зависть к святости усопшего","title":"Dative «к святости» + genitive «усопшего»","body":"«к святости» is dative (governed by «к»), and «усопшего» is the genitive depending on it ('the holiness of the departed') — a dative + genitive, not two stacked genitives; «зависть к…» ('envy toward') takes the dative. The endings, not the order, keep the relations clear."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"установившейся","title":"Reflexive past participle «установившейся»","body":"A past active participle of the reflexive «установиться» (to become established), here in feminine genitive to agree with «святости». The -ся makes it a middle/change-of-state verb — the holiness established itself — and the participle compresses a который-clause into one bookish word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"столь","title":"«столь» — bookish 'so'","body":"An elevated, literary equivalent of «так» ('so'), pairing here with «что» to mean 'so strongly… that'. It signals the formal narrative voice; in everyday speech one would simply say «так сильно»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возражать как будто было воспрещено","title":"Impersonal predicate «было воспрещено»","body":"A subjectless construction: the short passive participle «воспрещено» ('forbidden') plus «было» states a result, with the infinitive «возражать» as logical subject — 'to object was as it were forbidden'. There is no nominative; the impersonal frame is typical of bookish narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, parallel to конечно","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, parallel to потом","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, parallel to потом","gloss":"chief of all"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"зависть","lemma":"зависть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"envy"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking святости","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"святости","lemma":"святость","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies зависть","gloss":"holiness"},{"surface":"усопшего","lemma":"усопший","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies святости","gloss":"of the departed one","note":"усопший is used as a substantive, \"the deceased,\" a churchly euphemism for the dead."},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сильно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies установившейся","gloss":"strongly"},{"surface":"установившейся","lemma":"установиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies святости","gloss":"having become established"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of установившейся","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of воспрещено","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возражать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"возражать","lemma":"возражать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject of воспрещено","gloss":"to object"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of воспрещено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"воспрещено","lemma":"воспретить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the result clause introduced by что","gloss":"forbidden"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b7-c1-s62","source":"Ибо хотя покойный старец и привлек к себе многих, и не столько чудесами, сколько любовью, и воздвиг кругом себя как бы целый мир его любящих, тем не менее, и даже тем более, сим же самым породил к себе и завистников, а вслед за тем и ожесточенных врагов, и явных и тайных, и не только между монастырскими, но даже и между светскими.","translation":"For although the late elder had drawn many to himself — and not so much by miracles as by love — and had raised up around himself as it were a whole world of those who loved him, nonetheless, and even all the more for that very reason, by that same thing he had bred for himself enviers as well, and in their train bitter enemies too, both open and secret, and not only among the monastery folk but even among the laity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ибо","title":"«Ибо» — 'for, because'","body":"A bookish, archaic causal conjunction ('for'), heavy with biblical and homiletic flavor, far more solemn than the neutral «потому что». It opens many of the narrator's reflective sentences here and colors the whole passage as elevated, sermon-like prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не столько чудесами, сколько любовью","title":"Instrumental of means + «не столько…сколько»","body":"«чудесами» and «любовью» are instrumental, naming the means by which he drew people — 'by miracles… by love'. The correlative «не столько… сколько» ('not so much… as') weighs one means against the other."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воздвиг","title":"«воздвиг» — raised up","body":"An elevated, Slavonic-flavored verb ('raised up, erected'), used here metaphorically of building a 'whole world' of devotees around himself. Its biblical resonance lifts the sentence above the plain «создал» or «построил»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сим же самым","title":"Archaic «сим» — 'by this very thing'","body":"«сим» is the instrumental of «сей», the bookish 19th-century demonstrative 'this'; with «же самым» it intensifies to 'by this very same thing'. «сей/сия/сие» pervades this chapter as a marker of period-elevated narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"породил к себе и завистников","title":"Reflexive «себе» pointing back to the subject","body":"«к себе» ('to/for himself') is the reflexive pronoun referring to the clause's subject (the elder), repeated through the sentence. It has no nominative and keeps the focus on the one who, by his very virtue, bred his own enviers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive sentence","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of породил","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"покойный","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старец","gloss":"the late"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of привлек","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"привлек","lemma":"привлечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the хотя-clause, modifies породил","gloss":"had drawn"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of привлек","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многие","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of привлек","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не столько...сколько","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with сколько","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"чудесами","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of привлек","gloss":"by miracles"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlates with столько","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"любовью","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привлек, parallel to чудесами","gloss":"by love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воздвиг","lemma":"воздвигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with привлек","gloss":"raised up"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks себя","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of кругом","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"it were"},{"surface":"целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мир","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воздвиг","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive/accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любящих","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"любящих","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies мир, substantive \"those loving him\"","gloss":"who loved him"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase тем не менее","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase тем не менее","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase тем не менее","gloss":"the less","note":"тем не менее = \"nonetheless.\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем более","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase тем более","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase тем более, modifies породил","gloss":"more","note":"тем более = \"all the more.\""},{"surface":"сим","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies самым","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сим","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сим, oblique complement of породил","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"породил","lemma":"породить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bred"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of породил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завистников","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"завистников","lemma":"завистник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of породил","gloss":"enviers"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase вслед за тем","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase вслед за тем","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase вслед за тем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ожесточенных","lemma":"ожесточённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies врагов","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"врагов","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with завистников, direct object of породил","gloss":"enemies"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"явных","lemma":"явный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies врагов","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links явных and тайных","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тайных","lemma":"тайный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with явных, modifies врагов","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только...но","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только...но","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырскими","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"монастырскими","lemma":"монастырский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"object of между, substantive \"monastery folk\"","gloss":"monastery folk"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (не только...но)","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies между светскими","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies между светскими","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking светскими","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"светскими","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with монастырскими, substantive \"the laity\"","gloss":"the laity"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b7-c1-s63","source":"Никому-то, например, он не сделал вреда, но вот: «Зачем-де его считают столь святым?»","translation":"He had done no harm to anyone, for instance, and yet there was this: \"Why is it that they hold him to be so holy?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никому-то… он не сделал вреда","title":"Negative concord + genitive of negation","body":"«Никому… не сделал» pairs the ни-pronoun with «не» on the verb — Russian's obligatory double negation. The object «вреда» ('harm') stands in the genitive rather than accusative because the verb is negated — the genitive of negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никому-то","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» here is the emphatic/topic particle, not the indefinite one: it underlines the contrast — 'he'd done harm to no one, and yet…'. It lends a colloquial, insistent coloring to the narrator's voice."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«Зачем-де его считают столь святым?»","title":"Reportative particle «-де»","body":"«-де» is an old quotative particle marking reported speech ('they say', 'so it's said'), here flagging the muttered grievance as hearsay. It is archaic and folksy, much like «мол», and stages the malice as anonymous gossip."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of сделал","gloss":"to no one"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Никому","gloss":"indeed","note":"the enclitic -то adds emphasis; it does not translate as a separate word."},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had done"},{"surface":"вреда","lemma":"вред","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сделал (genitive of negation)","gloss":"harm"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the quoted clause","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies считают","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle","role":"reportative particle modifying считают","gloss":"they say","note":"де is an archaic particle marking reported/quoted speech, roughly \"it's said.\""},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of считают","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"считают","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"do they consider"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies святым","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"святым","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of считают","gloss":"holy"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b7-c1-s64","source":"И один лишь сей вопрос, повторяясь постепенно, породил наконец целую бездну самой ненасытимой злобы.","translation":"And this one question alone, repeating itself little by little, at last bred a whole abyss of the most insatiable malice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"один лишь сей вопрос","title":"Archaic demonstrative «сей»","body":"«сей» ('this') is the bookish 19th-century demonstrative, declining like an adjective and agreeing here masculine nominative with «вопрос». A speaker would say «этот вопрос»; «сей» marks the elevated narrative register pervasive in this chapter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повторяясь постепенно","title":"Imperfective gerund «повторяясь»","body":"A present (imperfective) деепричастие in -ясь from the reflexive «повторяться» — 'repeating itself'. It names an action attendant on the main verb «породил», sharing its subject (the question), and is a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ненасытимой злобы","title":"«ненасытимый» — insatiable","body":"A bookish adjective 'that cannot be sated', built on «насытить» (to satiate) with the negative «не-» and the passive-potential suffix -им-. Modifying «злобы» (genitive after «бездну», abyss) it gives the malice a bottomless, almost theological hunger."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос, emphatic \"this one alone\"","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of породил","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"повторяясь","lemma":"повторяться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on породил","gloss":"recurring"},{"surface":"постепенно","lemma":"постепенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторяясь","gloss":"gradually"},{"surface":"породил","lemma":"породить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bred"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies породил","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"целую","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бездну","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"бездну","lemma":"бездна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of породил","gloss":"abyss"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ненасытимой (superlative marker)","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"ненасытимой","lemma":"ненасытимый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злобы","gloss":"insatiable"},{"surface":"злобы","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бездну","gloss":"of malice"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b7-c1-s65","source":"Вот почему и думаю я, что многие, заслышав тлетворный дух от тела его, да еще в такой скорости — ибо не прошло еще и дня со смерти его, были безмерно обрадованы; равно как из преданных старцу и доселе чтивших его нашлись тотчас же таковые, что были сим событием чуть не оскорблены и обижены лично.","translation":"That is why I think, too, that many, on catching the breath of corruption from his body — and so quickly at that, for not even a day had passed since his death — were immeasurably gladdened; just as, among those devoted to the elder and who had revered him until now, there were found at once such as were almost offended and personally aggrieved by this event.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тлетворный дух","title":"«тлетворный дух» — the breath of corruption","body":"The chapter's title phrase: «тлетворный» ('corruption-breeding', from «тлен», decay) plus «дух», here in its older sense of 'smell, odor'. It denotes the stench of decay rising from the dead elder's body — the scandal that there should be no such smell from a saint."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заслышав тлетворный дух","title":"Perfective gerund «заслышав»","body":"A past (perfective) деепричастие in -в from «заслышать» ('to catch/begin to hear or smell'), naming a completed action prior to the main verb — 'having caught the breath…, they were gladdened'. The prefix за- adds an inceptive 'begin to' nuance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не прошло еще и дня","title":"Genitive subject under negation","body":"In the negated existential «не прошло… и дня», the logical subject «дня» stands in the genitive ('not even a day had passed'). The verb is fixed in neuter singular «прошло», a classic genitive-of-negation pattern with «и» adding 'even'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"доселе чтивших его","title":"«доселе» — until now; «чтить» — to revere","body":"«доселе» is an archaic adverb 'up to now', and «чтивших» is the past active participle of «чтить» (to honor, venerate), genitive plural agreeing with «преданных». Both belong to the solemn, slightly antique register of the narrator."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нашлись тотчас же таковые, что были… оскорблены","title":"Correlative «таковые, что»","body":"«таковые» ('such ones') sets up a correlative clause with «что» functioning as a relative — 'there were found such as were offended'. «таковые» is the bookish form of «такие», keeping the elevated tone, and «нашлись» is the reflexive 'were found/turned up'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот почему","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase вот почему, modifies думаю","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обрадованы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обрадованы","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"заслышав","lemma":"заслышать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying многие","gloss":"having caught scent of"},{"surface":"тлетворный","lemma":"тлетворный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дух","gloss":"corrupting"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заслышав","gloss":"smell"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тела","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тела","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заслышав","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тела","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да ещё","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase да ещё, modifies в такой скорости","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скорости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of скорости","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"скорости","lemma":"скорость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying заслышав","gloss":"haste"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of прошло","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прошло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прошло","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical ибо-clause","gloss":"had passed"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дня, emphatic","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошло (genitive of negation)","gloss":"a day"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошло","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of обрадованы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"безмерно","lemma":"безмерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обрадованы","gloss":"immeasurably"},{"surface":"обрадованы","lemma":"обрадовать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"gladdened"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase равно как, links to the next clause","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase равно как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преданных","gloss":"from among"},{"surface":"преданных","lemma":"преданный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"substantive, object of из","gloss":"those devoted"},{"surface":"старцу","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of преданных","gloss":"to the elder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links преданных and чтивших","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"доселе","lemma":"доселе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чтивших","gloss":"until now"},{"surface":"чтивших","lemma":"чтить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with преданных","gloss":"who had revered"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of чтивших","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"нашлись","lemma":"найтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"there were found"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нашлись","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"таковые","lemma":"таковой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of нашлись","gloss":"such people"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying таковые","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of оскорблены/обижены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"сим","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of событием","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"событием","lemma":"событие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оскорблены","gloss":"event"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase чуть не","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чуть не","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оскорблены","lemma":"оскорбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the relative clause","gloss":"offended"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обижены","lemma":"обидеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with оскорблены","gloss":"aggrieved"},{"surface":"лично","lemma":"лично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обижены","gloss":"personally"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b7-c1-s66","source":"Постепенность же дела происходила следующим образом.","translation":"The gradual course of the affair came about in the following manner.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Постепенность же дела","title":"Particle «же» in second position","body":"Here «же» is the connective/contrastive particle, not emphatic-rhetorical: leaning on the first word «постепенность», it links back and shifts the topic — roughly 'Now, the gradual course of the affair…'. This second-position «же» is a quiet narrative hinge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Постепенность","lemma":"постепенность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of происходила","gloss":"the gradualness"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Постепенность","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Постепенность","gloss":"of the affair"},{"surface":"происходила","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came about"},{"surface":"следующим","lemma":"следующий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образом","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement (manner) of происходила","gloss":"in a manner"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b7-c1-s67","source":"Лишь только начало обнаруживаться тление, то уже по одному виду входивших в келью усопшего иноков можно было заключить, зачем они приходят.","translation":"As soon as the decay began to make itself felt, one could tell, merely from the look of the monks who entered the departed one's cell, why they were coming.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лишь только начало обнаруживаться тление","title":"«Лишь только» + inceptive reflexive infinitive","body":"«Лишь только» means 'as soon as'. «начало обнаруживаться» pairs the neuter past «начало» (agreeing with «тление», decay) with the reflexive infinitive «обнаруживаться» (to begin to show itself) — the -ся making it intransitive/middle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"входивших в келью… иноков","title":"Past active participle «входивших»","body":"A past active participle of imperfective «входить», genitive plural agreeing with «иноков» — 'of the monks who were entering'. It condenses a который-clause and, being imperfective, keeps the entering ongoing/repeated."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase лишь только","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase лишь только","gloss":"soon as"},{"surface":"начало","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause introduced by лишь только","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"обнаруживаться","lemma":"обнаруживаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начало","gloss":"to become apparent"},{"surface":"тление","lemma":"тление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of начало","gloss":"decay"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виду","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виду, emphatic \"a single\"","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключить","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"входивших","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies иноков","gloss":"who entered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келью","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"келью","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of входивших","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"усопшего","lemma":"усопший","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies келью","gloss":"of the departed one"},{"surface":"иноков","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies виду","gloss":"monks"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, head of the main clause","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula with можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"заключить","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можно было","gloss":"conclude"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходят, introduces the embedded question","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of приходят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"приходят","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заключить","gloss":"were coming"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b7-c1-s68","source":"Войдет, постоит недолго и выходит подтвердить скорее весть другим, толпою ожидающим извне.","translation":"One would come in, stand for a short while, and go out to confirm the news the sooner to the others, who were waiting in a crowd outside.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Войдет, постоит недолго и выходит","title":"Perfective 'present' for habitual action","body":"«Войдёт… постоит… выходит» mixes perfective present-tense forms (which normally read as future) with one imperfective — but here they describe a typical, repeated scene: 'one would come in, stand a while, and go out'. This iterative use of the perfective is a vivid narrative device."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"толпою ожидающим извне","title":"Instrumental of manner + present participle","body":"«толпою» is instrumental 'in a crowd' (manner), and «ожидающим» a present active participle ('waiting') in dative agreeing with «другим», 'the others waiting outside'. «извне» is the bookish adverb 'from without'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Войдет","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, gnomic future (\"one would come in\")","gloss":"one comes in"},{"surface":"постоит","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Войдет","gloss":"stands a while"},{"surface":"недолго","lemma":"недолго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постоит","gloss":"briefly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выходит","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Войдет","gloss":"goes out"},{"surface":"подтвердить","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose complement of выходит","gloss":"to confirm"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подтвердить","gloss":"the sooner"},{"surface":"весть","lemma":"весть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подтвердить","gloss":"the news"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of подтвердить","gloss":"to the others"},{"surface":"толпою","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies другим, manner \"in a crowd\"","gloss":"in a crowd"},{"surface":"ожидающим","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, dative, imperfective","role":"modifies другим","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"извне","lemma":"извне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидающим","gloss":"outside"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b7-c1-s69","source":"Иные из сих ожидавших скорбно покивали главами, но другие даже и скрывать уже не хотели своей радости, явно сиявшей в озлобленных взорах их.","translation":"Some of those waiting shook their heads in sorrow, but others would not even hide their joy now, which shone openly in their malevolent gazes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"покивали главами","title":"«покивать главами» — shook their heads","body":"«главами» is the Church-Slavonic word for 'heads' («глава» vs. plain «голова»), a non-pleophonic doublet. The whole phrase 'nodded/shook with their heads' has a biblical-archaic ring, fitting a gesture of mourning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сих ожидавших","title":"Substantivized participle «ожидавших»","body":"«ожидавших» is a past active participle used as a noun — 'those who had been waiting' — in genitive after «иные из». «сих» is the archaic «сей» in genitive plural ('these'), agreeing with it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"явно сиявшей в озлобленных взорах их","title":"Past active participle «сиявшей»","body":"«сиявшей» (past active participle of «сиять», to shine) is feminine instrumental/prepositional agreeing with «радости» ('joy… shining'). «озлобленных» is itself a past passive participle ('embittered, malevolent'), and «взорах» the bookish word for 'gazes'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of покивали","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ожидавших","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies ожидавших","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"ожидавших","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"substantive, object of из","gloss":"those waiting"},{"surface":"скорбно","lemma":"скорбно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покивали","gloss":"sorrowfully"},{"surface":"покивали","lemma":"покивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shook"},{"surface":"главами","lemma":"глава","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of покивали","gloss":"their heads"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хотели","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скрывать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скрывать, emphatic","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"скрывать","lemma":"скрывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотели","gloss":"to hide"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотели","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотели","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with покивали","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of радости","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of хотели/скрывать","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"явно","lemma":"явно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сиявшей","gloss":"openly"},{"surface":"сиявшей","lemma":"сиять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies радости","gloss":"which shone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взорах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"озлобленных","lemma":"озлобленный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies взорах","gloss":"malevolent"},{"surface":"взорах","lemma":"взор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сиявшей","gloss":"gazes"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies взорах","gloss":"their"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b7-c1-s70","source":"И никто-то их не укорял более, никто-то доброго гласа не подымал, что было даже и чудно, ибо преданных усопшему старцу было в монастыре всё же большинство; но уж, видно, сам господь допустил, чтобы на сей раз меньшинство временно одержало верх.","translation":"And no one reproached them any longer, no one raised a kindly voice — which was indeed strange, for those devoted to the departed elder were after all the majority in the monastery; but the Lord himself, evidently, had allowed that on this occasion the minority should for a time gain the upper hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто-то их не укорял более, никто-то доброго гласа не подымал","title":"Repeated negative concord","body":"Twice «никто… не» yokes the negative pronoun to a negated verb. «доброго гласа не подымал» also shows the genitive of negation on the object «гласа» ('did not raise a kindly voice'). «-то» again adds plaintive emphasis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гласа","title":"«глас» — voice (Slavonic)","body":"«глас» is the Church-Slavonic doublet of «голос» ('voice'), with the non-pleophonic -ла- where Russian has -оло-. It lends solemnity — 'no one raised a kindly voice' rings almost scriptural."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам господь допустил, чтобы… меньшинство… одержало верх","title":"«чтобы» + past-form irrealis","body":"After «допустил» ('allowed'), «чтобы» introduces a willed/permitted outcome and obligatorily takes the past form «одержало» — the fused бы inside «чтобы» making it irrealis, not a plain report."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the previous sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of укорял","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to никто","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of укорял","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies укорял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"укорял","lemma":"укорять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reproached"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies укорял","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of подымал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to никто","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"доброго","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гласа","gloss":"kindly"},{"surface":"гласа","lemma":"глас","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подымал (genitive of negation)","gloss":"a voice"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подымал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подымал","lemma":"подымать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with укорял","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of чудно","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to чудно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чудно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чудно, emphatic","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"чудно","lemma":"чудный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of большинство","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"преданных","lemma":"преданный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies старцу","gloss":"devoted"},{"surface":"усопшему","lemma":"усопший","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старцу","gloss":"to the departed"},{"surface":"старцу","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of преданных","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula introducing большинство","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"большинство","lemma":"большинство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было (predicate nominal)","gloss":"the majority"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies допустил","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies господь","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of допустил","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"допустил","lemma":"допустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allowed"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of одержало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of одержало","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"меньшинство","lemma":"меньшинство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of одержало","gloss":"the minority"},{"surface":"временно","lemma":"временно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одержало","gloss":"temporarily"},{"surface":"одержало","lemma":"одержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of допустил","gloss":"gained"},{"surface":"верх","lemma":"верх","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of одержало","gloss":"the upper hand"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b7-c1-s71","source":"Вскорости стали являться в келью такими же соглядатаями и светские, более из образованных посетителей.","translation":"Soon laymen too, the more educated of the visitors, began to appear in the cell as the same sort of spies.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"соглядатаями","title":"«соглядатай» — spy, scout","body":"An archaic, biblical word for a spy or secret observer (it names the scouts Moses sent into Canaan). Calling the curious lay visitors «соглядатаи» casts them as covert agents come to verify the scandal, not pilgrims."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стали являться… такими же соглядатаями","title":"Instrumental of the predicate","body":"After «являться» ('to appear/show up as'), the predicate «соглядатаями» takes the instrumental, not the nominative — 'began to appear as the same sort of spies'. This predicate instrumental is standard with such linking verbs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вскорости","lemma":"вскорости","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стали","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"являться","lemma":"являться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to appear"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келью","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"келью","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of являться","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"такими","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of соглядатаями","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такими","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"соглядатаями","lemma":"соглядатай","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of являться","gloss":"spies"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"светские","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стали, substantive \"laymen\"","gloss":"laymen"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies из образованных посетителей","gloss":"mostly"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking посетителей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"образованных","lemma":"образованный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies посетителей","gloss":"educated"},{"surface":"посетителей","lemma":"посетитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of более","gloss":"visitors"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b7-c1-s72","source":"Простого же народу входило мало, хотя и столпилось много его у ворот скитских.","translation":"Of the common folk, however, few came in, though many of them had crowded at the hermitage gates.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Простого же народу входило мало","title":"Partitive genitive «народу»","body":"«народу» is a partitive genitive (with the old masculine -у ending) governed by «мало» ('few/little of the common folk'). The verb «входило» stays neuter singular — there is no nominative subject, a quantity-impersonal pattern."}],"words":[{"surface":"Простого","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies народу","gloss":"of the common"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Простого","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"народу","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"partitive genitive complement of входило","gloss":"folk"},{"surface":"входило","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"quantifier, predicate of входило","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of столпилось","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столпилось, emphatic","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"столпилось","lemma":"столпиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"had crowded"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"quantifier, subject of столпилось","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"partitive genitive complement of много","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ворот","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ворот","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of столпилось","gloss":"the gates"},{"surface":"скитских","lemma":"скитский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies ворот","gloss":"of the hermitage"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b7-c1-s73","source":"Несомненно то, что именно после трех часов прилив посетителей светских весьма усилился, и именно вследствие соблазнительного известия.","translation":"It is beyond doubt that it was precisely after three o'clock that the influx of lay visitors increased greatly, and precisely in consequence of the scandalous news.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Несомненно то, что… прилив… усилился","title":"Correlative «то, что»","body":"«то» is a placeholder demonstrative ('that thing') resumed by the «что»-clause — 'It is beyond doubt that…'. The neuter «то» anchors the impersonal predicate «несомненно» before the content clause unfolds."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"соблазнительного известия","title":"«соблазн» — scandal, temptation","body":"«соблазнительный» derives from «соблазн», which means both 'temptation' and 'scandal' in a moral-religious sense. The 'scandalous news' is thus also a spiritual snare — the corruption-stench tempting weak faith into doubt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Несомненно","lemma":"несомненный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"beyond doubt"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Несомненно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of усилился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies часов","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часов","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies часов","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of усилился","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"прилив","lemma":"прилив","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усилился","gloss":"influx"},{"surface":"посетителей","lemma":"посетитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies прилив","gloss":"of visitors"},{"surface":"светских","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies посетителей","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усилился","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"усилился","lemma":"усилиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"increased"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies известия","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"вследствие","lemma":"вследствие","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking известия","gloss":"in consequence of"},{"surface":"соблазнительного","lemma":"соблазнительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies известия","gloss":"scandalous"},{"surface":"известия","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with часов","gloss":"news"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b7-c1-s74","source":"Те, кои бы, может, и не прибыли в сей день вовсе и не располагали прибыть, теперь нарочно приехали, между ними некоторые значительного чина особы.","translation":"Those who might, perhaps, not have come that day at all and had not meant to come, now drove out on purpose, among them some persons of considerable rank.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Те, кои бы, может, и не прибыли… теперь нарочно приехали","title":"Archaic relative «кои» + conditional «бы»","body":"«кои» is the bookish/archaic relative pronoun 'who/which' (= «которые»). With «бы… не прибыли» it forms a past-form conditional — 'those who might not have come' — the irrealis particle «бы» turning the past tense hypothetical."}],"words":[{"surface":"Те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of приехали","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"кои","lemma":"который","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прибыли","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks potential mood of прибыли","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies прибыли","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies не прибыли","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибыли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прибыли","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the relative clause (кои)","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибыли","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибыли","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies располагали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"располагали","lemma":"располагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прибыли","gloss":"had meant to"},{"surface":"прибыть","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of располагали","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехали","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехали","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"приехали","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of приехали","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of особы","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"значительного","lemma":"значительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чина","gloss":"considerable"},{"surface":"чина","lemma":"чин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies особы","gloss":"of rank"},{"surface":"особы","lemma":"особа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with Те","gloss":"persons"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b7-c1-s75","source":"Впрочем, благочиние наружно еще не нарушалось, и отец Паисий твердо и раздельно, с лицом строгим, продолжал читать Евангелие в голос, как бы не замечая совершавшегося, хотя давно уже заметил нечто необычайное.","translation":"Outward decorum, however, was as yet still unbroken, and Father Paissy went on reading the Gospel aloud, firmly and distinctly, with a stern face, as though not noticing what was taking place, though he had long since noticed that something extraordinary was afoot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы не замечая совершавшегося","title":"Gerund + substantivized participle","body":"«не замечая» is an imperfective gerund ('as though not noticing'), simultaneous with «продолжал читать». Its object «совершавшегося» is a reflexive past active participle used as a noun in genitive — 'that which was taking place'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благочиние","title":"«благочиние» — decorum, good order","body":"A formal compound ('благо' good + 'чин' order/rank) meaning the proper, dignified order of conduct, especially in church. Its repeated 'breaking' in this chapter measures the collapse of monastic discipline as the scandal spreads."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to нарушалось","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"благочиние","lemma":"благочиние","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нарушалось","gloss":"decorum"},{"surface":"наружно","lemma":"наружно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нарушалось","gloss":"outwardly"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нарушалось","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нарушалось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нарушалось","lemma":"нарушаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was broken"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжал","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раздельно","lemma":"раздельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with твердо","gloss":"distinctly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжал","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"строгим","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"stern"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нарушалось","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"читать","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжал","gloss":"reading"},{"surface":"Евангелие","lemma":"евангелие","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of читать","gloss":"the Gospel"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase голос","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of читать","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замечая","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замечая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"замечая","lemma":"замечать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on читать","gloss":"noticing"},{"surface":"совершавшегося","lemma":"совершаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"direct object of замечая","gloss":"what was happening"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заметил","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжал","gloss":"had noticed"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"необычайное","lemma":"необычайный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"extraordinary"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b7-c1-s76","source":"Но вот и до него стали достигать голоса, сперва весьма тихие, но постепенно твердевшие и ободрявшиеся.","translation":"But now voices began to reach even him — at first quite low, but gradually hardening and growing bolder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"до него стали достигать голоса","title":"Inversion: subject «голоса» last","body":"The new information — «голоса» (voices) — is held to the end, after «до него стали достигать» ('began to reach even him'). This topic–comment ordering, with the given (Paissy) first and the news last, drives the sentence's suspense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"твердевшие и ободрявшиеся","title":"Past active participles «твердевшие… ободрявшиеся»","body":"Two past active participles (from «твердеть», to harden, and reflexive «ободряться», to grow bolder) agree with «голоса». Imperfective, they paint the voices as gradually, progressively stiffening — the menace mounting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle, modifies стали","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies него","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"достигать","lemma":"достигать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to reach"},{"surface":"голоса","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of достигать","gloss":"voices"},{"surface":"сперва","lemma":"сперва","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тихие","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тихие","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"тихие","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies голоса","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"постепенно","lemma":"постепенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies твердевшие","gloss":"gradually"},{"surface":"твердевшие","lemma":"твердеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with тихие, modifies голоса","gloss":"hardening"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ободрявшиеся","lemma":"ободряться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with твердевшие","gloss":"growing bolder"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b7-c1-s77","source":"«Знать, суд-то божий не то, что человеческий!» — заслышал вдруг отец Паисий.","translation":"\"So God's judgment, it seems, is not the same as man's!\" Father Paissy suddenly heard.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Знать","title":"Parenthetical «знать» — 'evidently'","body":"Not the verb 'to know' here but a folksy modal particle meaning 'it seems, apparently, evidently'. It marks the overheard remark as colloquial peasant-monk speech, an inference dressed as casual certainty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"суд-то божий не то, что человеческий","title":"Topic clitic «-то» + zero copula","body":"«-то» tags «суд» as the known topic ('the judgment, now…'). The clause has no copula — 'God's judgment [is] not the same as man's' — Russian's present-tense 'to be' being silent. «человеческий» elliptically stands for «суд человеческий»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"infinitive used as parenthetical particle","role":"discourse marker, modifies суд не то","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of не то","gloss":"judgment"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic particle attached to суд","gloss":"-to (emphasis)","note":"Colloquial clitic \"-то\" attached to суд, roughly \"the judgment, mind you\"; not separately translatable."},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суд","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of суд","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlates with то (comparative)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"человеческий","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"compared with божий via что","gloss":"man's"},{"surface":"заслышал","lemma":"заслышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заслышал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заслышал","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b7-c1-s78","source":"Вымолвил сие первее всех один светский, городской чиновник, человек уже пожилой и, сколь известно было о нем, весьма набожный, но, вымолвив вслух, повторил лишь то, что давно промеж себя повторяли иноки друг другу на ухо.","translation":"The first of all to utter this was one layman, a town official, a man already elderly and, so far as was known of him, very devout; but, having spoken it aloud, he was only repeating what the monks had long been repeating among themselves, into one another's ears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вымолвил","title":"«вымолвить» — to utter","body":"A perfective verb meaning to bring out a word, to utter (often with effort or significance), more marked than plain «сказать». The prefix вы- ('out') stresses the word being let out into the open — fitting, since the layman voices aloud what was whispered."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вымолвив вслух, повторил","title":"Perfective gerund «вымолвив»","body":"A perfective past деепричастие ('having uttered it aloud'), naming a completed action just before the main verb «повторил». It shares the subject (the official) and gives the prose its layered, participial 19th-century texture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"промеж себя","title":"«промеж» — archaic 'among'","body":"«промеж» is a folk/archaic preposition for «между» ('among, between'), here with the reflexive «себя» — 'among themselves'. It and «на ухо» ('into the ear') give the line its earthy, whispering quality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вымолвил","lemma":"вымолвить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"uttered"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Вымолвил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"первее","lemma":"первее","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase первее всех","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"complement of первее","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies чиновник","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"светский","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чиновник","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"городской","lemma":"городской","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чиновник","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"чиновник","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Вымолвил","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with чиновник","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожилой","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"пожилой","lemma":"пожилой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"elderly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сколь","lemma":"сколь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"as far as"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective, modifies человек","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to известно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of известно","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies набожный","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"набожный","lemma":"набожный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"devout"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вымолвив","lemma":"вымолвить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on повторил","gloss":"having uttered"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вымолвив","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"повторил","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Вымолвил","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of повторил","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of повторяли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторяли","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"промеж","lemma":"промеж","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of промеж","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"повторяли","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"were repeating"},{"surface":"иноки","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of повторяли","gloss":"the monks"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"first part of reciprocal pronoun друг другу","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"другу","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of повторяли","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ухо","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ухо","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторяли","gloss":"ear"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b7-c1-s79","source":"Те давно уже вымолвили сие безнадежное слово, и хуже всего было то, что с каждою почти минутой обнаруживалось и возрастало при этом слове некое торжество.","translation":"They had long since uttered this hopeless word, and the worst of it was that with almost every passing minute a certain triumph revealed itself and grew at this word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безнадежное слово","title":"«безнадёжное слово» — the hopeless word","body":"Literally 'the hopeless/despairing word' — the muttered verdict that the elder's swift decay proves God's judgment against him. Calling it «слово» elevates the whispered phrase into a charged, almost fated utterance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с каждою почти минутой обнаруживалось и возрастало","title":"Instrumental of time «с каждою минутой»","body":"«с каждою… минутой» uses «с» + instrumental to mean 'with every passing minute' — a temporal-progressive phrase. The two imperfective past verbs «обнаруживалось… возрастало» (reflexive 'revealed itself' and 'grew') keep the triumph swelling in process."}],"words":[{"surface":"Те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вымолвили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вымолвили","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вымолвили","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"вымолвили","lemma":"вымолвить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had uttered"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вымолвили","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"безнадежное","lemma":"безнадёжный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"hopeless"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вымолвили","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"head of predicate phrase хуже всего","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хуже","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking хуже всего to то","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обнаруживалось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каждою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каждою","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минутой","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies минутой","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"минутой","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обнаруживалось","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"обнаруживалось","lemma":"обнаруживаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"was being revealed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"возрастало","lemma":"возрастать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обнаруживалось","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слове","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слове","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"слове","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of возрастало","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"некое","lemma":"некий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of торжество","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"торжество","lemma":"торжество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обнаруживалось and возрастало","gloss":"triumph"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b7-c1-s80","source":"Вскоре, однако, и самое даже благочиние начало нарушаться, и вот точно все почувствовали себя в каком-то даже праве его нарушить.","translation":"Soon, however, even decorum itself began to be broken, and it was just as if everyone felt himself somehow even entitled to break it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"все почувствовали себя… в каком-то даже праве его нарушить","title":"Reflexive «себя» + indefinite «каком-то»","body":"«почувствовали себя… в праве» ('felt themselves… entitled') uses the reflexive object «себя». «каком-то» is the indefinite 'some kind of', its «-то» marking a real but vague right — everyone felt vaguely licensed to break decorum."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самое даже благочиние начало нарушаться","title":"Emphatic «самое» + reflexive passive","body":"«самое… благочиние» ('decorum itself'), with «даже» heightening it, is the subject; «нарушаться» is the reflexive used as an imperfective passive — 'began to be broken'. The -ся spares the need to name who breaks it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вскоре","lemma":"вскоре","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начало","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to начало","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies благочиние","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies благочиние","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies благочиние","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"благочиние","lemma":"благочиние","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of начало","gloss":"decorum"},{"surface":"начало","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"нарушаться","lemma":"нарушаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начало","gloss":"to be broken"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies точно","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовали","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of почувствовали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"почувствовали","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with начало","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of почувствовали","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking праве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of праве","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun каком-то","gloss":"(indefinite marker)"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies праве","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"праве","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of почувствовали","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нарушить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"нарушить","lemma":"нарушить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of праве","gloss":"to break"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b7-c1-s81","source":"«И почему бы ''сие'' могло случиться, — говорили некоторые из иноков, сначала как бы и сожалея, — тело имел невеликое, сухое, к костям приросшее, откуда бы тут духу быть?»","translation":"\"And why should this have happened,\" some of the monks said, at first as if even with regret, \"his body was not large, dried up, shrunk to the bones — where could the smell come from here?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему бы ''сие'' могло случиться","title":"Conditional «бы» of speculation","body":"«почему бы… могло случиться» uses past «могло» + «бы» for a hypothetical, wondering tone — 'why should this have been able to happen?'. The бы softens the question into musing speculation rather than a flat 'why did it happen'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"к костям приросшее","title":"«к костям приросшее» — shrunk to the bones","body":"«приросшее» is a past active participle of «прирасти» ('to grow onto/adhere'), neuter agreeing with «тело» — flesh 'grown fast to the bones'. The grim image argues that so dried-up a body should yield no stench."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"откуда бы тут духу быть?","title":"Genitive «духу» in a «бы»-infinitive question","body":"An idiomatic dative-subject-flavored construction: «духу быть» with the infinitive 'to be' and «бы» — 'where could there be smell?'. «духу» stands in the dative-subject inevitability construction «(быть) духу» ('where could there be any smell?'); there is no negation here (the genitive of negation appears in s94, «духу не было»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks potential mood of могло","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"случиться","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"happen"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting clause)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иноков","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"иноков","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies некоторые","gloss":"the monks"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сожалея","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сожалея","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сожалея","lemma":"сожалеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with как","gloss":"regretting"},{"surface":"тело","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, part of the quoted reasoning","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"невеликое","lemma":"невеликий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"сухое","lemma":"сухой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with невеликое","gloss":"dried up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking костям","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"костям","lemma":"кость","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of приросшее","gloss":"the bones"},{"surface":"приросшее","lemma":"прирасти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"complement of имел","gloss":"shrunk to"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"from where"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks potential mood of быть","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"духу","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of быть","gloss":"the smell"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the откуда-clause","gloss":"come from"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b7-c1-s82","source":"— «Значит, нарочно хотел бог указать», — поспешно прибавляли другие, и мнение их принималось бесспорно и тотчас же, ибо опять-таки указывали, что если б и быть духу естественно, как от всякого усопшего грешного, то всё же изошел бы позднее, не с такою столь явною поспешностью, по крайности чрез сутки бы, а «этот естество предупредил», стало быть, тут никто как бог и нарочитый перст его.","translation":"\"It means that God meant on purpose to give a sign,\" others hastily added, and their opinion was accepted without dispute and at once; for they pointed out, again, that even were the smell natural, as from every departed sinner, it would still have come later, not with such overly plain haste — at the least after a day's time — whereas \"this one has forestalled nature,\" so it must be that here was none but God and his special finger.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б и быть духу естественно… то всё же изошел бы позднее","title":"Counterfactual «если б… то… бы»","body":"A full irrealis conditional: «если б… естественно» ('even if the smell were natural') paired with the apodosis «изошёл бы позднее» ('it would have come later'). Both halves lean on the particle бы to mark the whole as contrary-to-fact reasoning."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чрез сутки","title":"«чрез» and «сутки»","body":"«чрез» is the archaic, contracted form of «через» ('after, through'). «сутки» is the distinctively Russian noun for a full 24-hour day-and-night, a plurale tantum — 'after a day's full round' the smell might naturally be expected."}],"words":[{"surface":"Значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"meant to"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"указать","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to signal"},{"surface":"поспешно","lemma":"поспешно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавляли","gloss":"hastily"},{"surface":"прибавляли","lemma":"прибавлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прибавляли","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive принималось","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of мнение","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"принималось","lemma":"приниматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прибавляли","gloss":"was accepted"},{"surface":"бесспорно","lemma":"бесспорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принималось","gloss":"without dispute"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with бесспорно","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of указывали","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указывали","gloss":"once again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase опять","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"указывали","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"pointed out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of изошел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of быть","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle, part of the если-clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies быть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause (dative subject духу)","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"духу","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of быть","gloss":"the smell"},{"surface":"естественно","lemma":"естественный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грешного","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of грешного","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"усопшего","lemma":"усопший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies грешного","gloss":"departed"},{"surface":"грешного","lemma":"грешный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of от","gloss":"sinner"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle, introduces main clause изошел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изошел","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"изошел","lemma":"изойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of указывали","gloss":"would come out"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of изошел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"позднее","lemma":"поздний","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изошел","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такою","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking такою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такою","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies поспешностью","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явною","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"явною","lemma":"явный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies поспешностью","gloss":"obvious"},{"surface":"поспешностью","lemma":"поспешность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изошел","gloss":"haste"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крайности","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайности","lemma":"крайность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"idiom \"по крайности\", modifies изошел","gloss":"the least"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сутки","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"сутки","lemma":"сутки","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of изошел","gloss":"a day"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of изошел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of implied subject (он)","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"естество","lemma":"естество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предупредил","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"предупредил","lemma":"предупредить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with изошел","gloss":"forestalled"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"discourse marker (стало быть)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase стало","gloss":"it follows"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никто","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of implied verb (был)","gloss":"none but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the predicate бог","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of никто","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нарочитый","lemma":"нарочитый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies перст","gloss":"deliberate"},{"surface":"перст","lemma":"перст","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бог","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of перст","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b7-c1-s83","source":"Указать хотел.","translation":"He had meant to give a sign.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Указать хотел.","title":"Inverted object–verb for emphasis","body":"A terse two-word sentence echoing the monks' verdict: the infinitive object «указать» ('to give a sign') is fronted before «хотел» ('[God] meant'). The clipped inversion lends finality, like a refrain settling the matter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Указать","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to signal"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b7-c1-s84","source":"Суждение сие поражало неотразимо.","translation":"This judgment struck home irresistibly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Суждение сие поражало неотразимо","title":"Postposed archaic «сие»","body":"«сие» ('this') is the neuter of archaic «сей», placed after its noun «суждение» — a bookish inversion ('this judgment'). The imperfective «поражало» ('kept striking home') with «неотразимо» ('irresistibly') stresses the verdict's relentless force."}],"words":[{"surface":"Суждение","lemma":"суждение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поражало","gloss":"judgment"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сие","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Суждение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"поражало","lemma":"поражать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck home"},{"surface":"неотразимо","lemma":"неотразимый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"modifies поражало","gloss":"irresistibly"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b7-c1-s85","source":"Кроткий отец иеромонах Иосиф, библиотекарь, любимец покойного, стал было возражать некоторым из злословников, что «не везде ведь это и так» и что не догмат же какой в православии сия необходимость нетления телес праведников, а лишь мнение, и что в самых даже православных странах, на Афоне например, духом тлетворным не столь смущаются, и не нетление телесное считается там главным признаком прославления спасенных, а цвет костей их, когда телеса их полежат уже многие годы в земле и даже истлеют в ней, «и если обрящутся кости желты́, как воск, то вот и главнейший знак, что прославил господь усопшего праведного; если же не желты́, а черны́ обрящутся, то значит не удостоил такого господь славы, — вот как на Афоне, месте великом, где издревле нерушимо и в светлейшей чистоте сохраняется православие», — заключил отец Иосиф.","translation":"The gentle Father hieromonk Iosif, the librarian, the late elder's favorite, tried to object to some of the slanderers, that \"it is not so everywhere, after all,\" and that this necessity of the incorruption of the righteous one's body was no dogma of Orthodoxy but merely an opinion, and that even in the most Orthodox lands, on Mount Athos for instance, they are not so troubled by a breath of corruption, and that there it is not bodily incorruption that is held to be the chief sign of the glorification of the saved, but the color of their bones, after their bodies have lain already many years in the earth and even decayed in it — \"and if the bones be found yellow as wax, then there is the chief sign that the Lord has glorified the departed righteous one; but if they be found not yellow but black, it means the Lord has not deemed such a one worthy of glory — that is how it is on Athos, that great place where from of old Orthodoxy is preserved inviolate and in the brightest purity,\" Father Iosif concluded.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обрящутся","title":"«обрящутся» — shall be found (Slavonic)","body":"An archaic Church-Slavonic future/aorist of «обрести» (to find) — 'if the bones be found…'. Quoting it gives Iosif's speech a scriptural authority. The same root survives in the saying «толцыте, и отверзется… ищите, и обрящете» (knock and it shall be opened)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"телеса… желты́… черны́","title":"«телеса»; short adjectives «желты/черны»","body":"«телеса» is the Slavonic plural of «тело» ('bodies'), solemn beside everyday «тела». «желты́» and «черны́» are predicative short adjectives ('[are] yellow… black'), the bookish form proper to such elevated, almost liturgical statement."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"издревле нерушимо… сохраняется","title":"«издревле» — from of old","body":"«издревле» ('from ancient times') and «нерушимо» ('inviolately') are elevated adverbs; «сохраняется» is the reflexive used as a passive ('is preserved'). The chain crowns Athos as the place where Orthodoxy is kept pure 'from of old'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кроткий","lemma":"кроткий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"Gentle"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"иеромонах","lemma":"иеромонах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"hieromonk"},{"surface":"Иосиф","lemma":"иосиф","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to иеромонах","gloss":"Iosif"},{"surface":"библиотекарь","lemma":"библиотекарь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"the librarian"},{"surface":"любимец","lemma":"любимец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"favorite"},{"surface":"покойного","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective (substantive), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of любимец","gloss":"of the late elder"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle marking an interrupted or unrealized action","role":"modifies стал (the attempt was not carried through)","gloss":"started to","note":"«стал было» + infinitive is an idiom for an action begun but cut short."},{"surface":"возражать","lemma":"возражать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"object"},{"surface":"некоторым","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of возражать","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злословников","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"злословников","lemma":"злословник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies некоторым","gloss":"slanderers"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal object of возражать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies везде","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"везде","lemma":"везде","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifying так","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the что-clause (object of возражать)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of догмат","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies догмат","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"догмат","lemma":"догмат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (subject необходимость)","gloss":"a dogma"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies догмат","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of догмат","gloss":"any kind of"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking православии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"православии","lemma":"православие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies догмат","gloss":"Orthodoxy"},{"surface":"сия","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner (archaic), nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of необходимость","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"необходимость","lemma":"необходимость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of догмат (predicate)","gloss":"necessity"},{"surface":"нетления","lemma":"нетление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies необходимость","gloss":"of the incorruption"},{"surface":"телес","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies нетления","gloss":"of the bodies"},{"surface":"праведников","lemma":"праведник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies телес","gloss":"of the righteous"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мнение","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun, coordinated with догмат","gloss":"an opinion"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смущаются","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking странах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies православных","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies православных","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"православных","lemma":"православный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies странах","gloss":"Orthodox"},{"surface":"странах","lemma":"страна","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смущаются","gloss":"lands"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Афоне","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Афоне","lemma":"афон","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"exemplifies странах","gloss":"Mount Athos"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies на Афоне (parenthetical)","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"духом","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смущаются","gloss":"by a breath"},{"surface":"тлетворным","lemma":"тлетворный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies духом","gloss":"corrupting"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смущаются","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"смущаются","lemma":"смущаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause (w38)","gloss":"are troubled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нетление","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нетление","lemma":"нетление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive считается","gloss":"incorruption"},{"surface":"телесное","lemma":"телесный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нетление","gloss":"bodily"},{"surface":"считается","lemma":"считаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of что-clause, coordinated with смущаются","gloss":"is considered"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies считается","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"главным","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies признаком","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"признаком","lemma":"признак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of считается","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"прославления","lemma":"прославление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies признаком","gloss":"of the glorification"},{"surface":"спасенных","lemma":"спасённый","morphology":"participle (substantive), genitive, plural","role":"modifies прославления","gloss":"of the saved"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"цвет","lemma":"цвет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"alternative subject of считается, coordinated with нетление","gloss":"the color"},{"surface":"костей","lemma":"кость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies цвет","gloss":"of the bones"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies костей","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of полежат","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"телеса","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of полежат","gloss":"their bodies"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies телеса","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"полежат","lemma":"полежать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"verb of когда-clause","gloss":"will have lain"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многие","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies годы","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"годы","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of полежат","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies годы","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies истлеют","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"истлеют","lemma":"истлеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with полежат","gloss":"decayed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of истлеют","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обрящутся","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"обрящутся","lemma":"обрестись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective (archaic Church Slavonic form)","role":"verb of если-clause","gloss":"are found","note":"Archaic Church-Slavonic future form; modern equivalent is окажутся."},{"surface":"кости","lemma":"кость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of обрящутся","gloss":"bones"},{"surface":"желты́","lemma":"жёлтый","morphology":"adjective (short form), nominative, plural","role":"predicate adjective (subject кости)","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison воск","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"воск","lemma":"воск","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"wax"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause (result of если)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies главнейший","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies главнейший","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"главнейший","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies знак","gloss":"the chief"},{"surface":"знак","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (subject это, implied)","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прославил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прославил","lemma":"прославить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of что-clause modifying 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nominative, plural","role":"predicate adjective (subject кости, implied)","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"черны́","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective (short form), nominative, plural","role":"predicate adjective, coordinated with желты́ (w100)","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"обрящутся","lemma":"обрестись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective (archaic Church Slavonic form)","role":"verb of the conditional clause (subject кости, implied)","gloss":"are found"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause (result)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (introduces the following clause)","gloss":"it means"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удостоил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"удостоил","lemma":"удостоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of clausal complement of значит","gloss":"deemed worthy"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner (substantive), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of удостоил","gloss":"such a one"},{"surface":"господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удостоил","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"славы","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive object of удостоил","gloss":"of glory"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom вот как","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom вот как","gloss":"it is"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Афоне","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Афоне","lemma":"афон","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of вот как","gloss":"Athos"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to Афоне","gloss":"the place"},{"surface":"великом","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on месте","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"издревле","lemma":"издревле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сохраняется","gloss":"from ancient times"},{"surface":"нерушимо","lemma":"нерушимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сохраняется","gloss":"inviolately"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чистоте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"светлейшей","lemma":"светлый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies чистоте","gloss":"the brightest"},{"surface":"чистоте","lemma":"чистота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сохраняется","gloss":"purity"},{"surface":"сохраняется","lemma":"сохраняться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying месте (introduced by где)","gloss":"is preserved"},{"surface":"православие","lemma":"православие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сохраняется","gloss":"Orthodoxy"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quoted speech","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Иосиф","lemma":"иосиф","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Iosif"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b7-c1-s86","source":"Но речи смиренного отца пронеслись без внушения и даже вызвали отпор насмешливый: «Это всё ученость и новшества, нечего и слушать», — порешили про себя иноки.","translation":"But the humble Father's words carried no weight and even provoked a mocking rebuff: \"That is all learning and innovations, no need even to listen,\" the monks decided to themselves.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пронеслись без внушения","title":"«без внушения» — carrying no weight","body":"«внушение» normally means 'suggestion, instilling'; here «без внушения» means the words 'made no impression, carried no persuasive force'. «пронеслись» ('swept past') suggests the gentle speech blew by the hardened monks without taking hold."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"порешили про себя иноки","title":"Perfective «порешили» + «про себя»","body":"«порешили» is a folksy perfective of «решить» (to decide), with the prefix по- giving a settled, colloquial finality. «про себя» ('to themselves, inwardly', with reflexive «себя») marks an unspoken inner verdict."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of пронеслись","gloss":"the words"},{"surface":"смиренного","lemma":"смиренный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"of the humble"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies речи","gloss":"Father's"},{"surface":"пронеслись","lemma":"пронестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carried no weight"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking внушения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"внушения","lemma":"внушение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пронеслись","gloss":"effect"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вызвали","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вызвали","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with пронеслись","gloss":"provoked"},{"surface":"отпор","lemma":"отпор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вызвали","gloss":"a rebuff"},{"surface":"насмешливый","lemma":"насмешливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отпор","gloss":"mocking"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ученость (predicate)","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ученость","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ученость","lemma":"учёность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun (subject Это)","gloss":"learning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"новшества","lemma":"новшество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with ученость","gloss":"innovations"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicative pronoun (impersonal, 'there is nothing to')","role":"impersonal predicate governing слушать","gloss":"no need"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слушать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"слушать","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of нечего","gloss":"to listen"},{"surface":"порешили","lemma":"порешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quoted remark","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of порешили","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"иноки","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of порешили","gloss":"the monks"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b7-c1-s87","source":"«У нас по-старому; мало ли новшеств теперь выходит, всем и подражать?» — прибавляли другие.","translation":"\"With us it is in the old way; few enough are the innovations cropping up nowadays — are we to ape them all?\" others added.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"У нас по-старому","title":"«по-старому» — in the old way","body":"The adverb «по-старому» ('the old way') with «у нас» ('with us, in our place') voices the monks' defensive traditionalism — at our monastery we keep the old ways, unlike foreign novelty. It captures the insular pride driving the scene."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мало ли новшеств… выходит","title":"«мало ли» — no end of","body":"«мало ли» is an idiom meaning 'plenty, no end of, any number of' (despite the literal 'few'), with the particle «ли». 'No end of innovations crop up these days — are we to ape them all?' — dismissive rhetorical scorn."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of по-старому","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-старому","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom)","role":"predicate adverbial, elliptical","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"старому","lemma":"по-старому","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom)","role":"predicate adverbial, elliptical","gloss":"old way"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb (quantifier)","role":"modifies новшеств, governs выходит","gloss":"how few","note":"«мало ли» is a rhetorical idiom, often ironic for 'no shortage of'."},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мало","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"новшеств","lemma":"новшество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"subject of выходит (quantified by мало)","gloss":"innovations"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выходит","gloss":"nowadays"},{"surface":"выходит","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes out"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative complement of подражать","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подражать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"подражать","lemma":"подражать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive predicate (rhetorical question)","gloss":"imitate"},{"surface":"прибавляли","lemma":"прибавлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb introducing the quoted remark","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective (substantive), nominative, plural","role":"subject of прибавляли","gloss":"others"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b7-c1-s88","source":"«У нас не менее ихнего святых отцов было. Они там под туркой сидят и всё перезабыли. У них и православие давно замутилось, да и колоколов у них нет», — присоединяли самые насмешливые.","translation":"\"We have had no fewer holy fathers than they have. There they sit under the Turk and have forgotten everything. Their Orthodoxy went muddy long ago, and they have no bells either,\" the most mocking of them put in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не менее ихнего","title":"Substandard «ихнего»","body":"«ихний» is a colloquial, non-standard possessive 'their' (the standard «их» being indeclinable). Its use ('no fewer than theirs') paints these monks as coarse and uneducated, in pointed contrast to the learned Iosif they are mocking."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies менее","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb (comparative)","role":"modifies ихнего","gloss":"fewer"},{"surface":"ихнего","lemma":"ихний","morphology":"possessive pronoun (colloquial), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of менее (comparison)","gloss":"than theirs","note":"«ихний» is a folk/colloquial substitute for the standard их."},{"surface":"святых","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies отцов","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"отцов","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of было (existential)","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb (existential), past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сидят","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидят","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking туркой","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"туркой","lemma":"турка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидят","gloss":"the Turk","note":"Colloquial term for Ottoman rule (under-the-Turk)."},{"surface":"сидят","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of перезабыли","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"перезабыли","lemma":"перезабыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with сидят","gloss":"have forgotten"},{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of замутилось","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies православие","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"православие","lemma":"православие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of замутилось","gloss":"Orthodoxy"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замутилось","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"замутилось","lemma":"замутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went muddy"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom да и (moreover)","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"колоколов","lemma":"колокол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"bells"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative word (negative existential)","role":"coordinated with замутилось","gloss":"there are none"},{"surface":"присоединяли","lemma":"присоединять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb introducing the quoted remark","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural, superlative","role":"modifies насмешливые","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"насмешливые","lemma":"насмешливый","morphology":"adjective (substantive), nominative, plural","role":"subject of присоединяли","gloss":"mocking ones"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b7-c1-s89","source":"Отец Иосиф отошел с горестию, тем более что и сам-то высказал свое мнение не весьма твердо, а как бы и сам ему мало веруя.","translation":"Father Iosif withdrew in grief, all the more since he had not voiced his own opinion very firmly, but as though he himself had little faith in it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отошел с горестию","title":"«с горестию» — in grief (archaic ending)","body":"«горесть» ('grief, sorrow') here in the instrumental with the archaic/bookish ending -ию instead of -ью — a literary flourish. «отошёл» (a prefixed motion verb, 'withdrew, stepped away') captures Iosif's quiet, defeated retreat."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам-то высказал… не весьма твердо","title":"Emphatic «-то» + «сам»","body":"«сам-то» pairs the intensifier «сам» ('himself') with the topic clitic «-то» — 'he himself, for his part'. It quietly excuses Iosif: he had spoken his opinion none too firmly, as if half-doubting it himself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы и сам ему мало веруя","title":"Imperfective gerund «веруя»","body":"«веруя» is the present деепричастие of the bookish «веровать» (to believe, have faith), governing the dative «ему» — 'as if himself little believing in it'. The gerund, simultaneous with «высказал», colors the manner of his speaking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отошел","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Иосиф","lemma":"иосиф","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Отец","gloss":"Iosif"},{"surface":"отошел","lemma":"отойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"withdrew"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горестию","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"горестию","lemma":"горесть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular (archaic ending)","role":"oblique complement of отошел","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom тем более что","gloss":"all the"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb (comparative)","role":"part of idiom тем более что","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause (тем более что)","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (emphatic), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of высказал (emphatic)","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic, attached as -то)","role":"emphasizes сам","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"высказал","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of causal clause (тем более что)","gloss":"had voiced"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мнение","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of высказал","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies весьма","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies твердо","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высказал","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle (part of idiom как бы)","role":"introduces как бы clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of idiom как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (emphatic), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of веруя (converb clause)","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative object of веруя","gloss":"in it"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веруя","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"веруя","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"converb clause, contrastive with высказал","gloss":"believing"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b7-c1-s90","source":"Но со смущением провидел, что начинается нечто очень неблаговидное и что возвышает главу даже самое непослушание.","translation":"But with dismay he foresaw that something very unseemly was beginning, and that even outright insubordination was raising its head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"провидел","title":"«провидеть» — to foresee","body":"An elevated verb 'to foresee, discern in advance' (про- 'through/ahead' + «видеть»), with a near-prophetic shading suited to a monk. Iosif 'foresaw with dismay' the unseemly thing beginning — sensing the spiritual disorder before it fully broke out."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возвышает главу даже самое непослушание","title":"«возвышать главу» — to raise its head","body":"An idiom 'to lift up the head', i.e. to grow bold/rebellious, with the Slavonic «глава» for 'head'. The subject «непослушание» ('disobedience') comes last for emphasis — even outright insubordination was rearing up."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смущением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"смущением","lemma":"смущение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of провидел","gloss":"dismay"},{"surface":"провидел","lemma":"провидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"foresaw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начинается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"начинается","lemma":"начинаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of что-clause (object of провидел)","gloss":"was beginning"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of начинается","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неблаговидное","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"неблаговидное","lemma":"неблаговидный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"unseemly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возвышает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"возвышает","lemma":"возвышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начинается","gloss":"was raising"},{"surface":"главу","lemma":"глава","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возвышает","gloss":"its head"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самое","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies непослушание","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"непослушание","lemma":"непослушание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of возвышает","gloss":"insubordination"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b7-c1-s91","source":"Мало-помалу, вслед за отцом Иосифом, затихли и все голоса рассудительные.","translation":"Little by little, in Father Iosif's wake, all the reasonable voices fell silent too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Мало-помалу","title":"«мало-помалу» — little by little","body":"A fixed reduplicative phrase 'little by little, by degrees', stressing gradual process — the same incremental drift («постепенность») the chapter keeps tracing as the reasonable voices fall silent one after another."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"затихли и все голоса рассудительные","title":"Postposed adjective + inverted subject","body":"«голоса рассудительные» places the adjective after the noun (bookish inversion), and the whole subject follows the verb «затихли» ('fell silent'). The perfective marks the completed hush settling over the dissenters."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мало","lemma":"мало-помалу","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom)","role":"modifies затихли","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"помалу","lemma":"мало-помалу","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom)","role":"modifies затихли","gloss":"by little"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затихли","gloss":"in the wake"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вслед","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Иосифом","lemma":"иосиф","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отцом","gloss":"Iosif"},{"surface":"затихли","lemma":"затихнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies все","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of голоса","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"голоса","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of затихли","gloss":"the voices"},{"surface":"рассудительные","lemma":"рассудительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies голоса","gloss":"reasonable"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b7-c1-s92","source":"И как-то так сошлось, что все любившие покойного старца и с умиленным послушанием принимавшие установление старчества страшно чего-то вдруг испугались и, встречаясь друг с другом, робко лишь заглядывали один другому в лицо.","translation":"And it somehow so came about that all those who had loved the late elder, and who with tender obedience had embraced the institution of the eldership, suddenly took a terrible fright at something, and, meeting one another, would only peer timidly into each other's faces.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"любившие… и… принимавшие… испугались","title":"Chained substantivized participles","body":"Two past active participles, «любившие» (who had loved) and «принимавшие» (who had embraced), stand as the compound subject before the verb «испугались» ('took fright'). Stacking participles to carry whole relative clauses is the signature density of this prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"страшно чего-то вдруг испугались","title":"Genitive object of «испугаться» + «чего-то»","body":"«испугаться» (a -ся verb 'to take fright') governs the genitive of what is feared; «чего-то» is the indefinite 'something' in genitive — they feared 'something', vague and unnamed. The «-то» marks a real but unidentified object of dread."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom)","role":"modifies сошлось","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle (part of idiom как-то)","role":"modifies сошлось","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошлось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сошлось","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came about"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of испугались","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies любившие (substantive)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"любившие","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle (substantive), plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"subject of испугались","gloss":"those who had loved"},{"surface":"покойного","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старца","gloss":"the late"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любившие","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking послушанием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"умиленным","lemma":"умилённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies послушанием","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"послушанием","lemma":"послушание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимавшие","gloss":"obedience"},{"surface":"принимавшие","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle (substantive), plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любившие (subject of испугались)","gloss":"those who had embraced"},{"surface":"установление","lemma":"установление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принимавшие","gloss":"the institution"},{"surface":"старчества","lemma":"старчество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies установление","gloss":"of the eldership"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испугались","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun (indefinite), genitive","role":"genitive complement of испугались","gloss":"at something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle (part of idiom чего-то)","role":"part of idiom чего-то","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испугались","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"испугались","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"took fright"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"встречаясь","lemma":"встречаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"converb clause modifying заглядывали","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"pronoun (part of reciprocal idiom), nominative","role":"part of idiom друг с другом","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom друг с другом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"pronoun (part of reciprocal idiom), instrumental","role":"part of idiom друг с другом","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"робко","lemma":"робко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заглядывали","gloss":"timidly"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заглядывали","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"заглядывали","lemma":"заглядывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with испугались","gloss":"would peer"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один другого","morphology":"pronoun (part of reciprocal idiom), nominative","role":"part of idiom один другому","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"другому","lemma":"один другого","morphology":"pronoun (part of reciprocal idiom), dative","role":"part of idiom один другому","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заглядывали","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b7-c1-s93","source":"Враги же старчества, яко новшества, гордо подняли голову.","translation":"The enemies of the eldership, as of an innovation, proudly lifted their heads.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"яко новшества","title":"«яко» — Slavonic 'as, like'","body":"«яко» is the Church-Slavonic conjunction 'as, like, inasmuch as', here 'as [though it were] an innovation'. Its archaic, liturgical ring marks the narrator's solemn idiom and recurs in the monks' more sanctimonious speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Враги же старчества… гордо подняли голову","title":"Contrastive «же» + idiom","body":"Second-position «же» sets the enemies against the cowed faithful of the prior sentence — 'The enemies, on the other hand…'. «подняли голову» ('raised their heads') is the same boldness idiom as in s90, now realized in the perfective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Враги","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of подняли","gloss":"The enemies"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Враги","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"старчества","lemma":"старчество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Враги","gloss":"of the eldership"},{"surface":"яко","lemma":"яко","morphology":"conjunction (archaic/Church Slavonic)","role":"introduces comparative phrase (яко новшества)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"новшества","lemma":"новшество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of яко","gloss":"an innovation"},{"surface":"гордо","lemma":"гордо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подняли","gloss":"proudly"},{"surface":"подняли","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lifted"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подняли","gloss":"their head"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b7-c1-s94","source":"«От покойного старца Варсонофия не только духу не было, но точилось благоухание, — злорадно напоминали они, — но не старчеством заслужил, а тем, что и сам праведен был».","translation":"\"From the late elder Varsonofy there came not only no smell, but a fragrance was distilled,\" they recalled gloatingly, \"but he earned it not by the eldership, but by the fact that he was himself a righteous man.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"точилось благоухание","title":"«благоухание» вs «тлетворный дух»","body":"«благоухание» is fragrance, a 'sweet savor' (благо- 'good' + 'breath'), the holy counter-sign to the «тлетворный дух» of decay. «точилось» ('was distilled/exuded', reflexive imperfective) makes the fragrance seep forth — the mark of a true saint's body."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только духу не было, но точилось благоухание","title":"Genitive of negation «духу не было»","body":"«духу не было» is the negated existential with the subject «духу» in the genitive ('there was no smell'), here with the old partitive -у. The «не только… но» frame swings from absence (genitive) to the positive fragrance that followed."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"покойного","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старца","gloss":"the late"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of the preposition От","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"Варсонофия","lemma":"Варсонофий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старца","gloss":"Varsonofy"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"духу","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive subject of было (negated existential)","gloss":"scent"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"точилось","lemma":"точиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"was given off","note":"точиться is a middle/reflexive verb (to ooze, seep), not a true passive."},{"surface":"благоухание","lemma":"благоухание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of точилось","gloss":"a fragrance"},{"surface":"злорадно","lemma":"злорадно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напоминали","gloss":"gloatingly"},{"surface":"напоминали","lemma":"напоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"matrix verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"they recalled"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of напоминали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies старчеством","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"старчеством","lemma":"старчество","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of заслужил","gloss":"by the eldership"},{"surface":"заслужил","lemma":"заслужить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, understood subject он (the elder)","gloss":"he earned it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but rather"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with старчеством, instrumental complement of заслужил","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining тем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular, emphatic","role":"modifies the subject of праведен был","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"праведен","lemma":"праведный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"righteous"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to праведен","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b7-c1-s95","source":"А вслед за сим на новопреставившегося старца посыпались уже осуждения и самые даже обвинения: «Несправедливо учил; учил, что жизнь есть великая радость, а не смирение слезное», — говорили одни, из наиболее бестолковых.","translation":"And in the wake of this, upon the newly departed elder there now rained down condemnations and even outright accusations: \"He taught wrongly; he taught that life is a great joy and not a tearful humility,\" said some, of the most muddle-headed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"новопреставившегося старца","title":"«новопреставившийся» — newly departed","body":"A solemn liturgical compound: «ново-» (newly) + «преставиться» (to pass away, lit. 'to be transferred [to God]'), in past active participle, genitive — 'the newly departed elder'. It belongs to the language of memorial prayers for the recently dead."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"посыпались уже осуждения","title":"Reflexive «посыпались» — 'rained down'","body":"«посыпаться» (-ся, perfective) means to pour/rain down in a sudden shower; with the prefix по- it marks the onset. The condemnations 'began raining down' on the dead elder — a vivid middle-voice image, subject «осуждения» following the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"жизнь есть великая радость","title":"Rare overt copula «есть»","body":"Russian normally drops the present 'to be', but here «есть» is kept — 'life IS a great joy' — for solemn, definitional emphasis, as in a creed or maxim. It quotes Zossima's teaching in lapidary form, the better to indict it."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase вслед за","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сим","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"сим","lemma":"сей","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular, archaic","role":"object of the preposition за","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"новопреставившегося","lemma":"новопреставившийся","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies старца","gloss":"newly departed"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посыпались","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"посыпались","lemma":"посыпаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rained down"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посыпались","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"осуждения","lemma":"осуждение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of посыпались","gloss":"condemnations"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обвинения","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обвинения","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"обвинения","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with осуждения","gloss":"accusations"},{"surface":"Несправедливо","lemma":"несправедливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies учил","gloss":"wrongly"},{"surface":"учил","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first quoted clause","gloss":"he taught"},{"surface":"учил","lemma":"учить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the first учил","gloss":"he taught"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula of the embedded clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"великая","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies радость","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"a joy"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and not"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смирение","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смирение","lemma":"смирение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with радость, predicate complement of есть","gloss":"humility"},{"surface":"слезное","lemma":"слёзный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies смирение","gloss":"tearful"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"matrix verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бестолковых","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"наиболее","lemma":"наиболее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бестолковых","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"бестолковых","lemma":"бестолковый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"partitive complement of одни","gloss":"muddle-headed"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b7-c1-s96","source":"«По-модному веровал, огня материального во аде не признавал», — присоединяли другие еще тех бестолковее.","translation":"\"He believed in the fashionable way; he did not acknowledge a material fire in hell,\" others added, more muddle-headed still.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"По-модному веровал","title":"«по-модному» — in the fashionable way","body":"The adverb «по-модному» ('fashionably, in the modish way') turns 'fashion' into a slur against the elder's faith — believing as the worldly do. It pairs with «веровал» (bookish 'believed') to accuse Zossima of trendy, watered-down doctrine."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"других еще тех бестолковее","title":"Comparative «бестолковее»","body":"«бестолковее» is the predicative comparative of «бестолковый» ('muddle-headed') — 'more muddle-headed'. «еще тех» ('still than those [former ones]') makes it a chained comparison, ranking each new speaker below the last in stupidity."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the adverbial phrase по-модному","gloss":"in a"},{"surface":"модному","lemma":"модный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"forms the adverb по-модному, modifies веровал","gloss":"fashionable way"},{"surface":"веровал","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he believed"},{"surface":"огня","lemma":"огонь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of признавал (genitive under negation)","gloss":"a fire"},{"surface":"материального","lemma":"материальный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies огня","gloss":"material"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking аде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"аде","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of признавал","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies признавал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"признавал","lemma":"признавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with веровал","gloss":"he acknowledged"},{"surface":"присоединяли","lemma":"присоединять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"matrix verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of присоединяли","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бестолковее","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"standard of comparison for бестолковее","gloss":"than those"},{"surface":"бестолковее","lemma":"бестолковый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement describing другие","gloss":"more muddle-headed"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b7-c1-s97","source":"«К посту был не строг, сладости себе разрешал, варение вишневое ел с чаем, очень любил, барыни ему присылали. Схимнику ли чаи распивать?» — слышалось от иных завиствующих.","translation":"\"He was not strict in his fasting, he allowed himself sweets, ate cherry preserve with his tea, was very fond of it, the ladies sent it to him. Is it for a schemamonk to be drinking tea?\" came from some of the envious.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Схимнику ли чаи распивать?","title":"Dative + «ли» + infinitive: rhetorical impropriety","body":"A dative-subject construction with the particle «ли»: «схимнику… распивать?» — 'is it for a schemamonk to drink tea?'. The dative names the person, the infinitive the (un)fitting act, and «ли» frames it as an indignant rhetorical question."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"завиствующих","title":"«завиствующий» — the envious","body":"A present active participle of the archaic «завиствовать» (to envy), used as a noun in genitive — 'from some of the envious'. The bookish verb and participle keep the narrator's elevated tone even when reporting petty spite."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking посту","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"посту","lemma":"пост","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of строг","gloss":"fasting"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to строг","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies строг","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"строг","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"strict"},{"surface":"сладости","lemma":"сладость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of разрешал","gloss":"sweets"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of разрешал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"разрешал","lemma":"разрешать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with строг","gloss":"he allowed"},{"surface":"варение","lemma":"варение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ел","gloss":"preserve"},{"surface":"вишневое","lemma":"вишнёвый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies варение","gloss":"cherry"},{"surface":"ел","lemma":"есть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with строг","gloss":"he ate"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чаем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чаем","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ел","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with строг","gloss":"he was fond of it"},{"surface":"барыни","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of присылали","gloss":"the ladies"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of присылали","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"присылали","lemma":"присылать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with строг","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"Схимнику","lemma":"схимник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of распивать (dative-infinitive construction)","gloss":"for a schema-monk"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the rhetorical question","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"чаи","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of распивать","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"распивать","lemma":"распивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"to be drinking"},{"surface":"слышалось","lemma":"слышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"matrix verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"came (the words)"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking завиствующих","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"иных","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies завиствующих","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"завиствующих","lemma":"завиствующий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"oblique complement of слышалось","gloss":"envious ones","note":"archaic/dialectal spelling of завидующих (\"those who envied\")."}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b7-c1-s98","source":"«Возгордясь сидел, — с жестокостью припоминали самые злорадные, — за святого себя почитал, на коленки пред ним повергались, яко должное ему принимал».","translation":"\"He sat there grown proud,\" the most gloating recalled with cruelty, \"he reckoned himself a saint, people fell on their knees before him, and he took it as his due.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Возгордясь сидел","title":"Perfective gerund «возгордясь»","body":"«возгордясь» is a perfective past деепричастие of «возгордиться» ('to grow proud', a -ся verb), prior to «сидел» — 'having grown proud, he sat'. The Slavonic prefix воз- (= 'up') and the gerund both lift the jeer into mock-solemn diction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на коленки пред ним повергались","title":"«повергаться» — to prostrate oneself","body":"«повергаться» (-ся) is the elevated 'to throw oneself down, prostrate'; «пред» is the archaic «перед» ('before'). People 'fell on their knees before him' — the very veneration the elder is now blamed for accepting «яко должное» ('as his due')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"яко должное ему принимал","title":"«яко должное» — as his due","body":"«яко» (Slavonic 'as') with «должное» ('what is owed, due') — he 'took it as his due'. The substantivized neuter adjective «должное» and the archaic «яко» together sharpen the accusation of spiritual pride."}],"words":[{"surface":"Возгордясь","lemma":"возгордиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сидел","gloss":"having grown proud"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he sat"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жестокостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"жестокостью","lemma":"жестокость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of припоминали","gloss":"cruelty"},{"surface":"припоминали","lemma":"припоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"matrix verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies злорадные","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"злорадные","lemma":"злорадный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of припоминали","gloss":"gloating ones"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking святого","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"святого","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of почитал","gloss":"a saint"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of почитал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"почитал","lemma":"почитать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"he reckoned"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленки","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"коленки","lemma":"коленка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of повергались","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повергались","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"повергались","lemma":"повергаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"people fell prostrate"},{"surface":"яко","lemma":"яко","morphology":"conjunction, archaic","role":"marks должное as manner of принимал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"должное","lemma":"должное","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принимал","gloss":"his due"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of должное","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"принимал","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"he took it"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b7-c1-s99","source":"— «Таинством исповеди злоупотреблял», — злобным шепотом прибавляли самые ярые противники старчества, и это даже из самых старейших и суровых в богомолье своем иноков, истинных постников и молчальников, замолчавших при жизни усопшего, но вдруг теперь отверзших уста свои, что было уже ужасно, ибо сильно влияли словеса их на молодых и еще не установившихся иноков.","translation":"\"He abused the sacrament of confession,\" the most rabid opponents of the eldership added in a malicious whisper — and this even from among the very oldest and most austere monks in their devotions, true keepers of fasts and silence, who had held their tongues during the departed one's lifetime but now suddenly unsealed their lips, which was already dreadful, for their words had a powerful influence on the young and not yet settled monks.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Таинством… злоупотреблял","title":"Instrumental governed by «злоупотреблять»","body":"«злоупотреблять» ('to abuse, misuse') governs the instrumental, so «таинством исповеди» stands in that case — 'abused the sacrament of confession'. The verb's case-government, not word order, fixes the relation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отверзших уста свои","title":"«отверзть уста» — to open one's lips (Slavonic)","body":"«отверзших» is the past active participle of «отверзть» ('to open', archaic/Slavonic), and «уста» the bookish word for 'mouth, lips'. 'Who had now unsealed their lips' — solemn, scriptural phrasing for monks breaking their long silence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"словеса их","title":"«словеса» — words (Slavonic plural)","body":"«словеса» is the archaic, Church-Slavonic plural of «слово» ('words'), in place of «слова». It dignifies — ironically — the harmful 'words' of the austere monks, whose influence on the young is 'dreadful'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таинством","lemma":"таинство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of злоупотреблял","gloss":"the sacrament"},{"surface":"исповеди","lemma":"исповедь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Таинством","gloss":"of confession"},{"surface":"злоупотреблял","lemma":"злоупотреблять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he abused"},{"surface":"злобным","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шепотом","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"шепотом","lemma":"шёпот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавляли","gloss":"in a whisper"},{"surface":"прибавляли","lemma":"прибавлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"matrix verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies ярые","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"ярые","lemma":"ярый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies противники","gloss":"fervent"},{"surface":"противники","lemma":"противник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of прибавляли","gloss":"opponents"},{"surface":"старчества","lemma":"старчество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies противники","gloss":"of the eldership"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of an implied verb (this came)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies старейших","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иноков","gloss":"from among"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies старейших","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"старейших","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural, superlative","role":"modifies иноков","gloss":"oldest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"суровых","lemma":"суровый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with старейших","gloss":"austere"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богомолье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"богомолье","lemma":"богомолье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of суровых","gloss":"devotions"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of богомолье","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"иноков","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of the preposition из","gloss":"monks"},{"surface":"истинных","lemma":"истинный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies постников","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"постников","lemma":"постник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to иноков","gloss":"keepers of the fast"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молчальников","lemma":"молчальник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with постников, in apposition to иноков","gloss":"keepers of silence"},{"surface":"замолчавших","lemma":"замолчать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying молчальников","gloss":"who had fallen silent"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of замолчавших","gloss":"the life"},{"surface":"усопшего","lemma":"усопший","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"of the deceased"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отверзших","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отверзших","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"отверзших","lemma":"отверзть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with замолчавших","gloss":"who unsealed"},{"surface":"уста","lemma":"уста","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of отверзших","gloss":"their lips","note":"уста is a plurale tantum meaning \"mouth/lips\", not related to the verb \"to become\"."},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies уста","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ужасно, refers back to the whole clause","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ужасно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ужасно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of влияли","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влияли","gloss":"powerfully"},{"surface":"влияли","lemma":"влиять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"had an influence"},{"surface":"словеса","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural, archaic","role":"subject of влияли","gloss":"the words"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"determiner, possessive","role":"modifies словеса","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иноков","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"молодых","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies иноков","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не установившихся","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies установившихся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"установившихся","lemma":"установиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with молодых","gloss":"not yet settled"},{"surface":"иноков","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of влияли","gloss":"monks"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b7-c1-s100","source":"Весьма выслушивал сие и обдорский гость, монашек от святого Сильвестра, глубоко воздыхая и покивая главою: «Нет, видно, отец-то Ферапонт справедливо вчера судил», — подумывал он про себя, а тут как раз и показался отец Ферапонт; как бы именно чтоб усугубить потрясение вышел.","translation":"All this the Obdorsk guest, too, the little monk from Saint Sylvester's, listened to attentively, sighing deeply and nodding his head: \"No, it seems Father Ferapont judged rightly yesterday,\" he kept thinking to himself — and just then, as it happened, Father Ferapont appeared, as if precisely to deepen the shock, he had come out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"монашек","title":"Diminutive «монашек»","body":"«монашек» is a diminutive of «монах» ('monk'), here conveying smallness and a faintly condescending, affectionate tinge — 'the little monk'. The suffix paints the Obdorsk guest as a minor, eager, slightly comic figure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"воздыхая и покивая главою","title":"Paired Slavonic gerunds","body":"Two imperfective gerunds — «воздыхая» (Slavonic 'sighing', for «вздыхая») and «покивая главою» ('nodding his head', with Slavonic «глава» in instrumental) — describe his manner while listening. The archaic verb and noun forms heighten the pious posturing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отец-то Ферапонт справедливо вчера судил","title":"Topic clitic «-то» in inner speech","body":"«отец-то Ферапонт» tags Ferapont as the topic of the guest's reflection — 'Father Ferapont, now, judged rightly'. This conversational «-то» renders the texture of the little monk's silent, colloquial musing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выслушивал","gloss":"attentively"},{"surface":"выслушивал","lemma":"выслушивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listened to"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сие","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выслушивал","gloss":"all this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"particle meaning \"too\", modifies гость","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"обдорский","lemma":"обдорский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гость","gloss":"of Obdorsk"},{"surface":"гость","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выслушивал","gloss":"the guest"},{"surface":"монашек","lemma":"монашек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to гость","gloss":"the little monk"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сильвестра","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"святого","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Сильвестра","gloss":"Saint"},{"surface":"Сильвестра","lemma":"Сильвестр","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монашек","gloss":"Sylvester's"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воздыхая","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"воздыхая","lemma":"воздыхать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on выслушивал","gloss":"sighing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"покивая","lemma":"покивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with воздыхая","gloss":"nodding"},{"surface":"главою","lemma":"глава","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покивая","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to видно","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies судил","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of судил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic clitic","role":"emphatic particle attached to отец","gloss":"[emphatic \"-to\"]"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"Ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец, subject of судил","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"справедливо","lemma":"справедливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies судил","gloss":"rightly"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies судил","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"судил","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"judged"},{"surface":"подумывал","lemma":"подумывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выслушивал","gloss":"kept thinking"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of подумывал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показался","gloss":"just then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показался","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"показался","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подумывал","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of показался","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"Ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of как бы, introduces the clause of усугубить","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"[conditional particle]"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the чтоб-clause","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"усугубить","lemma":"усугубить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of вышел","gloss":"deepen"},{"surface":"потрясение","lemma":"потрясение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of усугубить","gloss":"the shock"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"he had come out"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b7-c1-s101","source":"Упомянул уже я прежде, что выходил он из своей деревянной келейки на пасеке редко, даже в церковь подолгу не являлся, и что попущали ему это якобы юродивому, не связывая его правилом, общим для всех.","translation":"I have mentioned before that he rarely came out of his little wooden cell by the apiary, that even at church he would for long stretches fail to appear, and that this was indulged in him as in a supposed holy fool, no one binding him by the rule common to all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"келейки на пасеке","title":"«келейка» — little cell; «пасека» — apiary","body":"«келейка» is the affectionate diminutive of «келья» (cell), and «пасека» is a beekeeping yard/apiary. Ferapont's tiny wooden cell by the monastery's beehives sets him apart in rustic, ascetic seclusion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"попущали ему… не связывая его правилом","title":"Dative «ему» + gerund «не связывая»","body":"«попущать» ('to indulge, permit') governs the dative «ему» ('to him'). The negated imperfective gerund «не связывая… правилом» ('not binding him by the rule', instrumental of means) describes the attendant leniency."}],"words":[{"surface":"Упомянул","lemma":"упомянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I have mentioned"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Упомянул","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Упомянул","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Упомянул","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выходил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"выходил","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Упомянул","gloss":"he came out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келейки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of келейки","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"деревянной","lemma":"деревянный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies келейки","gloss":"wooden"},{"surface":"келейки","lemma":"келейка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходил","gloss":"little cell"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пасеке","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"пасеке","lemma":"пасека","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies келейки","gloss":"the apiary"},{"surface":"редко","lemma":"редко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выходил","gloss":"rarely"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies являлся","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церковь","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of являлся","gloss":"church"},{"surface":"подолгу","lemma":"подолгу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies являлся","gloss":"for long stretches"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies являлся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"являлся","lemma":"являться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выходил","gloss":"appear"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of попущали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"попущали","lemma":"попущать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"second clausal complement of Упомянул","gloss":"this was permitted"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of попущали","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of попущали","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"якобы","lemma":"якобы","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies юродивому","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"юродивому","lemma":"юродивый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ему (as to a holy fool)","gloss":"a holy fool"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies связывая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"связывая","lemma":"связывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on попущали","gloss":"binding"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of связывая","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"правилом","lemma":"правило","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of связывая","gloss":"by the rule"},{"surface":"общим","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies правилом","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of общим","gloss":"everyone"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b7-c1-s102","source":"Но если сказать по всей правде, то попущалось ему всё сие даже и по некоторой необходимости.","translation":"But to tell the whole truth, all this was indulged in him even out of a certain necessity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"попущалось ему всё сие… по некоторой необходимости","title":"Impersonal reflexive «попущалось»","body":"«попущалось» is the reflexive used as an impersonal passive ('it was indulged'), with no nominative actor — the dative «ему» names who benefits, «всё сие» ('all this') the thing permitted. The agent dissolves into the monastery's collective practice."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всё сие","title":"«всё сие» — all this (archaic)","body":"«сие» is again the neuter of bookish «сей» ('this'), with «всё» — 'all this'. The narrator's persistent «сей/сие» for 'this' keeps the whole retrospective passage in its measured, antique key."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказать","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"conditional adverbial clause on попущалось","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правде","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"правде","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказать","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"marks the main clause after если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"попущалось","lemma":"попущаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was permitted"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of попущалось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сие","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сие","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of попущалось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies необходимости","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies необходимости","gloss":"[intensifying]"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking необходимости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"некоторой","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of необходимости","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"необходимости","lemma":"необходимость","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попущалось","gloss":"necessity"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b7-c1-s103","source":"Ибо столь великого постника и молчальника, дни и ночи молящегося (даже и засыпал, на коленках стоя), как-то даже и зазорно было настоятельно обременять общим уставом, если он сам не хотел подчиниться.","translation":"For to burden insistently with the common rule so great a faster and keeper of silence, one who prayed day and night (he even fell asleep on his knees), seemed somehow even shameful, if he himself did not wish to submit.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"постника и молчальника","title":"«постник» and «молчальник»","body":"«постник» is one who fasts rigorously (from «пост», fast); «молчальник» one who keeps a vow of silence (from «молчать»). These ascetic 'specialist' nouns define Ferapont's reputation — a great faster and keeper of silence — earning him his license."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дни и ночи молящегося","title":"Present active participle «молящегося»","body":"«молящегося» is a present active reflexive participle of «молиться» (to pray), genitive masculine agreeing with «постника» — 'praying day and night'. «дни и ночи» is the accusative of duration ('for days and nights')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зазорно было… обременять… если он сам не хотел подчиниться","title":"Impersonal predicate «зазорно было»","body":"«зазорно было… обременять» is a subjectless predicate ('it was shameful to burden'), the infinitive as logical subject, no nominative. «подчиниться» (-ся, 'to submit') closes the conditional — they would not force one unwilling to submit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause explaining обременять","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies великого","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"великого","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies постника","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"постника","lemma":"постник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обременять","gloss":"a faster"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молчальника","lemma":"молчальник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with постника","gloss":"keeper of silence"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"temporal modifier of молящегося","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ночи","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with дни, temporal modifier of молящегося","gloss":"nights"},{"surface":"молящегося","lemma":"молящийся","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies постника","gloss":"praying"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies засыпал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies засыпал","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"засыпал","lemma":"засыпать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical parallel clause","gloss":"he fell asleep"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленках","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"коленках","lemma":"коленка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоя","gloss":"his knees"},{"surface":"стоя","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with засыпал","gloss":"while standing","note":"lemma is стоять (\"to stand\"), not стоить (\"to cost\")."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"[hedge particle]"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зазорно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зазорно","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"зазорно","lemma":"зазорный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to зазорно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"настоятельно","lemma":"настоятельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обременять","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"обременять","lemma":"обременять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive subject of the predicate зазорно было","gloss":"to burden"},{"surface":"общим","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уставом","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"уставом","lemma":"устав","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of обременять","gloss":"with the rule"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотел","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular, emphatic","role":"modifies он, emphasizes хотел","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"conditional adverbial clause on обременять","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"подчиниться","lemma":"подчиниться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to submit"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b7-c1-s104","source":"«Он и всех-то нас святее и исполняет труднейшее, чем по уставу, — сказали бы тогда иноки, — а что в церковь не ходит, то значит, сам знает, когда ему ходить, у него свой устав».","translation":"\"He is holier than all of us, and fulfills more than the rule demands,\" the monks would have said then, \"and as for his not going to church, that means he himself knows when he is to go; he has a rule of his own.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он и всех-то нас святее","title":"Comparative «святее» + genitive of comparison","body":"«святее» is the predicative comparative of «святой» ('holier'), and «всех нас» the genitive object of comparison — 'holier than all of us'. «-то» again adds colloquial emphasis to the monks' imagined defense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сказали бы тогда иноки","title":"Conditional «сказали бы»","body":"«сказали бы» is the past form + «бы» giving a hypothetical — 'the monks would have said'. The narrator imagines their reaction had the rule been forced on Ferapont; the бы flags the whole quoted defense as counterfactual."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of святее (predicate 'holier')","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies всех-то нас","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of comparison with святее (all of us)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to всех","gloss":"indeed","note":"Colloquial emphatic particle attached to the previous word; not translated separately."},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of comparison with святее, coordinated with всех","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"святее","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of Он (comparative: holier than)","gloss":"holier"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (святее / исполняет)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"исполняет","lemma":"исполнять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with святее, second predicate of Он","gloss":"fulfills"},{"surface":"труднейшее","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, neuter, singular (substantive use)","role":"direct object of исполняет","gloss":"the harder thing"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause (than by the rule)","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уставу","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"уставу","lemma":"устав","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of чем-comparison (than the rule requires)","gloss":"the rule"},{"surface":"сказали","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical attribution clause","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks сказали as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказали","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"иноки","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сказали","gloss":"the monks"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (contrastive)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the topic clause (as for his not going to church)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking церковь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"церковь","lemma":"церковь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходит (destination)","gloss":"church"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ходит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ходит","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause (he does not go)","gloss":"he goes"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle resuming the что-clause, subject of значит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, means 'that means'","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the omitted subject (он) of знает","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of значит","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ходить, object of знает","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of the infinitive ходить","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"predicate of the когда-clause, complement of знает","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него (possession: у него = he has)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessor in the possession clause (у него свой устав)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of устав","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"устав","lemma":"устав","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the implied есть in the possession clause","gloss":"rule"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b7-c1-s105","source":"Ради сего-то вероятного ропота и соблазна и оставляли отца Ферапонта в покое.","translation":"It was for the sake of this probable murmuring and scandal that they left Father Ferapont in peace.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ради сего-то вероятного ропота","title":"Archaic «сего» + «ради»","body":"«ради» ('for the sake of') governs the genitive «сего ропота», with «сего» the genitive of bookish «сей» ('this'). «-то» lends quiet emphasis. Russian usually puts «ради» after its noun (Бога ради), so the preposed «ради сего» is itself bookish."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ропота и соблазна","title":"«ропот» — murmuring","body":"«ропот» is grumbling, murmured discontent — the same word as the biblical 'murmuring' of the Israelites. Paired with «соблазн» (scandal/temptation), it names what the leniency toward Ferapont was meant to forestall: collective complaint and stumbling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ради","lemma":"ради","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ропота","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ропота","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to сего","gloss":"indeed","note":"Colloquial emphatic particle; not translated separately."},{"surface":"вероятного","lemma":"вероятный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ропота","gloss":"probable"},{"surface":"ропота","lemma":"ропот","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of Ради","gloss":"murmuring"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"соблазна","lemma":"соблазн","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ропота","gloss":"scandal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"оставляли","lemma":"оставлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject omitted: they)","gloss":"they left"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставляли","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонта","lemma":"Ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking покое","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"покое","lemma":"покой","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставляли","gloss":"peace"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b7-c1-s106","source":"Старца Зосиму, как уже и всем известно было сие, не любил отец Ферапонт чрезвычайно; и вот и к нему, в его келейку, донеслась вдруг весть о том, что «суд-то божий, значит, не тот, что у человеков, и что естество даже предупредил».","translation":"The elder Zossima, Father Ferapont disliked exceedingly, as was already known to everyone; and now to him, in his little cell, there suddenly came the news that \"God's judgment, then, is not the same as men's, and that this one has even forestalled nature.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Старца Зосиму… не любил отец Ферапонт чрезвычайно","title":"Object-first inversion","body":"The accusative object «старца Зосиму» (animate, so genitive-shaped) is fronted before subject and verb for thematic weight — 'The elder Zossima, Father Ferapont disliked exceedingly'. The free word order, licensed by case endings, foregrounds the hated object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"донеслась вдруг весть","title":"Reflexive «донестись» — to reach","body":"«донеслась» (-ся, perfective) means the news 'carried/reached as far as' him. The reflexive turns the verb intransitive — the rumor travels of itself to Ferapont's cell, subject «весть» trailing the verb for arrival-effect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любил (fronted topic)","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"Зосиму","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Старца","gloss":"Zossima"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the known-clause (as was known)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies всем","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object/experiencer of известно","gloss":"to everyone"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement, describes сие","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking сие to известно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сие","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of известно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"Ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (sentence-level)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the next clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies нему","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of донеслась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келейку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, possessive","role":"determiner of келейку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"келейку","lemma":"келейка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of донеслась","gloss":"little cell"},{"surface":"донеслась","lemma":"донестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with любил","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies донеслась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"весть","lemma":"весть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of донеслась","gloss":"the news"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of о, modifies весть","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the quoted clause (суд... не тот...)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"суд","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of тот (predicate)","gloss":"judgment"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to суд","gloss":"indeed","note":"Colloquial emphatic particle; not translated separately."},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суд","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker ('then, it follows')","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of суд ('the same')","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause of тот","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеков","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"человеков","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of the comparison clause (men's)","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предупредил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"естество","lemma":"естество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предупредил","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предупредил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"предупредил","lemma":"предупредить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with the тот-clause, subject суд elided","gloss":"has forestalled"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b7-c1-s107","source":"Надо полагать, что из первых сбегал ему передать известие обдорский гость, вчера посещавший его и в ужасе от него вчера отшедший.","translation":"One must suppose that among the first to run and convey the news to him was the Obdorsk guest, who had visited him the day before and gone away from him in horror.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Надо полагать, что…","title":"Impersonal «надо полагать»","body":"«надо полагать» is a subjectless modal idiom 'one must suppose, presumably', with «надо» ('must') and the infinitive «полагать». It introduces the narrator's careful conjecture — no nominative subject, the impersonal hallmark."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сбегал… передать","title":"«сбегать» — to run and (do)","body":"«сбегал» here is the colloquial perfective 'to make a quick round trip' (run there and back), pairing with the infinitive of purpose «передать» ('to convey') — 'ran to deliver the news'. The prefix с- + the round-trip stem give a brisk there-and-back sense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отшедший","title":"«отшедший» — Slavonic 'departed'","body":"«отшедший» is an archaic/Slavonic past active participle of «отойти» ('having gone away'), beside the modern «отошедший». The old stem heightens the register — the guest who 'had departed in horror' the day before."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"modal word","role":"head of the phrase (impersonal 'one must')","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"полагать","lemma":"полагать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сбегал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking первых","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of сбегал","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"сбегал","lemma":"сбегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of полагать","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of передать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"передать","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сбегал","gloss":"to convey"},{"surface":"известие","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of передать","gloss":"the news"},{"surface":"обдорский","lemma":"обдорский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гость","gloss":"Obdorsk","note":"Refers to the town of Obdorsk in Siberia."},{"surface":"гость","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сбегал","gloss":"guest"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посещавший","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"посещавший","lemma":"посещать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying гость","gloss":"who had visited"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посещавший","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ужасе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ужасе","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отшедший","gloss":"horror"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отшедший","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отшедший","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"отшедший","lemma":"отойти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with посещавший","gloss":"who had gone away"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b7-c1-s108","source":"Упомянул я тоже, что отец Паисий, твердо и незыблемо стоявший и читавший над гробом, хотя и не мог слышать и видеть, что происходило вне кельи, но в сердце своем всё главное безошибочно предугадал, ибо знал среду свою насквозь.","translation":"I have mentioned, too, that Father Paissy, standing firm and unshakable as he read over the coffin, though he could not hear or see what was going on outside the cell, yet in his heart unerringly divined all the main of it, for he knew his world through and through.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"твердо и незыблемо стоявший и читавший над гробом","title":"Paired past participles of state","body":"Two imperfective past active participles, «стоявший» (standing) and «читавший» (reading), modify Father Paissy — 'who stood firm and read over the coffin'. Imperfective, they hold his vigil in ongoing background against the unfolding crisis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"знал среду свою насквозь","title":"«насквозь» — through and through","body":"«насквозь» literally 'right through', here figuratively 'thoroughly, inside out' — Paissy 'knew his world (his milieu, «среда») through and through'. The idiom underlines his unerring read of the monks' hearts though he sees nothing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Упомянул","lemma":"упомянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I have mentioned"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Упомянул","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Упомянул","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предугадал","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоявший","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"незыблемо","lemma":"незыблемо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with твердо","gloss":"unshakably"},{"surface":"стоявший","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying отец","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"читавший","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоявший","gloss":"reading"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гробом","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"гробом","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of читавший","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of мог","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Упомянул (concessive)","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"слышать","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слышать","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of происходило","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"происходило","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"object clause of видеть","gloss":"was going on"},{"surface":"вне","lemma":"вне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кельи","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"кельи","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of происходило","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of предугадал","gloss":"his heart"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of главное","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular (substantive)","role":"subject of предугадал","gloss":"the main of it"},{"surface":"безошибочно","lemma":"безошибочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предугадал","gloss":"unerringly"},{"surface":"предугадал","lemma":"предугадать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (concessive: хотя...но предугадал), clausal complement of Упомянул","gloss":"divined"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of знал","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of предугадал (causal)","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"среду","lemma":"среда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"his world"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of среду","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"насквозь","lemma":"насквозь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"through and through"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b7-c1-s109","source":"Смущен же не был, а ожидал всего, что еще могло произойти, без страха, пронзающим взглядом следя за будущим исходом волнения, уже представлявшимся умственному взору его.","translation":"Nor was he dismayed, but awaited everything that might still come to pass, without fear, following with a piercing gaze the coming outcome of the agitation, which already presented itself to his mind's eye.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смущен же не был","title":"Short adjective «смущён» as predicate","body":"«смущён» is the predicative short form (here a short passive participle of «смутить») 'troubled, dismayed'. With «не был» — 'he was not dismayed'. The fronted predicate plus second-position «же» contrasts him with the frightened faithful."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пронзающим взглядом следя за будущим исходом","title":"Gerund «следя» + present participle","body":"«следя за…» is an imperfective gerund ('following with… gaze'), simultaneous with «ожидал». «пронзающим» is a present active participle ('piercing') in instrumental agreeing with «взглядом» — the instrumental of means by which he watches."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже представлявшимся умственному взору его","title":"Reflexive participle + dative","body":"«представлявшимся» is a past active reflexive participle ('which presented itself'), agreeing with «исходом» in instrumental, and governing the dative «умственному взору» ('to his mind's eye'). The outcome already 'showed itself' to his inner vision."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смущен","lemma":"смутить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"dismayed"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смущен (emphatic)","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies был","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject omitted: он)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ожидал","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ожидал","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of ожидал","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"произойти","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"come to pass"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страха","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"страха","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies следя","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"пронзающим","lemma":"пронзать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"piercing"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental adjunct of следя","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"следя","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying ожидал","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исходом","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"будущим","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies исходом","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"исходом","lemma":"исход","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of следя","gloss":"outcome"},{"surface":"волнения","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies исходом","gloss":"of the agitation"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представлявшимся","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"представлявшимся","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"clause modifying исходом","gloss":"presenting itself"},{"surface":"умственному","lemma":"умственный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взору","gloss":"mind's"},{"surface":"взору","lemma":"взор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of представлявшимся","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of взору","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b7-c1-s110","source":"Как вдруг необычайный и уже явно нарушавший благочиние шум в сенях поразил слух его.","translation":"When suddenly an extraordinary noise in the entryway, already plainly breaking the decorum, struck his ear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже явно нарушавший благочиние шум","title":"Participial phrase before its noun","body":"The whole participial phrase «уже явно нарушавший благочиние» ('already plainly breaking decorum', present active participle «нарушавший» with its object) precedes and modifies «шум» ('noise'). Packing a relative clause ahead of the noun is a bookish, weighty construction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в сенях","title":"«сени» — the entry passage","body":"«сени» (plurale tantum) is the unheated entry hall or vestibule of a Russian dwelling, between door and inner rooms. The disruptive noise comes 'in the сени' — at the very threshold of the cell where the coffin lies."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause (when suddenly)","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"необычайный","lemma":"необычайный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шум","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"явно","lemma":"явно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нарушавший","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"нарушавший","lemma":"нарушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with необычайный","gloss":"breaking"},{"surface":"благочиние","lemma":"благочиние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of нарушавший","gloss":"the decorum"},{"surface":"шум","lemma":"шум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поразил","gloss":"the noise"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сенях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сенях","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies шум","gloss":"the entryway"},{"surface":"поразил","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"слух","lemma":"слух","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразил","gloss":"the ear"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of слух","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b7-c1-s111","source":"Дверь отворилась настежь, и на пороге показался отец Ферапонт.","translation":"The door was flung wide open, and on the threshold appeared Father Ferapont.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дверь отворилась настежь","title":"Reflexive «отвориться» — the door opened","body":"«отворилась» (-ся, perfective) is the intransitive/middle 'opened' — the door opened (of itself), no agent named. «настежь» ('wide open') is a fixed adverb. The same reflexive pattern recurs at s115 and s117 as Ferapont bursts in."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на пороге показался отец Ферапонт","title":"Locative-first, subject last","body":"The setting «на пороге» ('on the threshold') opens the clause and the subject «отец Ферапонт» lands last — the dramatic new arrival. This given-before-news ordering stages his entrance theatrically."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отворилась","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"отворилась","lemma":"отвориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flew open"},{"surface":"настежь","lemma":"настежь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отворилась","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пороге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пороге","lemma":"порог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показался","gloss":"the threshold"},{"surface":"показался","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отворилась","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of показался","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"Ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Ferapont"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b7-c1-s112","source":"За ним, как примечалось, и даже ясно было видно из кельи, столпилось внизу у крылечка много монахов, сопровождавших его, а между ними и светских.","translation":"Behind him, as could be observed — and it was even plainly visible from the cell — many monks who had accompanied him had crowded below by the little porch, and among them laymen too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как примечалось… ясно было видно","title":"Impersonal «примечалось / было видно»","body":"Two subjectless constructions: «примечалось» (reflexive impersonal, 'as was observed') and «ясно было видно» ('it was clearly visible'). Neither has a nominative actor — the perceiving is generalized, the scene simply 'was to be seen'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"у крылечка","title":"Diminutive «крылечко»","body":"«крылечко» is the diminutive of «крыльцо» ('porch, front steps') — 'the little porch'. The diminutive, like «келейка» and «лесенка» nearby, gives the hermitage its small, homely physical scale."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies столпилось (behind him)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"примечалось","lemma":"примечаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видно (parenthetical)","gloss":"could be observed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ясно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"modifies видно","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to видно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"predicate, coordinated with примечалось","gloss":"visible"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кельи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кельи","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видно","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"столпилось","lemma":"столпиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had crowded"},{"surface":"внизу","lemma":"внизу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies столпилось","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крылечка","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"крылечка","lemma":"крылечко","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of столпилось","gloss":"the little porch"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb (quantifier)","role":"subject of столпилось","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"монахов","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of много","gloss":"monks"},{"surface":"сопровождавших","lemma":"сопровождать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying монахов","gloss":"who had accompanied"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сопровождавших","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"refers to монахов (among them)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"светских","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural (substantive: laymen)","role":"coordinated with монахов","gloss":"laymen"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b7-c1-s113","source":"Сопровождавшие, однако, не вошли и на крылечко не поднялись, но, остановясь, ждали, что скажет и сделает отец Ферапонт далее, ибо предчувствовали они, и даже с некоторым страхом, несмотря на всё дерзновение свое, что пришел он недаром.","translation":"Those accompanying him, however, did not come in and did not mount the porch, but, halting, waited to see what Father Ferapont would say and do next, for they had a presentiment, and even with a certain dread, despite all their boldness, that he had come for no idle purpose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"остановясь, ждали, что скажет и сделает","title":"Gerund «остановясь» + embedded question","body":"«остановясь» is a perfective gerund ('having halted'), prior to «ждали». The «что скажет и сделает» is an indirect question ('waited [to see] what he would say and do'), the perfective futures expressing the anticipated next acts."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пришел он недаром","title":"«недаром» — not for nothing","body":"«недаром» means 'not in vain, not without reason, for a purpose'. 'He had come недаром' — they sensed his arrival was deliberate and ominous. «дерзновение» ('boldness, daring') in the same sentence is itself an elevated, near-spiritual word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сопровождавшие","lemma":"сопровождать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective (substantive: 'those accompanying')","role":"subject of вошли","gloss":"those accompanying him"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вошли","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вошли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вошли","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крылечко","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"крылечко","lemma":"крылечко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднялись","gloss":"the porch"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поднялись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поднялись","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with вошли","gloss":"did mount"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"остановясь","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ждали","gloss":"halting"},{"surface":"ждали","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вошли","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скажет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of ждали","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сделает","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with скажет","gloss":"would do"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скажет","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"Ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажет","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of предчувствовали","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"предчувствовали","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement introduced by ибо, explains ждали","gloss":"had a presentiment"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of предчувствовали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies страхом","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страхом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"некоторым","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of страхом","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"страхом","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предчувствовали","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"preposition (part 1 of compound несмотря на)","role":"first part of compound preposition несмотря на, marking дерзновение","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition (part 2 of compound несмотря на)","role":"second part of compound preposition несмотря на, marking дерзновение","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дерзновение","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"дерзновение","lemma":"дерзновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of несмотря на (concessive adjunct on предчувствовали)","gloss":"their boldness"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дерзновение","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of предчувствовали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, clausal complement of предчувствовали","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"недаром","lemma":"недаром","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"not without reason"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b7-c1-s114","source":"Остановясь на пороге, отец Ферапонт воздел руки, и из-под правой руки его выглянули острые и любопытные глазки обдорского гостя, единого не утерпевшего и взбежавшего вослед отцу Ферапонту по лесенке из-за превеликого своего любопытства.","translation":"Halting on the threshold, Father Ferapont raised his arms, and from beneath his right arm peered the sharp, inquisitive little eyes of the Obdorsk guest, the only one who could not contain himself and had run up the little stairway after Father Ferapont, out of his vast curiosity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воздел руки","title":"«воздеть руки» — to raise the arms (Slavonic)","body":"«воздеть» is an archaic/Slavonic verb 'to raise up, lift on high', used almost only of raising the hands in prayer or invocation. Ferapont 'raised his arms' in a deliberately liturgical, prophetic gesture as he prepares to exorcize."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"глазки… единого… взбежавшего по лесенке","title":"Diminutives «глазки», «лесенка»","body":"«глазки» ('little eyes') and «лесенка» ('little stairway') are diminutives sharpening the comic-vivid picture of the Obdorsk guest peeping out under Ferapont's arm. «единого» is the bookish «единый» ('the one/only'), and «взбежавшего» a past participle ('who had run up')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вослед… из-за превеликого своего любопытства","title":"«вослед»; intensive «пре-»","body":"«вослед» is the archaic 'after, following' (= «вслед»). «превеликого» uses the intensifying Slavonic prefix «пре-» ('exceedingly great') — 'out of his vast curiosity'. Both forms keep the narrative's elevated-yet-amused tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Остановясь","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on воздел","gloss":"halting"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пороге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пороге","lemma":"порог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Остановясь","gloss":"the threshold"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воздел","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"Ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"воздел","lemma":"воздеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of воздел","gloss":"his arms"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition (part 1 of compound из-под)","role":"first part of compound preposition из-под, marking руки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition (part 2 of compound из-под)","role":"second part of compound preposition из-под, marking руки","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"правой","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выглянули","gloss":"arm"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive determiner of руки ('his' right hand), not an object of выглянули (intransitive)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"выглянули","lemma":"выглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with воздел","gloss":"peered"},{"surface":"острые","lemma":"острый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies глазки","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"любопытные","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with острые","gloss":"inquisitive"},{"surface":"глазки","lemma":"глазки","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of выглянули","gloss":"the little eyes"},{"surface":"обдорского","lemma":"обдорский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гостя","gloss":"the Obdorsk"},{"surface":"гостя","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глазки","gloss":"guest's"},{"surface":"единого","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to гостя","gloss":"the only one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утерпевшего","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"утерпевшего","lemma":"утерпеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies единого","gloss":"who could contain himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взбежавшего","lemma":"взбежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with утерпевшего","gloss":"who ran up"},{"surface":"вослед","lemma":"вослед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу (after)","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of preposition вослед, adjunct of взбежавшего ('after Father Ferapont')","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонту","lemma":"Ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отцу","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лесенке","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"лесенке","lemma":"лесенка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взбежавшего ('up the little stairway'), not of утерпевшего","gloss":"the little stairway"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition (part 1 of compound из-за)","role":"first part of compound preposition из-за, marking любопытства","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition (part 2 of compound из-за)","role":"second part of compound preposition из-за, marking любопытства","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"превеликого","lemma":"превеликий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытства","gloss":"vast"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of любопытства","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"любопытства","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of взбежавшего (reason)","gloss":"curiosity"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b7-c1-s115","source":"Прочие же, кроме него, только что с шумом отворилась настежь дверь, напротив, потеснились еще более назад от внезапного страха.","translation":"The rest, save for him, the moment the door was flung noisily wide, on the contrary pressed themselves still further back from a sudden fear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потеснились еще более назад от внезапного страха","title":"Reflexive «потесниться» + genitive of cause","body":"«потеснились» (-ся, perfective) is the reciprocal/middle 'pressed/crowded themselves [back]'. «от внезапного страха» uses «от» + genitive to mark the cause — 'from sudden fear'. «еще более» ('still more') is a comparative of degree."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что… отворилась настежь дверь","title":"«только что» — the very moment","body":"«только что» here means 'the instant that, as soon as', introducing a time clause — 'the moment the door was flung wide'. «напротив» ('on the contrary') then pivots the rest back from the brave guest to the cowering crowd."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прочие","lemma":"прочий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of потеснились","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Прочие","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"save for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of кроме","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только что, introduces clause modifying потеснились","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шумом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"шумом","lemma":"шум","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отворилась","gloss":"a noise"},{"surface":"отворилась","lemma":"отвориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular feminine, imperfective","role":"main verb of the только что clause","gloss":"was flung open"},{"surface":"настежь","lemma":"настежь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отворилась","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отворилась","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потеснились","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"потеснились","lemma":"потесниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pressed themselves back"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потеснились","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потеснились","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страха","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"внезапного","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies страха","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"страха","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of потеснились","gloss":"fear"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b7-c1-s116","source":"Подняв руки горе, отец Ферапонт вдруг завопил:","translation":"Lifting his arms aloft, Father Ferapont suddenly cried out:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Подняв руки горе","title":"«горе» — aloft (Slavonic adverb)","body":"Not «го́ре» ('grief') but «горе́», the Church-Slavonic adverb 'upward, on high, heavenward' (from the liturgy's «Горе имеим сердца» — 'Let us lift up our hearts'). 'Raising his arms aloft' casts Ferapont's gesture in sacred, liturgical light."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подняв руки… вдруг завопил","title":"Perfective gerund «подняв»","body":"«подняв» is a perfective past gerund ('having raised'), the completed gesture immediately before «завопил» ('suddenly bellowed'). «за-» on «вопить» marks the sudden onset of the cry — a typical perfective-of-onset."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подняв","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on завопил","gloss":"lifting"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Подняв","gloss":"his arms"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"adverb, archaic (Church Slavonic)","role":"modifies Подняв","gloss":"aloft"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"Ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завопил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b7-c1-s117","source":"— Извергая извергну! — и тотчас же начал, обращаясь во все четыре стороны попеременно, крестить стены и все четыре угла кельи рукой.","translation":"\"Casting out, I cast out!\" — and at once he began, turning in turn toward all four directions, to make the sign of the cross over the walls and all four corners of the cell with his hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Извергая извергну!","title":"«Извергая извергну» — a Hebraism","body":"A figura etymologica — gerund + future of «изврещи/извергнуть» ('to cast out') — 'Casting out, I shall cast out!'. It imitates the Semitic emphatic-infinitive of Scripture (cf. KJV 'I will utterly cast out'), giving Ferapont's exorcism a thunderous biblical cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Извергая","lemma":"извергать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"emphatic construction modifying извергну","gloss":"casting out"},{"surface":"извергну","lemma":"извергнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"I cast out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the exclamation to the narration","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of четыре стороны","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on стороны","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"directions"},{"surface":"попеременно","lemma":"попеременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обращаясь","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"крестить","lemma":"крестить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to cross"},{"surface":"стены","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of крестить","gloss":"the walls"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of четыре угла","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on угла","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"угла","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with стены, direct object of крестить","gloss":"corners"},{"surface":"кельи","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies угла","gloss":"of the cell"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of крестить","gloss":"with his hand"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b7-c1-s118","source":"Это действие отца Ферапонта тотчас же поняли сопровождавшие его; ибо знали, что и всегда так делал, куда ни входил, и что и не сядет и слова не скажет, прежде чем не изгонит нечистую силу.","translation":"This action of Father Ferapont's was at once understood by those who accompanied him; for they knew that he always did so, wherever he went, and that he would neither sit down nor speak a word before he had driven out the unclean spirit.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"куда ни входил","title":"Concessive «куда ни» — wherever","body":"«куда ни входил» means 'wherever he went in' — the «ни» here is not negation but the concessive 'no matter where'. Russian forms 'wherever/whoever/whatever' clauses with interrogative + «ни» + verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прежде чем не изгонит нечистую силу","title":"«прежде чем» + perfective future","body":"«прежде чем не изгонит» ('before he had cast out') uses a temporal conjunction with a perfective future-form «изгонит» and an expletive «не» (common in such 'before' clauses). «нечистая сила» ('the unclean power') is the standard folk name for demons."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of действие","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"действие","lemma":"действие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поняли","gloss":"action"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies действие","gloss":"of Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонта","lemma":"Ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Ferapont's"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поняли","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"поняли","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"сопровождавшие","lemma":"сопровождать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"subject of поняли","gloss":"those accompanying"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сопровождавшие","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знали","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо clause","gloss":"they knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of делал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всегда","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делал","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"делал","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знали","gloss":"he did"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies входил","gloss":"wherever"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies входил","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"входил","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on делал","gloss":"he entered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сядет and скажет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сядет","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сядет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сядет","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знали, coordinated with скажет","gloss":"he would sit down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of скажет","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знали, coordinated with сядет","gloss":"he would speak"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of изгонит","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase прежде чем","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изгонит","gloss":"(expletive negation)"},{"surface":"изгонит","lemma":"изгнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сядет and скажет","gloss":"he had driven out"},{"surface":"нечистую","lemma":"нечистый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силу","gloss":"unclean"},{"surface":"силу","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of изгонит","gloss":"spirit"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b7-c1-s119","source":"— Сатана, изыди, сатана, изыди! — повторял он с каждым крестом. — Извергая извергну! — возопил он опять.","translation":"\"Satan, get thee gone, Satan, get thee gone!\" he kept repeating with each sign of the cross. \"Casting out, I cast out!\" he cried out again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Сатана, изыди","title":"«изыди» — 'get thee gone' (Slavonic imperative)","body":"«изыди» is the Church-Slavonic imperative of «изыти» ('to go out') — 'depart!', the very words of Christ's «Отойди от Меня, сатана». Ferapont addresses Satan directly in the archaic exorcistic imperative, the language of ritual command."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возопил","title":"«возопить» — to cry out (Slavonic)","body":"«возопил» is an elevated, Slavonic-flavored 'cried out, wailed aloud' (voz- + the root of «вопить»), grander than the «завопил» of s116. The shift up to «возопил» intensifies the repeated exorcistic shout."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сатана","lemma":"сатана","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, addressee of изыди","gloss":"Satan"},{"surface":"изыди","lemma":"изыти","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, archaic (Church Slavonic)","role":"imperative addressed to Сатана","gloss":"get thee gone"},{"surface":"сатана","lemma":"сатана","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"repeated address, coordinated with Сатана","gloss":"Satan"},{"surface":"изыди","lemma":"изыти","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, archaic (Church Slavonic)","role":"imperative addressed to сатана","gloss":"get thee gone"},{"surface":"повторял","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept repeating"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крестом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каждым","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of крестом","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"крестом","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторял","gloss":"sign of the cross"},{"surface":"Извергая","lemma":"извергать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"emphatic construction modifying извергну","gloss":"casting out"},{"surface":"извергну","lemma":"извергнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"I cast out"},{"surface":"возопил","lemma":"возопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возопил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возопил","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b7-c1-s120","source":"Был он в своей грубой рясе, подпоясанной вервием.","translation":"He was in his coarse cassock, girded with a rope.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подпоясанной вервием","title":"Passive participle + instrumental of means","body":"«подпоясанной» is a past passive participle ('girded'), feminine instrumental agreeing with «рясе». «вервием» stands in the instrumental as the means — 'girded WITH a rope', the standard instrumental of the thing one is bound with."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рясе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of рясе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"грубой","lemma":"грубый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рясе","gloss":"coarse"},{"surface":"рясе","lemma":"ряса","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Был","gloss":"cassock"},{"surface":"подпоясанной","lemma":"подпоясать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"clause modifying рясе","gloss":"girded"},{"surface":"вервием","lemma":"вервие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrument of подпоясанной","gloss":"with a rope"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b7-c1-s121","source":"Из-под посконной рубахи выглядывала обнаженная грудь его, обросшая седыми волосами.","translation":"From beneath the coarse hempen shirt his bare chest showed, overgrown with grey hair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"посконной рубахи","title":"A peasant's hempen shirt","body":"«Посконь» is the male hemp plant, and «посконная рубаха» is a coarse undyed shirt of homespun hemp-cloth — the cheapest, roughest garment a peasant could wear. The word marks Ferapont's ostentatious asceticism and his peasant world."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обросшая седыми волосами","title":"Past active participle modifying «грудь»","body":"«Обросшая» is a past active participle from perfective «обрасти» (to become overgrown), agreeing with feminine «грудь». It compresses a который-clause — 'the chest, which had become overgrown with grey hair' — into one bookish modifier, typical of Dostoevsky's descriptive prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"седыми волосами","title":"Instrumental of the overgrowing matter","body":"«Волосами» stands in the instrumental: the hair is the stuff with which the chest is overgrown, the instrumental of means after «обрасти». The agreeing adjective «седыми» makes the case visible."}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition из-под, marking рубахи","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition из-под, marking рубахи","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"посконной","lemma":"посконный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рубахи","gloss":"hempen"},{"surface":"рубахи","lemma":"рубаха","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выглядывала","gloss":"shirt"},{"surface":"выглядывала","lemma":"выглядывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"обнаженная","lemma":"обнажённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies грудь","gloss":"bare"},{"surface":"грудь","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выглядывала","gloss":"his chest"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of грудь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"обросшая","lemma":"обрасти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying грудь","gloss":"overgrown"},{"surface":"седыми","lemma":"седой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies волосами","gloss":"grey"},{"surface":"волосами","lemma":"волос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of обросшая","gloss":"with hair"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b7-c1-s122","source":"Ноги же совсем были босы.","translation":"His feet were altogether bare.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ноги же совсем были босы","title":"Short adjective «босы» as predicate","body":"«Босы» is the short (predicative) form of «босой» (barefoot), agreeing with plural «ноги». Short adjectives can only predicate, never attribute, and lend a terse, bookish finality to the description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"же","title":"The particle «же» as a quiet 'and as for'","body":"Here «же» is not the emphatic 'on earth' of questions but a soft topic-shifting particle — 'and his feet, for their part…'. It threads the narrative forward, picking up a new body-part after the chest of the previous sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"his feet"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ноги","gloss":"(contrastive)"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies были","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"босы","lemma":"босой","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"bare"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b7-c1-s123","source":"Как только стал он махать руками, стали сотрясаться и звенеть жестокие вериги, которые носил он под рясой.","translation":"The moment he began to wave his arms, the cruel chains he wore beneath his cassock started to shake and clank.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вериги","title":"«Вериги» — ascetic chains","body":"«Вериги» are the heavy iron chains worn next to the skin by Orthodox ascetics as a mortification of the flesh. That Ferapont wears them under his cassock and lets them clank is part of his self-displaying holiness, which Dostoevsky views with deep suspicion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как только стал он махать","title":"«стать» + infinitive: ingressive 'began to'","body":"«Стать» plus an imperfective infinitive («стал махать», «стали сотрясаться») means 'began to / set about' an action — its commonest non-copular use. Note the inversion «стал он», fronting the verb for narrative momentum."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые носил он под рясой","title":"Relative «который» in the accusative","body":"«Которые» agrees with its antecedent «вериги» in gender and number (plural), but takes the accusative as the direct object of «носил» within its own clause. The pre-reform feel is heightened by the inversion «носил он»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Как только","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стали","gloss":"he began"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"махать","lemma":"махать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to wave"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of махать","gloss":"his arms"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started"},{"surface":"сотрясаться","lemma":"сотрясаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to shake"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"звенеть","lemma":"звенеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сотрясаться","gloss":"to clank"},{"surface":"жестокие","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вериги","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"вериги","lemma":"верига","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of сотрясаться and звенеть","gloss":"chains"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of носил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"носил","lemma":"носить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on вериги","gloss":"he wore"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of носил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рясой","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"рясой","lemma":"ряса","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of носил","gloss":"his cassock"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b7-c1-s124","source":"Отец Паисий прервал чтение, выступил вперед и стал пред ним в ожидании.","translation":"Father Paisy broke off his reading, stepped forward, and stood before him, waiting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прервал… выступил… стал","title":"A chain of perfective past verbs","body":"Three perfective verbs in a row — «прервал», «выступил», «стал» — narrate three completed, sequential events that move the action forward step by step, the standard perfective 'event-line' against imperfective background description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал пред ним","title":"Archaic «пред» for «перед»","body":"«Пред» is the bookish/Church-Slavonic short form of the preposition «перед» (before, in front of), governing the instrumental «ним». It lends the narration a solemn, scriptural color fitting the monastic setting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прервал","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Отец","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"прервал","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke off"},{"surface":"чтение","lemma":"чтение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прервал","gloss":"his reading"},{"surface":"выступил","lemma":"выступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прервал","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выступил","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прервал","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ожидании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ожидании","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"waiting"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b7-c1-s125","source":"— Почто пришел, честный отче? Почто благочиние нарушаешь? Почто стадо смиренное возмущаешь? — проговорил он наконец, строго смотря на него.","translation":"\"Wherefore hast thou come, honored father? Wherefore dost thou break our good order? Wherefore dost thou trouble the humble flock?\" he said at last, looking at him sternly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Почто","title":"«Почто» — archaic 'wherefore'","body":"«Почто» is an old, Church-Slavonic-flavored 'why / for what', three times anaphorically here. It instantly marks Ferapont's speech as deliberately archaic, prophetic, set apart from ordinary Russian — the diction of an Old-Believer-style zealot."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"честный отче","title":"Vocative «отче»","body":"«Отче» is the surviving Church-Slavonic vocative of «отец» (father) — a true case-form, used only in address and prayer. It recurs throughout the confrontation as the monks address one another with solemn formality."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благочиние","title":"«Благочиние» — good order, decorum","body":"A bookish ecclesiastical noun (literally 'good-arranging') meaning the proper, decorous order of monastery life and worship. Ferapont is accused of disrupting the seemliness of the vigil over Zosima's body."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стадо смиренное","title":"«Стадо» — the humble flock","body":"«Стадо» literally 'herd/flock', here the Christian flock of the faithful — pastoral imagery for the monks and pilgrims. The postposed adjective «смиренное» (humble, meek) gives the phrase a liturgical cadence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотря на него","title":"Gerund «смотря» — manner of speaking","body":"«Смотря» is an imperfective present деепричастие (adverbial participle) from «смотреть»: 'looking at him', describing the simultaneous manner in which Paisy spoke. It shares the main subject and is a hallmark of literary narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почто","lemma":"почто","morphology":"adverb, archaic (Church Slavonic)","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"wherefore"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"hast thou come"},{"surface":"честный","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отче","gloss":"honored"},{"surface":"отче","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, implied subject of пришел","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"Почто","lemma":"почто","morphology":"adverb, archaic (Church Slavonic)","role":"modifies нарушаешь","gloss":"wherefore"},{"surface":"благочиние","lemma":"благочиние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of нарушаешь","gloss":"good order"},{"surface":"нарушаешь","lemma":"нарушать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"dost thou break"},{"surface":"Почто","lemma":"почто","morphology":"adverb, archaic (Church Slavonic)","role":"modifies возмущаешь","gloss":"wherefore"},{"surface":"стадо","lemma":"стадо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of возмущаешь","gloss":"flock"},{"surface":"смиренное","lemma":"смиренный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies стадо","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"возмущаешь","lemma":"возмущать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"dost thou trouble"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотря","gloss":"sternly"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b7-c1-s126","source":"— Чесо ради пришел еси? Чесо просиши? Како веруеши? — прокричал отец Ферапонт, юродствуя. — Притек здешних ваших гостей изгонять, чертей поганых. Смотрю, много ль их без меня накопили. Веником их березовым выметать хочу.","translation":"\"For what cause art thou come? What dost thou seek? How dost thou believe?\" cried Father Ferapont, playing the holy fool. \"I have hastened hither to drive out these guests of yours, the foul devils. I look to see how many of them you have gathered up without me. With a birch besom I would sweep them out.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Чесо ради пришел еси? Чесо просиши? Како веруеши?","title":"Pure Church Slavonic catechism","body":"Ferapont answers in undiluted Slavonic: «чесо» (genitive of «что'), «ради» (for the sake of), «еси» (the old 2nd-person 'art'), «просиши/веруеши» with Slavonic -ши endings, «како» (how). These are the very words of the Orthodox catechism and liturgy, a torrent of sacred archaism."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пришел еси","title":"Old perfect with auxiliary «еси»","body":"«Пришел еси» is the archaic Slavonic perfect: past participle «пришел» plus the second-person auxiliary «еси» ('thou art come'). Modern Russian dropped the auxiliary entirely, leaving only «пришёл», so its presence is a deliberate liturgical fossil."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"юродствуя","title":"«Юродствуя» — playing the holy fool","body":"The gerund of «юродствовать», to act as a «юродивый» — the 'holy fool' or 'fool-for-Christ', a venerated Russian type who feigns madness to speak harsh truths. The narrator's word-choice frames Ferapont as performing this role rather than truly being a holy fool."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Притек","title":"«Притек» — Slavonic 'came running'","body":"An archaic perfective past of «притечь» (lit. 'flowed/hastened hither'), a Church-Slavonic verb of motion meaning 'I have come quickly'. It belongs to the same elevated register as «изыди» and «грядёт» elsewhere in the scene."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чертей поганых","title":"«Поганый» — unclean, heathen","body":"«Поганый» originally meant 'heathen' (from Latin paganus) and came to mean foul, unclean, contemptible. Paired with «черти» (devils), it is the coarse, folk-demonological vocabulary Ferapont relishes — devils he proposes to sweep out with a birch broom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"много ль их без меня накопили","title":"Enclitic «ль» and genitive «их»","body":"«Ль» is the reduced interrogative particle «ли», folding the clause into an indirect question ('how many of them they've piled up'). «Их» is genitive after the quantity word «много», and «без меня» takes genitive after «без»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Веником… березовым","title":"The birch besom","body":"A «веник» is the bundled birch broom used in the Russian bathhouse and for sweeping; Ferapont means to literally 'sweep out' devils with one. The homely peasant image, set against his liturgical Slavonic, is part of his grotesque self-presentation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чесо","lemma":"чесо","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, archaic (Church Slavonic, \"what\")","role":"object of ради","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ради","lemma":"ради","morphology":"postposition","role":"postposition marking Чесо, phrase modifies пришел","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, with auxiliary еси","gloss":"art come"},{"surface":"еси","lemma":"еси","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, second, singular, archaic (Church Slavonic \"to be\")","role":"auxiliary of пришел (periphrastic perfect)","gloss":"thou art"},{"surface":"Чесо","lemma":"чесо","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, archaic (Church Slavonic, \"what\")","role":"direct object of просиши","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"просиши","lemma":"просити","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, archaic imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"dost thou seek"},{"surface":"Како","lemma":"како","morphology":"adverb, archaic (Church Slavonic, \"how\")","role":"modifies веруеши","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"веруеши","lemma":"веровати","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, archaic imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"dost thou believe"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"Ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"юродствуя","lemma":"юродствовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прокричал","gloss":"playing the holy fool"},{"surface":"Притек","lemma":"притечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective, archaic (Church Slavonic)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I have hastened hither"},{"surface":"здешних","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies гостей","gloss":"of yours here"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of гостей","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"гостей","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of изгонять","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"изгонять","lemma":"изгонять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose infinitive complement of Притек","gloss":"to drive out"},{"surface":"чертей","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to гостей, direct object of изгонять","gloss":"devils"},{"surface":"поганых","lemma":"поганый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies чертей","gloss":"foul"},{"surface":"Смотрю","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I look"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"quantifier, complement of накопили","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"ль","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies много (question particle)","gloss":"(interrogative)"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of накопили","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of накопили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"накопили","lemma":"накопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of embedded clause introduced by Смотрю","gloss":"they have gathered"},{"surface":"Веником","lemma":"веник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of выметать","gloss":"with a besom"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of выметать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"березовым","lemma":"берёзовый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Веником","gloss":"birch"},{"surface":"выметать","lemma":"выметать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to sweep out"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I want"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b7-c1-s127","source":"— Нечистого изгоняешь, а может, сам ему же и служишь, — безбоязненно продолжал отец Паисий, — и кто про себя сказать может: «свят есмь»? Не ты ли, отче?","translation":"\"Thou drivest out the unclean one, yet perhaps thou thyself art serving him,\" Father Paisy went on without fear, \"and who can say of himself, 'I am holy'? Canst thou, father?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Нечистого","title":"«Нечистый» — the Unclean One","body":"Substantivized adjective 'the Unclean One', a common Russian euphemism for the devil (one avoids naming him directly). Paisy turns Ferapont's own demon-hunting against him: the exorcist may himself serve the very Unclean One."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам ему же и служишь","title":"Emphatic «сам» + intensifying «же»","body":"«Сам» ('thyself') stresses the subject of «служишь», while «же» after «ему» drives home the irony — 'thou thyself art serving that very one'. The piled-up particles give the rebuke its biting edge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"свят есмь","title":"«Свят есмь» — 'I am holy'","body":"Short adjective «свят» (holy) plus the archaic first-person auxiliary «есмь» ('I am'), modern Russian's lost copula. The whole phrase is a scriptural formula; no one, Paisy implies, can claim it of himself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не ты ли, отче?","title":"«ли» forming a pointed yes/no question","body":"Fronting «не ты» and following it with «ли» builds a rhetorical yes/no question — 'Is it perhaps thou, father?'. The «ли» question is more formal and literary than mere intonation, sharpening Paisy's challenge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нечистого","lemma":"нечистый","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of изгоняешь","gloss":"the unclean one"},{"surface":"изгоняешь","lemma":"изгонять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"thou drivest out"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies служишь","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying the subject of служишь","gloss":"thyself"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of служишь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ему","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying служишь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"служишь","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"art serving"},{"surface":"безбоязненно","lemma":"безбоязненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжал","gloss":"without fear"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of может","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of сказать","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the кто-clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"свят","lemma":"свят","morphology":"adjective, short form, nominative, masculine, singular, archaic","role":"predicate complement of есмь","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"есмь","lemma":"есмь","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, first, singular, archaic (Church Slavonic \"to be\")","role":"copula of the quoted phrase «свят есмь»","gloss":"I am"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elliptical clause (не...ли)","gloss":"thou"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты (question particle)","gloss":"(interrogative)"},{"surface":"отче","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition to ты","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b7-c1-s128","source":"— Поган есмь, а не свят. В кресла не сяду и не восхощу себе аки идолу поклонения! — загремел отец Ферапонт. — Ныне людие веру святую губят. Покойник, святой-то ваш, — обернулся он к толпе, указывая перстом на гроб, — чертей отвергал. Пурганцу от чертей давал. Вот они и развелись у вас, как пауки по углам. А днесь и сам провонял. В сем указание господне великое видим.","translation":"\"Foul am I, not holy. I will not sit in the elder's chair, nor will I have men bow down to me as to an idol!\" thundered Father Ferapont. \"In these days the people are destroying the holy faith. The dead man, this saint of yours,\" he turned to the crowd, pointing his finger at the coffin, \"denied the devils. He gave out a purge against the devils. And so they have bred among you, like spiders in the corners. And now today he himself has stunk. In this we behold a great sign from the Lord.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поган есмь, а не свят","title":"Short adjectives and contrastive «а»","body":"Two short-form predicate adjectives, «поган» and «свят», hinge on the contrastive conjunction «а» — 'foul am I, and not holy'. «А» marks the gentle opposition/topic-shift that English flattens into 'but/and', and «есмь» again supplies the archaic copula."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не восхощу… аки идолу поклонения","title":"«восхощу» and «аки» — high Slavonic","body":"«Восхощу» is the Slavonic future of «восхотеть» (to desire), and «аки» is the archaic 'as, like'. Ferapont refuses to be bowed to «аки идолу» — like an idol — in the dative of the one bowed to, all in deliberately scriptural diction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ныне людие веру святую губят","title":"«Ныне» and «людие» — archaic 'now' and 'people'","body":"«Ныне» is bookish 'now, in these days', and «людие» is the old Slavonic plural of «люди» (people). The phrasing rings like a prophet denouncing his age."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Пурганцу от чертей давал","title":"«Пурганец» — a purgative against devils","body":"«Пурганец» (from 'purgo', to purge) is a folk word for a laxative/purgative medicine. Ferapont's grotesque charge is that Zosima 'dispensed a purge against the devils' — treating the spiritual as bodily — a parody of medicine that links to s132's «лекарство»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"А днесь и сам провонял","title":"«Днесь» and the crude «провонял»","body":"«Днесь» is solemn Slavonic 'today' (cf. 'this day' in the Lord's Prayer), jarringly yoked to the crude colloquial «провонял» ('has stunk, gone putrid'). The clash of registers — liturgical 'this day' with a vulgar verb — is the whole sting of Ferapont's mockery of the corrupting corpse."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"В сем указание господне великое видим","title":"Archaic demonstrative «сем»","body":"«Сем» is the prepositional of «сей» ('this'), the bookish 19th-century demonstrative that pervades this scene in place of «этот». «В сем… видим» — 'in this we behold' — has the cadence of a sermon."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поган","lemma":"поганый","morphology":"adjective, short form, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of есмь","gloss":"foul"},{"surface":"есмь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular","role":"copula, head of the clause","gloss":"am","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic 1st-person singular of 'to be'."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"свят","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, short form, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Поган, predicate of есмь","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресла","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кресла","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of сяду","gloss":"the elder's chair"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сяду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сяду","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will I sit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies восхощу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"восхощу","lemma":"восхотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сяду","gloss":"will I wish"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"modifies поклонения","gloss":"of myself"},{"surface":"аки","lemma":"аки","morphology":"conjunction (archaic)","role":"introduces the comparison идолу","gloss":"as","note":"Church Slavonic 'as, like' — Father Ferapont speaks in archaic register throughout."},{"surface":"идолу","lemma":"идол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of аки","gloss":"an idol"},{"surface":"поклонения","lemma":"поклонение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of восхощу","gloss":"veneration"},{"surface":"загремел","lemma":"загреметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quote frame","gloss":"thundered"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of загремел","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"Ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"Ныне","lemma":"ныне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies губят","gloss":"nowadays"},{"surface":"людие","lemma":"люди","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of губят","gloss":"the people","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic plural of 'люди' (people), not a verb."},{"surface":"веру","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of губят","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"святую","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies веру","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"губят","lemma":"губить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are destroying"},{"surface":"Покойник","lemma":"покойник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отвергал","gloss":"the dead man"},{"surface":"святой","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective (substantival), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Покойник","gloss":"the saint"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic, enclitic '-то')","role":"emphasizes святой","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies святой-то","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"обернулся","lemma":"обернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обернулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking толпе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"толпе","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обернулся","gloss":"the crowd"},{"surface":"указывая","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on обернулся","gloss":"pointing"},{"surface":"перстом","lemma":"перст","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of указывая","gloss":"with his finger"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гроб","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывая","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"чертей","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of отвергал","gloss":"devils"},{"surface":"отвергал","lemma":"отвергать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"denied"},{"surface":"Пурганцу","lemma":"пурганец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of давал","gloss":"a purgative","note":"Folk name for a purging medicine, used ironically as a 'cure' against devils."},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чертей","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"чертей","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Пурганцу","gloss":"the devils"},{"surface":"давал","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave out"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies они","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of развелись","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies развелись","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"развелись","lemma":"развестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have bred"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of развелись","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison пауки","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"пауки","lemma":"паук","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"compared with они","gloss":"spiders"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углам","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"углам","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies пауки","gloss":"the corners"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"днесь","lemma":"днесь","morphology":"adverb (archaic)","role":"modifies провонял","gloss":"today","note":"Church Slavonic 'today', matching Ferapont's archaic register."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (intensive), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies провонял (emphasizes subject)","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"провонял","lemma":"провонять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has stunk"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun (demonstrative, archaic), locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of видим","gloss":"this","note":"Archaic demonstrative 'сей' (this), not a noun."},{"surface":"указание","lemma":"указание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видим","gloss":"a sign"},{"surface":"господне","lemma":"господний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies указание","gloss":"the Lord's"},{"surface":"великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies указание","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"видим","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we behold"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b7-c1-s129","source":"А это и действительно однажды так случилось при жизни отца Зосимы.","translation":"And indeed it once happened just so, in the lifetime of Father Zosima.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А это и действительно… так случилось","title":"Narrative «а» plus emphatic «и действительно»","body":"The narrator breaks in with «а» (here a soft 'and now, as for that') and «и действительно» ('and indeed in fact'), confirming Ferapont's slander had a kernel of truth. «Случилось» is the perfective past of «случиться» — a single completed past event introducing the embedded anecdote."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies действительно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"однажды","lemma":"однажды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случилось","gloss":"the lifetime"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"of Father"},{"surface":"Зосимы","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Zosima"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b7-c1-s130","source":"Единому от иноков стала сниться, а под конец и наяву представляться нечистая сила.","translation":"An unclean power began to appear to one of the monks, first in dreams and at last in his waking hours as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Единому от иноков стала сниться","title":"Archaic «единому от иноков» (dative + «от»)","body":"Bookish Slavonic syntax: «единому» (dative of «единый», 'to one') governs the experiencer, and 'of the monks' is rendered with «от» + genitive rather than the plain genitive «иноков» modern Russian would use. «Иноки» is itself an archaic word for monks (lit. 'other-living ones')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стала сниться… нечистая сила","title":"Impersonal «сниться» with a dative experiencer","body":"«Сниться» (to appear in a dream) is a -ся verb that takes the dreamer in the dative («единому») while the thing dreamt, «нечистая сила», is the nominative subject. It is the dative-experiencer pattern so characteristic of Russian's inner life."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нечистая сила","title":"«Нечистая сила» — the unclean power","body":"A fixed folk-religious phrase for demonic, devilish force ('the unclean power'). It keeps the whole anecdote in the popular-Orthodox imagination of devils that Ferapont exploits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Единому","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective (substantival), dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сниться","gloss":"to one"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иноков","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"иноков","lemma":"инок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Единому","gloss":"the monks"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb (auxiliary) of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"сниться","lemma":"сниться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стала","gloss":"to appear in dreams"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of представляться","gloss":"last","note":"Idiom 'под конец' = 'at last'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наяву","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"наяву","lemma":"наяву","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представляться","gloss":"while awake"},{"surface":"представляться","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сниться","gloss":"to appear"},{"surface":"нечистая","lemma":"нечистый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сила","gloss":"unclean"},{"surface":"сила","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сниться and представляться","gloss":"power"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b7-c1-s131","source":"Когда же он, в величайшем страхе, открыл сие старцу, тот посоветовал ему непрерывную молитву и усиленный пост.","translation":"When at last, in the greatest terror, he disclosed this to the elder, the elder counseled him to unceasing prayer and a stricter fast.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"открыл сие старцу","title":"Archaic «сие» as direct object","body":"«Сие» is the neuter of the bookish demonstrative «сей» ('this thing'), here the accusative object of «открыл» (disclosed). «Старцу» is the dative of the indirect object — he disclosed this to the elder."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"непрерывную молитву и усиленный пост","title":"Unceasing prayer and intensified fast","body":"The remedies the elder prescribes — «непрерывная молитва» (ceaseless prayer) and «усиленный пост» (a strengthened/stricter fast) — are the classic ascetic disciplines of Orthodox monasticism. The contrast with the later 'medicine' is the point of the anecdote."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of открыл","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Когда","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of открыл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страхе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"величайшем","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies страхе","gloss":"greatest"},{"surface":"страхе","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of открыл","gloss":"terror"},{"surface":"открыл","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on посоветовал","gloss":"disclosed"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun (demonstrative, archaic), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of открыл","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"старцу","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of открыл","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посоветовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"посоветовал","lemma":"посоветовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"counseled"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of посоветовал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"непрерывную","lemma":"непрерывный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies молитву","gloss":"unceasing"},{"surface":"молитву","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of посоветовал","gloss":"prayer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"усиленный","lemma":"усиленный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пост","gloss":"stricter"},{"surface":"пост","lemma":"пост","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with молитву","gloss":"fast"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b7-c1-s132","source":"Но когда и это не помогло, посоветовал, не оставляя поста и молитвы, принять одного лекарства.","translation":"But when even this did not help, he advised him, without giving up the fast and the prayer, to take a certain medicine.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не оставляя поста и молитвы","title":"Gerund «не оставляя» + genitive of negation","body":"«Не оставляя» is a negated imperfective gerund ('without abandoning'), and its objects «поста и молитвы» stand in the genitive — the genitive of negation that a negated verb commonly imposes on its object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"принять одного лекарства","title":"Partitive/genitive object «одного лекарства»","body":"«Принять» (to take) governs «одного лекарства» in the genitive — 'a certain medicine', a single dose. The genitive after «принять» gives the partitive sense of taking some of a substance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помогло","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of помогло","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помогло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помогло","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on посоветовал","gloss":"helped"},{"surface":"посоветовал","lemma":"посоветовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"advised"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставляя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оставляя","lemma":"оставлять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on посоветовал","gloss":"giving up"},{"surface":"поста","lemma":"пост","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставляя","gloss":"the fast"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молитвы","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with поста","gloss":"the prayer"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of посоветовал","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies лекарства","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"лекарства","lemma":"лекарство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принять","gloss":"medicine"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b7-c1-s133","source":"О сем многие тогда соблазнялись и говорили меж собой, покивая главами, — пуще же всех отец Ферапонт, которому тотчас же тогда поспешили передать некоторые хулители о сем «необычайном» в таком особливом случае распоряжении старца.","translation":"Many were scandalized at this then, and spoke of it among themselves, shaking their heads — and none more than Father Ferapont, to whom certain slanderers at once hastened to report this \"extraordinary\" disposition of the elder's in so singular a case.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"О сем многие… соблазнялись","title":"«Соблазняться» — to be scandalized","body":"«Соблазняться» (here imperfective, reflexive) is the key spiritual verb of this chapter: 'to be led into temptation / scandalized / to take offense'. The whole crisis is that the brothers are «соблазнились» by the elder's premature corruption — their faith stumbles."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"покивая главами","title":"Gerund «покивая» + Slavonic «главами»","body":"«Покивая» is an imperfective gerund ('shaking, wagging'), describing the simultaneous gesture, and «главами» is the Slavonic instrumental plural of «глава» (head) — the elevated doublet of «голова». 'Wagging their heads' echoes the Gospel mockery at the cross."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пуще же всех","title":"«Пуще» — folk 'more, most of all'","body":"«Пуще» is a colloquial/archaic comparative meaning 'more, worse, all the more', here superlative with «всех»: 'most of all'. Reinforced by emphatic «же», it singles out Ferapont as the chief grumbler."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хулители","title":"«Хулители» — slanderers, revilers","body":"«Хулитель» (from «хулить», to revile/blaspheme) is a bookish word for one who maligns or slanders — the same root as «хула» (blasphemy). It frames those who carried the gossip to Ferapont as malicious detractors of the elder."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"особливом… распоряжении","title":"«Особливый» — archaic 'special, peculiar'","body":"«Особливый» is the older form of «особый/особенный» (special, singular), recurring in this chapter («особливо» in s152–153). It tints the narration with period diction, here describing the elder's unusual «распоряжение» (instruction)."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сем","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun (demonstrative, archaic), locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of соблазнялись","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective (substantival), nominative, plural","role":"subject of соблазнялись","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соблазнялись","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"соблазнялись","lemma":"соблазняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were scandalized"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with соблазнялись","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"меж","lemma":"меж","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"покивая","lemma":"покивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорили","gloss":"shaking"},{"surface":"главами","lemma":"глава","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"complement of покивая","gloss":"their heads"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb (comparative)","role":"modifies всех","gloss":"more than"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пуще","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of пуще","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in elliptical predicate with пуще","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"Ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun (relative), dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поспешили","gloss":"to whom"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поспешили","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поспешили","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"поспешили","lemma":"поспешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on Ферапонт","gloss":"hastened"},{"surface":"передать","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of поспешили","gloss":"to report"},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of хулители","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"хулители","lemma":"хулитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of поспешили","gloss":"slanderers"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun (demonstrative, archaic), locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies распоряжении","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"необычайном","lemma":"необычайный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies распоряжении","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"особливом","lemma":"особливый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"singular"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of передать","gloss":"a case"},{"surface":"распоряжении","lemma":"распоряжение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of передать, coordinated with сем","gloss":"disposition"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies распоряжении","gloss":"the elder's"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b7-c1-s134","source":"— Изыди, отче! — повелительно произнес отец Паисий, — не человеки судят, а бог. Может, здесь «указание» видим такое, коего не в силах понять ни ты, ни я и никто. Изыди, отче, и стадо не возмущай! — повторил он настойчиво.","translation":"\"Depart, father!\" Father Paisy pronounced commandingly. \"It is not men who judge, but God. Perhaps it is some 'sign' that we behold here, such a one as neither thou, nor I, nor any man has power to understand. Depart, father, and trouble not the flock!\" he repeated insistently.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Изыди","title":"«Изыди» — 'Depart!' (Scriptural imperative)","body":"«Изыди» is the Church-Slavonic imperative of «изыти/изойти» (to go forth), echoing Christ's «изыди, сатано» ('get thee hence, Satan'). Paisy hurls Ferapont's own register back at him with this commanding, exorcistic word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не человеки судят, а бог","title":"Archaic plural «человеки» and contrastive «а»","body":"«Человеки» is the old Slavonic nominative plural of «человек» (modern Russian uses «люди»). The structure «не X, а Y» — 'not men but God' — is the standard corrective contrast built on «а»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коего не в силах понять ни ты, ни я и никто","title":"Relative «коего» and «ни… ни» negation","body":"«Коего» is the archaic genitive of «кой» (= «который»), object of «понять». The clause stacks negation: «ни ты, ни я и никто… не в силах» — 'neither thou, nor I, nor anyone is able' — the negative concord that Russian requires."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стадо не возмущай","title":"Negated imperative «не возмущай»","body":"«Не возмущай» is a negated imperfective imperative ('do not stir up / trouble'). The imperfective is the normal aspect for a negative command — prohibiting an ongoing or repeated action — as opposed to the perfective for positive single requests."}],"words":[{"surface":"Изыди","lemma":"изыти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"depart","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic imperative 'go forth', used repeatedly by the monks."},{"surface":"отче","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun (vocative, archaic), masculine, singular","role":"address, in apposition to Изыди","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"повелительно","lemma":"повелительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"commandingly"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quote frame","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies человеки","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"человеки","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun (archaic plural), nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of судят","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"судят","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with человеки, subject of elided судит","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb (parenthetical), present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies видим clause","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видим","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"указание","lemma":"указание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видим","gloss":"a sign"},{"surface":"видим","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we behold"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies указание","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"коего","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun (relative, archaic), genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of понять, refers back to указание","gloss":"that","note":"Archaic relative pronoun form (= 'которое')."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в силах","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силах","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"forms idiom 'not able' with понять","gloss":"power","note":"Idiom 'не в силах' = 'not able to'."},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of не в силах","gloss":"to understand"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понять","gloss":"thou"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with ты","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"coordinated with ты","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"Изыди","lemma":"изыти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"depart"},{"surface":"отче","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun (vocative, archaic), masculine, singular","role":"address, in apposition to Изыди","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стадо","lemma":"стадо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of возмущай","gloss":"the flock"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возмущай","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"возмущай","lemma":"возмущать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular","role":"coordinated with Изыди","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"повторил","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quote frame","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"настойчиво","lemma":"настойчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторил","gloss":"insistently"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b7-c1-s135","source":"— Постов не содержал по чину схимы своей, потому и указание вышло. Сие ясно есть, а скрывать грех! — не унимался расходившийся во рвении своем не по разуму изувер. — Конфетою прельщался, барыни ему в карманах привозили, чаем сладобился, чреву жертвовал, сладостями его наполняя, а ум помышлением надменным… Посему и срам потерпел…","translation":"\"He kept not the fasts according to the rule of his schema, and therefore the sign has come forth. This is plain, and to hide it is a sin!\" the zealot would not be calmed, carried away in a fervor that was not according to reason. \"By sweetmeats was he seduced; the ladies brought them to him in their pockets; on tea he made himself dainty, he served his belly, filling it with delicacies, while his mind he filled with arrogant thoughts… And for this he has suffered shame…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Постов не содержал","title":"Genitive of negation «постов»","body":"Under negation the object of «содержать» (to keep) shifts to the genitive plural «постов» rather than accusative — the genitive of negation, fronted for emphasis: 'the fasts he kept not'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изувер","title":"«Изувер» — fanatic, bigot","body":"The narrator names Ferapont an «изувер» — a fanatic, a bigot of cruel, benighted zeal. The label, with «расходившийся… не по разуму» (carried away, against all reason), is Dostoevsky's clear judgment on this false asceticism."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Сие ясно есть, а скрывать грех","title":"«Сие… есть» — bookish copula retained","body":"«Сие ясно есть» keeps the archaic third-person copula «есть» ('this is plain'), normally dropped in modern Russian. The bare infinitive «скрывать грех» — 'to conceal [it is a] sin' — is a terse impersonal predication."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Конфетою прельщался… чаем сладобился","title":"Instrumental of the means of temptation","body":"«Прельщался конфетою» and «сладобился чаем» put the seductive luxuries — a sweet, tea — in the instrumental, the means by which he was tempted. «Сладобиться» (to indulge in sweets) is a rare expressive coinage; «чрево» (belly), «чрево жертвовал» continue the catalogue of gluttony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Постов","lemma":"пост","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of содержал","gloss":"the fasts"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies содержал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"содержал","lemma":"содержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чину","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"чину","lemma":"чин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of содержал","gloss":"the rule"},{"surface":"схимы","lemma":"схима","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чину","gloss":"of the schema"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies схимы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышло","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes потому","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"указание","lemma":"указание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вышло","gloss":"the sign"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with содержал","gloss":"came forth"},{"surface":"Сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun (demonstrative, archaic), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adverb / short adjective","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular","role":"main verb (copula) of the sentence","gloss":"is","note":"Archaic present-tense copula 'есть' (is), not the infinitive 'to eat'."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скрывать","lemma":"скрывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject of elided есть","gloss":"to hide it"},{"surface":"грех","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of скрывать (elided есть)","gloss":"a sin"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies унимался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"унимался","lemma":"униматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narrative frame","gloss":"would not be calmed"},{"surface":"расходившийся","lemma":"расходиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies изувер","gloss":"worked up"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рвении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"рвении","lemma":"рвение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of расходившийся","gloss":"fervor"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies рвении","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies по разуму","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разуму","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"разуму","lemma":"разум","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расходившийся","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"изувер","lemma":"изувер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of унимался","gloss":"the zealot"},{"surface":"Конфетою","lemma":"конфета","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прельщался","gloss":"by sweetmeats"},{"surface":"прельщался","lemma":"прельщаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was seduced"},{"surface":"барыни","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of привозили","gloss":"the ladies"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of привозили","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карманах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"карманах","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of привозили","gloss":"their pockets"},{"surface":"привозили","lemma":"привозить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прельщался","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"чаем","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сладобился","gloss":"with tea"},{"surface":"сладобился","lemma":"сладобиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прельщался","gloss":"indulged himself","note":"Rare coinage from 'сладость' (sweetness) — 'made himself dainty/indulged sweetly'."},{"surface":"чреву","lemma":"чрево","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of жертвовал","gloss":"his belly"},{"surface":"жертвовал","lemma":"жертвовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прельщался","gloss":"served"},{"surface":"сладостями","lemma":"сладость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of наполняя","gloss":"with delicacies"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of наполняя","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"наполняя","lemma":"наполнять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on жертвовал","gloss":"filling"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with его (object of elided наполняя)","gloss":"his mind"},{"surface":"помышлением","lemma":"помышление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided наполняя","gloss":"with thought"},{"surface":"надменным","lemma":"надменный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies помышлением","gloss":"arrogant"},{"surface":"Посему","lemma":"посему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потерпел","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потерпел","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"срам","lemma":"срам","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of потерпел","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"потерпел","lemma":"потерпеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has suffered"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b7-c1-s136","source":"— Легкомысленны словеса твои, отче! — возвысил голос и отец Паисий, — посту и подвижничеству твоему удивляюсь, но легкомысленны словеса твои, якобы изрек юноша в миру, непостоянный и младоумный. Изыди же, отче, повелеваю тебе, — прогремел в заключение отец Паисий.","translation":"\"Frivolous are thy words, father!\" Father Paisy too raised his voice. \"At thy fasting and thy ascetic labor I marvel, but frivolous are thy words, as though some youth in the world had uttered them, fickle and childish of mind. Depart, then, father, I command thee,\" Father Paisy thundered in conclusion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Легкомысленны словеса твои","title":"Fronted short adjective and Slavonic «словеса»","body":"«Легкомысленны» is a short-form predicate adjective ('frivolous are'), fronted for rhetorical weight before its subject «словеса» — the Slavonic plural of «слово» (words). The inversion gives the rebuke a prophetic ring, repeated for emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"посту и подвижничеству твоему удивляюсь","title":"«Удивляться» governs the dative","body":"«Удивляться» (to marvel at) takes its object in the dative, here «посту и подвижничеству» — 'at thy fasting and ascetic labor I marvel'. Note too that the verb is reflexive in -ся, a fixed deponent-style pattern."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"якобы изрек юноша… младоумный","title":"«Якобы», «изрек», «младоумный»","body":"A cluster of archaisms: «якобы» (as if, as though), «изрек» (the Slavonic perfective 'uttered/spake'), and the bookish compound «младоумный» (young-minded, childish in understanding). Paisy answers Ferapont in his own elevated idiom while charging him with juvenile folly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повелеваю тебе","title":"«Повелевать» + dative","body":"«Повелеваю тебе» — 'I command thee' — uses «повелевать» with the dative of the person commanded. The solemn first-person present, capped by «прогремел» (thundered), marks Paisy's final assertion of authority."}],"words":[{"surface":"Легкомысленны","lemma":"легкомысленный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate, head of the clause","gloss":"frivolous"},{"surface":"словеса","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun (archaic plural), nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of Легкомысленны","gloss":"words","note":"Church Slavonic plural of 'слово' (word)."},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies словеса","gloss":"thy"},{"surface":"отче","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun (vocative, archaic), masculine, singular","role":"address","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"возвысил","lemma":"возвысить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quote frame","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возвысил","gloss":"his voice"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возвысил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"посту","lemma":"пост","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удивляюсь","gloss":"thy fasting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подвижничеству","lemma":"подвижничество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with посту","gloss":"ascetic labor"},{"surface":"твоему","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подвижничеству (and посту)","gloss":"thy"},{"surface":"удивляюсь","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I marvel"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"легкомысленны","lemma":"легкомысленный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate, head of the clause","gloss":"frivolous"},{"surface":"словеса","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun (archaic plural), nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of легкомысленны","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies словеса","gloss":"thy"},{"surface":"якобы","lemma":"якобы","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изрек","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"изрек","lemma":"изречь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"hypothetical clause modifying словеса","gloss":"had uttered"},{"surface":"юноша","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изрек","gloss":"a youth"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миру","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"миру","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies юноша","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"непостоянный","lemma":"непостоянный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies юноша","gloss":"fickle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"младоумный","lemma":"младоумный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with непостоянный, modifies юноша","gloss":"childish of mind"},{"surface":"Изыди","lemma":"изыти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"depart"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Изыди","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"отче","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun (vocative, archaic), masculine, singular","role":"address","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"повелеваю","lemma":"повелевать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I command"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of повелеваю","gloss":"thee"},{"surface":"прогремел","lemma":"прогреметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quote frame","gloss":"thundered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заключение","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"заключение","lemma":"заключение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прогремел","gloss":"conclusion","note":"Idiom 'в заключение' = 'in conclusion'."},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прогремел","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paisy"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b7-c1-s137","source":"— Я-то изыду! — проговорил отец Ферапонт, как бы несколько и смутившись, но не покидая озлобления своего, — ученые вы! От большого разума вознеслись над моим ничтожеством. Притек я сюда малограмотен, а здесь, что и знал, забыл, сам господь бог от премудрости вашей меня, маленького, защитил…","translation":"\"I shall depart!\" said Father Ferapont, somewhat abashed, as it were, yet not abandoning his rancor. \"You learned ones! In your great wisdom you have set yourselves up above my nothingness. I came hither barely lettered, and here I have forgotten even what I knew; the Lord God Himself has protected me, the little one, from your great learning…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я-то изыду!","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» here is the topic-emphasizing clitic, not the indefinite suffix: «я-то» means 'I, for my part / I'll be the one to'. It throws stress onto «я» — 'depart I shall' — with a tinge of wounded pride."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"От большого разума вознеслись над моим ничтожеством","title":"«Вознестись над» + instrumental","body":"«Вознеслись над моим ничтожеством» — 'you have exalted yourselves over my nothingness' — uses «над» governing the instrumental «ничтожеством». «От большого разума» ('out of great intellect') is genitive of cause after «от»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Притек я сюда малограмотен","title":"«Притек» and «малограмотен»","body":"Ferapont reprises the Slavonic «притек» ('I came hastening') and adds the short adjective «малограмотен» (barely literate). His self-abasement — 'the little one' (маленького), protected by God from your learning — is the holy fool's inverted boast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of изыду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes Я","gloss":"for my part"},{"surface":"изыду","lemma":"изыти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first person, singular, perfective (archaic)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I shall depart"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb framing the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle, part of phrase как бы","role":"part of phrase как бы, modifies смутившись","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of phrase как бы","role":"part of phrase как бы","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смутившись","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes смутившись","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"смутившись","lemma":"смутиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"somewhat abashed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покидая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"покидая","lemma":"покидать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"abandoning"},{"surface":"озлобления","lemma":"озлобление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of покидая (genitive under negation)","gloss":"rancor"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of озлобления","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ученые","lemma":"учёный","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), nominative, plural, used as predicate/vocative","role":"predicate complement of вы","gloss":"learned ones"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ученые","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разума","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"большого","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разума","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"разума","lemma":"разум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вознеслись","gloss":"wisdom"},{"surface":"вознеслись","lemma":"вознестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you have exalted yourselves"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ничтожеством","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ничтожеством","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ничтожеством","lemma":"ничтожество","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вознеслись","gloss":"nothingness"},{"surface":"Притек","lemma":"притечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective (archaic)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I came"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Притек","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Притек","gloss":"hither"},{"surface":"малограмотен","lemma":"малограмотный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"secondary predicate on я","gloss":"barely literate"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of знал, introduces clause modifying забыл","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause, object of забыл","gloss":"I knew"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Притек","gloss":"I forgot"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies господь","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of защитил","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господь","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking премудрости","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"премудрости","lemma":"премудрость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of защитил","gloss":"great learning"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of премудрости","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of защитил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"маленького","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to меня","gloss":"the little one"},{"surface":"защитил","lemma":"защитить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has protected"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b7-c1-s138","source":"Отец Паисий стоял над ним и ждал с твердостью.","translation":"Father Paisy stood over him and waited firmly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоял… и ждал с твердостью","title":"Imperfective past for sustained stance","body":"Both «стоял» and «ждал» are imperfective past, presenting Paisy's standing and waiting as an enduring state — the steady background against which the perfective verbs of action stand out. «С твердостью» is instrumental of manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Отец","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking твердостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"твердостью","lemma":"твёрдость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждал","gloss":"firmness"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b7-c1-s139","source":"Отец Ферапонт помолчал и вдруг, пригорюнившись и приложив правую ладонь к щеке, произнес нараспев, взирая на гроб усопшего старца:","translation":"Father Ferapont fell silent, and suddenly, growing mournful and pressing his right palm to his cheek, pronounced in a chanting voice, gazing at the coffin of the departed elder:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пригорюнившись и приложив правую ладонь","title":"Two perfective past gerunds","body":"«Пригорюнившись» (having grown mournful) and «приложив» (having pressed) are perfective past деепричастия in -вши/-в, naming prior completed actions that set up the main verb «произнес». They stack attendant circumstance into one sweeping period."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"произнес нараспев","title":"«Нараспев» — in a chant","body":"«Нараспев» means 'in a sing-song, chanting voice' — the liturgical intonation in which Ferapont delivers his lament, suiting the church hymns he is about to name."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"усопшего старца","title":"«Усопший» — the reposed (deceased)","body":"«Усопший» is the solemn ecclesiastical word for the dead (lit. 'fallen asleep', cf. 'dormition'), as opposed to plain «умерший». It is the dignified term proper to a departed elder lying in his coffin."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помолчал","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Отец","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"помолчал","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пригорюнившись","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"пригорюнившись","lemma":"пригорюниться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес, coordinated with приложив","gloss":"growing mournful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приложив","lemma":"приложить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес, coordinated with пригорюнившись","gloss":"pressing"},{"surface":"правую","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ладонь","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ладонь","lemma":"ладонь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of приложив","gloss":"palm"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking щеке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"щеке","lemma":"щека","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приложив","gloss":"his cheek"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with помолчал","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"нараспев","lemma":"нараспев","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"in a chant"},{"surface":"взирая","lemma":"взирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес","gloss":"gazing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гроб","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взирая","gloss":"coffin"},{"surface":"усопшего","lemma":"усопший","morphology":"adjective (past active participle), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старца","gloss":"departed"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гроб","gloss":"elder"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b7-c1-s140","source":"— Над ним заутра «Помощника и покровителя» станут петь — канон преславный, а надо мною, когда подохну, всего-то лишь «Кая житейская сладость» — стихирчик малый, — проговорил он слезно и сожалительно.","translation":"\"Over him tomorrow they will sing 'The Helper and Defender' — a most glorious canon — but over me, when I croak, only 'What earthly sweetness' — a paltry little hymn,\" he said tearfully and pityingly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"когда подохну","title":"Crude «подохнуть» for self-deprecation","body":"«Подохнуть» is a coarse, contemptuous verb for dying, normally used of animals ('to croak, to die like a beast'). Ferapont applies it to himself — «когда подохну» — in mock-humble self-abasement, jarring against the sacred hymns he names."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стихирчик малый","title":"Diminutive «стихирчик» as emotional signal","body":"The diminutive suffix on «стихирчик» (from «стихира») and the postposed «малый» work together to belittle and self-pity — 'just a wee little hymn'. Russian diminutives carry exactly this affective coloring, here mingling pathos with theatricality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of петь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"заутра","lemma":"заутра","morphology":"adverb (archaic)","role":"modifies станут","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"Помощника","lemma":"помощник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of петь (quoted title)","gloss":"Helper"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"покровителя","lemma":"покровитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Помощника","gloss":"Defender"},{"surface":"станут","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"петь","lemma":"петь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of станут","gloss":"sing"},{"surface":"канон","lemma":"канон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to the quoted title","gloss":"a canon"},{"surface":"преславный","lemma":"преславный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies канон","gloss":"most glorious"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition (variant надо)","role":"preposition marking мною","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"мною","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of петь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подохну","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"подохну","lemma":"подохнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first person, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"I croak"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle, part of phrase всего-то","role":"modifies the quoted title (limiting)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, part of phrase всего-то","role":"part of the phrase всего","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces всего-то, modifies the quoted title","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"Кая","lemma":"кая (archaic for какая)","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular (Church Slavonic)","role":"modifies сладость","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"житейская","lemma":"житейский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сладость","gloss":"earthly"},{"surface":"сладость","lemma":"сладость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head noun of the quoted title","gloss":"sweetness"},{"surface":"стихирчик","lemma":"стихирчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to the quoted title","gloss":"a little hymn"},{"surface":"малый","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стихирчик","gloss":"paltry"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"слезно","lemma":"слезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"tearfully"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сожалительно","lemma":"сожалительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with слезно","gloss":"pityingly"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b7-c1-s141","source":"Возгордились и вознеслись, пусто место сие! — завопил он вдруг как безумный и, махнув рукой, быстро повернулся и быстро сошел по ступенькам с крылечка вниз.","translation":"\"You have grown proud and exalted yourselves; this place is empty!\" he suddenly screamed like a madman and, with a sweep of his hand, turned swiftly and went swiftly down the steps from the little porch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Возгордились и вознеслись, пусто место сие!","title":"Archaic «сие» and short adjective «пусто»","body":"«Сие» is again the bookish 'this' (modifying «место»), and «пусто» is a short-form predicate ('empty is this place'). The subjectless «возгордились и вознеслись» ('they have grown proud and exalted themselves') leaves the rebuked 'you' implied — a curse pronounced like a verdict."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"махнув рукой, быстро повернулся и быстро сошел","title":"Perfective gerund + chain of perfectives","body":"«Махнув» (having waved) is a perfective gerund setting up the rapid perfective verbs «повернулся» and «сошел», whose repetition of «быстро» and the prefix «с-» (down/off) drives the abrupt, headlong exit down the steps."}],"words":[{"surface":"Возгордились","lemma":"возгордиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you have grown proud"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вознеслись","lemma":"вознестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Возгордились","gloss":"exalted yourselves"},{"surface":"пусто","lemma":"пустой","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement, describes место","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пусто","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"сие","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular (archaic)","role":"modifies место","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"screamed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завопил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition (comparative)","role":"preposition marking безумный","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"безумный","lemma":"безумный","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of как, describes он","gloss":"a madman"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"махнув","lemma":"махнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on повернулся","gloss":"waving"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of махнув","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with завопил","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошел","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"сошел","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повернулся","gloss":"went down"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ступенькам","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"ступенькам","lemma":"ступенька","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сошел","gloss":"the steps"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крылечка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"крылечка","lemma":"крылечко","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошел","gloss":"the porch"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошел","gloss":"down"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b7-c1-s142","source":"Ожидавшая внизу толпа заколебалась; иные пошли за ним тотчас же, но иные замедлили, ибо келья всё еще была отперта, а отец Паисий, выйдя вслед за отцом Ферапонтом на крылечко, стоя наблюдал.","translation":"The crowd that had been waiting below wavered; some followed him at once, but others lingered, for the cell was still open, and Father Paisy, having come out onto the porch after Father Ferapont, stood and watched.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ожидавшая внизу толпа","title":"Past active participle «ожидавшая»","body":"«Ожидавшая» is a past active participle from imperfective «ожидать», agreeing with «толпа' — 'the crowd that had been waiting below'. The imperfective stem gives the ongoing, durative sense, compressing a который-clause into a single adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"иные пошли… но иные замедлили","title":"Correlative «иные… иные» with «но»","body":"«Иные… иные» ('some… others') sets up a balanced antithesis, hinged by «но». Both verbs are perfective («пошли», «замедлили»), marking the two completed reactions of the divided crowd."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо келья всё еще была отперта","title":"«Ибо» — bookish 'for, because'","body":"«Ибо» is the elevated, archaic causal conjunction 'for, because', far more literary than «потому что». «Келья» is the monk's cell (here Zosima's), and «отперта» is a short passive participle ('was unlocked/open')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выйдя вслед за отцом Ферапонтом","title":"Perfective gerund «выйдя»","body":"«Выйдя» is the perfective past gerund of «выйти' (having gone out), describing Paisy's prior action before he 'stood and watched' («стоя наблюдал», with imperfective gerund «стоя» for the simultaneous posture)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ожидавшая","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying толпа","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"внизу","lemma":"внизу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ожидавшая","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"толпа","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заколебалась","gloss":"crowd"},{"surface":"заколебалась","lemma":"заколебаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wavered"},{"surface":"иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пошли","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"пошли","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with заколебалась","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошли","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of замедлили","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"замедлили","lemma":"замедлить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошли","gloss":"lingered"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отперта","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"келья","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отперта","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle, part of phrase всё еще","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отперта","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of отперта","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"отперта","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of келья","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наблюдал","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"выйдя","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on наблюдал","gloss":"having come out"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйдя","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вслед","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонтом","lemma":"ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отцом","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крылечко","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"крылечко","lemma":"крылечко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйдя","gloss":"the porch"},{"surface":"стоя","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on наблюдал","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"наблюдал","lemma":"наблюдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with заколебалась","gloss":"watched"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b7-c1-s143","source":"Но расходившийся старик еще не окончил всего: отойдя шагов двадцать, он вдруг обратился в сторону заходящего солнца, воздел над собою обе руки и — как бы кто подкосил его — рухнулся на землю с превеликим криком:","translation":"But the old man, in his frenzy, had not yet finished it all: having gone some twenty paces, he suddenly turned toward the setting sun, raised both arms above himself, and — as though someone had cut him down — collapsed to the ground with a tremendous cry:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"расходившийся старик","title":"Past active participle «расходившийся»","body":"«Расходившийся» (past active participle of reflexive «расходиться») describes the old man 'who had worked himself into a frenzy / let himself go'. The -ся participle plus imperfective stem captures the building, uncontrolled excitement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отойдя шагов двадцать","title":"Gerund «отойдя» and approximate-quantity inversion","body":"«Отойдя» is a perfective gerund ('having gone off'). «Шагов двадцать» — genitive plural «шагов» before the numeral «двадцать» — is the inverted word order that signals approximation: 'some twenty paces'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы кто подкосил его","title":"Hypothetical comparison «как бы»","body":"«Как бы кто подкосил его» — 'as though someone had cut him down' — uses «как бы» plus a past-form verb to frame an unreal comparison. The «бы» is the irrealis particle; «подкосил» is the perfective hypothetical of the imagined felling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рухнулся… с превеликим криком","title":"«Превеликий» — intensive prefix «пре-»","body":"«Превеликий» (from «пре-» + «великий») is the archaic-emphatic 'most great, tremendous', a Slavonic-flavored intensifier. With «рухнулся» (collapsed) it heightens the theatrical violence of Ferapont's fall."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"расходившийся","lemma":"расходиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"worked up"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of окончил","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окончил","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies окончил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"окончил","lemma":"окончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of окончил","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"отойдя","lemma":"отойти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on обратился","gloss":"having gone"},{"surface":"шагов","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"quantified by двадцать, extent complement of отойдя","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies шагов","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with воздел","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"direction"},{"surface":"заходящего","lemma":"заходящий","morphology":"adjective (present active participle), genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies солнца","gloss":"setting"},{"surface":"солнца","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сторону","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"воздел","lemma":"воздеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обратился","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of воздел","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on руки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of воздел","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle, part of phrase как бы","role":"part of phrase как бы, introduces clause of подкосил","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of phrase как бы","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of подкосил","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"подкосил","lemma":"подкосить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial comparison clause modifying рухнулся","gloss":"had cut down"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подкосил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"рухнулся","lemma":"рухнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with обратился","gloss":"collapsed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рухнулся","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking криком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"превеликим","lemma":"превеликий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies криком","gloss":"tremendous"},{"surface":"криком","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рухнулся","gloss":"cry"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b7-c1-s144","source":"— Мой господь победил! Христос победил заходящу солнцу! — неистово прокричал он, воздевая к солнцу руки, и, пав лицом ниц на землю, зарыдал в голос как малое дитя, весь сотрясаясь от слез своих и распростирая по земле руки.","translation":"\"My Lord has conquered! Christ has conquered, as the sun goes down!\" he cried frenziedly, lifting his arms toward the sun, and, falling face down to the earth, he sobbed aloud like a little child, his whole body shaking with his tears, his arms spread out across the ground.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Христос победил заходящу солнцу","title":"Archaic dative «заходящу солнцу»","body":"«Заходящу солнцу» is a fossilized Slavonic dative absolute construction — 'at/with the setting of the sun' — preserving the old short participle dative «заходящу». It echoes the Orthodox vespers hymn of light, lending Ferapont's cry a liturgical resonance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пав лицом ниц на землю","title":"Gerund «пав» and archaic «ниц»","body":"«Пав» is the perfective gerund of «пасть» ('having fallen'); «ниц» is the archaic adverb 'face-downward, prostrate'. Together — 'having fallen face down' — they describe the prostration before he begins to sob."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь сотрясаясь… и распростирая по земле руки","title":"Twin imperfective gerunds for simultaneity","body":"«Сотрясаясь» (shaking) and «распростирая» (spreading out) are imperfective present gerunds painting the ongoing physical accompaniment of his sobbing — his whole body trembling, his arms flung across the ground."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как малое дитя","title":"«Дитя» — child (archaic neuter)","body":"«Дитя» is the elevated/archaic word for child (modern Russian prefers «ребёнок»), a neuter noun. 'Sobbing like a little child' completes the swing from thunderous prophet to weeping infant that defines Ferapont's performance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of господь","gloss":"My"},{"surface":"господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of победил","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"победил","lemma":"победить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has conquered"},{"surface":"Христос","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of победил","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"победил","lemma":"победить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has conquered"},{"surface":"заходящу","lemma":"заходящий","morphology":"adjective (participle, Church Slavonic dative), dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies солнцу, part of dative absolute","gloss":"setting"},{"surface":"солнцу","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative absolute (adverbial) on победил","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"неистово","lemma":"неистово","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокричал","gloss":"frenziedly"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"воздевая","lemma":"воздевать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прокричал","gloss":"lifting"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking солнцу","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"солнцу","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воздевая","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of воздевая","gloss":"his arms"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пав","lemma":"пасть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on зарыдал","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пав","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"ниц","lemma":"ниц","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пав","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пав","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"зарыдал","lemma":"зарыдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прокричал","gloss":"sobbed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голос","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зарыдал","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition (comparative)","role":"preposition marking дитя","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"малое","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дитя","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"дитя","lemma":"дитя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of как, describes он","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он (subject of сотрясаясь)","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"сотрясаясь","lemma":"сотрясаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on зарыдал","gloss":"shaking"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слез","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"слез","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сотрясаясь","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of слез","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"распростирая","lemma":"распростирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on зарыдал, coordinated with сотрясаясь","gloss":"spreading"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of распростирая","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of распростирая","gloss":"his arms"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b7-c1-s145","source":"Тут уж все бросились к нему, раздались восклицания, ответное рыдание… Исступление какое-то всех обуяло.","translation":"Now everyone rushed to him; exclamations broke out, answering sobs… A kind of frenzy seized them all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"все бросились… раздались восклицания","title":"Perfective verbs for the sudden surge","body":"«Бросились» and «раздались» are perfective past, each a single completed burst — the crowd's rush and the outbreak of cries — driving the scene's eruption forward."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Исступление… всех обуяло","title":"«Исступление» and «обуять» — frenzy seizing all","body":"«Исступление» is ecstatic frenzy, a state of being beside oneself; «обуять» (here «обуяло») is an archaic verb 'to seize, take possession of'. The phrase — 'a frenzy seized them all' — names the dangerous mass hysteria Paisy fears."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросились","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бросились","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of бросились","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"бросились","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросились","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"раздались","lemma":"раздаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросились","gloss":"broke out"},{"surface":"восклицания","lemma":"восклицание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of раздались","gloss":"exclamations"},{"surface":"ответное","lemma":"ответный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies рыдание","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"рыдание","lemma":"рыдание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with восклицания","gloss":"sobbing"},{"surface":"Исступление","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обуяло","gloss":"frenzy"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Исступление","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, part of phrase какое-то","role":"part of phrase какое, forms indefinite какое-то","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of обуяло","gloss":"them all"},{"surface":"обуяло","lemma":"обуять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b7-c1-s146","source":"— Вот кто свят! вот кто праведен! — раздавались возгласы уже не боязненно, — вот кому в старцах сидеть, — прибавляли другие уже озлобленно.","translation":"\"There is one who is holy! There is one who is righteous!\" cried voices, no longer fearful. \"It is he who ought to sit among the elders,\" others added, now spitefully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот кто свят! вот кто праведен!","title":"Correlative «вот кто» + short adjectives","body":"«Вот кто свят» — 'there is one who is holy' — uses «вот кто» pointing to the man, with short-form predicate adjectives «свят» and «праведен» (holy, righteous). The short forms give the acclamation a ringing, absolute quality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот кому в старцах сидеть","title":"Dative «кому» of obligation + infinitive","body":"«Вот кому… сидеть» is a dative-plus-infinitive of fittingness/obligation: 'here is the one who ought to sit'. The dative «кому» names the person destined for the role — the impersonal modal pattern. «В старцах» means 'among the elders'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of свят","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"свят","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of кто","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of праведен","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"праведен","lemma":"праведный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of кто","gloss":"righteous"},{"surface":"раздавались","lemma":"раздаваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"возгласы","lemma":"возглас","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of раздавались","gloss":"voices"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боязненно","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боязненно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боязненно","lemma":"боязненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздавались","gloss":"fearfully"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кому","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"dative subject of сидеть","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старцах","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"старцах","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидеть","gloss":"the elders"},{"surface":"сидеть","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb, complement of кому","gloss":"to sit"},{"surface":"прибавляли","lemma":"прибавлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with раздавались","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прибавляли","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озлобленно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"озлобленно","lemma":"озлобленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавляли","gloss":"spitefully"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b7-c1-s147","source":"— Не сядет он в старцах… Сам отвергнет… не послужит проклятому новшеству… не станет ихним дурачествам подражать, — тотчас же подхватили другие голоса, и до чего бы это дошло, трудно и представить себе, но как раз ударил в ту минуту колокол, призывая к службе.","translation":"\"He will not sit among the elders… He himself will refuse it… he will not serve the accursed innovation… he will not ape their foolishness,\" other voices took up at once, and it is hard to imagine how far this might have gone, had not the bell struck at that very minute, summoning them to the service.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сам отвергнет… не послужит… не станет… подражать","title":"Perfective futures of refusal","body":"A volley of perfective simple futures — «отвергнет», «послужит», «станет» — each conjugated like a present but meaning a completed future act ('he will reject', 'will not serve'). «Сам» emphasizes 'he himself' will do the refusing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до чего бы это дошло… но как раз ударил… колокол","title":"Conditional «бы» of the unrealized outcome","body":"«До чего бы это дошло» — 'how far this might have gone' — is a conditional with «бы» naming a hypothetical that the bell's striking forestalls. The «но как раз» ('but just then') introduces the perfective event «ударил» that cuts it short."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ихним дурачествам","title":"Substandard «ихний» and «дурачество»","body":"«Ихним» is the colloquial, substandard possessive 'their' (proper Russian uses invariable «их»), marking the crowd's uneducated voice. «Дурачество» is 'foolery, tomfoolery' — their contemptuous word for the elders' practices."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сядет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сядет","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"will sit"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сядет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старцах","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"старцах","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сядет","gloss":"the elders"},{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отвергнет","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"отвергнет","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"will refuse"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies послужит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"послужит","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"will serve"},{"surface":"проклятому","lemma":"проклятый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies новшеству","gloss":"accursed"},{"surface":"новшеству","lemma":"новшество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of послужит","gloss":"innovation"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies станет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"станет","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"periphrastic-future auxiliary with подражать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ихним","lemma":"ихний","morphology":"adjective (folk/nonstandard possessive), dative, plural","role":"modifies дурачествам","gloss":"their","note":"folk/dialectal form of их, used to mark the speaker as unlettered"},{"surface":"дурачествам","lemma":"дурачество","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"indirect object of станет...подражать","gloss":"foolishness"},{"surface":"подражать","lemma":"подражать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of станет","gloss":"ape"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подхватили","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"подхватили","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"took up"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies голоса","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"голоса","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of подхватили","gloss":"voices"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дошло","gloss":"what point"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks дошло as hypothetical/subjunctive","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дошло","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дошло","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the clause до чего бы это дошло, object of представить","gloss":"would have come"},{"surface":"трудно","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective (short form, predicate), neuter, singular","role":"predicate, main clause coordinated with подхватили via и","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links трудно and представить (emphatic \"even\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of трудно","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представить","gloss":"to oneself"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как раз, modifies ударил","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"ударил","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with подхватили via но","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударил","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"колокол","lemma":"колокол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ударил","gloss":"the bell","note":"колокол is the subject here (\"the bell struck/tolled\"), not the object"},{"surface":"призывая","lemma":"призывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ударил","gloss":"summoning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking службе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"службе","lemma":"служба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of призывая","gloss":"the service"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b7-c1-s148","source":"Все вдруг стали креститься.","translation":"Everyone suddenly began to cross themselves.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стали креститься","title":"«Креститься» — reflexive 'to cross oneself'","body":"«Креститься» is a -ся verb meaning 'to make the sign of the cross over oneself' (the reflexive marks the action turned back on the agent). «Стали креститься» — 'began to cross themselves' — uses the ingressive «стать» + imperfective infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стали","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"креститься","lemma":"креститься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to cross themselves"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b7-c1-s149","source":"Поднялся и отец Ферапонт и, ограждая себя крестным знамением, пошел к своей келье, не оглядываясь, всё еще продолжая восклицать, но уже нечто совсем несвязное.","translation":"Father Ferapont too rose and, guarding himself with the sign of the cross, went off toward his cell without looking back, still going on with his exclamations, but now something altogether incoherent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ограждая себя крестным знамением","title":"Gerund + reflexive «себя» + instrumental of means","body":"«Ограждая себя крестным знамением» packs three points: the imperfective gerund «ограждая» (guarding), the reflexive object pronoun «себя» (himself), and the instrumental «знамением» — the sign of the cross as the means of self-protection."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пошел… не оглядываясь, всё еще продолжая восклицать","title":"Stacked gerunds of attendant manner","body":"«Не оглядываясь» (without looking back) and «продолжая восклицать» (still going on exclaiming) are imperfective gerunds describing how he walked off — simultaneous, ongoing accompaniments to the main verb «пошел»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поднялся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отец (also/too)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Поднялся","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонт","lemma":"Ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ограждая","lemma":"ограждать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пошел","gloss":"guarding"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ограждая","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"крестным","lemma":"крестный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies знамением","gloss":"cross"},{"surface":"знамением","lemma":"знамение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of ограждая","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Поднялся","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of келье","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"cell"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оглядываясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оглядываясь","lemma":"оглядываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пошел","gloss":"looking back"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё еще, modifies продолжая","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжая","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"продолжая","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пошел","gloss":"continuing"},{"surface":"восклицать","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжая","gloss":"to exclaim"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"elliptical direct object of восклицать (продолжая восклицать нечто...)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несвязное","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"несвязное","lemma":"несвязный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"incoherent"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b7-c1-s150","source":"За ним потекли было некоторые, в малом числе, но большинство стало расходиться, поспешая к службе.","translation":"A few, in small number, made to trail after him, but the greater part began to disperse, hurrying to the service.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"потекли было некоторые","title":"The particle «было» of an interrupted action","body":"«Потекли было» uses the special particle «было», which marks an action begun or about to happen but then checked or reversed: 'a few started to trail after him [but didn't really]'. «Потекли» (lit. 'flowed') is a vivid metaphor for the crowd's drift."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"большинство стало расходиться, поспешая","title":"Ingressive «стало» + gerund «поспешая»","body":"«Стало расходиться» ('began to disperse', ingressive «стать» + imperfective) is accompanied by the imperfective gerund «поспешая» (hurrying), describing the manner of the dispersal toward the service."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of потекли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"потекли","lemma":"потечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trailed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle (marks an action begun but not carried through), past, neuter, singular","role":"modifies потекли","gloss":"started to","note":"V-past + было marks an action begun then interrupted or abandoned"},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of потекли","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking числе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"малом","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies числе","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"числе","lemma":"число","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of потекли","gloss":"number"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"большинство","lemma":"большинство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стало","gloss":"the majority"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with потекли","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"расходиться","lemma":"расходиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"to disperse"},{"surface":"поспешая","lemma":"поспешать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on расходиться","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking службе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"службе","lemma":"служба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поспешая","gloss":"the service"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b7-c1-s151","source":"Отец Паисий передал чтение отцу Иосифу и сошел вниз.","translation":"Father Paisy handed the reading over to Father Iosif and went down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"передал чтение… и сошел вниз","title":"Two perfectives closing the scene","body":"«Передал» (handed over) and «сошел» (went down) are perfective past, two completed acts that quietly close the confrontation and turn the narrative to Paisy's inner state. «Чтение» (the reading) is the reading of the Gospel over the body."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of передал","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Отец","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"передал","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"handed over"},{"surface":"чтение","lemma":"чтение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of передал","gloss":"the reading"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of передал","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Иосифу","lemma":"Иосиф","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отцу","gloss":"Iosif"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сошел","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with передал","gloss":"went down"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошел","gloss":"down"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b7-c1-s152","source":"Исступленными кликами изуверов он поколебаться не мог, но сердце его вдруг загрустило и затосковало о чем-то особливо, и он почувствовал это.","translation":"The frenzied cries of the zealots could not shake him, yet his heart suddenly grew heavy and ached over something in particular, and he felt it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Исступленными кликами изуверов он поколебаться не мог","title":"Instrumental of cause «исступленными кликами»","body":"«Исступленными кликами» stands in the instrumental as the means/cause by which he could not be shaken. Fronted before the subject «он», it is a topic-comment inversion stressing what failed to move him. «Клики» is the bookish plural for 'cries, clamor'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сердце его… загрустило и затосковало","title":"Inchoative prefix «за-»","body":"«Загрустило» and «затосковало» both carry the perfective prefix «за-», which marks the onset of a state — 'began to grieve, began to ache with longing'. The pair captures the sudden welling-up of Paisy's sorrow."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"затосковало о чем-то особливо","title":"«Тосковать» — to ache, to yearn","body":"«Тосковать о чём-то» is to feel «тоска» — that untranslatable Russian ache, longing, melancholy — over something. With «особливо» (especially, particularly) it points to a specific yet half-grasped cause, which the next sentence unfolds."}],"words":[{"surface":"Исступленными","lemma":"исступлённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies кликами","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"кликами","lemma":"клик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поколебаться","gloss":"cries"},{"surface":"изуверов","lemma":"изувер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies кликами","gloss":"of the zealots"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поколебаться","lemma":"поколебаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"be shaken"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of загрустило","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies загрустило","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"загрустило","lemma":"загрустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with мог via но","gloss":"grew sad"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"затосковало","lemma":"затосковать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with загрустило","gloss":"ached"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, neuter, singular (indefinite)","role":"oblique complement of затосковало","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix)","role":"forms чем-то \"something\" with чем","gloss":"something","note":"-то attached to чем makes it indefinite: \"something\""},{"surface":"особливо","lemma":"особливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затосковало","gloss":"in particular"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with затосковало","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of почувствовал","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b7-c1-s153","source":"Он остановился и вдруг спросил себя: «Отчего сия грусть моя даже до упадка духа?» — и с удивлением постиг тотчас же, что сия внезапная грусть его происходит, по-видимому, от самой малой и особливой причины: дело в том, что в толпе, теснившейся сейчас у входа в келью, заприметил он между прочими волнующимися и Алешу и вспомнил он, что, увидав его, тотчас же почувствовал тогда в сердце своем как бы некую боль.","translation":"He stopped and suddenly asked himself: \"Why does this sadness of mine reach even to a faltering of the spirit?\" — and to his astonishment he grasped at once that this sudden sadness of his arose, apparently, from a cause most small and particular: the matter was that, in the crowd which had been pressing just now at the entrance to the cell, he had noticed, among the others who were agitated, Alyosha as well, and he remembered that, on catching sight of him, he had felt at that moment in his heart something like a pain.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отчего сия грусть моя даже до упадка духа?","title":"Archaic «сия» in inner speech","body":"Even Paisy's silent self-questioning is in elevated register: «сия грусть» ('this sadness') uses the bookish feminine demonstrative «сия». «Отчего» is 'why, from what', and «до упадка духа» means 'to the point of a faltering of spirit'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"теснившейся сейчас у входа толпе","title":"Past active participle «теснившейся»","body":"«Теснившейся» is a reflexive past active participle from «тесниться» (to crowd, press together), agreeing with «толпе» in the prepositional — 'the crowd that had been pressing'. It compresses a relative clause into the noun phrase, dense literary syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"увидав его, тотчас же почувствовал… как бы некую боль","title":"Perfective gerund «увидав» + «как бы»","body":"«Увидав» is the perfective past gerund 'on catching sight of', the prior action before «почувствовал». «Как бы некую боль» — 'something like a pain' — softens the feeling with the hedging «как бы» and the bookish indefinite «некий» (a certain)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of спросил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the quoted rhetorical question","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"сия","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of грусть","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"грусть","lemma":"грусть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the quoted clause","gloss":"sadness"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of грусть","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies до упадка духа","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упадка","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"упадка","lemma":"упадок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the (elided) predicate of грусть","gloss":"faltering"},{"surface":"духа","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies упадка","gloss":"of spirit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of постиг","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"постиг","lemma":"постичь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"grasped"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постиг","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of происходит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сия","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of грусть","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"внезапная","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies грусть","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"грусть","lemma":"грусть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of происходит","gloss":"sadness"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"determiner of грусть","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"происходит","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of постиг","gloss":"arose"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb (part of по-видимому)","role":"part of the phrase по-видимому, modifies происходит","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb (part of по-видимому)","role":"part of the phrase по-видимому, modifies происходит","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking причины","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies малой","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"малой","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies причины","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особливой","lemma":"особливый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with малой","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"причины","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of происходит","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause дело в том","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate with дело, antecedent of the following что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заприметил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking толпе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"толпе","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заприметил","gloss":"the crowd"},{"surface":"теснившейся","lemma":"тесниться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying толпе","gloss":"which had been pressing"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies теснившейся","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking входа","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"входа","lemma":"вход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of теснившейся","gloss":"the entrance"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келью","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"келью","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies входа","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"заприметил","lemma":"заприметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, explains том","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заприметил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнующимися","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"прочими","lemma":"прочий","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies волнующимися","gloss":"the others"},{"surface":"волнующимися","lemma":"волноваться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, instrumental, imperfective","role":"oblique complement of заприметил","gloss":"who were agitated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Алешу (also/too)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заприметил, coordinated with волнующимися","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вспомнил","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заприметил","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспомнил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of почувствовал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"увидав","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on почувствовал","gloss":"having caught sight of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увидав","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вспомнил","gloss":"had felt"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative/prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of почувствовал","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies боль","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"некую","lemma":"некий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of боль","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"боль","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of почувствовал","gloss":"pain"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b7-c1-s154","source":"«Да неужто же сей младый столь много значит ныне в сердце моем?» — вдруг с удивлением вопросил он себя.","translation":"\"Can it be that this young one means so much now to my heart?\" he suddenly asked himself in astonishment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да неужто же сей младый столь много значит","title":"Particle cluster «да… неужто же»","body":"A dense stack of modal particles: «да» (emphatic opener), «неужто» (surely not? can it be?), and intensifying «же». Together they voice astonished, half-incredulous self-interrogation — the texture of Dostoevsky's inner monologue."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сей младый","title":"«Младый» — Slavonic 'young (one)'","body":"«Младый» is the Church-Slavonic full-vowel doublet of «молодой» (young), substantivized as 'this young one' (Alyosha). Paired with «сей» ('this'), it keeps even Paisy's astonishment in solemn, elevated diction. «Вопросил» (asked) is likewise the bookish perfective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неужто (emphatic discourse marker)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle, interrogative (expressing disbelief)","role":"introduces the rhetorical question, modifies значит","gloss":"can it be that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неужто","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of младый","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"младый","lemma":"младый","morphology":"adjective used as noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of значит","gloss":"young one","note":"archaic form of молодой, used substantively to mean \"the young man\" (Alyosha)"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies много","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies значит","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"ныне","lemma":"ныне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies значит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative/prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of значит","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вопросил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вопросил","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"вопросил","lemma":"вопросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, frames the quoted question","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вопросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of вопросил","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b7-c1-s155","source":"В эту минуту Алеша как раз проходил мимо него, как бы поспешая куда-то, но не в сторону храма.","translation":"At that very minute Alyosha happened to be passing by him, as though hurrying somewhere, but not in the direction of the church.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как раз проходил мимо него","title":"Imperfective «проходил» for the passing moment","body":"«Проходил» is imperfective past — Alyosha was in the act of passing by just then («как раз»). The imperfective frames the ongoing motion that coincides with Paisy's thought. «Мимо него» governs the genitive after «мимо»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы поспешая куда-то","title":"Gerund «поспешая» + indefinite «куда-то»","body":"«Как бы поспешая» — 'as though hurrying' — is an imperfective gerund hedged by «как бы». «Куда-то» ('to somewhere', specific but unknown) uses the -то suffix marking a definite-but-unidentified destination."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проходил","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проходил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как раз, modifies проходил","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"проходил","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was passing"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проходил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies поспешая","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"поспешая","lemma":"поспешать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проходил","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда-то","morphology":"adverb (indefinite)","role":"modifies поспешая","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix)","role":"forms куда-то \"somewhere\" with куда","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в сторону храма","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проходил, coordinated via но","gloss":"direction"},{"surface":"храма","lemma":"храм","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сторону","gloss":"of the church"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b7-c1-s156","source":"Взоры их встретились.","translation":"Their eyes met.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Взоры их встретились","title":"«Взоры» — gazes (bookish plural)","body":"«Взор» is the elevated, poetic word for 'gaze, look' (vs. plain «взгляд»); the plural «взоры… встретились» — 'their gazes met' — has a literary loftiness fitting the charged moment between Paisy and Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Взоры","lemma":"взор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of встретились","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of Взоры","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"встретились","lemma":"встретиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"met"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b7-c1-s157","source":"Алеша быстро отвел свои глаза и опустил их в землю, и уже по одному виду юноши отец Паисий догадался, какая в минуту сию происходит в нем сильная перемена.","translation":"Alyosha quickly looked away and dropped his eyes to the ground, and from the young man's very look alone Father Paisy guessed what a powerful change was taking place in him at that moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже по одному виду юноши… догадался","title":"«По» + dative «виду» of basis","body":"«По одному виду» — 'from the look alone' — uses «по» governing the dative «виду» to express the basis of an inference. «Одному» here intensifies: by his very appearance alone. «Догадался» is perfective: he guessed (in one stroke)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какая… происходит в нем сильная перемена","title":"Embedded question with «какая»","body":"The interrogative-relative «какая» ('what kind of') opens an indirect question after «догадался»: 'guessed what a powerful change was taking place in him'. The present «происходит» inside past narration renders the change as vivid and ongoing at that moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отвел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвел","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"отвел","lemma":"отвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked away"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of отвел","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опустил","lemma":"опустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвел","gloss":"dropped"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of опустил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опустил","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies по одному виду (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виду","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies виду","gloss":"mere"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of догадался","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"юноши","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виду","gloss":"the young man's"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of догадался","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвел","gloss":"guessed"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of перемена","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of происходит (temporal)","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"сию","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"происходит","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of догадался","gloss":"was taking place"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of происходит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сильная","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies перемена","gloss":"powerful"},{"surface":"перемена","lemma":"перемена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of происходит","gloss":"change"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b7-c1-s158","source":"— Или и ты соблазнился? — воскликнул вдруг отец Паисий, — да неужто же и ты с маловерными! — прибавил он горестно.","translation":"\"Have you too been scandalized?\" Father Paisy suddenly exclaimed. \"Can it be that you too are with the men of little faith!\" he added grievously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Или и ты соблазнился?","title":"«Соблазниться» turned on Alyosha","body":"Paisy now aims the chapter's central verb «соблазниться» (to be scandalized, made to stumble in faith) at Alyosha himself — 'Have you too been scandalized?'. The «и ты» ('you too') links Alyosha to the wavering crowd. «Или» opens the anxious question."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с маловерными","title":"«Маловерные» — the men of little faith","body":"«Маловерные» (substantivized 'those of little faith') is the Gospel phrase (cf. Matthew's ὀλιγόπιστοι). Paisy fears Alyosha has joined them, and «горестно» (grievously) marks the pain of the question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты (also/too)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of соблазнился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"соблазнился","lemma":"соблазниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"been scandalized"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the exclamation, modifies неужто","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle, interrogative (expressing disbelief)","role":"introduces the rhetorical exclamation","gloss":"can it be that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неужто","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты (also/too)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elided copula (ты...с маловерными)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking маловерными","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"маловерными","lemma":"маловерный","morphology":"adjective used as noun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of the elided copula","gloss":"the doubters"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"горестно","lemma":"горестно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"grievously"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b7-c1-s159","source":"Алеша остановился и как-то неопределенно взглянул на отца Паисия, но снова быстро отвел глаза и снова опустил их к земле.","translation":"Alyosha stopped and gazed somehow uncertainly at Father Paisy, but again quickly looked away and again dropped his eyes to the ground.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"снова быстро отвел глаза и снова опустил их к земле","title":"Perfective verbs and anaphoric «снова»","body":"«Отвел» and «опустил» are perfective past, two completed gestures; the repeated «снова… снова» (again… again) marks them as a recurrence of s157's movement. «Их» (them) refers back to «глаза», his eyes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (indefinite)","role":"part of the phrase как-то, modifies взглянул","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix)","role":"forms как-то \"somehow\" with как","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"неопределенно","lemma":"неопределённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взглянул","gloss":"uncertainly"},{"surface":"взглянул","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взглянул","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисия","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвел","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"отвел","lemma":"отвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"looked away"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of отвел","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опустил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"опустил","lemma":"опустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"dropped"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of опустил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опустил","gloss":"the ground"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b7-c1-s160","source":"Стоял же боком и не повернулся лицом к вопрошавшему.","translation":"He stood sideways and did not turn his face toward the one who had questioned him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стоял же боком и не повернулся лицом","title":"Imperfective state vs. perfective non-event","body":"«Стоял боком» (imperfective) describes the standing posture as a continuing state; «не повернулся» (perfective) marks the single turn that did not occur. «Боком» and «лицом» are instrumentals of manner/orientation — sideways, face-on."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к вопрошавшему","title":"Substantivized participle «вопрошавший»","body":"«Вопрошавший» is a past active participle of the archaic «вопрошать» (to question) used as a noun — 'the one who had questioned'. Such participle-nouns, common in this passage, replace a full relative clause and keep the register bookish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He stood"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Стоял","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"боком","lemma":"боком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Стоял","gloss":"sideways"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Стоял","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of повернулся","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрошавшему, oblique complement of повернулся","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"вопрошавшему","lemma":"вопрошавший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"object of к","gloss":"the one questioning him","note":"Past active participle of вопрошать (\"to question\"); functions as a substantive, \"the one who had questioned.\""}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b7-c1-s161","source":"Отец Паисий наблюдал внимательно.","translation":"Father Paisy watched him attentively.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"наблюдал внимательно","title":"Imperfective «наблюдал» for sustained watching","body":"«Наблюдал» (was watching, observed) is imperfective past, presenting Paisy's attentive watching as an ongoing background activity against which Alyosha's gestures stand out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наблюдал","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Отец","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"наблюдал","lemma":"наблюдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"внимательно","lemma":"внимательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наблюдал","gloss":"attentively"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b7-c1-s162","source":"— Куда же поспешаешь? К службе благовестят, — вопросил он вновь, но Алеша опять ответа не дал.","translation":"\"Where are you hurrying to? They are ringing the bell for the service,\" he asked again, but Alyosha once more gave no answer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"К службе благовестят","title":"«Благовестить» — to ring for the service","body":"«Благовестить» (lit. 'to announce good tidings') is the church term for the single, measured tolling of the bell that summons the faithful to a service. The impersonal plural «благовестят» ('they are ringing') answers Alyosha's unspoken direction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Алеша опять ответа не дал","title":"Genitive of negation «ответа»","body":"«Не дал ответа» puts the object «ответа» in the genitive under negation rather than the accusative «ответ» — the genitive of negation, idiomatic in 'gave no answer'. «Опять» stresses the repeated silence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поспешаешь","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Куда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"поспешаешь","lemma":"поспешать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are you hurrying"},{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking службе","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"службе","lemma":"служба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of благовестят","gloss":"the service"},{"surface":"благовестят","lemma":"благовестить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they're ringing bells"},{"surface":"вопросил","lemma":"вопросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"he asked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вопросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вопросил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дал","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"ответа","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"an answer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дал","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вопросил","gloss":"gave"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b7-c1-s163","source":"— Али из скита уходишь? Как же не спросясь-то, не благословясь?","translation":"\"Or are you leaving the hermitage? And how, without asking leave, without a blessing?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Али из скита уходишь?","title":"«Али» — folk/archaic 'or'","body":"«Али» is the colloquial-archaic variant of «или» ('or, or is it that…'), giving Paisy's question a homely, folk-speech warmth. The «скит» is the hermitage, the secluded inner community within the monastery where Zosima lived."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же не спросясь-то, не благословясь?","title":"Negated gerunds «не спросясь, не благословясь»","body":"«Спросясь» and «благословясь» are perfective reflexive gerunds in the older -ясь form: 'without having asked leave, without having received a blessing'. The «же» and emphatic «-то» sharpen the reproachful tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Али","lemma":"али","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the question, modifies уходишь","gloss":"or","note":"Archaic/dialectal particle meaning \"or, is it that\" — not the name Ali."},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скита","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"скита","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уходишь","gloss":"the hermitage"},{"surface":"уходишь","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are you leaving"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросясь","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спросясь","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"спросясь","lemma":"спроситься","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asking leave"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes спросясь","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"Enclitic -то adds emphasis here (\"спросясь-то\"); it has no separate translation."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies благословясь","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"благословясь","lemma":"благословиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with спросясь","gloss":"taking a blessing"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b7-c1-s164","source":"Алеша вдруг криво усмехнулся, странно, очень странно вскинул на вопрошавшего отца свои очи, на того, кому вверил его, умирая, бывший руководитель его, бывший владыка сердца и ума его, возлюбленный старец его, и вдруг, всё по-прежнему без ответа, махнул рукой, как бы не заботясь даже и о почтительности, и быстрыми шагами пошел к выходным вратам вон из скита.","translation":"Alyosha suddenly gave a crooked smile, and strangely, very strangely, raised his eyes to the father who was questioning him — to the very man to whom his dying guide had entrusted him, the one who had been the master of his heart and mind, his beloved elder — and suddenly, still without a word as before, he waved his hand, as though caring nothing even for respect, and with rapid steps went off toward the gates leading out of the hermitage.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"криво усмехнулся… вскинул… свои очи","title":"«Очи» — eyes (poetic/Slavonic)","body":"«Очи» is the elevated, Church-Slavonic plural for 'eyes' (vs. plain «глаза»), lending a solemn, almost iconographic weight to Alyosha's strange upward glance. «Усмехнулся криво» — gave a crooked, bitter half-smile — signals his inner turmoil."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"того, кому вверил его, умирая, бывший руководитель","title":"Correlative «того… кому» + gerund «умирая»","body":"The correlative «того… кому»: «того» is accusative (object of «на» in «вскинул… на того»), while the relative «кому» is dative (governed by «вверил», entrusted). The imperfective gerund «умирая» ('as he was dying') frames the entrusting — Zosima on his deathbed gave Alyosha into Paisy's care."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бывший владыка сердца и ума его","title":"«Владыка» — sovereign, lord (and bishop)","body":"«Владыка» means 'lord, master, sovereign', and is also the title of address for an Orthodox bishop. Here it is metaphorical — Zosima the 'sovereign of his heart and mind' — with «бывший» (former) poignantly marking that this rule is now ending."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"махнул рукой, как бы не заботясь даже и о почтительности","title":"Gerund «не заботясь» under «как бы»","body":"«Махнул рукой» (made a dismissive wave) is followed by «как бы не заботясь» — 'as though caring nothing', a negated imperfective gerund hedged by «как бы». «О почтительности» (about respect) is prepositional after «о»; «даже и» heaps on the emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"криво","lemma":"криво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"wryly"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave a smile"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскинул","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies странно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскинул","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"вскинул","lemma":"вскинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with усмехнулся","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вопрошавшего","lemma":"вопрошавший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"questioning"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскинул","gloss":"the father"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of очи","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"очи","lemma":"очи","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of вскинул","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца, oblique complement of вскинул","gloss":"the very man"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of вверил","gloss":"to whom"},{"surface":"вверил","lemma":"вверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on того","gloss":"had entrusted"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вверил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"умирая","lemma":"умирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вверил","gloss":"dying"},{"surface":"бывший","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies руководитель","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"руководитель","lemma":"руководитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вверил","gloss":"guide","note":"Postponed subject: \"бывший руководитель его\" is who did the entrusting, though it follows вверил in the word order."},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies руководитель","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"бывший","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies владыка","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"владыка","lemma":"владыка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to руководитель","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies владыка","gloss":"of the heart"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сердца","gloss":"of the mind"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердца и ума","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"возлюбленный","lemma":"возлюбленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старец","gloss":"beloved"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to руководитель","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старец","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies махнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies по-прежнему","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-прежнему","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-прежнему, modifies махнул","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответа","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"ответа","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of без, modifies махнул","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"махнул","lemma":"махнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with усмехнулся","gloss":"waved"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of махнул","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заботясь, part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заботясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заботясь","lemma":"заботиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on махнул","gloss":"caring"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почтительности","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces даже","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking почтительности","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"почтительности","lemma":"почтительность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заботясь","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"быстрыми","lemma":"быстрый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies шагами","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"шагами","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"steps"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with усмехнулся","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вратам","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"выходным","lemma":"выходной","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies вратам","gloss":"exit"},{"surface":"вратам","lemma":"врата","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"gates"},{"surface":"вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скита","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"скита","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the hermitage"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b7-c1-s165","source":"— Возвратишься еще! — прошептал отец Паисий, смотря вослед ему с горестным удивлением.","translation":"\"You will come back yet!\" Father Paisy whispered, watching after him with grievous astonishment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Возвратишься еще!","title":"Perfective future «возвратишься»","body":"«Возвратишься» is a perfective simple future ('you will return / come back') — conjugated like a present but pointing to a single completed future act. With «еще» ('yet, still') it is Paisy's quiet, confident prophecy of Alyosha's return to faith."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотря вослед ему","title":"Gerund «смотря» + archaic «вослед»","body":"«Смотря вослед ему» — 'watching after him' — pairs the imperfective gerund «смотря» with the bookish «вослед» ('after, in the wake of'), governing the dative «ему». «С горестным удивлением» (with grievous astonishment) is instrumental of manner, closing the chapter on Paisy's sorrow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Возвратишься","lemma":"возвратиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you will come back"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Возвратишься","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"прошептал","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошептал","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прошептал","gloss":"watching"},{"surface":"вослед","lemma":"вослед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ему","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of вослед","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"горестным","lemma":"горестный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удивлением","gloss":"grievous"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"astonishment"}]}]}