{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b7-c2","title":{"source":"II. Такая минутка","translated":"A Critical Moment"},"section":"Book VII — Alyosha","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b7-c2","lines":86},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b7-c1","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b7-c3","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b7-c2-s1","source":"Отец Паисий, конечно, не ошибся, решив, что его «милый мальчик» снова воротится, и даже, может быть (хотя и не вполне, но всё же прозорливо), проник в истинный смысл душевного настроения Алеши.","translation":"Father Paisy, of course, was not mistaken in deciding that his \"dear boy\" would come back again, and even, perhaps (though not entirely, yet still with insight), saw into the true meaning of Alyosha's state of soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"решив","title":"«решив» — the perfective gerund","body":"«решив» is a perfective adverbial participle («деепричастие») from «решить» (to decide), formed with -в. It compresses a prior, completed act — «having decided» — into a single word attached to the main clause «не ошибся», and it shares that clause's subject, Father Paisy. Such gerund chains are a hallmark of Dostoevsky's literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проник в истинный смысл","title":"«проник» — perfective past of insight","body":"«проник» is the perfective past of «проникнуть» (to penetrate, see into); with «в + accusative» it means «saw into the true meaning». The perfective frames this as a single achieved act of understanding, set against the imperfective background description around it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прозорливо","title":"«прозорливо» — with spiritual insight","body":"«прозорливо» (adverb of «прозорливый») means «with penetrating insight, clear-sightedly». In a monastic context the noun «прозорливость» is almost a technical virtue — the gift of spiritual discernment attributed to an «старец» — so the word quietly aligns Paisy with that ideal even as the narrator hedges «хотя и не вполне» (though not entirely)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ошибся","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Отец","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ошибся","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ошибся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ошибся","lemma":"ошибиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was mistaken"},{"surface":"решив","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ошибся","gloss":"in deciding"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воротится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of мальчик","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воротится","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротится","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"воротится","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"complement of решив","gloss":"would come back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies проник, part of the phrase может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вполне","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вполне","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вполне","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проник (elliptical)","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прозорливо","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"прозорливо","lemma":"прозорливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проник (elliptical), coordinated with вполне","gloss":"with insight"},{"surface":"проник","lemma":"проникнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ошибся","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смысл","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"истинный","lemma":"истинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смысл","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"смысл","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проник","gloss":"meaning"},{"surface":"душевного","lemma":"душевный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies настроения","gloss":"of soul"},{"surface":"настроения","lemma":"настроение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies смысл","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies настроения","gloss":"Alyosha's"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b7-c2-s2","source":"Тем не менее признаюсь откровенно, что самому мне очень было бы трудно теперь передать ясно точный смысл этой странной и неопределенной минуты в жизни столь излюбленного мною и столь еще юного героя моего рассказа.","translation":"Nevertheless I confess frankly that it would now be very hard for me to convey clearly the exact sense of this strange, indistinct moment in the life of the so beloved and still so young hero of my tale.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне очень было бы трудно","title":"«мне… было бы трудно» — dative subject + conditional","body":"Two patterns combine here. The experiencer stands in the dative («мне»), with no nominative subject — the impersonal construction Russian loves for inner states. And «было бы» adds the particle «бы» to the past «было», making it conditional: «it would be hard for me». English needs a full subject, «it would be hard»; Russian needs only the dative person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь излюбленного мною и столь еще юного героя","title":"Genitive chain and predicate «мною»","body":"«героя» is in the genitive (after «смысл… минуты в жизни… героя»), and the modifiers «излюбленного… юного» agree with it in the genitive. «Излюбленного мною» is a past passive participle («beloved by me») whose agent stands in the instrumental, «мною» — the standard way Russian marks the doer of a passive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"столь","title":"«столь» — bookish «so»","body":"«столь» is the elevated, literary equivalent of «так» (so), repeated here for rhetorical weight: «столь излюбленного… столь еще юного». It belongs to the 19th-century narratorial register and would sound archaic in plain speech, where «так» serves."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"discourse marker, part of the phrase тем не менее","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Тем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase Тем","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"признаюсь","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I confess"},{"surface":"откровенно","lemma":"откровенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies признаюсь","gloss":"frankly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of трудно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of трудно","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трудно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to трудно","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of трудно","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"трудно","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of признаюсь","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"передать","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on трудно","gloss":"to convey"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передать","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"точный","lemma":"точный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смысл","gloss":"exact"},{"surface":"смысл","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of передать","gloss":"meaning"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"странной","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неопределенной","lemma":"неопределённый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with странной","gloss":"indistinct"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смысл","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"the life"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies излюбленного","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"излюбленного","lemma":"излюбленный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies героя","gloss":"beloved"},{"surface":"мною","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"agent of излюбленного","gloss":"by me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies юного","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"юного","lemma":"юный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies героя","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"героя","lemma":"герой","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"of the hero"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рассказа","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"рассказа","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies героя","gloss":"story"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b7-c2-s3","source":"На горестный вопрос отца Паисия, устремленный к Алеше: «Или и ты с маловерными?» — я, конечно, мог бы с твердостью ответить за Алешу: «Нет, он не с маловерными».","translation":"To Father Paisy's grieved question, fixed upon Alyosha—\"Are you too among those of little faith?\" —I could, of course, answer firmly on Alyosha's behalf: \"No, he is not among those of little faith.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"устремленный к Алеше","title":"«устремленный» — past passive participle","body":"«устремленный» (fixed, directed) is a past passive participle from «устремить», agreeing with «вопрос» in case, gender and number. It condenses a whole relative clause — «the question that was fixed upon Alyosha» — into one adjective-like modifier, a typical move of literary compression."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог бы с твердостью ответить","title":"«мог бы» — conditional with «бы»","body":"«мог бы ответить» = «could / would be able to answer» — the past «мог» plus the particle «бы» yields the irrealis. The narrator imagines a reply he is entitled to give but hasn't yet, the softening, hypothetical force that «бы» always carries."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"маловерными","title":"«маловерные» — those of little faith","body":"«Маловерный» (literally «little-faithed», мало + вера) is a Gospel word: in the Russian Bible Christ rebukes the disciples as «маловерные», «O ye of little faith» (Matthew 8:26). Paisy's question «Или и ты с маловерными?» casts Alyosha's crisis in scriptural terms, asking whether he too has joined the doubters."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Или и ты","title":"«Или и ты…» — the particle «и» as «too»","body":"Here «и» is not «and» but the emphatic particle «even / too»: «Are you too among…». Paisy's «Или и ты с маловерными?» echoes the cadence of «и ты, Брут» — a grieved «you as well?». Recognising «и» before a noun or pronoun as «even/also» is a common reading point."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"горестный","lemma":"горестный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"grieved"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"Father's"},{"surface":"Паисия","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Paisy's"},{"surface":"устремленный","lemma":"устремлённый","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устремленный","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the quoted question","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the implied copula with маловерными","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking маловерными?»","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"маловерными?»","lemma":"маловерный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"predicate of ты","gloss":"those of little faith","note":"Echoes the Gospel phrase \"of little faith\" (Matthew 8:26 etc.), used substantively here."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking твердостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"твердостью","lemma":"твёрдость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответить","gloss":"firmness"},{"surface":"ответить","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответить","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the reply","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the implied copula with маловерными","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies маловерными","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking маловерными","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"маловерными","lemma":"маловерный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"predicate of он","gloss":"those of little faith"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b7-c2-s4","source":"Мало того, тут было даже совсем противоположное: всё смущение его произошло именно оттого, что он много веровал.","translation":"Indeed, it was even quite the opposite: his whole distress arose precisely from the fact that he believed so much.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оттого, что он много веровал","title":"«оттого, что» — causal subordinator","body":"«Оттого что» (because, from the fact that) opens a subordinate clause of cause, set off by a comma, parallel to «потому что». The narrator pins the source of Alyosha's distress: not too little faith but «он много веровал» — he believed much. «Веровал» is the elevated, churchly verb «to have faith» (vs. ordinary «верить»)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Мало того","title":"«Мало того» — «what is more»","body":"«Мало того» is a fixed discourse connective, literally «little of that», meaning «moreover, what is more, and not only that». It pushes the argument one step further, here toward the paradox that Alyosha's trouble was «совсем противоположное» — the very opposite of unbelief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase того","gloss":"not only that"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Мало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies противоположное","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to противоположное","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies противоположное","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"противоположное","lemma":"противоположный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the opposite"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of смущение","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"смущение","lemma":"смущение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"distress"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of смущение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"arose"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оттого","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"оттого","lemma":"оттого","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"from the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of веровал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of веровал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веровал","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"веровал","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of оттого","gloss":"believed"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b7-c2-s5","source":"Но смущение всё же было, всё же произошло и было столь мучительно, что даже и потом, уже долго спустя, Алеша считал этот горестный день одним из самых тягостных и роковых дней своей жизни.","translation":"But the distress was there all the same, it had happened, and it was so agonizing that even afterward, long afterward, Alyosha counted that grievous day one of the most painful and fateful days of his life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь мучительно, что","title":"«столь… что» — degree + result","body":"«Столь мучительно, что…» sets up a result clause: «so agonizing that…». «Мучительно» is the short/adverbial neuter form, predicating intensity. The bookish «столь» (for «так») again raises the register of the narrator's confession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"одним из самых тягостных и роковых дней","title":"«считал… одним из… дней» — instrumental predicate","body":"After «считал» (counted, regarded), the predicate goes in the instrumental: «одним из… дней», «[as] one of… the days». This instrumental-of-predicate is standard after verbs of considering/regarding; «самых тягостных» is a superlative formed with «самый», declined to agree."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"роковых","title":"«роковой» — fateful, fatal","body":"«Роковой» (from «рок», fate, doom) means «fateful, fated, fatal» — heavy with the sense of inescapable destiny. It recurs through the chapter («роковая… минута») to mark this day as a turning point sealed by fate, not chance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"смущение","lemma":"смущение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"the distress"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"did happen"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to мучительно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучительно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"мучительно","lemma":"мучительный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"agonizing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of считал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потом","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потом","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies считал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долго","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with потом","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking долго","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of считал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"считал","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"counted"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"горестный","lemma":"горестный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"grievous"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of считал","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of считал","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дней","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies тягостных","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"тягостных","lemma":"тягостный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies дней","gloss":"painful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"роковых","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with тягостных","gloss":"fateful"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies одним","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дней","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b7-c2-s6","source":"Если же спросят прямо: «Неужели же вся эта тоска и такая тревога могли в нем произойти лишь потому, что тело его старца, вместо того чтобы немедленно начать производить исцеления, подверглось, напротив того, раннему тлению», то отвечу на это не обинуясь: «Да, действительно было так».","translation":"And if anyone should ask outright, \"Could all this anguish and such alarm really have arisen in him merely because the body of his elder, instead of beginning at once to work cures, had on the contrary fallen prey to early decay?\"—then I shall answer without dissembling: \"Yes, that is truly how it was.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если же спросят прямо","title":"«если… спросят» — open conditional","body":"«Если спросят» is a real (not hypothetical) conditional: «if [people] should ask». «Спросят» is the perfective simple future used impersonally (3rd-person plural with no stated subject = «one, people»). The particle «же» adds a slight insistence, «and if they do ask…»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вместо того чтобы немедленно начать","title":"«вместо того чтобы + infinitive»","body":"«Вместо того чтобы» (instead of) governs an infinitive clause: «instead of beginning at once to work cures». «Чтобы» here introduces not purpose but the substituted action; the construction is a fixed bookish frame for contrast."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подверглось… раннему тлению","title":"«подвергнуться + dative»","body":"«Подвергнуться» (to undergo, fall prey to) governs the dative: «подверглось… тлению» — «was subjected to / fell prey to decay». The -ся verb is here middle/intransitive. «Тлению» is dative of «тление»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не обинуясь","title":"«не обинуясь» — without hesitating","body":"«Не обинуясь» is an archaic gerund from the obsolete verb «обиноваться» (to hesitate, equivocate), surviving only in this frozen phrase «without dissembling, plainly, straight out». No modern speaker conjugates the base verb; the form is pure bookish-Slavonic ornament."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спросят","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"спросят","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отвечу","gloss":"they ask"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросят","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"Неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"could it really be"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Неужели","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тоска","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тоска","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тоска","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тревога","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"тревога","lemma":"тревога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тоска","gloss":"alarm"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произойти","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"произойти","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"arise"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произойти","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подверглось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тело","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of подверглось","gloss":"the body"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старца","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тело","gloss":"elder's"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"instead"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of вместо, part of the phrase вместо того чтобы","gloss":"of","note":"Idiom \"вместо того чтобы\" = \"instead of ...ing\"."},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начать","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"начать","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of чтобы","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"производить","lemma":"производить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начать","gloss":"to work"},{"surface":"исцеления","lemma":"исцеление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of производить","gloss":"cures"},{"surface":"подверглось","lemma":"подвергнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (тело ... подверглось ... тлению), oblique complement тлению","gloss":"fell prey"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of напротив","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"раннему","lemma":"ранний","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тлению","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"тлению","lemma":"тление","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative complement of подверглось","gloss":"decay"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отвечу","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"отвечу","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will answer"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обинуясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обинуясь","lemma":"обинуясь","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отвечу","gloss":"dissembling","note":"Archaic converb: \"не обинуясь\" = \"without evasion, straight out.\""},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the reply","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to так","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b7-c2-s7","source":"Попросил бы только читателя не спешить еще слишком смеяться над чистым сердцем моего юноши.","translation":"I would only ask the reader not to be in too great a hurry to laugh at my young man's pure heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Попросил бы только читателя","title":"«попросил бы» — softened conditional request","body":"«Попросил бы» (I would ask) is the conditional «бы» + perfective past, used to soften a request into politeness — «I would only ask». The subject «я» is dropped, recoverable from context; «читателя» is the animate accusative (= genitive form) object of «попросить»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не спешить еще слишком смеяться","title":"Negated infinitive of the request","body":"The request is «не спешить… смеяться» — «not to be in a hurry to laugh». «Не» negates the infinitive «спешить»; «смеяться» is a -ся verb that exists only in that reflexive form (to laugh). «Над + instrumental» («над чистым сердцем») gives the target of the laughter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would ask"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks Попросил as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Попросил","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"читателя","lemma":"читатель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Попросил","gloss":"the reader"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спешить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спешить","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Попросил, controlled by читателя","gloss":"hurry"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слишком","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спешить","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"смеяться","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of спешить","gloss":"to laugh"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердцем","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"чистым","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердцем","gloss":"pure"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеяться","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of юноши","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"юноши","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердцем","gloss":"young man's"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b7-c2-s8","source":"Сам же я не только не намерен просить за него прощенья или извинять и оправдывать простодушную его веру его юным возрастом, например, или малыми успехами в пройденных им прежде науках и проч., и проч., но сделаю даже напротив и твердо заявлю, что чувствую искреннее уважение к природе сердца его.","translation":"As for myself, far from intending to beg pardon for him, or to excuse and justify his guileless faith by his youth, say, or by his slight progress in the studies he had pursued earlier, and so on and so forth, I shall do quite the reverse and declare firmly that I feel a sincere respect for the nature of his heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только не намерен… но сделаю даже напротив","title":"«не только не…, но…» — correlative emphasis","body":"The frame «не только не X, но даже Y» (not only not X, but even Y) drives a strong rhetorical contrast: far from begging pardon, he will do the opposite. Note the double «не» on «не только не намерен» — both negators are needed; this is not redundancy but the standard shape of the correlative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оправдывать… его веру его юным возрастом","title":"Instrumental of means / cause","body":"«Оправдывать веру… юным возрастом… малыми успехами» uses the instrumental to express «by means of / on the grounds of»: to justify his faith «by his youth», «by his slight progress». The instrumental here names the explaining cause, not an instrument in the literal sense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"простодушную","title":"«простодушный» — guileless","body":"«Простодушный» (прост + душа, «simple-souled») means «guileless, naïve, open-hearted» — a sympathetic word for innocence rather than stupidity. The narrator applies it warmly to Alyosha's «вера» (faith), signalling his own siding with that simplicity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и проч., и проч.","title":"«и проч.» — «and so forth»","body":"«И проч.» abbreviates «и прочее» (and the rest, et cetera); doubled, «и проч., и проч.» means «and so on and so forth». The narrator waves away a list of conventional excuses with a faintly ironic, dismissive flourish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Сам","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of намерен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies намерен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"намерен","lemma":"намеренный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"intend"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of намерен","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"прощенья","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of просить","gloss":"forgiveness"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"извинять","lemma":"извинять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with просить","gloss":"excuse"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оправдывать","lemma":"оправдывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with просить","gloss":"justify"},{"surface":"простодушную","lemma":"простодушный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies веру","gloss":"guileless"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of веру","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"веру","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оправдывать","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of возрастом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"юным","lemma":"юный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies возрастом","gloss":"youthful"},{"surface":"возрастом","lemma":"возраст","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оправдывать","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies возрастом","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"малыми","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies успехами","gloss":"slight"},{"surface":"успехами","lemma":"успех","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of оправдывать, coordinated with возрастом","gloss":"progress"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking науках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пройденных","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, locative, perfective","role":"clause modifying науках","gloss":"pursued"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of пройденных","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пройденных","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"науках","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies успехами","gloss":"studies"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, abbreviation of и прочее","role":"coordinated with науках","gloss":"so on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, abbreviation of и прочее","role":"coordinated with проч (w32), repeated for emphasis","gloss":"so forth"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сделаю","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with намерен","gloss":"will do"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies напротив","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of сделаю","gloss":"the opposite"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заявлю","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"заявлю","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сделаю","gloss":"declare"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of чувствую","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чувствую","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заявлю","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"искреннее","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies уважение","gloss":"sincere"},{"surface":"уважение","lemma":"уважение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of чувствую","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking природе","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"природе","lemma":"природа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies уважение","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies природе","gloss":"of the heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b7-c2-s9","source":"Без сомнения, иной юноша, принимающий впечатления сердечные осторожно, уже умеющий любить не горячо, а лишь тепло, с умом хотя и верным, но слишком уж, судя по возрасту, рассудительным (а потому дешевым), такой юноша, говорю я, избег бы того, что случилось с моим юношей, но в иных случаях, право, почтеннее поддаться иному увлечению, хотя бы и неразумному, но всё же от великой любви происшедшему, чем вовсе не поддаться ему.","translation":"Without doubt, some other young man who takes the impressions of the heart cautiously, who already knows how to love not ardently but only lukewarmly, with a mind sound enough but, for his age, far too judicious (and therefore cheap)—such a young man, I say, would have avoided what befell mine; but in certain cases it is, truly, more honorable to give oneself up to some impulse, however unreasonable, that nonetheless springs from a great love, than not to give oneself up to it at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"принимающий… умеющий любить","title":"Present active participles stacking up","body":"«Принимающий» (taking) and «умеющий» (knowing how) are present active participles in -щий, each heading a clause that describes «иной юноша». They agree with «юноша» (masc. nom.) and replace «который»-clauses, letting Dostoevsky pile several characterising actions onto one noun before the sentence's verb arrives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"избег бы того, что случилось","title":"«избег бы» — conditional + «то, что»","body":"«Избег бы» is conditional (would have avoided) from perfective «избегнуть». Its object is the correlative «того, что случилось» — «that which happened»: «того» is the genitive object (after «избегать/избегнуть»), «что» the relative pronoun opening the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почтеннее поддаться… чем вовсе не поддаться","title":"«почтеннее… чем» — comparative with «чем»","body":"«Почтеннее» is the predicative comparative of «почтенный» (honorable) — «more honorable» — completed by «чем» (than): more honorable to yield than not to yield. The two infinitives «поддаться… не поддаться» are the things compared."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от великой любви происшедшему","title":"«происшедшему» — past active participle in the dative","body":"«Происшедшему» is a past active participle (from «произойти», to arise) agreeing with «увлечению» in the dative: «to an impulse that sprang from a great love». The participle sits after its noun and governs «от + genitive» («from a great love») — a compact literary relative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сомнения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сомнения","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"forms sentence adverbial with Без","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies юноша","gloss":"some other"},{"surface":"юноша","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic, resumed later by такой юноша","gloss":"young man"},{"surface":"принимающий","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying юноша","gloss":"who takes"},{"surface":"впечатления","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of принимающий","gloss":"impressions"},{"surface":"сердечные","lemma":"сердечный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies впечатления","gloss":"of the heart"},{"surface":"осторожно","lemma":"осторожно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимающий","gloss":"cautiously"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умеющий","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"умеющий","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying юноша","gloss":"who knows how"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умеющий","gloss":"to love"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies горячо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любить","gloss":"ardently"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тепло","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"тепло","lemma":"тепло","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любить, coordinated with горячо","gloss":"warmly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"умом","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement modifying юноша","gloss":"a mind"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of верным","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom хотя и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"верным","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies умом","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассудительным","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies слишком","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"судя","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies рассудительным","gloss":"judging"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возрасту","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"возрасту","lemma":"возраст","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of судя","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"рассудительным","lemma":"рассудительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies умом","gloss":"judicious"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дешевым","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"дешевым","lemma":"дешёвый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies умом, parenthetical","gloss":"cheap"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of юноша","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"юноша","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of избег","gloss":"young man"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"избег","lemma":"избежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, predicate of юноша","gloss":"would have avoided"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks избег as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of избег","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking юношей","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of юношей","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"юношей","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случилось","gloss":"young man"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"иных","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies случаях","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies почтеннее","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies почтеннее","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"почтеннее","lemma":"почтенный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"more honorable"},{"surface":"поддаться","lemma":"поддаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject complement of почтеннее","gloss":"to give in"},{"surface":"иному","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies увлечению","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"увлечению","lemma":"увлечение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of поддаться","gloss":"impulse"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom хотя бы","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom хотя бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies неразумному","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"неразумному","lemma":"неразумный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies увлечению, parenthetical","gloss":"unreasonable"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё же","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"великой","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of происшедшему","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"происшедшему","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, dative, perfective","role":"modifies увлечению, parenthetical","gloss":"springing"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause of поддаться (w67)","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поддаться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поддаться","lemma":"поддаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"parallel to поддаться (w50), object of чем","gloss":"to give in"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of поддаться (w67)","gloss":"to it"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b7-c2-s10","source":"А в юности тем паче, ибо неблагонадежен слишком уж постоянно рассудительный юноша и дешева цена ему — вот мое мнение!","translation":"And in youth all the more so, for a young man perpetually too judicious is not to be relied on, and his worth is cheap—that is my opinion!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тем паче","title":"«тем паче» — all the more so","body":"«Тем паче» is a bookish, slightly archaic fixed phrase meaning «all the more so» or «especially». The everyday modern equivalent is «тем более». Dostoevsky's narrator uses the older «паче» (from Church Slavonic) to give the sentence a solemn, sermon-like ring. Recognise it as a set expression; «паче» does not appear on its own in normal speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо неблагонадежен… юноша","title":"«ибо» + short adjective «неблагонадежен»","body":"«Ибо» is the archaic, bookish «for, because», beloved of 19th-century prose and Scripture. It introduces the reason, predicated with a short adjective: «неблагонадежен… юноша» — «a young man is unreliable». The short form «неблагонадежен» (vs. long «неблагонадёжный») is the predicative form proper to this elevated register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дешева цена ему","title":"«дешева цена ему» — «his worth is cheap»","body":"«Дешева цена ему» — literally «cheap [is] the price to/for him», i.e. he is of little value. «Дешева» is the short feminine adjective agreeing with «цена»; «ему» is a dative of reference («for him»). The image of a person's «цена» (price) being cheap recurs as the narrator's verdict on the over-prudent youth."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking юности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"юности","lemma":"юность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of паче","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom тем паче","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"паче","lemma":"паче","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of неблагонадежен","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"неблагонадежен","lemma":"неблагонадёжный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of юноша","gloss":"is unreliable"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постоянно","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies слишком","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"постоянно","lemma":"постоянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассудительный","gloss":"constantly"},{"surface":"рассудительный","lemma":"рассудительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying юноша","gloss":"judicious"},{"surface":"юноша","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of неблагонадежен","gloss":"young man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дешева","lemma":"дешёвый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with неблагонадежен, predicate of цена","gloss":"is cheap"},{"surface":"цена","lemma":"цена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дешева","gloss":"worth"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies цена","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мнение","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мнение","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мнение","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the exclamation","gloss":"opinion"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b7-c2-s11","source":"«Но, — воскликнут тут, пожалуй, разумные люди, — нельзя же всякому юноше веровать в такой предрассудок, и ваш юноша не указ остальным».","translation":"\"But,\"—sensible people will perhaps exclaim at this point—\"one cannot have every young man believing in such a superstition, and your young man is no rule for the rest.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нельзя же всякому юноше веровать","title":"«нельзя + dative + infinitive»","body":"«Нельзя… веровать» is an impersonal construction: «one cannot believe / must not believe». The logical subject «всякому юноше» (every young man) stands in the dative — the experiencer of permission/prohibition — with no nominative. The particle «же» adds exasperated insistence: «but one simply cannot…»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не указ","title":"«не указ» — «is no rule for»","body":"«Ваш юноша не указ остальным» uses «указ» (an order, decree) idiomatically: «X не указ Y-у» means «X is no rule / no authority for Y», i.e. you can't generalise from him. «Остальным» is dative («for the rest»). A crisp colloquial idiom set against the bookish narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"воскликнут","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"will exclaim"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнут","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнут","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"разумные","lemma":"разумный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"sensible"},{"surface":"люди,","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of воскликнут","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb, impersonal predicate","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"one cannot"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"всякому","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies юноше","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"юноше","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of веровать","gloss":"young man"},{"surface":"веровать","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предрассудок","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of предрассудок","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"предрассудок","lemma":"предрассудок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of веровать","gloss":"superstition"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of юноша","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"юноша","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of указ","gloss":"young man"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies указ","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"указ","lemma":"указ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, coordinated with нельзя-clause","gloss":"a rule"},{"surface":"остальным","lemma":"остальные","morphology":"adjective used as noun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of указ","gloss":"for the rest"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b7-c2-s12","source":"На это я отвечу опять-таки: да, мой юноша веровал, веровал свято и нерушимо, но я все-таки не прошу за него прощения.","translation":"To this I answer once again: yes, my young man believed, believed devoutly and unshakably, but even so I do not beg pardon for him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"веровал, веровал свято и нерушимо","title":"Emphatic repetition + adverbs","body":"The doubled «веровал, веровал» foregrounds the verb by sheer repetition, a rhetorical insistence common in Dostoevsky. «Свято и нерушимо» (devoutly and unshakably) are adverbs of manner; «нерушимо» (inviolably) is an elevated, near-liturgical word reinforcing the absoluteness of the faith."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"опять-таки","title":"«опять-таки» — «once again / for all that»","body":"«Опять-таки» (опять + the emphatic clitic -таки) means «once again, all the same, even so» — a concessive discourse marker the narrator uses to resume and press his point against an imagined objection. It recurs through this chapter as his argumentative tic."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отвечу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отвечу","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will answer"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom опять-таки","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom опять-таки","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to веровал","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of юноша","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"юноша","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of веровал","gloss":"young man"},{"surface":"веровал","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to отвечу","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"веровал","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with веровал (w10)","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"свято","lemma":"свято","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веровал","gloss":"devoutly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нерушимо","lemma":"нерушимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with свято","gloss":"unshakably"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прошу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё-таки","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прошу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прошу","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with веровал","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"прощения","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прошу","gloss":"pardon"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b7-c2-s13","source":"Видите ли: хоть я и заявил выше (и, может быть, слишком поспешно), что объясняться, извиняться и оправдывать героя моего не стану, но вижу, что нечто всё же необходимо уяснить для дальнейшего понимания рассказа.","translation":"You see: although I declared above (and, perhaps, too hastily) that I would not explain, excuse, or justify my hero, I now see that something must nonetheless be made clear for the further understanding of the tale.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть я и заявил выше","title":"«хоть… и» — concessive «although»","body":"«Хоть… и» (= «хотя… и») is the concessive frame «although, even though», with «и» reinforcing the concession: «although I did declare above…». The main clause «но вижу, что…» answers it with «но» (but). This «хоть… и…, но…» scaffolding is very characteristic of the narrator's argued, self-correcting voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оправдывать героя моего не стану","title":"«не стану + infinitive» — refusal in the future","body":"«Не стану… оправдывать» = «I shall not (set about to) justify». «Стать» + imperfective infinitive forms a future of inception/intention; negated, it expresses a firm refusal to do something. Word order puts «героя моего» before the verb for emphasis and the possessive «моего» after its noun in bookish style."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нечто всё же необходимо уяснить","title":"Impersonal «необходимо + infinitive»","body":"«Нечто… необходимо уяснить» — «something must be made clear». «Необходимо» is an impersonal predicate («it is necessary») governing the infinitive «уяснить»; «нечто» (a certain something, indefinite) is its object. No nominative subject appears."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Видите","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of заявил","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заявил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom хоть и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"заявил","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Видите","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"выше","lemma":"выше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заявил","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies заявил","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поспешно","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"поспешно","lemma":"поспешно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies заявил","gloss":"hastily"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of объясняться","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"объясняться","lemma":"объясняться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on стану","gloss":"explain myself"},{"surface":"извиняться","lemma":"извиняться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with объясняться","gloss":"excuse myself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оправдывать","lemma":"оправдывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with объясняться","gloss":"justify"},{"surface":"героя","lemma":"герой","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оправдывать","gloss":"hero"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of героя","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стану","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стану","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of заявил","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заявил","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of необходимо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of необходимо","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё же","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"необходимо","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"уяснить","lemma":"уяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on необходимо","gloss":"to clarify"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking понимания","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"дальнейшего","lemma":"дальнейший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies понимания","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"понимания","lemma":"понимание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уяснить","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"рассказа","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies понимания","gloss":"of the tale"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b7-c2-s14","source":"Вот что скажу: тут не то чтобы чудеса.","translation":"Here is what I shall say: it was not a matter of miracles.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тут не то чтобы чудеса","title":"«не то чтобы» — «not exactly / it isn't that»","body":"«Не то чтобы чудеса» is the hedging idiom «не то чтобы» — «it's not exactly / not so much a matter of miracles». It softens and qualifies a flat negation, signalling «not quite that, but something near it», and is a favourite of the groping, conversational narrator."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I shall say"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies то, adverbial of place","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то чтобы","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular, part of idiom","role":"part of the idiom не то чтобы","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom не то чтобы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чудеса","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"predicate noun of the clause","gloss":"miracles"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b7-c2-s15","source":"Не легкомысленное в своем нетерпении было тут ожидание чудес.","translation":"It was no frivolous, impatient expectation of miracles that was at work here.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не легкомысленное… было тут ожидание чудес","title":"Fronted predicate for emphasis","body":"Word order is rearranged for stress: the negated, modified predicate «Не легкомысленное в своем нетерпении… ожидание» is hurled to the front, the verb «было» in the middle, the subject «ожидание чудес» last. Russian's free order lets the new, contested point — that this was no «frivolous» expectation — land first."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"легкомысленное","title":"«легкомысленный» — frivolous, light-minded","body":"«Легкомысленный» (легк- «light» + мысль «thought») literally «light-minded» = «frivolous, flighty, thoughtless». It is the narrator's recurring keyword in this chapter, the charge he keeps fending off and finally half-accepts on his own behalf («с легкомыслием»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies легкомысленное","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"легкомысленное","lemma":"легкомысленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, modifies ожидание","gloss":"frivolous"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нетерпении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of нетерпении","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"нетерпении","lemma":"нетерпение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of легкомысленное","gloss":"impatience"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking ожидание and легкомысленное","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ожидание","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"expectation"},{"surface":"чудес","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies ожидание","gloss":"of miracles"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b7-c2-s16","source":"И не для торжества убеждений каких-либо понадобились тогда чудеса Алеше (это-то уже вовсе нет), не для идеи какой-либо прежней, предвзятой, которая бы восторжествовала поскорей над другою, — о нет, совсем нет: тут во всем этом и прежде всего, на первом месте, стояло пред ним лицо, и только лицо, — лицо возлюбленного старца его, лицо того праведника, которого он до такого обожания чтил.","translation":"And it was not for the triumph of any convictions that Alyosha needed miracles then (that, of course, not at all), nor for the sake of some earlier, preconceived idea that might prevail the sooner over another—oh no, not in the least: here, in all of this and above all, in the first place, there stood before him a face, and only a face—the face of his beloved elder, the face of that righteous man whom he revered to the point of adoration.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"понадобились тогда чудеса Алеше","title":"«понадобиться + dative» — needing, impersonally","body":"«Чудеса понадобились Алеше» — «miracles came to be needed by Alyosha». «Понадобиться» frames need impersonally: the thing needed («чудеса») is the grammatical subject, the needer («Алеше») is in the dative. English inverts this into «Alyosha needed miracles»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которая бы восторжествовала","title":"«которая бы…» — relative + irrealis «бы»","body":"Inside the relative clause «которая бы… восторжествовала», the particle «бы» makes the verb hypothetical: «an idea that might prevail». «Который» (relative «which») agrees with «идея» (fem.) yet the «бы» turns the clause into a wished-for, not asserted, outcome."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"праведника","title":"«праведник» — a righteous man","body":"«Праведник» is the «righteous one», a person of holy life — in Orthodox usage close to «saint» without canonisation. The elder Zosima is «тот праведник, которого он… чтил», the righteous man Alyosha revered; the word frames the whole offence of the decaying body as an injustice done to the righteous."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до такого обожания чтил","title":"«чтил» — imperfective of veneration","body":"«Чтил» is the imperfective past of «чтить» (to honour, venerate, revere) — an elevated verb of continuous reverence, here intensified by «до такого обожания» («to such adoration»). The imperfective fits a standing, habitual attitude rather than a single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies торжества","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking торжества","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"торжества","lemma":"торжество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of понадобились","gloss":"triumph"},{"surface":"убеждений","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies торжества","gloss":"of convictions"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies убеждений","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"либо","lemma":"либо","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase каких-либо, modifies убеждений","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"понадобились","lemma":"понадобиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were needed"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понадобились","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"чудеса","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of понадобились","gloss":"miracles"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of понадобились","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes это","gloss":"indeed","note":"the enclitic -то attaches to это for emphasis, not a separate pronoun."},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative particle, negative","role":"predicate of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"not so"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies идеи","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идеи","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"идеи","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понадобились","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of идеи","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"либо","lemma":"либо","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase какой-либо, determiner of идеи","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"прежней","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies идеи","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"предвзятой","lemma":"предвзятый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with прежней","gloss":"preconceived"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of восторжествовала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks восторжествовала as conditional/potential","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"восторжествовала","lemma":"восторжествовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on идеи","gloss":"prevail"},{"surface":"поскорей","lemma":"поскорее","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies восторжествовала","gloss":"the sooner"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другою","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"другою,","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective (substantive use), instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of восторжествовала","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative particle, negative","role":"main word of the exclamation о нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative particle, negative","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"in the least"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стояло","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of этом","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояло","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стояло","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase прежде всего","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"первом","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies стояло","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"стояло","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояло","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стояло","gloss":"a face"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лицо,","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with лицо","gloss":"a face"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to лицо","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"возлюбленного","lemma":"возлюбленный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старца","gloss":"beloved"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старца","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to лицо","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of праведника","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"праведника","lemma":"праведник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"righteous man"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of чтил","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чтил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обожания","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обожания","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"обожания","lemma":"обожание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of чтил","gloss":"adoration"},{"surface":"чтил","lemma":"чтить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on праведника","gloss":"revered"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b7-c2-s17","source":"То-то и есть, что вся любовь, таившаяся в молодом и чистом сердце его ко «всем и вся», в то время и во весь предшествовавший тому год, как бы вся временами сосредоточивалась, и может быть даже неправильно, лишь на одном существе преимущественно, по крайней мере в сильнейших порывах сердца его, — на возлюбленном старце его, теперь почившем.","translation":"The very thing is that all the love hidden away in his young and pure heart for \"one and all\", in that time and throughout the whole year leading up to it, seemed at times to gather wholly, and perhaps even wrongly, upon one being preeminently—at least in the strongest surgings of his heart—upon his beloved elder, now departed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"таившаяся в… сердце его","title":"«таившаяся» — past active participle, reflexive","body":"«Таившаяся» is a past active participle from the -ся verb «таиться» (to hide oneself, lie hidden), agreeing with «любовь» (fem.). The -ся gives it a middle, intransitive sense — love «that lay hidden» in his heart — and the participle replaces a «которая»-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сосредоточивалась… на одном существе","title":"«сосредоточивалась» — imperfective -ся of process","body":"«Сосредоточивалась» is imperfective past of the -ся verb «сосредоточиваться» (to become concentrated). The imperfective, with «временами» (at times), paints a recurring, ongoing gathering of his love «on one being» — process, not single completed event."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«всем и вся»","title":"«всем и вся» — «one and all»","body":"«Всем и вся» is a set phrase «everyone and everything, one and all». «Вся» here is an archaic neuter plural («all things»), not the modern feminine «вся»; the doublet «всем и вся» is fossilised and bookish. It names the universal love Alyosha is meant to feel, which the narrator says had narrowed onto Zosima alone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"теперь почившем","title":"«почивший» — Church-Slavonic «departed»","body":"«Почивший» (here in the prepositional, agreeing with «старце») is a past active participle of «почить», the solemn Church-Slavonic verb «to fall asleep, repose, pass away». Of the dead it is the reverent «departed, reposed in the Lord», far loftier than the plain «умерший»."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"the very thing"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes То","gloss":"indeed","note":"idiom то-то и есть = \"that's just it\"."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сосредоточивалась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любовь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сосредоточивалась","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"таившаяся","lemma":"таиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying любовь","gloss":"hidden"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"молодом","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чистом","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with молодом","gloss":"pure"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of таившаяся","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of таившаяся","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, plural (archaic idiom)","role":"coordinated with всем","gloss":"all","note":"«всем и вся» is a fixed archaic idiom meaning \"one and all\"."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сосредоточивалась","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking год","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of год","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"предшествовавший","lemma":"предшествовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies год","gloss":"leading up"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предшествовавший","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with время","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы, modifies сосредоточивалась","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"it were"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"временами","lemma":"временами","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сосредоточивалась","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"сосредоточивалась","lemma":"сосредоточиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of есть","gloss":"gathered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неправильно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"неправильно","lemma":"неправильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сосредоточивалась","gloss":"wrongly"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies существе","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking существе","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies существе","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"существе","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сосредоточивалась","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"преимущественно","lemma":"преимущественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies существе","gloss":"preeminently"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порывах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сильнейших","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural, superlative","role":"modifies порывах","gloss":"strongest"},{"surface":"порывах","lemma":"порыв","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сосредоточивалась","gloss":"surgings"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies порывах","gloss":"of heart"},{"surface":"его,","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердца","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старце","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"возлюбленном","lemma":"возлюбленный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старце","gloss":"beloved"},{"surface":"старце","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"restates существе, oblique complement of сосредоточивалась","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почившем","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"почившем","lemma":"почить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"clause modifying старце","gloss":"departed"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b7-c2-s18","source":"Правда, это существо столь долго стояло пред ним как идеал бесспорный, что все юные силы его и всё стремление их и не могли уже не направиться к этому идеалу исключительно, а минутами так даже и до забвения «всех и вся».","translation":"True, this being had stood before him so long as an indisputable ideal that all his young powers and their whole striving could not but turn toward this ideal exclusively, and at moments even to the point of forgetting \"one and all\".","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь долго стояло… что","title":"«столь… что» result clause again","body":"Another «столь… что» frame: «had stood so long… that…», yielding the result that all his powers «не могли уже не направиться» toward the ideal. The bookish «столь» sustains the elevated narratorial voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могли уже не направиться","title":"Double negation «не могли не…» — «could not but»","body":"«Не могли… не направиться» stacks two negatives to mean a strong positive: «could not but turn», i.e. were bound to turn. This «не мочь не + infinitive» is a standard idiom of inevitability; the inserted «уже» («by now») times it. «Направиться» is a -ся verb (to direct oneself)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стояло пред ним как идеал бесспорный","title":"«пред» — archaic «перед»","body":"«Пред» is the shortened, bookish/Church-Slavonic form of the preposition «перед» (before, in front of), governing the instrumental «ним». Dostoevsky favours «пред» in elevated narration; «бесспорный идеал» (indisputable ideal) is inverted, the adjective trailing its noun for weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, modifies the whole clause","gloss":"True"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of существо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стояло","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долго","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стояло","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"стояло","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had stood"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояло","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"preposition marking идеал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"идеал","lemma":"идеал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояло","gloss":"ideal"},{"surface":"бесспорный","lemma":"бесспорный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies идеал","gloss":"indisputable"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"юные","lemma":"юный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies силы","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"powers"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of стремление","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"стремление","lemma":"стремление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with силы","gloss":"striving"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies стремление","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of стояло","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies направиться","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies направиться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"направиться","lemma":"направиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идеалу","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of идеалу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"идеалу","lemma":"идеал","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направиться","gloss":"ideal"},{"surface":"исключительно","lemma":"исключительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies направиться","gloss":"exclusively"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"минутами","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with исключительно, modifies направиться","gloss":"at moments"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забвения","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забвения","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забвения","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забвения","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"забвения","lemma":"забвение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of направиться","gloss":"forgetting"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies забвения","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, plural (archaic idiom)","role":"coordinated with всех","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b7-c2-s19","source":"(Он вспоминал потом сам, что в тяжелый день этот забыл совсем о брате Дмитрии, о котором так заботился и тосковал накануне; забыл тоже снести отцу Илюшечки двести рублей, что с таким жаром намеревался исполнить тоже накануне).","translation":"(He himself recalled afterward that on this heavy day he had forgotten altogether about his brother Dmitri, over whom he had fretted and grieved the day before; he had forgotten, too, to carry the two hundred rubles to Ilyushechka's father, which he had so eagerly meant to do, also the day before.)","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"о котором так заботился и тосковал","title":"«о котором» — relative in the prepositional","body":"«О котором… заботился и тосковал» — the relative «который» takes the prepositional case demanded by «о» (about), agreeing with «брате Дмитрии» in masculine singular. «Заботиться о ком» (to care about) and «тосковать о ком» (to grieve/long for) both govern «о + prepositional»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Илюшечки","title":"«Илюшечка» — a tender diminutive","body":"«Илюшечка» is a doubly-affectionate diminutive of the name Илья/Илюша, the dying boy Ilyusha — the suffix -ечк- pours pity and tenderness into the name. Russian builds whole ladders of such forms (Илья → Илюша → Илюшечка), each a calibrated dose of feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспоминал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"вспоминал","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспоминал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of забыл","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тяжелый","lemma":"тяжёлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыл","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вспоминал","gloss":"had forgotten"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брате","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"брате","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыл","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрии","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брате","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заботился","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заботился","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"заботился","lemma":"заботиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on брате","gloss":"had fretted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тосковал","lemma":"тосковать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заботился","gloss":"grieved"},{"surface":"накануне","lemma":"накануне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тосковал","gloss":"the day before"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with забыл","gloss":"had forgotten"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies снести","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"снести","lemma":"снести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of забыл","gloss":"to carry"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of снести","gloss":"to the father"},{"surface":"Илюшечки","lemma":"Илюшечка","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отцу","gloss":"of Ilyushechka"},{"surface":"двести","lemma":"двести","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of снести","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of исполнить","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жаром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of жаром","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"жаром","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of намеревался","gloss":"eagerness"},{"surface":"намеревался","lemma":"намереваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause on рублей","gloss":"had meant"},{"surface":"исполнить","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of намеревался","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накануне","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"накануне","lemma":"накануне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исполнить","gloss":"the day before"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b7-c2-s20","source":"Но не чудес опять-таки ему нужно было, а лишь «высшей справедливости», которая была, по верованию его, нарушена и чем так жестоко и внезапно было поранено сердце его.","translation":"But again, it was not miracles he needed, only the \"higher justice\" that, by his belief, had been violated—and by which his heart had been so cruelly and suddenly wounded.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не чудес… ему нужно было, а лишь «высшей справедливости»","title":"Genitive of negation + «не… а» contrast","body":"«Не чудес… нужно было, а… справедливости» sets «не X, а Y» (not X but Y), and both nouns stand in the genitive: under negation/need, «чудес» and «справедливости» take the genitive rather than nominative. «Ему» is the dative experiencer of «нужно было»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которая была… нарушена","title":"«была нарушена» — periphrastic passive","body":"«Была нарушена» is the past passive: «был/была» + short past passive participle («нарушена», from «нарушить», to violate), agreeing with «справедливость» (fem.). This быть + short participle is the standard way to state a completed result in the passive — «had been violated»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чудес","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"чудес","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"subject of нужно (genitive of negation)","gloss":"miracles"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom опять-таки, modifies нужно","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom опять-таки, modifies нужно","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of нужно","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нужно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies справедливости","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"высшей","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies справедливости","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"справедливости","lemma":"справедливость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with чудес (parallel object of нужно)","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive нарушена","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of нарушена","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking верованию","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"верованию","lemma":"верование","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нарушена","gloss":"belief"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies верованию","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"нарушена","lemma":"нарушить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on справедливости","gloss":"violated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental agent of поранено","gloss":"by which"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жестоко","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"жестоко","lemma":"жестоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поранено","gloss":"cruelly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поранено","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of поранено","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"поранено","lemma":"поранить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нарушена","gloss":"wounded"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive поранено","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b7-c2-s21","source":"И что в том, что «справедливость» эта, в ожиданиях Алеши, самим даже ходом дела, приняла форму чудес, немедленно ожидаемых от праха обожаемого им бывшего руководителя его?","translation":"And what of it that this \"justice\", in Alyosha's expectations, took, by the very course of events, the form of miracles awaited at once from the remains of his adored former guide?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И что в том, что…","title":"«что в том, что…» — «what of it that…»","body":"«И что в том, что…» is a rhetorical idiom: «and what of it that…», dismissing an objection as unimportant. The first «что» is the interrogative («what»), «в том» a prepositional pointer, the second «что» the subordinating conjunction opening the fact-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"немедленно ожидаемых от праха","title":"«ожидаемых» — present passive participle","body":"«Ожидаемых» is a present passive participle in -ем- from «ожидать» (to await): «[miracles] being awaited», agreeing with «чудес» in the genitive plural. The -ем-/-им- present passive is rare and decidedly bookish, exactly the literary texture Dostoevsky reaches for."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"праха","title":"«прах» — dust, mortal remains","body":"«Прах» means «dust, ashes» and, of a body, «mortal remains» — with a biblical undertone («прах ты и в прах возвратишься», dust thou art). «От праха… руководителя» — miracles awaited «from the remains» of his guide — gives the dead elder's body a solemn, scriptural cast."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"main interrogative of the clause (что в том = \"what of it\")","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"anticipates the что-clause (справедливость... приняла форму)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приняла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"справедливость","lemma":"справедливость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приняла","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies справедливость","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ожиданиях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ожиданиях","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of приняла","gloss":"expectations"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ожиданиях","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"самим","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ходом","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ходом","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ходом","lemma":"ход","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приняла","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ходом","gloss":"of events"},{"surface":"приняла","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"форму","lemma":"форма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of приняла","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"чудес","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies форму","gloss":"of miracles"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидаемых","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ожидаемых","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies чудес","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking праха","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"праха","lemma":"прах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ожидаемых","gloss":"remains"},{"surface":"обожаемого","lemma":"обожаемый","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies руководителя","gloss":"adored"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обожаемого","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"бывшего","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies руководителя","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"руководителя","lemma":"руководитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies праха","gloss":"guide"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies руководителя","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b7-c2-s22","source":"Но ведь так мыслили и ожидали и все в монастыре, те даже, пред умом которых преклонялся Алеша, сам отец Паисий например, и вот Алеша, не тревожа себя никакими сомнениями, облек и свои мечты в ту же форму, в какую и все облекли.","translation":"But everyone in the monastery thought and expected the same, even those before whose intellect Alyosha bowed, Father Paisy himself, for instance; and so Alyosha, untroubling himself with any doubts, cast his own dreams into the very form into which all the rest had cast theirs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред умом которых преклонялся Алеша","title":"Fronted preposition + relative «которых»","body":"«Пред умом которых преклонялся Алеша» — «before whose intellect Alyosha bowed». The preposition «пред» pulls its phrase, with the relative «которых» (genitive, «whose»), to the front of the clause, and the verb «преклонялся» (-ся, to bow/prostrate oneself) precedes its subject — bookish inversion throughout."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не тревожа себя никакими сомнениями","title":"«не тревожа» — negated gerund + «никакими»","body":"«Не тревожа себя никакими сомнениями» — «untroubling himself with any doubts». «Тревожа» is an imperfective gerund (while not troubling), «себя» the reflexive object pronoun, and «никакими сомнениями» a negative-concord instrumental: the «ни-» word «никакими» pairs with the gerund's «не» to mean «with no doubts at all»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"облек… свои мечты в ту же форму","title":"«облечь в форму» — to clothe in a form","body":"«Облек… в… форму» — «облечь во что» literally «to clothe / invest in», here metaphorical: Alyosha «облек свои мечты в ту же форму», cast (clothed) his dreams in the same form as everyone else. «Облечь» is an elevated, slightly archaic verb; «свои» is the reflexive possessive (his own dreams)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мыслили","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мыслили","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"мыслили","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ожидали","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мыслили","gloss":"expected"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies все","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of мыслили","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мыслили","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to все","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies те","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"умом","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of преклонялся","gloss":"intellect"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies умом","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"преклонялся","lemma":"преклоняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on те","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of преклонялся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отец","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to те","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"Паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paisy"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отец Паисий","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Алеша","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of облек","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тревожа","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тревожа","lemma":"тревожить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"modifies облек (converb clause)","gloss":"troubling"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of тревожа","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"никакими","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of сомнениями","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"сомнениями","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of тревожа","gloss":"doubts"},{"surface":"облек","lemma":"облечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мечты","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мечты","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"мечты","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of облек","gloss":"dreams"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking форму","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of форму","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"форму","lemma":"форма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of облек","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking какую","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of облекли (relative, refers to форму)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of облекли","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"облекли","lemma":"облечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the relative clause introduced by какую","gloss":"had cast"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b7-c2-s23","source":"Да и давно уже это так устроилось в сердце его, целым годом монастырской жизни его, и сердце его взяло уже привычку так ожидать.","translation":"And besides, it had long since been so arranged in his heart, by a whole year of his monastery life, and his heart had already taken up the habit of expecting just so.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это так устроилось… целым годом","title":"«устроилось» + instrumental of agent/cause","body":"«Устроилось» is the -ся middle/passive of «устроить» (to arrange) — «it had got itself arranged». Its cause stands in the instrumental: «целым годом монастырской жизни» — «by a whole year of monastery life», the instrumental naming the agent that did the arranging."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"взяло… привычку","title":"«взять привычку» — to take up a habit","body":"«Сердце его взяло… привычку так ожидать» — «взять привычку (+ infinitive)» is the idiom «to take up / get into the habit of». «Так ожидать» = «to expect just so»; the heart is personified as the one that acquires the habit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and besides"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устроилось","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of устроилось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устроилось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"устроилось","lemma":"устроиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was arranged"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of устроилось","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"целым","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies годом","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"годом","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устроилось","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"монастырской","lemma":"монастырский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies годом","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of взяло","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"взяло","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with устроилось","gloss":"had taken"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взяло","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"привычку","lemma":"привычка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взяло","gloss":"the habit"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидать","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"ожидать","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of привычку","gloss":"of expecting"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b7-c2-s24","source":"Но справедливости жаждал, справедливости, а не токмо лишь чудес!","translation":"But it was justice he thirsted for, justice, and not merely miracles alone!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"справедливости жаждал","title":"«жаждать + genitive»","body":"«Жаждать» (to thirst for, crave) governs the genitive of its object: «справедливости жаждал» — «it was justice he thirsted for». The object is fronted and repeated for passionate emphasis. «Жаждать» is a lofty, near-biblical verb, far above the plain «хотеть»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не токмо","title":"«токмо» — archaic «only»","body":"«Не токмо лишь чудес» uses «токмо», the Church-Slavonic/archaic form of «только» (only). Pairing it with «лишь» («не токмо лишь») doubles the «merely» for solemn emphasis — a deliberately old-fashioned, scriptural cadence in the narrator's exclamation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"справедливости","lemma":"справедливость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of жаждал","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"жаждал","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he thirsted for"},{"surface":"справедливости","lemma":"справедливость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with справедливости (emphatic repetition)","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies токмо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"токмо","lemma":"токмо","morphology":"particle, archaic","role":"modifies чудес","gloss":"merely","note":"Archaic/Church Slavonic word for 'only', doubled here with лишь for emphasis."},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чудес","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чудес","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of жаждал (negated, coordinated with справедливости)","gloss":"miracles"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b7-c2-s25","source":"И вот тот, который должен бы был, по упованиям его, быть вознесен превыше всех в целом мире, — тот самый вместо славы, ему подобавшей, вдруг низвержен и опозорен!","translation":"And now the very one who ought, by his hopes, to have been exalted above all others in the whole world—that very one, instead of the glory due him, was suddenly cast down and disgraced!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"должен бы был… быть вознесен","title":"«должен бы был» — conditional obligation","body":"«Должен бы был быть вознесен» layers the conditional onto obligation: «должен» (ought) + «бы» + past «был» = «ought to have been». «Вознесен» is a short past passive participle (from «вознести», to exalt), so the whole = «ought to have been exalted». A dense, formal periphrasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг низвержен и опозорен","title":"Short passive participles «низвержен… опозорен»","body":"«Низвержен и опозорен» are short past passive participles (from «низвергнуть», to cast down, and «опозорить», to disgrace), predicating a sudden completed state: «[was] cast down and disgraced». The short form is the predicate-only passive, here with «был» understood."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"превыше всех","title":"«превыше» — bookish «above»","body":"«Превыше всех» — «above all others» — uses «превыше», an elevated comparative-preposition («higher than, above») governing the genitive «всех». It is loftier than plain «выше» and lends the sentence its almost liturgical sweep of exaltation."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вознесен","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"relative clause on тот","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of должен","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должен","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упованиям","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"упованиям","lemma":"упование","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of вознесен","gloss":"hopes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies упованиям","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of вознесен","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"вознесен","lemma":"вознести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"exalted"},{"surface":"превыше","lemma":"превыше","morphology":"preposition, comparative","role":"modifies вознесен","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of превыше","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"целом","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мире","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"мире,","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive низвержен","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking славы","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"славы","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of низвержен","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подобавшей","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"подобавшей","lemma":"подобать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying славы","gloss":"due to"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies низвержен","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"низвержен","lemma":"низвергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to вознесен","gloss":"cast down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опозорен","lemma":"опозорить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with низвержен","gloss":"disgraced"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b7-c2-s26","source":"За что?","translation":"For what?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"За что?","title":"«За что?» — «for what / why»","body":"«За что?» (literally «for what?») is the idiomatic «why?», but specifically «for what cause / what did he do to deserve it?» — a cry of injustice, distinct from neutral «почему». «За» governs the accusative «что». One of the chapter's hammered, one-line questions."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b7-c2-s27","source":"Кто судил?","translation":"Who had judged?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто судил?","title":"«судил» — imperfective past of «судить»","body":"«Кто судил?» — «Who judged / passed judgment?». «Судить» (to judge) is imperfective; here the bare past asks who performed the act of judging. Note «кто» always takes masculine singular agreement on its verb («судил»), whatever the real referent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of судил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"судил","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had judged"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b7-c2-s28","source":"Кто мог так рассудить? — вот вопросы, которые тотчас же измучили неопытное и девственное сердце его.","translation":"Who could pass such a judgment?—these were the questions that at once tormented his inexperienced and virgin heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто мог так рассудить?","title":"«рассудить» — perfective «to judge / decide»","body":"«Мог… рассудить» — «could pass such a judgment». «Рассудить» is the perfective (to judge a matter through, reach a verdict), against the imperfective «судил» of the previous line; the prefix «рас-» perfectivises and adds the sense of deciding a case. The shift sharpens the rhetorical escalation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые тотчас же измучили… сердце","title":"«которые… измучили» — relative + perfective","body":"«Которые тотчас же измучили… сердце» — the relative «которые» (agreeing with «вопросы») heads a clause whose verb «измучили» is perfective («утомить до изнеможения», to torment thoroughly). The prefix «из-» intensifies; «тотчас же» («at once», with insistent «же») marks the suddenness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассудить","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"рассудить?","lemma":"рассудить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"here were"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the questions"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of измучили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies измучили","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"измучили","lemma":"измучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on вопросы","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"неопытное","lemma":"неопытный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"inexperienced"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"девственное","lemma":"девственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with неопытное","gloss":"virgin"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of измучили","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b7-c2-s29","source":"Не мог он вынести без оскорбления, без озлобления даже сердечного, что праведнейший из праведных предан на такое насмешливое и злобное глумление столь легкомысленной и столь ниже его стоявшей толпе.","translation":"He could not bear, without offense, without even a bitterness of heart, that the most righteous of the righteous should be given over to such mocking and malicious derision by a crowd so frivolous and standing so far beneath him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не мог он вынести без оскорбления","title":"Fronted negation + «без + genitive»","body":"«Не мог он вынести» fronts the negated verb before the subject «он» for emphasis. The repeated «без оскорбления, без озлобления» uses «без + genitive» (without) — «without offense, without bitterness» — the preposition «без» always governing the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"праведнейший из праведных","title":"«праведнейший из праведных» — superlative + genitive","body":"«Праведнейший из праведных» — «the most righteous of the righteous», a Hebraic-style superlative. «Праведнейший» is the bookish suffixal superlative in -ейший (vs. periphrastic «самый праведный»); «из праведных» is the partitive genitive plural. The whole rings like Scripture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь ниже его стоявшей толпе","title":"«стоявшей» — past active participle in the dative","body":"«Столь ниже его стоявшей толпе» — «to a crowd standing so far beneath him». «Стоявшей» is a past active participle of «стоять», agreeing with «толпе» in the dative (after «предан… толпе»). «Ниже его» («below him») is comparative «ниже» + genitive of comparison."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"глумление","title":"«глумление» — mockery, derision","body":"«Глумление» is cruel, jeering mockery — «derision, scoffing» — heavier and more contemptuous than ordinary «насмешка». «Предан на… глумление» («given over to derision») carries an echo of Christ «handed over» to be mocked, sharpening the sense of a holy figure profaned."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вынести","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"bear"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оскорбления","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"оскорбления","lemma":"оскорбление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынести","gloss":"offense"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking озлобления","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"озлобления","lemma":"озлобление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынести","gloss":"bitterness"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердечного","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сердечного","lemma":"сердечный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies озлобления","gloss":"of heart"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предан","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"праведнейший","lemma":"праведный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предан","gloss":"the most righteous"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking праведных","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"праведных","lemma":"праведный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural (substantive)","role":"oblique complement of праведнейший","gloss":"the righteous"},{"surface":"предан","lemma":"предать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of что-clause","gloss":"was given over"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глумление","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of насмешливое","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"насмешливое","lemma":"насмешливый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies глумление","gloss":"mocking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"злобное","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with насмешливое","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"глумление","lemma":"глумление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of предан","gloss":"derision"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легкомысленной","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"легкомысленной","lemma":"легкомысленный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies толпе","gloss":"frivolous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ниже","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ниже","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with легкомысленной","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ниже","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"стоявшей","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"modifies толпе","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"толпе","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of предан","gloss":"a crowd"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b7-c2-s30","source":"Ну и пусть бы не было чудес вовсе, пусть бы ничего не объявилось чудного и не оправдалось немедленно ожидаемое, но зачем же объявилось бесславие, зачем попустился позор, зачем это поспешное тление, «предупредившее естество», как говорили злобные монахи?","translation":"Well, suppose there had been no miracles at all, suppose nothing wondrous had appeared and what was awaited had not been justified at once—but why had infamy appeared, why had disgrace been suffered, why this hasty decay that \"forestalled nature\", as the malicious monks put it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть бы не было чудес… пусть бы ничего не объявилось","title":"«пусть бы» — concessive «suppose / let it be that»","body":"«Пусть бы не было… пусть бы… не объявилось» uses «пусть бы» (let it be even that, suppose) + past = a hypothetical concession: «suppose there had been no miracles». «Не было чудес» is the genitive of negation with «не было» (no miracles existed); «объявилось» is -ся (came to light)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зачем же объявилось бесславие, зачем попустился позор","title":"Anaphora of «зачем» + «же»","body":"The triple «зачем… зачем… зачем» (why) hammers the protest, the first reinforced by «же» («why on earth»). «Попустился» is the -ся form «попуститься» (to be allowed/suffered to happen), framing the disgrace as something permitted from above."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«предупредившее естество»","title":"«предупредить естество» — to forestall nature","body":"«Предупредившее естество» — «that forestalled nature». «Предупредить» here is the older sense «to anticipate, get ahead of, forestall» (not «warn»); «естество» is the bookish word for «nature». The phrase is the malicious monks' formula for the abnormally swift decay — decay that ran ahead of natural time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies пусть","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"чудес","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"subject of было","gloss":"miracles"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies объявилось","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of объявилось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of объявилось","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies объявилось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"объявилось","lemma":"объявиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"чудного","lemma":"чудной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of объявилось","gloss":"wondrous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оправдалось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оправдалось","lemma":"оправдаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"was justified"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оправдалось","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"ожидаемое","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"subject of оправдалось","gloss":"what was awaited"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявилось","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зачем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"объявилось","lemma":"объявиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"бесславие","lemma":"бесславие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of объявилось","gloss":"infamy"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попустился","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"попустился","lemma":"попуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"was suffered"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попустился","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тление","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of тление","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"поспешное","lemma":"поспешный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тление","gloss":"hasty"},{"surface":"тление","lemma":"тление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with позор","gloss":"decay"},{"surface":"предупредившее","lemma":"предупредить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies тление","gloss":"forestalling"},{"surface":"естество","lemma":"естество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предупредившее","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорили","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to было","gloss":"put it"},{"surface":"злобные","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies монахи","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"монахи","lemma":"монах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"monks"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b7-c2-s31","source":"Зачем это «указание», которое они с таким торжеством выводят теперь вместе с отцом Ферапонтом, и зачем они верят, что получили даже право так выводить?","translation":"Why this \"sign\" that they now draw forth with such triumph along with Father Ferapont, and why do they believe they have even gained the right to draw it forth?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которое они… выводят теперь","title":"«которое… выводят» — relative + imperfective present","body":"«Которое они… выводят теперь» — the relative «которое» (agreeing with «указание», neut.) heads a clause in the imperfective present «выводят» («they draw forth / deduce»), the ongoing, repeated action they are performing «now». Russian's present tense exists only for the imperfective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указание","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of указание","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"указание","lemma":"указание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выводят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of выводят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking торжеством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of торжеством","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"торжеством","lemma":"торжество","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выводят","gloss":"triumph"},{"surface":"выводят","lemma":"выводить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on указание","gloss":"draw forth"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выводят","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выводят","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ферапонтом","lemma":"Ферапонт","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отцом","gloss":"Ferapont"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верят","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of верят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"верят","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выводят","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of получили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"получили","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of верят","gloss":"they have gained"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies право","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of получили","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выводить","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"выводить","lemma":"выводить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies право","gloss":"to draw it forth"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b7-c2-s32","source":"Где же провидение и перст его?","translation":"Where, then, is Providence and its finger?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"провидение и перст его","title":"«провидение» — Providence","body":"«Провидение» is «Providence», God's watchful governance of the world (related to «предвидеть», to foresee). «Перст его» — «its finger» — points to the next note: together «провидение и перст его» asks where divine will has shown its hand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Где","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"провидение","lemma":"провидение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Где","gloss":"Providence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"перст","lemma":"перст","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with провидение","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies перст","gloss":"its"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b7-c2-s33","source":"К чему сокрыло оно свой перст «в самую нужную минуту» (думал Алеша) и как бы само захотело подчинить себя слепым, немым, безжалостным законам естественным?","translation":"Why had it hidden its finger \"at the very moment of need\" (thought Alyosha), as if it had itself chosen to submit to the blind, mute, pitiless laws of nature?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"перст","title":"«перст» and the finger of Providence","body":"«Перст» is the archaic, biblical word for «finger» (the ordinary modern word is «палец»). It survives almost only in the set religious phrase «перст Божий / перст провидения», «the finger of God / of Providence», meaning a visible sign of divine will — which is why we render «перст его» as 'its finger' in the sense of Providence's. The lofty vocabulary marks Alyosha's anguished, prayer-like questioning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"К чему сокрыло оно свой перст","title":"«сокрыло» — Church-Slavonic + «свой»","body":"«Сокрыло» is the elevated, Slavonic past of «сокрыть» (to hide, conceal), loftier than «скрыло». «Свой перст» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» (its own finger), referring back to the subject «оно» (Providence). «К чему» = «to what end, why»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы само захотело подчинить себя… законам","title":"«как бы» + «подчинить себя + dative»","body":"«Как бы само захотело подчинить себя» — «as if it had itself chosen to submit». «Как бы» softens to «as if, as it were»; «само» intensifies «itself»; «подчинить себя» takes the reflexive object «себя» plus the dative of what one submits to («законам естественным», to the laws of nature)."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чему","gloss":"why","note":"«К чему» is idiomatic for 'why/what for'."},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сокрыло","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"сокрыло","lemma":"сокрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hid"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сокрыло","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of перст","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"перст","lemma":"перст","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сокрыло","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нужную","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"нужную","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сокрыло","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"само","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"emphasizes subject of захотело","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"захотело","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сокрыло","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"подчинить","lemma":"подчинить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотело","gloss":"to submit"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of подчинить","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"слепым","lemma":"слепой","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies законам","gloss":"blind"},{"surface":"немым","lemma":"немой","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"coordinated with слепым","gloss":"mute"},{"surface":"безжалостным","lemma":"безжалостный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"coordinated with слепым","gloss":"pitiless"},{"surface":"законам","lemma":"закон","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of подчинить","gloss":"laws"},{"surface":"естественным","lemma":"естественный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies законам","gloss":"of nature"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b7-c2-s34","source":"Вот отчего точилось кровью сердце Алеши, и уж конечно, как я сказал уже, прежде всего тут стояло лицо, возлюбленное им более всего в мире и оно же «опозоренное», оно же и «обесславленное»!","translation":"That was why Alyosha's heart bled, and of course, as I have said already, before all else there stood there a face, the face he loved more than anything in the world, and that very face \"disgraced\", that very one \"dishonored\"!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот отчего точилось кровью сердце","title":"«отчего» + instrumental «кровью»","body":"«Вот отчего» = «that is why / from what». «Точилось кровью» — «bled, oozed blood»: «точиться» (-ся, to ooze/trickle) with the instrumental «кровью» naming the substance that flows. The instrumental of means turns «bled» into «was-trickling with blood»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возлюбленное им более всего в мире","title":"«возлюбленное им» — passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«Возлюбленное им» — «loved by him», a past passive participle from the Slavonic-tinged «возлюбить» (to come to love), with the agent in the instrumental «им». «Более всего в мире» («more than anything in the world») is comparative «более» + genitive «всего»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«обесславленное»","title":"«обесславленный» — stripped of glory","body":"«Обесславленное» (from «обесславить», без-слава, «to deprive of glory/fame») means «dishonoured, disgraced, robbed of good name» — paired here with «опозоренное» (shamed). The «о-…-енн-» participle and the quotation marks together echo the crowd's verdict the narrator quotes with grief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отчего","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies точилось","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"точилось","lemma":"точиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bled"},{"surface":"кровью","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of точилось","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of точилось","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to стояло","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of конечно","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стояло","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase прежде всего","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стояло","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"стояло","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to точилось","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стояло","gloss":"a face"},{"surface":"возлюбленное","lemma":"возлюбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying лицо","gloss":"beloved"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of возлюбленное","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всего","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of возлюбленное","gloss":"than anything"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возлюбленное","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of опозоренное","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оно","gloss":"that very"},{"surface":"опозоренное","lemma":"опозорить","morphology":"adjective (past passive participle), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with возлюбленное","gloss":"disgraced"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обесславленное","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оно","gloss":"that very"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обесславленное","lemma":"обесславить","morphology":"adjective (past passive participle), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with опозоренное","gloss":"dishonored"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b7-c2-s35","source":"Пусть этот ропот юноши моего был легкомыслен и безрассуден, но опять-таки, в третий раз повторяю (и согласен вперед, что, может быть, тоже с легкомыслием): я рад, что мой юноша оказался не столь рассудительным в такую минуту, ибо рассудку всегда придет время у человека неглупого, а если уж и в такую исключительную минуту не окажется любви в сердце юноши, то когда же придет она?","translation":"Let this murmuring of my young man have been frivolous and unreasoning, yet again, for the third time I repeat (and I grant in advance that this too may be frivolous): I am glad that my young man proved not so judicious at such a moment, for reason will always come in time to a man who is not a fool, but if at such an exceptional moment no love is found in a young man's heart, then when will it ever come?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть этот ропот… был легкомыслен","title":"«пусть» concessive + short adjective","body":"«Пусть… был легкомыслен и безрассуден» — «let this murmuring have been frivolous and unreasoning»: «пусть» concedes the point. The predicates are short adjectives «легкомыслен… безрассуден», the bookish predicate-only forms that pack an absolute, judging quality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если уж и в такую… минуту не окажется любви","title":"«если… не окажется любви» — conditional + genitive of negation","body":"«Если… не окажется любви» — «if no love is found». «Окажется» is the perfective future of the -ся verb «оказаться» (to turn out / prove to be); under negation its logical subject «любви» stands in the genitive. «Уж и» adds insistent emphasis to the «если»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ропот","title":"«ропот» — murmuring against God","body":"«Ропот» is a low, discontented «murmuring, grumbling» — and in a religious frame specifically the sin of murmuring against God's will (as Israel «murmured» in the wilderness). Calling Alyosha's protest a «ропот» quietly names it as a spiritual lapse, even as the narrator forgives it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies легкомыслен","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ропот","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ропот","lemma":"ропот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of легкомыслен","gloss":"murmuring"},{"surface":"юноши","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ропот","gloss":"young man's"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of юноши","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to легкомыслен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"легкомыслен","lemma":"легкомысленный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"frivolous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безрассуден","lemma":"безрассудный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with легкомыслен","gloss":"unreasoning"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторяю","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторяю","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"повторяю","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel to легкомыслен","gloss":"I repeat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"согласен","lemma":"согласный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to повторяю","gloss":"agree"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies согласен","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of легкомыслием","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies легкомыслием","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легкомыслием","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking легкомыслием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"легкомыслием","lemma":"легкомыслие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of согласен","gloss":"frivolity"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рад","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am glad"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оказался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of юноша","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"юноша","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оказался","gloss":"young man"},{"surface":"оказался","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рад","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассудительным","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"рассудительным","lemma":"рассудительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of оказался","gloss":"judicious"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассудительным","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"рассудку","lemma":"рассудок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of придет","gloss":"for reason"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of ибо-clause","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придет","gloss":"a person"},{"surface":"неглупого","lemma":"неглупый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"not stupid"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of окажется","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies окажется","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"исключительную","lemma":"исключительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"exceptional"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of окажется","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies окажется","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"окажется","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оказался","gloss":"will be found"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of окажется","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любви","gloss":"the heart"},{"surface":"юноши","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"of a young man"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies когда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the то-clause","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b7-c2-s36","source":"Не захочу, однако же, умолчать при сем случае и о некотором странном явлении, хотя и мгновенно, но всё же обнаружившемся в эту роковую и сбивчивую для Алеши минуту в уме его.","translation":"I will not, however, pass over in silence a certain strange phenomenon that, fleeting as it was, nonetheless showed itself in Alyosha's mind in this fateful and bewildering moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не захочу… умолчать… и о некотором странном явлении","title":"«умолчать о + prepositional»","body":"«Умолчать о… явлении» — «to pass over a phenomenon in silence»: «умолчать о чём» governs «о + prepositional» («о… явлении»). «Не захочу… умолчать» = «I will not wish to keep silent», the negated future of intention. «При сем случае» uses archaic «сем» (this)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обнаружившемся в эту… минуту","title":"«обнаружившемся» — past active participle, reflexive","body":"«Обнаружившемся» is a past active participle from «обнаружиться» (-ся, to show itself, come to light), agreeing with «явлении» in the prepositional. «Хотя и мгновенно, но всё же обнаружившемся» — «though fleetingly, yet showing itself» — folds a concession into the participial phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates захочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захочу","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall wish"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying умолчать","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"though","note":"'однако же' together means 'however'."},{"surface":"умолчать","lemma":"умолчать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захочу","gloss":"pass over in silence"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"this","note":"archaic demonstrative 'сей' ('this')."},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умолчать","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking явлении","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"некотором","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of явлении","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"странном","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies явлении","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"явлении","lemma":"явление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of о, coordinated with случае","gloss":"phenomenon"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause on обнаружившемся","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мгновенно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мгновенно","lemma":"мгновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the concessive clause","gloss":"momentarily"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"nonetheless","note":"'всё же' together means 'nonetheless'."},{"surface":"обнаружившемся","lemma":"обнаружиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, reflexive, neuter, singular, locative, perfective","role":"modifies явлении","gloss":"that showed itself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"роковую","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"fateful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сбивчивую","lemma":"сбивчивый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with роковую","gloss":"bewildering"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сбивчивую","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of в (time expression)","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обнаружившемся","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уме","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b7-c2-s37","source":"Это новое объявившееся и мелькнувшее нечто состояло в некотором мучительном впечатлении от неустанно припоминавшегося теперь Алешей вчерашнего его разговора с братом Иваном.","translation":"This new something, which had appeared and flashed by, consisted in a certain painful impression left by the conversation he had had the day before with his brother Ivan, which Alyosha now kept recalling without cease.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"неустанно припоминавшегося теперь Алешей… разговора","title":"Participle + instrumental agent buried before its noun","body":"«Неустанно припоминавшегося теперь Алешей… разговора» — a past active participle «припоминавшегося» (from -ся «припоминаться», to be recalled) agreeing with «разговора» (gen.), with the agent «Алешей» in the instrumental. The whole long modifier precedes its noun, a classic Russian pre-posed participial chain English must unwind into a relative clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нечто","title":"«нечто» — «a certain something»","body":"«Нечто» is the bookish indefinite «something, a certain something» (declining little, here nominative). «Это… объявившееся и мелькнувшее нечто» — «this something that had appeared and flashed by» — names the half-formed disturbance from Ivan's words without yet identifying it, suiting the narrator's groping precision."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of нечто","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"новое","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"объявившееся","lemma":"объявиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, reflexive, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"that had appeared"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мелькнувшее","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with объявившееся","gloss":"that had flashed by"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of состояло","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"состояло","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consisted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking впечатлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"некотором","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of впечатлении","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"мучительном","lemma":"мучительный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатлении","gloss":"painful"},{"surface":"впечатлении","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of состояло","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговора","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"неустанно","lemma":"неустанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припоминавшегося","gloss":"unceasingly"},{"surface":"припоминавшегося","lemma":"припоминаться","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, reflexive, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies разговора","gloss":"being recalled"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припоминавшегося","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of припоминавшегося","gloss":"by Alyosha"},{"surface":"вчерашнего","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговора","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of разговора","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"разговора","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of от, modifies впечатлении","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"братом","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговора","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иваном","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to братом","gloss":"Ivan"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b7-c2-s38","source":"Именно теперь.","translation":"Precisely now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Именно теперь.","title":"«именно» — «precisely»","body":"«Именно теперь» — «precisely now». «Именно» is the focusing particle «exactly, just, precisely», pinning emphasis on «теперь». Standing as a one-word sentence, it isolates and underscores the timing of Alyosha's recollection."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b7-c2-s39","source":"О, не то чтобы что-нибудь было поколеблено в душе его из основных, стихийных, так сказать, ее верований.","translation":"Oh, it was not that anything had been shaken in his soul among its fundamental, elemental, so to speak, beliefs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то чтобы что-нибудь было поколеблено","title":"«не то чтобы…» + «было поколеблено»","body":"Again «не то чтобы» («it was not that…») hedges the denial. «Было поколеблено» is a periphrastic passive — «было» + short past passive participle «поколеблено» (from «поколебать», to shake) — «had been shaken». «Что-нибудь» is the non-specific indefinite «anything»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стихийных","title":"«стихийный» — elemental","body":"«Стихийный» (from «стихия», an element, elemental force) means «elemental, instinctive, primal». «Основных, стихийных… верований» — his «fundamental, elemental beliefs» — frames Alyosha's faith as bedrock, below the reach of reasoning, which is why no argument has «shaken» it."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"opens the sentence","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of idiom не то чтобы","gloss":"that","note":"'не то чтобы' idiomatically means 'it's not that'."},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поколеблено","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of pronoun что-нибудь, subject of поколеблено","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of pronoun что-нибудь","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, neuter, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of поколеблено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"поколеблено","lemma":"поколебать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"shaken"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поколеблено","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of душе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking верований","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"основных","lemma":"основный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies верований","gloss":"fundamental"},{"surface":"стихийных","lemma":"стихийный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with основных","gloss":"elemental"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical modifying верований","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of верований","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"верований","lemma":"верование","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"object of из","gloss":"beliefs"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b7-c2-s40","source":"Бога своего он любил и веровал в него незыблемо, хотя и возроптал было на него внезапно.","translation":"His God he loved and believed in unshakably, even though he had suddenly begun to murmur against Him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Бога своего он любил и веровал в него","title":"Fronted object + «свой»","body":"«Бога своего он любил» fronts the object «Бога своего» before subject and verb for emphasis — «His God he loved». «Своего» is the reflexive possessive (his own God). «Веровал в него» — «веровать в кого» («believe in») takes «в + accusative», hence «в него»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возроптал было на него","title":"«возроптал было» — the «было» of an interrupted act","body":"«Возроптал было» uses the particle «было» (here unstressed, distinct from the verb «было»): placed after a perfective past, it marks an action begun or about to happen but checked or reversed — «he had started to murmur (but…)». «Возроптать на кого» (to murmur against) takes «на + accusative»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"незыблемо","title":"«незыблемо» — unshakably","body":"«Незыблемо» (from «незыблемый», un-swayable, from «зыбь», a swell/ripple) means «unshakably, immovably». «Веровал в него незыблемо» — believed in Him immovably — an elevated word that fits the steadfastness of a faith no argument can rock."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Бога","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"веровал","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любил","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of веровал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"незыблемо","lemma":"незыблемо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веровал","gloss":"unshakably"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возроптал","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возроптал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"возроптал","lemma":"возроптать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial concessive clause on веровал","gloss":"murmured"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, masculine, singular","role":"marks the momentary/begun action of возроптал","gloss":"had begun to"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возроптал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возроптал","gloss":"suddenly"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b7-c2-s41","source":"Но всё же какое-то смутное, но мучительное и злое впечатление от припоминания вчерашнего разговора с братом Иваном вдруг теперь снова зашевелилось в душе его и всё более и более просилось выйти на верх ее.","translation":"But all the same some vague, yet painful and malign impression from the recollection of yesterday's conversation with his brother Ivan now suddenly stirred again in his soul and pressed more and more to rise to the surface of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зашевелилось… и… просилось выйти на верх","title":"Two -ся verbs: «зашевелилось», «просилось»","body":"Both verbs are reflexive: «зашевелилось» (за- inceptive perfective «began to stir», from «шевелиться») and «просилось» (imperfective «pressed / begged», from «проситься»). «Просилось выйти на верх ее» — «pressed to come out to the top of it [the soul]» — personifies the impression as something straining to surface."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё более и более","title":"«всё более и более» — «more and more»","body":"«Всё более и более просилось» — «pressed more and more». «Всё» before a comparative means «ever, increasingly» (всё больше — ever more); doubled «более и более» intensifies the mounting force. A common literary intensifier of gradual increase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase всё же","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"the same","note":"'всё же' together means 'nonetheless'."},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of pronoun какое-то, determiner of впечатление","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of pronoun какое-то","gloss":"-some","note":"'какое-то' = 'some kind of'; the -то suffix marks an unknown-but-specific 'some', unlike -нибудь ('any')."},{"surface":"смутное","lemma":"смутный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"vague"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"мучительное","lemma":"мучительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with смутное","gloss":"painful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"злое","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with мучительное","gloss":"malign"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of зашевелилось","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking припоминания","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"припоминания","lemma":"припоминание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"recollection"},{"surface":"вчерашнего","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговора","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"разговора","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies припоминания","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"братом","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговора","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иваном","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to братом","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зашевелилось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зашевелилось","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зашевелилось","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"зашевелилось","lemma":"зашевелиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stirred"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зашевелилось","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of душе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просилось","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with более","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"просилось","lemma":"проситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with зашевелилось","gloss":"pressed to"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on просилось","gloss":"to come out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking верх","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"верх","lemma":"верх","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйти","gloss":"surface"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of верх","gloss":"its"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b7-c2-s42","source":"Когда уже стало сильно смеркаться, проходивший сосновою рощей из скита к монастырю Ракитин вдруг заметил Алешу, лежавшего под деревом лицом к земле, недвижимого и как бы спящего.","translation":"When it had already begun to grow heavily dark, Rakitin, passing through the pine grove from the hermitage to the monastery, suddenly noticed Alyosha lying beneath a tree, face to the ground, motionless and as if asleep.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стало сильно смеркаться","title":"«смеркаться» — impersonal verb of nature","body":"«Смеркаться» (to grow dusk) is an impersonal verb describing nature, used without any subject: «стало сильно смеркаться» — «it began to grow heavily dark». Russian forms a whole class of such subjectless weather/light verbs (светает, темнеет), the -ся here a frozen part of the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проходивший сосновою рощей… Ракитин","title":"«проходивший» — participle + instrumental of path","body":"«Проходивший сосновою рощей… Ракитин» — a past active participle «проходивший» (passing through), pre-posed before its noun «Ракитин». «Сосновою рощей» is the instrumental of the route taken («through / by way of the pine grove») — Russian marks the path one moves along with a bare instrumental. «Сосновою» shows the archaic long instrumental ending -ою for -ой."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лежавшего под деревом… недвижимого","title":"«лежавшего… недвижимого» — agreeing chain on the object","body":"«Заметил Алешу, лежавшего… недвижимого и как бы спящего» — the participle «лежавшего» (lying) and adjectives «недвижимого… спящего» all take the animate accusative (= genitive) to agree with «Алешу». «Недвижимый» is the bookish «motionless» (vs. «неподвижный»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стало","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заметил","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеркаться","gloss":"heavily"},{"surface":"смеркаться","lemma":"смеркаться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"to grow dark"},{"surface":"проходивший","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Ракитин","gloss":"passing"},{"surface":"сосновою","lemma":"сосновый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рощей","gloss":"pine"},{"surface":"рощей","lemma":"роща","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проходивший","gloss":"grove"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скита","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"скита","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проходивший","gloss":"hermitage"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"монастырю","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проходивший","gloss":"monastery"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"лежавшего","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Алешу","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деревом","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"деревом","lemma":"дерево","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежавшего","gloss":"tree"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежавшего","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лицом/к","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"недвижимого","lemma":"недвижимый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with лежавшего","gloss":"motionless"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase как бы","gloss":"if","note":"'как бы' together means 'as if'."},{"surface":"спящего","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with недвижимого","gloss":"asleep"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b7-c2-s43","source":"Он подошел и окликнул его.","translation":"He came up and called to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подошел и окликнул","title":"«подошел» — prefixed perfective of motion","body":"«Подошел» is the perfective of «подходить/подойти», a prefixed verb of motion: the prefix «под-» gives the direction «up to, approach», and pairs with «окликнул» (called out, perfective) as two completed steps. Such prefixed motion verbs behave as ordinary aspect pairs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"окликнул","lemma":"окликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of окликнул","gloss":"to him"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b7-c2-s44","source":"— Ты здесь, Алексей? Да неужто же ты… — произнес было он, удивленный, но, не докончив, остановился.","translation":"— You here, Alexei? Can it be that you… —he began, astonished, but, not finishing, stopped short.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да неужто же ты…","title":"«неужто же» — incredulous question particles","body":"«Да неужто же ты…» stacks three particles of astonishment: «да» (an opening «why, come»), «неужто» (a colloquial «неужели», «can it really be?»), and «же» (insistent emphasis). Together they voice Rakitin's incredulous «can it really be that you…», broken off mid-sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"произнес было он… но, не докончив, остановился","title":"«произнес было» + negated gerund «не докончив»","body":"«Произнес было… остановился» again uses interrupted-act «было»: he started to utter it but stopped. «Не докончив» is a negated perfective gerund («not having finished»), sharing the subject «он» — «without finishing, he stopped short»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided verb (здесь)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of Ты","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неужто","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"can it be"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неужто","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the interrupted clause","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"began to say"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, neuter, singular","role":"marks the interrupted action of произнес","gloss":"had started to"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"удивленный","lemma":"удивлённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies докончив","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"докончив","lemma":"докончить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановился","gloss":"not finishing"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with произнес","gloss":"stopped short"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b7-c2-s45","source":"Он хотел сказать: «Неужто же ты до того дошел?»","translation":"He had meant to say: \"Can it be you have come to such a pass?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"до того дошел","title":"«дойти до того» — «come to such a pass»","body":"«Неужто же ты до того дошел?» — «дойти до чего» («to reach the point of») here means «to come to such a pass, sink so low». «До того» = «to that [point]»; the phrase carries Rakitin's mocking insinuation that Alyosha has fallen into despair or unbelief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had meant"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"Неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"can it be"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Неужто","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дошел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дошел","gloss":"that point"},{"surface":"дошел","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the quoted question","gloss":"have come"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b7-c2-s46","source":"Алеша не взглянул на него, но по некоторому движению его Ракитин сейчас догадался, что он его слышит и понимает.","translation":"Alyosha did not look at him, but from a certain movement of his Rakitin guessed at once that he heard and understood him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по некоторому движению… догадался","title":"«по + dative» of the clue; «догадаться»","body":"«По некоторому движению его… догадался» — «from a certain movement of his he guessed». «По + dative» here marks the evidence one judges by («by, from»). «Догадаться» (perfective, to guess, twig) takes «что…»: he guessed that Alyosha heard him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слышит и понимает","title":"Present tense in reported thought","body":"Inside «догадался, что он его слышит и понимает», the verbs stay in the imperfective present «слышит… понимает». Russian keeps the original tense of the thought (he hears, present) rather than back-shifting as English does — a small but constant difference in indirect speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взглянул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взглянул","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"взглянул","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взглянул","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking движению","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"некоторому","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of движению","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"движению","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of догадался","gloss":"movement"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of движению","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of догадался","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадался","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взглянул","gloss":"guessed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слышит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слышит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слышит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"слышит","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of догадался","gloss":"hears"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"понимает","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слышит","gloss":"understands"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b7-c2-s47","source":"— Да что с тобой? — продолжал он удивляться, но удивление уже начало сменяться в лице его улыбкой, принимавшею всё более и более насмешливое выражение.","translation":"— Why, what is the matter with you? —he went on wondering, but the wonder was already beginning to give way in his face to a smile that took on a more and more mocking expression.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"удивление… начало сменяться… улыбкой","title":"«сменяться + instrumental»","body":"«Удивление… начало сменяться… улыбкой» — «the wonder began to give way to a smile». «Сменяться чем» (-ся, to be replaced by) takes the instrumental «улыбкой» for the thing that replaces it. «Начало сменяться» = inceptive «began to be replaced»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"принимавшею всё более… насмешливое выражение","title":"«принимавшею» — participle, long instrumental -ею","body":"«Улыбкой, принимавшею… выражение» — the past active participle «принимавшею» agrees with «улыбкой» in the instrumental, with the archaic long ending -ею for -ей (common in Dostoevsky). «Принимать выражение» = «to take on an expression»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of elided verb (что с тобой)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой?","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"удивляться","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжал","gloss":"wondering"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"удивление","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of начало","gloss":"the wonder"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начало","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"начало","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with продолжал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"сменяться","lemma":"сменяться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начало","gloss":"to give way"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сменяться","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of лице","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сменяться","gloss":"a smile"},{"surface":"принимавшею","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"that took on"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies насмешливое","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with более","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"насмешливое","lemma":"насмешливый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражение","gloss":"mocking"},{"surface":"выражение","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принимавшею","gloss":"expression"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b7-c2-s48","source":"— Послушай, да ведь я тебя ищу уже больше двух часов. Ты вдруг пропал оттудова. Да что ты тут делаешь? Какие это с тобой благоглупости? Да взгляни хоть на меня-то…","translation":"— Listen, I have been looking for you more than two hours now. You suddenly vanished from over there. Now what are you doing here? What sort of pious nonsense is this you are up to? Come, look at me at least…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да ведь я тебя ищу уже больше двух часов","title":"«ведь» + present-for-duration","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — «I have, you know, been looking for you…». The imperfective present «ищу» with «уже больше двух часов» expresses an action ongoing up to now (English present perfect continuous): Russian uses the plain present for action still in progress. «Двух часов» is genitive after «больше»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благоглупости","title":"«благоглупость» — «pious nonsense»","body":"«Благоглупость» is a sardonic coinage welding «благо-» (good, holy, as in «благочестие», piety) to «глупость» (stupidity): «sanctimonious folly, pious nonsense». Rakitin sneers at Alyosha's prostration as high-sounding silliness; the mock-elevated «благо-» prefix is the joke."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оттудова","title":"«оттудова» — colloquial «from there»","body":"«Оттудова» is a substandard, colloquial variant of «оттуда» (from there), with the folksy -ова ending. Dostoevsky drops it into Rakitin's speech to mark his racy, seminarian-vernacular register against the narrator's bookish Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"взгляни хоть на меня-то","title":"Imperative «взгляни» + emphatic «-то»","body":"«Взгляни» is the perfective imperative of «взглянуть» (glance). «Хоть» softens to «at least»; the clitic «-то» on «меня-то» gives familiar, cajoling emphasis — «do look at me at least». «Взглянуть на кого» takes «на + accusative»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Послушай","lemma":"послушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular, perfective","role":"opens the address","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ищу","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ищу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ищу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ищу","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have been looking for"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часов","gloss":"more than"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies часов","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ищу","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пропал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пропал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"пропал","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"vanished"},{"surface":"оттудова","lemma":"оттудова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пропал","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делаешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of делаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делаешь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"делаешь","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are doing"},{"surface":"Какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of благоглупости","gloss":"what sort of"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"resumptive subject","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"благоглупости","lemma":"благоглупость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate nominal of это","gloss":"pious follies"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взгляни","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"взгляни","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies на меня","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of взгляни","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to меня","gloss":"at least","note":"emphatic -то attached to 'меня', reinforcing 'хоть' ('at least me')."}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b7-c2-s49","source":"Алеша поднял голову, сел и прислонился спиной к дереву.","translation":"Alyosha raised his head, sat up, and leaned his back against the tree.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поднял голову, сел и прислонился","title":"Chain of perfectives moving the action","body":"Three perfectives in a row — «поднял… сел… прислонился» (raised, sat up, leaned) — narrate three discrete completed actions in sequence, the perfective's job of advancing the story event by event. «Прислонился» is -ся (to lean oneself); «спиной к дереву» — «with his back (instrumental) against the tree»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"sat up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прислонился","lemma":"прислониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"leaned"},{"surface":"спиной","lemma":"спина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прислонился","gloss":"with his back"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дереву","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"дереву","lemma":"дерево","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прислонился","gloss":"the tree"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b7-c2-s50","source":"Он не плакал, но лицо его выражало страдание, а во взоре виднелось раздражение.","translation":"He was not weeping, but his face expressed suffering, and in his gaze there showed irritation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"во взоре виднелось раздражение","title":"«виднелось» — -ся of appearance; word order","body":"«Во взоре виднелось раздражение» — «in his gaze there showed irritation». «Виднеться» (-ся, to be visible, show) puts the location first («во взоре», in the prepositional) and the subject «раздражение» last — the new information at the end, Russian's natural topic-then-comment flow."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"взоре","title":"«взор» — gaze (elevated)","body":"«Взор» is the elevated, literary word for «gaze, look» (vs. everyday «взгляд»). It belongs to the higher narratorial register and lends Alyosha's suffering face a touch of solemnity even in this tense exchange."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of плакал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плакал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"плакал","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was weeping"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выражало","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"выражало","lemma":"выражать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with плакал","gloss":"expressed"},{"surface":"страдание","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выражало","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взоре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"взоре","lemma":"взор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of виднелось","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"виднелось","lemma":"виднеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with плакал","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"раздражение","lemma":"раздражение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of виднелось","gloss":"irritation"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b7-c2-s51","source":"Смотрел он, впрочем, не на Ракитина, а куда-то в сторону.","translation":"He was not looking at Rakitin, however, but off somewhere to one side.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смотрел он, впрочем, не на Ракитина, а куда-то в сторону","title":"«не… а» contrast + «куда-то»","body":"«Не на Ракитина, а… в сторону» is the «не X, а Y» contrast («not at Rakitin, but… to one side»). «Смотреть на» takes «на + accusative». «Куда-то» = «somewhere» (with -то, a specific but unidentified direction) — he looked somewhere off to the side."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was looking"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Смотрел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb modifying Смотрел","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ракитина","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ракитина","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Смотрел","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase куда-то, modifies сторону","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase куда-то","gloss":"-where"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Смотрел","gloss":"the side"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b7-c2-s52","source":"— Знаешь, ты совсем переменился в лице. Никакой этой кротости прежней пресловутой твоей нет. Осердился на кого, что ли? Обидели?","translation":"— You know, your face has changed completely. Not a trace of that famous old meekness of yours. Have you grown angry at someone, or what? Has someone wronged you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никакой этой кротости… нет","title":"«никакой… нет» — negation + genitive","body":"«Никакой этой кротости прежней… нет» — «not a trace of that former meekness». «Нет» (there is no) forces its logical subject into the genitive: «кротости» genitive, with «никакой… прежней» agreeing in the genitive. «Никакой» (the «ни-» word) adds negative-concord emphasis: «no… at all»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Осердился на кого, что ли? Обидели?","title":"«что ли» + impersonal «обидели»","body":"«Что ли» is a tentative tag, «or what? perhaps?», softening the guess «осердился на кого» (got angry at someone; «осердиться на + accusative»). «Обидели?» is a 3rd-person-plural verb with no subject = an impersonal passive-like «has someone wronged you? / were you wronged?»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кротости… пресловутой","title":"«кротость» and the barbed «пресловутый»","body":"«Кротость» is «meekness, gentleness» — a prized monastic and Gospel virtue («blessed are the meek»). Rakitin twists the compliment with «пресловутой» — «notorious, much-vaunted, so-called» — a sarcastic adjective that turns Alyosha's famed meekness into something to jeer at."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"opens the address","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of переменился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переменился","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"переменился","lemma":"перемениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have changed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of переменился","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"Никакой","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кротости","gloss":"not a trace of"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кротости","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кротости","lemma":"кротость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"meekness"},{"surface":"прежней","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кротости","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"пресловутой","lemma":"пресловутый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кротости","gloss":"famous"},{"surface":"твоей","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кротости","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative, negative existential","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"there is none"},{"surface":"Осердился","lemma":"осердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have you gotten angry"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of Осердился","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of tag phrase что ли","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of tag phrase что ли","gloss":"what","note":"'что ли' together is a colloquial tag meaning 'or what'."},{"surface":"Обидели","lemma":"обидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has someone wronged you"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b7-c2-s53","source":"— Отстань! — проговорил вдруг Алеша, всё по-прежнему не глядя на него и устало махнув рукой.","translation":"— Leave me alone! —Alyosha suddenly brought out, still not looking at him as before, and waving his hand wearily.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отстань!","title":"«Отстань!» — perfective imperative","body":"«Отстань!» is the perfective imperative of «отстать» (to fall behind, leave alone) — colloquial «leave me alone! get off!». The prefixed «от-» gives «away from»; the curt single-word command marks Alyosha's uncharacteristic flash of irritation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не глядя на него и устало махнув рукой","title":"Two gerunds: «не глядя» (impf.) + «махнув» (pf.)","body":"Both are gerunds sharing Alyosha's action: «не глядя» (imperfective, «not looking», simultaneous) and «махнув» (perfective, «having waved», a single completed gesture). «Махнуть рукой» (to wave a hand) takes the instrumental «рукой» and idiomatically signals weary dismissal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отстань!","lemma":"отстать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"Leave me alone!"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глядя (part of всё по-прежнему)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb (part of compound)","role":"modifies глядя","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adverb (part of по-прежнему)","role":"modifies глядя","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глядя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"глядя","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядя","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"устало","lemma":"устало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies махнув","gloss":"wearily"},{"surface":"махнув","lemma":"махнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with глядя (adverbial clause on проговорил)","gloss":"waving"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of махнув","gloss":"his hand"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b7-c2-s54","source":"— Ого, вот мы как! Совсем как и прочие смертные стали покрикивать. Это из ангелов-то! Ну, Алешка, удивил ты меня, знаешь ты это, искренно говорю. Давно я ничему здесь не удивляюсь. Ведь я всё же тебя за образованного человека почитал…","translation":"— Oho, so that's how we are! We've taken to snapping just like the rest of mortals. And this from one of the angels! Well, Alyoshka, you have astonished me, you know that, I say it in earnest. It's long since anything here astonished me. After all, I did take you for an educated man…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это из ангелов-то!","title":"«из ангелов-то» — partitive genitive + jeering «-то»","body":"«Это из ангелов-то!» — «and this from one of the angels!». «Из ангелов» is partitive genitive plural («[one] of the angels»); the clitic «-то» here is sarcastic emphasis, mocking the gulf between Alyosha's angelic reputation and his snapping."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алешка","title":"«Алешка» — the rough diminutive","body":"«Алешка» is the -ка diminutive of Alyosha — familiar, but with a coarse, belittling edge quite unlike the tender «Алеша». Rakitin's switch to «Алешка» needles his friend, leveling the «angel» down to a chummy near-contempt. Russian names carry exactly such graded feeling in their suffixes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за образованного человека почитал","title":"«почитать за + accusative» — to take for","body":"«Тебя за образованного человека почитал» — «I took you for an educated man». «Почитать / считать за кого» («to take/regard as») governs «за + accusative»: «за образованного человека» is the accusative role he credited Alyosha with. Slightly archaic beside the modern instrumental «считать кем»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ого","lemma":"ого","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Oho"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of как","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, predicate use","role":"predicate of the exclamation","gloss":"are now!"},{"surface":"Совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies как","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with смертные","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прочие","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"прочие","lemma":"прочий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies смертные","gloss":"the rest of"},{"surface":"смертные","lemma":"смертный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elided comparison verb, paired with мы","gloss":"mortals"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have taken"},{"surface":"покрикивать","lemma":"покрикивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to snapping"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical exclamation","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ангелов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ангелов","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Это","gloss":"the angels"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on ангелов","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"алёшка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"удивил","lemma":"удивить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of удивил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of удивил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of a separate clause, coordinated with удивил","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of a separate clause, coordinated with удивил","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"Давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивляюсь","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of удивляюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ничему","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of удивляюсь","gloss":"at nothing"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивляюсь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удивляюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"удивляюсь","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am I surprised"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почитал","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of почитал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почитал (part of всё же)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of почитал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"образованного","lemma":"образованный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"educated"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of почитал","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"почитал","lemma":"почитать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b7-c2-s55","source":"Алеша наконец поглядел на него, но как-то рассеянно, точно всё еще мало его понимая.","translation":"Alyosha at last looked at him, but somehow distractedly, as if still scarcely understanding him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно всё еще мало его понимая","title":"«точно» + imperfective gerund «понимая»","body":"«Точно… понимая» — «as if… understanding». «Точно» here means «as if, as though» (a comparative «like»), and «понимая» is the imperfective present gerund (while/as he understood), sharing Alyosha's subject. «Мало его понимая» = «scarcely understanding him»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поглядел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядел","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"поглядел","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (part of compound)","role":"modifies рассеянно","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle (part of как-то)","role":"modifies как","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"рассеянно","lemma":"рассеянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядел","gloss":"distractedly"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the comparative clause modifying поглядел","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мало (part of всё еще)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мало","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимая","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of понимая","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"понимая","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on поглядел","gloss":"understanding"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b7-c2-s56","source":"— Да неужель ты только оттого, что твой старик провонял? Да неужели же ты верил серьезно, что он чудеса отмачивать начнет? — воскликнул Ракитин, опять переходя в самое искреннее изумление.","translation":"— Can it really be only because your old man went rotten? Did you really believe in earnest that he would start working miracles? —Rakitin exclaimed, again passing into the most sincere amazement.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да неужель ты только оттого, что…","title":"«неужель» + «оттого, что» — incredulous cause","body":"«Неужель» is a poetic/colloquial clipping of «неужели» («can it really be?»). «Только оттого, что твой старик провонял» — «merely because your old man went rotten» — uses the causal «оттого, что» again, now in Rakitin's mocking mouth."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"провонял… чудеса отмачивать","title":"«провонять» / «отмачивать чудеса» — crude slang","body":"Rakitin's diction turns deliberately gross: «провонять» is coarse «to start to stink, go rotten», and «чудеса отмачивать» is low slang — «отмочить/отмачивать» (literally «to soak») in idiom means «to pull off (some stunt)», so «отмачивать чудеса» is a flippant «to crank out miracles». The vulgarity profanes the sacred event on purpose, against «старик» (old man), a dismissive word for the revered «старец»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"неужель","lemma":"неужель","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the whole clause (interrogative)","gloss":"can it be"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the implied clause","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оттого","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"оттого","lemma":"оттого","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неужель","gloss":"because of that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of провонял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старик","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of провонял","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"провонял","lemma":"провонять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of оттого","gloss":"went rotten"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верил","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неужели","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верил","gloss":"seriously"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начнет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начнет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чудеса","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of отмачивать","gloss":"miracles"},{"surface":"отмачивать","lemma":"отмачивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of начнет","gloss":"pull off","note":"Colloquial idiom \"чудеса отмачивать\" = to pull off wild/miraculous stunts, mocking the idea of literal miracles."},{"surface":"начнет?","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the that-clause, complement of верил","gloss":"would start"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переходя","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"переходя","lemma":"переходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнул","gloss":"passing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking изумление","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies искреннее","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"искреннее","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies изумление","gloss":"sincere"},{"surface":"изумление","lemma":"изумление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of переходя","gloss":"amazement"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b7-c2-s57","source":"— Верил, верую, и хочу веровать, и буду веровать, ну чего тебе еще! — раздражительно прокричал Алеша.","translation":"— I believed, I believe, and I want to believe, and I will believe, well, what more do you want of me! —Alyosha shouted irritably.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"верил, верую, и хочу веровать, и буду веровать","title":"Verb tenses and aspect in Alyosha's cry","body":"Alyosha piles up forms of the verb \"to believe\" across time: «верил» (past), «верую» (an archaic, solemn present, instead of plain «верю»), «хочу веровать» (want to believe) and «буду веровать» (future, formed with «буду» + the imperfective infinitive). The future is built analytically, «буду» + infinitive, the standard way to make the imperfective future. The shift to the old-church form «веровать/верую» raises the register to that of a creed, matching the religious intensity of the moment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ну чего тебе еще!","title":"«чего тебе еще» — genitive + dative idiom","body":"«Чего тебе еще!» — «what more do you want of me!». «Чего» is the genitive of «что» (object of an implied «надо/хочешь»), «тебе» the dative experiencer («to/of you»). The elliptical, dative-fronted construction is pure exasperated spoken Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause, coordinated with верую","gloss":"I believed"},{"surface":"верую","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Верил","gloss":"I believe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with верую","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"веровать","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to believe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of веровать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"веровать","lemma":"веровать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of буду, forming the future tense","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of the elliptical verb (надо, understood)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of the elliptical predicate","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"еще!","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"раздражительно","lemma":"раздражительный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокричал","gloss":"irritably"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b7-c2-s58","source":"— Да ничего ровно, голубчик. Фу черт, да этому тринадцатилетний школьник теперь не верит. А впрочем, черт… Так ты вот и рассердился теперь на бога-то своего, взбунтовался: чином, дескать, обошли, к празднику ордена не дали! Эх вы!","translation":"— Why, nothing at all, my dear fellow. Pah, devil take it, even a thirteen-year-old schoolboy doesn't believe in that nowadays. But still, the devil… So now you've gone and gotten angry at this God of yours, mutinied: passed over for promotion, you mean, denied a decoration for the feast day! Oh, the lot of you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубчик","title":"«голубчик» — «my dear fellow»","body":"«Голубчик» (little dove, from «голубь») is an affectionate-condescending term of address, «my dear, dear fellow». In Rakitin's mouth, over his sneering tirade, the endearment is mock-tender, patronising rather than warm — the diminutive -чик dripping irony."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"этому… школьник… не верит","title":"«верить + dative»","body":"«Этому… не верит» — «doesn't believe in that». «Верить чему» (to believe / give credence to a thing) takes the dative «этому», distinct from «веровать в кого» («believe in» God, with «в + accusative»). The negated «не верит» keeps the verb imperfective present."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чином… обошли, к празднику ордена не дали","title":"«чином обошли» — passed over for promotion","body":"Rakitin reframes Alyosha's spiritual grievance in mocking civil-service terms. «Чином обошли» — «passed over in rank» («чин» = official rank, instrumental of respect; «обойти» = to skip over). «К празднику ордена не дали» — «for the feast day they gave no decoration» («орден» = a medal/order). «Дескать» (you mean, supposedly) marks it as Rakitin ventriloquising Alyosha's imagined complaint to God as if God were a stingy boss withholding a promotion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"predicate of the exclamation","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"my dear fellow"},{"surface":"Фу","lemma":"фу","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, coordinated with черт","gloss":"pah"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation, coordinated with Фу","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of верит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тринадцатилетний","lemma":"тринадцатилетний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies школьник","gloss":"thirteen-year-old"},{"surface":"школьник","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of верит","gloss":"schoolboy"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верит","gloss":"nowadays"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верит","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believes"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассердился","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассердился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассердился","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассердился","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"рассердился","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got angry"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассердился","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассердился","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on бога","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бога","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"взбунтовался","lemma":"взбунтоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рассердился","gloss":"mutinied"},{"surface":"чином","lemma":"чин","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обошли","gloss":"in rank"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical discourse marker","gloss":"so to speak","note":"Marks the following as Alyosha's imagined/reported inner grievance, not Rakitin's own words."},{"surface":"обошли","lemma":"обойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with взбунтовался","gloss":"passed over"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking празднику","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"празднику","lemma":"праздник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дали","gloss":"the feast"},{"surface":"ордена","lemma":"орден","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дали (genitive under negation)","gloss":"a decoration"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дали","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with обошли","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"Эх","lemma":"эх","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the exclamation Эх","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b7-c2-s59","source":"Алеша длинно и как-то прищурив глаза посмотрел на Ракитина, и в глазах его что-то вдруг сверкнуло… но не озлобление на Ракитина.","translation":"Alyosha gave Rakitin a long look, somehow with narrowed eyes, and in his eyes something suddenly flashed… but it was not rancor against Rakitin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как-то прищурив глаза посмотрел","title":"«прищурив» — perfective gerund of manner","body":"«Прищурив глаза посмотрел» — «having narrowed his eyes, looked». «Прищурив» is a perfective gerund (from «прищурить», to narrow/squint), a prior-and-attendant action sharing the subject Alyosha. «Как-то» («somehow») hedges the manner, a favourite Dostoevskian vagueness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то вдруг сверкнуло… но не озлобление","title":"«что-то… но не…» — indefinite then corrected","body":"«Что-то вдруг сверкнуло» — «something suddenly flashed»; «что-то» is the indefinite (a specific-but-unnamed something, with -то). The narrator then half-retracts, «но не озлобление на Ракитина» — «but not rancor», leaving the flash deliberately unidentified."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"длинно","lemma":"длинно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"a long"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (part of compound)","role":"modifies прищурив","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle (part of как-то)","role":"modifies как","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"прищурив","lemma":"прищурить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with длинно, describing manner of посмотрел","gloss":"narrowing"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of прищурив","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ракитина","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сверкнуло","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глазах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun (part of что-то)","role":"subject of сверкнуло","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle (part of что-то)","role":"subject of сверкнуло, coordinated with что","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сверкнуло","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сверкнуло","lemma":"сверкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of a separate clause, coordinated with посмотрел","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies озлобление","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"озлобление","lemma":"озлобление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause, contrasted with сверкнуло","gloss":"rancor"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ракитина","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies озлобление","gloss":"Rakitin"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b7-c2-s60","source":"— Я против бога моего не бунтуюсь, я только «мира его не принимаю», — криво усмехнулся вдруг Алеша.","translation":"— I am not rebelling against my God, I simply \"do not accept His world\", —Alyosha suddenly gave a wry smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"против бога моего не бунтуюсь","title":"«бунтоваться против + genitive»","body":"«Против бога моего не бунтуюсь» — «I am not rebelling against my God». «Против» governs the genitive «бога моего»; «бунтуюсь» is a -ся verb (imperfective present, «I rebel / am rebelling»). The «-ся» here is intransitive (to be in revolt), and «моего» follows its noun in the bookish order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"криво усмехнулся","title":"«усмехнулся» — perfective -ся of a single smile","body":"«Криво усмехнулся» — «gave a wry smile». «Усмехнуться» is the perfective -ся verb for one quick, semi-mocking smile (vs. open «улыбнуться»); «криво» («crookedly, wryly») colours it bitter. The perfective marks the smile as a single completed act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бунтуюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бунтуюсь","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бога","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бунтуюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бунтуюсь","lemma":"бунтоваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am rebelling"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of принимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принимаю","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"мира","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимаю (genitive under negation)","gloss":"his world"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мира","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принимаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"принимаю»,","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of a separate clause, coordinated with бунтуюсь","gloss":"accept"},{"surface":"криво","lemma":"криво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"wryly"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame sentence","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b7-c2-s61","source":"— Как это мира не принимаешь? — капельку подумал над его ответом Ракитин, — что за белиберда?","translation":"— What do you mean, you don't accept His world? —Rakitin pondered his answer a moment —what kind of gibberish is that?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как это мира не принимаешь?","title":"Genitive of negation: «мира»","body":"The object «мир» (world) appears as genitive «мира» because the verb is negated («не принимаешь»). A negated direct object, especially an abstract one, regularly slips from accusative into the genitive of negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как это","title":"«Как это…?» — incredulous question","body":"«Как это» fronts the clause as a colloquial expression of disbelief — roughly 'How can it be that…?', 'What do you mean…?'. The free word order lets the new, challenged point sit at the head as topic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"белиберда","title":"«белиберда» — nonsense","body":"A colloquial, slightly comic word for 'nonsense, gibberish, rubbish'. «Что за белиберда?» is dismissive — 'what kind of rot is this?' — and fits Rakitin's brash, cynical register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the question, part of idiom как это","gloss":"what do you mean"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom как это, modifies принимаешь","gloss":"is that"},{"surface":"мира","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимаешь (genitive under negation)","gloss":"his world"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies принимаешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"принимаешь?","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"accept"},{"surface":"капельку","lemma":"капелька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular (used adverbially)","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame sentence","gloss":"pondered"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответом","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ответом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ответом","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумал","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"Ракитин,","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что за","morphology":"pronoun (part of idiom что за)","role":"introduces the exclamation, part of idiom что за","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"что за","morphology":"preposition (part of idiom что за)","role":"marks белиберда, part of idiom что за","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"белиберда","lemma":"белиберда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the exclamation","gloss":"gibberish"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b7-c2-s62","source":"Алеша не ответил.","translation":"Alyosha did not answer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не ответил","title":"Perfective past of refusal-to-act","body":"«ответил» is the perfective past of «ответить» (to answer), here negated: Alyosha did not produce the single completed act of answering. The perfective under negation reports that an expected event simply failed to occur."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b7-c2-s63","source":"— Ну, довольно о пустяках-то, теперь к делу: ел ты сегодня?","translation":"— Well, enough of these trifles, now to business: have you eaten today?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"о пустяках-то","title":"Topic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated clitic «-то» on «пустяках» marks it as the known topic being dismissed — 'these trifles (we both know about)'. This emphatic «-то» is distinct from the indefinite «кто-то»; it colours speech with familiarity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пустяки","title":"«пустяки» — trifles","body":"From «пустой» (empty): trivial, worthless things. «Довольно о пустяках» — 'enough of these trifles' — is conversational, brushing aside the metaphysical talk to get «к делу» (down to business)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ел ты сегодня?","title":"Imperfective for the bare fact of eating","body":"«ел» (imperfective «есть») asks only whether the activity of eating took place at all — not whether a particular meal was finished. The imperfective is the natural aspect for this 'did it happen / general fact' question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb, predicate use","role":"predicate of the exclamation","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пустяках","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"пустяках","lemma":"пустяк","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of довольно","gloss":"trifles"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on пустяках","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with довольно, parallel exclamation","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"ел","lemma":"есть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"eaten"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ел","gloss":"today"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b7-c2-s64","source":"— Не помню… ел, кажется.","translation":"— I don't remember… I ate, I think.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ел, кажется","title":"Dropped pronoun, parenthetical «кажется»","body":"The subject pronoun «я» is dropped — the gendered past form «ел» (masculine) already carries person and number. «кажется» ('it seems') is a frozen impersonal parenthetical softening the claim."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"ел","lemma":"есть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I ate"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies ел","gloss":"it seems"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b7-c2-s65","source":"— Тебе надо подкрепиться, судя по лицу-то. Сострадание ведь на тебя глядя берет. Ведь ты и ночь не спал, я слышал, заседание у вас там было. А потом вся эта возня и мазня… Всего-то антидорцу кусочек, надо быть, пожевал. Есть у меня с собой в кармане колбаса, давеча из города захватил на всякий случай, сюда направляясь, только ведь ты колбасы не станешь…","translation":"— You need to keep your strength up, by the look of your face. One feels pity just looking at you. You haven't slept the night either, I heard, there was a session at your place there. And then all that fuss and daubing… Just a little crumb of blessed bread you nibbled, most likely. I have some sausage with me in my pocket, I grabbed it from town a while back, just in case, on my way here—only you won't touch sausage, of course…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тебе надо подкрепиться","title":"Dative subject of necessity","body":"An impersonal necessity construction: the person who must act stands in the dative («тебе»), with «надо» plus the infinitive «подкрепиться». There is no nominative subject — a hallmark of how Russian frames obligation and need."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"судя по лицу-то","title":"Gerund «судя» plus topic «-то»","body":"«судя по» ('judging by') is a fixed adverbial built on the imperfective gerund of «судить». «деепричастие» forms like this turn a verb into an attendant circumstance; «лицу-то» again carries the familiar topic clitic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на тебя глядя берет","title":"Gerund «глядя» — 'looking at you'","body":"«глядя» is the present gerund of «глядеть»; «на тебя глядя берет [сострадание]» means pity takes hold 'just looking at you'. The gerund shares the unspoken impersonal frame and compresses a whole 'when one looks' clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты и ночь не спал","title":"Inclusive particle «и» — 'not even'","body":"Here «и» is not 'and' but an emphatic 'even/also': «и ночь не спал» — 'you didn't sleep the night either / even all night'. With negation it heightens the sense of how exhausted Alyosha is."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"антидорцу","title":"Diminutive «антидорцу»","body":"The diminutive suffix on «антидорец» (from «антидор») shrinks and belittles — 'just a measly little bit of blessed bread'. Such expressive diminutives carry Rakitin's mocking, pitying tone, not literal smallness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — a while ago","body":"A colloquial, now rustic-archaic adverb meaning 'a little while ago, earlier today'. It flavours Rakitin's speech as homely and unbuttoned."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возня и мазня","title":"Rhyming pair «возня и мазня»","body":"«возня» is fuss/bustle/commotion; «мазня» is daubing, sloppy smearing (here a sneer at religious ritual). The jingling rhyme is dismissive and contemptuous — Rakitin lumps the monastery's solemnities together as mere bother and mess."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты колбасы не станешь","title":"Genitive of negation with «не станешь»","body":"«колбасы» is genitive under negation: 'you won't [touch] sausage'. «не станешь» (perfective future of «стать» as 'begin to') governs an elided infinitive, and the negated object drops into the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of надо","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicate use","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"подкрепиться","lemma":"подкрепиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of надо","gloss":"to fortify yourself"},{"surface":"судя","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on надо","gloss":"judging"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицу","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"лицу","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of судя","gloss":"your face"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on лицу","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"Сострадание","lemma":"сострадание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of берет","gloss":"pity"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies берет","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядя","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"глядя","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on берет","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"берет","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"takes hold"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial of duration on спал","gloss":"the night"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спал","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of a separate clause","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"заседание","lemma":"заседание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"a session"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies заседание","gloss":"your place"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возня","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies возня","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies возня","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"возня","lemma":"возня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical exclamation","gloss":"fuss"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мазня","lemma":"мазня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with возня","gloss":"daubing"},{"surface":"Всего","lemma":"всего-то","morphology":"adverb (part of всего-то)","role":"modifies кусочек","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"всего-то","morphology":"particle (part of всего-то)","role":"modifies Всего","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"антидорцу","lemma":"антидорец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"partitive complement modifying кусочек","gloss":"of blessed bread","note":"Archaic/dialectal partitive dative in place of the expected genitive (кусочек антидора); антидор is the blessed bread distributed after the Orthodox liturgy."},{"surface":"кусочек","lemma":"кусочек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пожевал","gloss":"a little piece"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical use","role":"parenthetical modifying пожевал (надо быть = must have)","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of надо, forming the idiom надо быть","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"пожевал","lemma":"пожевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"nibbled"},{"surface":"Есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential)","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of Есть","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of Есть","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кармане","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Есть","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"колбаса","lemma":"колбаса","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Есть","gloss":"sausage"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захватил","gloss":"a while back"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking города","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of захватил","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"захватил","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of a separate clause, coordinated with Есть","gloss":"grabbed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случай","gloss":"in case of"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случай","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of захватил","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies направляясь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"направляясь","lemma":"направляться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on захватил","gloss":"heading"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ведь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies станешь","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of станешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"колбасы","lemma":"колбаса","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of станешь (genitive under negation)","gloss":"sausage"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies станешь","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"станешь","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"touch"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b7-c2-s66","source":"— Давай колбасы.","translation":"— Give me the sausage.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Давай колбасы","title":"Genitive partitive after «давай»","body":"«колбасы» is genitive again, but here a partitive: 'give me [some] sausage'. With «давать»/«дать» the genitive of a mass noun means an indefinite quantity, not the whole. «Давай» is the imperative of «давать», used to hand something over."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давай","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give me"},{"surface":"колбасы","lemma":"колбаса","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular (partitive)","role":"direct object of Давай","gloss":"some sausage"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b7-c2-s67","source":"— Эге! Так ты вот как! Значит, совсем уж бунт, баррикады! Ну, брат, этим делом пренебрегать нечего. Зайдем ко мне… Я бы водочки сам теперь тяпнул, смерть устал. Водки-то небось не решишься… аль выпьешь?","translation":"— Hey now! So that's how it is with you! Full revolt, then, barricades! Well, brother, there's no neglecting a thing like this. Come round to my place… I'd have a drop of vodka myself now, I'm dead tired. The vodka, I suppose, you won't dare… or will you drink it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Эге!","title":"Interjection «Эге!»","body":"An interjection of surprised realization — 'Aha!', 'Hey now!', 'Well, well'. Rakitin registers that the abstemious novice has unexpectedly asked for sausage."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бунт, баррикады","title":"«бунт, баррикады» — revolt, barricades","body":"Rakitin theatrically casts Alyosha's small lapse as full political insurrection. «Бунт» (revolt, mutiny) is a charged word in Dostoevsky — it echoes Ivan's metaphysical «бунт» against God — and «баррикады» evokes 1848-style revolution."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пренебрегать нечего","title":"Negative «нечего» plus infinitive","body":"«нечего» ('there is nothing to / no reason to') is a negative impersonal pronoun-predicate taking an infinitive: «пренебрегать нечего» — 'there's nothing to neglect / no neglecting this'. The construction has no nominative subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тяпнул","title":"«тяпнуть» — to knock back a drink","body":"Crude colloquial slang for tossing back a shot of vodka ('I'd knock one back'). «Я бы… тяпнул» (with «бы») is the conditional, expressing a present inclination — 'I could go for a drink right now'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смерть устал","title":"«смерть устал» — dead tired","body":"«смерть» (death) used adverbially as a colloquial intensifier: 'deathly tired', 'dead tired'. A folksy, expressive turn typical of relaxed speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аль выпьешь?","title":"«аль» — folksy 'or'","body":"«аль» is a rustic, archaic-colloquial variant of «или» / «али» ('or'). «небось» nearby ('I suppose, no doubt') is likewise a homely modal word. Together they steep Rakitin's needling question in peasant idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эге","lemma":"эге","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hey now"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with как","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of как","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"Значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"particle, discourse marker","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бунт","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"бунт","lemma":"бунт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"rebellion"},{"surface":"баррикады","lemma":"баррикада","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with бунт","gloss":"barricades"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of делом","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"делом","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пренебрегать","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"пренебрегать","lemma":"пренебрегать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нечего","gloss":"to neglect"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicative, impersonal","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"no use","note":"Impersonal predicate: этим пренебрегать нечего = \"there's no neglecting this\"."},{"surface":"Зайдем","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let's stop by"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of Зайдем","gloss":"my place"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of тяпнул","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks тяпнул as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"водочки","lemma":"водочка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"partitive direct object of тяпнул","gloss":"some vodka"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes Я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тяпнул","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"тяпнул","lemma":"тяпнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would knock back"},{"surface":"смерть","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial intensifier of устал","gloss":"deathly","note":"Colloquial idiom смерть устал = \"dead tired\"."},{"surface":"устал","lemma":"устать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to тяпнул","gloss":"I'm tired"},{"surface":"Водки","lemma":"водка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"topicalized object of выпьешь","gloss":"the vodka"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"topic particle on Водки","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"небось","lemma":"небось","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решишься","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решишься","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"решишься","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you dare"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination with выпьешь","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"выпьешь","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you drink"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b7-c2-s68","source":"— Давай и водки.","translation":"— Give me vodka too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Давай и водки","title":"«и» as 'too' plus partitive genitive","body":"«и» here means 'also': 'give me vodka too'. «водки» is partitive genitive after «давай» — an indefinite amount. Alyosha's curt, parallel echo of the previous request underscores his stunned passivity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давай","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies водки","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"водки","lemma":"водка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"partitive direct object of Давай","gloss":"some vodka"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b7-c2-s69","source":"— Эвона! Чудно, брат! — дико посмотрел Ракитин. — Ну да так или этак, водка иль колбаса, а дело это лихое, хорошее и упускать невозможно, идем!","translation":"— Well, I never! It's a wonder, brother! —Rakitin gave him a wild look. —Well, one way or another, vodka or sausage, this is a fine business, a good one, not to be passed up, come along!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Эвона!","title":"«Эвона!» — well, look at that!","body":"A rustic exclamation of astonishment ('Well, would you look at that!', 'I never!'), built on «вон» (over there). It marks Rakitin's amazement at Alyosha's surrender to vodka and sausage alike."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так или этак, водка иль колбаса","title":"Coordinating «или/иль» — either way","body":"«так или этак» ('one way or another') and «водка иль колбаса» pair alternatives with «или» and its clipped poetic variant «иль». The coordinating «а» that follows («а дело это лихое») then pivots to the conclusion — a soft contrastive hinge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лихое","title":"«лихое» — bold, dashing (and dangerous)","body":"«лихой» is a richly ambivalent folk word: 'dashing, daring, spirited' but also 'wicked, ill-fated'. «дело это лихое, хорошее» — 'a fine, rollicking business' — carries a frisson of recklessness about the escapade to Grushenka's."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эвона","lemma":"эвона","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"well now"},{"surface":"Чудно","lemma":"чудно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate of the exclamation","gloss":"amazing"},{"surface":"брат!","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"дико","lemma":"дико","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"wildly"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"Ракитин.","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрел","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker, joins Ну","gloss":"anyway"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with этак","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"этак","lemma":"этак","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with так","gloss":"that way"},{"surface":"водка","lemma":"водка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with колбаса","gloss":"vodka"},{"surface":"иль","lemma":"иль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"колбаса","lemma":"колбаса","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with водка","gloss":"sausage"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of лихое","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"лихое","lemma":"лихой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of дело, coordinated with хорошее","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"хорошее","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of дело, coordinated with лихое","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"упускать","lemma":"упускать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on невозможно","gloss":"to pass up"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate governing упускать","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"идем","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let's go"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b7-c2-s70","source":"Алеша молча поднялся с земли и пошел за Ракитиным.","translation":"Alyosha rose silently from the ground and went after Rakitin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поднялся с земли","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as change of state","body":"«поднялся» (from «подняться») uses the clitic «-ся» in its middle/intransitive sense: he raised himself, rose. Many verbs of bodily motion and change of posture are inherently «-ся» verbs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пошел за Ракитиным","title":"Prefixed motion verb «пошёл» plus instrumental «за»","body":"«пошёл» is the perfective of «идти» with the inceptive prefix по- — 'set off, started walking'. «за Ракитиным» (instrumental after «за») means 'after / following Rakitin'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднялся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднялся","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"поднялся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земли","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднялся","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднялся","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ракитиным","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"Ракитиным","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"Rakitin"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b7-c2-s71","source":"— Видел бы это брат Ванечка, так как бы изумился! Кстати, братец твой Иван Федорович сегодня утром в Москву укатил, знаешь ты это?","translation":"— If your brother Vanechka could see this, how he would be astonished! By the way, your dear brother Ivan Fyodorovich set off for Moscow this morning, did you know that?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Видел бы это брат Ванечка, так как бы изумился!","title":"Counterfactual with «бы»","body":"Both clauses are irrealis: past-tense verbs plus «бы» build a contrary-to-fact conditional — 'if Vanechka could see this, how he would be astonished'. The «если» is dropped, leaving the mood entirely to «бы» twice."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ванечка","title":"Diminutive «Ванечка»","body":"An affectionate diminutive ladder: Иван → Ваня → Ванечка. Rakitin's mock-tender use of it for the formidable Ivan is faintly sarcastic, a familiar belittling of the man he resents."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"укатил","title":"«укатить» — to roll off, clear out","body":"Colloquial perfective for departing by vehicle, with a breezy, almost flippant flavour — 'rolled off, whisked away to Moscow'. The casual word undercuts the gravity of Ivan's exit, in keeping with Rakitin's tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks Видел as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Видел","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Видел","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Ванечка","lemma":"ванечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Vanechka"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative introducing изумился","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изумился","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks изумился as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"изумился","lemma":"изумиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"be astonished"},{"surface":"Кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"братец","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of укатил","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of братец","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to братец","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies укатил, coordinated with утром","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies укатил, coordinated with сегодня","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of укатил","gloss":"Moscow"},{"surface":"укатил","lemma":"укатить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаешь","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b7-c2-s72","source":"— Знаю, — безучастно произнес Алеша, и вдруг мелькнул у него в уме образ брата Дмитрия, но только мелькнул, и хоть напомнил что-то, какое-то дело спешное, которого уже нельзя более ни на минуту откладывать, какой-то долг, обязанность страшную, но и это воспоминание не произвело никакого на него впечатления, не достигло сердца его, в тот же миг вылетело из памяти и забылось.","translation":"— I know, —Alyosha said indifferently, and suddenly the image of his brother Dmitri flashed across his mind, but only flashed, and though it reminded him of something, some urgent matter that could no longer be put off even for a minute, some debt, some dreadful obligation, even this recollection made no impression on him, did not reach his heart, slipped out of his memory that same instant, and was forgotten.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мелькнул у него в уме образ","title":"Inverted word order, topic-comment","body":"The verb «мелькнул» (flashed) precedes its subject «образ», throwing emphasis onto the sudden flashing. With free case-marked order, Russian places the new, vivid information where it lands most forcefully."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого уже нельзя более ни на минуту откладывать","title":"Relative «который» in the genitive","body":"«которого» agrees with «дело» in neuter singular but takes the case its own clause demands — here genitive as the object of the negated impersonal «нельзя… откладывать». A textbook который-clause embedded in a dative-less impersonal of impossibility."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни на минуту","title":"Intensifying «ни» — not even for a minute","body":"«ни» intensifies the negation 'not for a single minute', working in concord with the negative «нельзя». This «ни» (vs plain «не») is the 'not even one' of negative concord."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не произвело никакого на него впечатления, не достигло сердца его","title":"Genitive of negation: «впечатления», «сердца»","body":"Both negated verbs take genitive objects: «впечатления» (with «никакого» in concord) and «сердца его». Under negation the direct object regularly shifts from accusative to genitive — and «никакого» piles on negative concord."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вылетело из памяти и забылось","title":"Perfective chain of completed events","body":"A run of perfectives — «мелькнул… вылетело… забылось» — moves the inner action forward as a sequence of instantaneous, completed events against the imperfective background. «забылось» adds «-ся» for a middle/passive 'got forgotten'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безучастно","title":"«безучастно» — indifferently, listlessly","body":"From «без» + «участие» (without participation/sympathy): 'indifferently, apathetically'. It precisely captures the numb detachment of the grieving Alyosha at this moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаю,","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"безучастно","lemma":"безучастно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"indifferently"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause, main verb of the attribution","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мелькнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"мелькнул","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with произнес","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнул","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнул","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"образ","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мелькнул","gloss":"image"},{"surface":"брата","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образ","gloss":"of his brother"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брата","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мелькнул","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"мелькнул","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with произнес","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies напомнил","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"напомнил","lemma":"напомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with произнес","gloss":"reminded him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of напомнил","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms что-то with что","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms какое-то with какое","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to что-то, direct object of напомнил","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"спешное","lemma":"спешный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"urgent"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of откладывать","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate of the relative clause on дело","gloss":"must not"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"any more"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies на минуту","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of откладывать","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"откладывать","lemma":"откладывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"put off"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of долг","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms какой-то with какой","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"долг","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to что-то, direct object of напомнил","gloss":"debt"},{"surface":"обязанность","lemma":"обязанность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to долг","gloss":"obligation"},{"surface":"страшную","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обязанность","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies воспоминание","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of воспоминание","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"воспоминание","lemma":"воспоминание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произвело","gloss":"recollection"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies произвело","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"произвело","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with произнес","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of впечатления","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произвело","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"впечатления","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвело","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies достигло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"достигло","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with произнес","gloss":"reached"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of достигло","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of миг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вылетело","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"вылетело","lemma":"вылететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with произнес","gloss":"slipped out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking памяти","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"памяти","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вылетело","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"забылось","lemma":"забыться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with произнес","gloss":"was forgotten"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b7-c2-s73","source":"Но долго потом вспоминал об этом Алеша.","translation":"But Alyosha long remembered it afterward.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"долго потом вспоминал об этом","title":"Imperfective «вспоминал» — durative recall","body":"«вспоминал» (imperfective «вспоминать») with «долго» frames a prolonged, recurring remembering — 'long kept remembering it'. The imperfective is required for a drawn-out, habitual process, against a perfective «вспомнил» (recalled, once)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспоминал","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспоминал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"вспоминал","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспоминал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b7-c2-s74","source":"— Братец твой Ванечка изрек про меня единожды, что я «бездарный либеральный мешок». Ты же один разик тоже не утерпел и дал мне понять, что я «бесчестен»… Пусть! Посмотрю-ка я теперь на вашу даровитость и честность (окончил это Ракитин уже про себя, шепотом).","translation":"— Your dear brother Vanechka once pronounced of me that I am a \"talentless liberal bag\". And you too, just the once, couldn't hold back and let me understand that I am \"dishonorable\"… So be it! Now I'll have a look at your talent and your honor (this Rakitin finished already to himself, in a whisper).","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изрек","title":"«изречь» — to pronounce (solemnly)","body":"«изрёк» (perfective «изречь») is a bookish, slightly Church-Slavonic-flavoured verb for uttering a weighty pronouncement. Applied to Ivan's flip insult, it is ironic — Rakitin mock-dignifies the jibe as an oracle."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"единожды","title":"«единожды» — once, on one occasion","body":"An archaic-bookish word for 'once / one single time', loftier than plain «один раз». Paired with «изрёк», it sustains the mock-solemn tone of the quoted insult."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты же один разик тоже не утерпел","title":"Emphatic particle «же»","body":"«же» here insists and contrasts — 'and you, for your part / you too…'. It is one of Russia's untranslatable modal particles, conveyed in English only by stress, fixing the shift of address from Ivan to Alyosha."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бездарный либеральный мешок","title":"«бездарный… мешок» — talentless liberal sack","body":"Ivan's insult: «бездарный» means 'devoid of talent, ungifted'; «мешок» (sack/bag) used of a person means a useless, dull lump. The 1860s «либеральный» is a barb at Rakitin's fashionable progressive posturing — a recurring satirical target in the novel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Посмотрю-ка я","title":"Softening imperative particle «-ка»","body":"The clitic «-ка» on the perfective future «посмотрю» softens it into a self-directed resolve — 'let me just have a look now'. «-ка» typically tempers commands and intentions into something casual and tentative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Братец","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изрек","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Братец","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Ванечка","lemma":"ванечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Братец","gloss":"Vanechka"},{"surface":"изрек","lemma":"изречь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of изрек","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"единожды","lemma":"единожды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изрек","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мешок","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мешок","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бездарный","lemma":"бездарный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мешок","gloss":"talentless"},{"surface":"либеральный","lemma":"либеральный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мешок","gloss":"liberal"},{"surface":"мешок","lemma":"мешок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of изрек","gloss":"bag"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of утерпел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ты","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies разик","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"разик","lemma":"разик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of утерпел","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утерпел","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утерпел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"утерпел","lemma":"утерпеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could hold back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with утерпел","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дал","gloss":"understand","note":"дал понять is an idiom: \"made it clear\"."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бесчестен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бесчестен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бесчестен","lemma":"бесчестный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of понять","gloss":"dishonorable"},{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so be it"},{"surface":"Посмотрю","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll take a look"},{"surface":"ка","lemma":"ка","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Посмотрю","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Посмотрю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Посмотрю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking даровитость","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of даровитость","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"даровитость","lemma":"даровитость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Посмотрю","gloss":"talent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"честность","lemma":"честность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with даровитость","gloss":"honesty"},{"surface":"окончил","lemma":"окончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of окончил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of окончил","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окончил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of окончил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"шепотом","lemma":"шёпот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of окончил","gloss":"in a whisper"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b7-c2-s75","source":"Тьфу, слушай! — заговорил он снова громко, — минуем-ка монастырь, пойдем по тропинке прямо в город… Гм. Мне бы кстати надо к Хохлаковой зайти. Вообрази: я ей отписал о всем приключившемся, и, представь, она мне мигом отвечает запиской, карандашом (ужасно любит записки писать эта дама), что «никак она не ожидала от такого почтенного старца, как отец Зосима, — ''такого поступка!»'' Так ведь и написала: «поступка»! Тоже ведь озлилась; эх, вы все!","translation":"Pah, listen! —he began again loudly —let's skirt the monastery, we'll take the footpath straight to town… Hm. Speaking of which, I really ought to drop in on Madame Khokhlakova. Just imagine: I wrote her about all that happened, and, would you believe it, she answers me on the spot with a note, in pencil (terribly fond of writing notes, this lady), that \"she could never have expected such a deed from so venerable an elder as Father Zosima!\" That's exactly how she put it: \"a deed\"! She got worked up too; ah, the lot of you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"минуем-ка монастырь","title":"First-person plural exhortation with «-ка»","body":"«минуем» is the perfective future of «миновать» (to pass by, skirt) used as a 'let's…' exhortation, softened by «-ка» — 'let's just skirt the monastery'. The 1pl future doubling as an inclusive imperative is common in lively speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне бы кстати надо к Хохлаковой зайти","title":"Dative «мне» plus softening «бы»","body":"A dative-subject necessity («мне надо… зайти») softened by «бы» into 'I really ought to drop in'. «к Хохлаковой» takes the dative after «к» (motion toward a person); «зайти» is prefixed perfective motion for a brief call."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она мне мигом отвечает запиской, карандашом","title":"Instrumental of means: «запиской», «карандашом»","body":"«запиской» and «карандашом» are instrumental — the means by which she answers: 'with a note, in pencil'. The instrumental is the case of the tool or medium of an action."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мигом","title":"«мигом» — in a flash","body":"The instrumental of «миг» (instant) frozen into an adverb meaning 'instantly, in a flash'. Such adverbialized instrumentals («бегом», «шёпотом») are a productive pattern."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отписал","title":"«отписать» — to write off (a reply)","body":"Colloquial perfective: «отписать» here means to dash off a written report or reply to someone. The prefix от- and casual tone fit Rakitin's brisk, newspaperman manner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от такого почтенного старца, как отец Зосима, — такого поступка!","title":"Genitive after «от», agreeing «такого»","body":"«от такого почтенного старца» is genitive governed by «от» (from), with adjective «почтенного» and «такого» in full agreement. The second «такого поступка» is also genitive, object of the implied 'expect such a deed from…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поступка","title":"«поступок» — a (deliberate) act, deed","body":"A «поступок» is a deed seen as a moral act, something one is answerable for. Khokhlakova's outraged stress on the word «поступок» (as if Zosima dying were a willful misdeed) is the comic-social absurdity Rakitin relishes quoting."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"озлилась","title":"«озлиться» — to get worked up, embittered","body":"Perfective «озлиться» (from «злой», angry) with «-ся»: to grow angry/spiteful. «Тоже ведь озлилась» — 'she got worked up too' — with «ведь» appealing to shared knowledge of how the whole town has turned bitter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тьфу","lemma":"тьфу","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pah"},{"surface":"слушай!","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Тьфу","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began to speak"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"громко,","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"минуем","lemma":"миновать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let's skirt"},{"surface":"ка","lemma":"ка","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуем","gloss":"come on"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of минуем","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"пойдем","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with минуем","gloss":"we'll go"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тропинке","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"тропинке","lemma":"тропинка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдем","gloss":"the path"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдем","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking город","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдем","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"Гм","lemma":"гм","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hm"},{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of надо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"softens надо","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative, impersonal","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"need to"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Хохлаковой","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зайти","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"зайти","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to drop in"},{"surface":"Вообрази","lemma":"вообразить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отписал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of отписал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"отписал","lemma":"отписать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приключившемся","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of приключившемся","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"приключившемся","lemma":"приключиться","morphology":"participle, past, active, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отписал","gloss":"that had happened"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"представь","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical, discourse marker","gloss":"imagine that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отвечает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отвечает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of отвечает","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"отвечает","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"answers"},{"surface":"запиской","lemma":"записка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечает","gloss":"with a note"},{"surface":"карандашом","lemma":"карандаш","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with запиской","gloss":"in pencil"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"записки","lemma":"записка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of писать","gloss":"notes"},{"surface":"писать","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любит","gloss":"to write"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дама","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дама","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ожидала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидала","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ожидала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ожидала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ожидала","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"expected"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старца","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"почтенного","lemma":"почтенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старца","gloss":"venerable"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ожидала","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with отец","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition, compared to старца","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"Зосима,","lemma":"зосима","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поступка","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"поступка","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ожидала","gloss":"a deed"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies написала","gloss":"exactly so"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies написала","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies написала","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"написала","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"поступка","lemma":"поступок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quoted direct object of написала","gloss":"a deed","note":"Quoting the exact word she used, hence still genitive/accusative form поступка."},{"surface":"Тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озлилась","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies озлилась","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"озлилась","lemma":"озлиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got angry"},{"surface":"эх","lemma":"эх","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"head of the phrase, modified by все","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b7-c2-s76","source":"Постой! — внезапно прокричал он опять, вдруг остановился и, придержав Алешу за плечо, остановил и его.","translation":"Wait! —he suddenly shouted again, stopped short, and, gripping Alyosha by the shoulder, halted him too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"придержав Алешу за плечо","title":"Perfective past gerund «придержав»","body":"«придержав» (perfective gerund of «придержать») expresses a prior completed action — 'having gripped Alyosha by the shoulder, he halted him too'. The perfective «деепричастие» in -в marks the action just before the main verb, sharing its subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за плечо","title":"«за» + accusative for grabbing a body part","body":"«за плечо» (accusative) is the idiom for seizing someone by a body part: 'by the shoulder'. With grasping verbs, «за» plus accusative names the part gripped (взять за руку, схватить за горло)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Постой!","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокричал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокричал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прокричал","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"придержав","lemma":"придержать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановил","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of придержав","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечо","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"плечо","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of придержав","gloss":"the shoulder"},{"surface":"остановил","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прокричал","gloss":"halted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies его","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of остановил","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b7-c2-s77","source":"— Знаешь, Алешка, — пытливо глядел он ему в глаза, весь под впечатлением внезапной новой мысли, вдруг его осиявшей, и хоть сам и смеялся наружно, но, видимо, боясь выговорить вслух эту новую внезапную мысль свою, до того он всё еще не мог поверить чудному для него и никак неожиданному настроению, в котором видел теперь Алешу, — Алешка, знаешь, куда мы всего лучше бы теперь пошли? — выговорил он наконец робко и искательно.","translation":"— You know, Alyoshka, —he gazed searchingly into his eyes, wholly under the spell of a sudden new thought that had just dawned on him, and though he himself laughed outwardly, he was evidently afraid to speak aloud this sudden new thought of his, so unable was he still to believe in the wondrous and utterly unexpected mood in which he now saw Alyosha—Alyoshka, do you know where we'd do best to go now? —he brought out at last, timidly and ingratiatingly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алешка","title":"Diminutive «Алёшка»","body":"The «-ка/-шка» suffix on «Алёша» is familiar and a touch rough — pally, slightly condescending. Rakitin's «Алёшка» (vs the tender narrator's «Алёша») marks his buddy-ish, manipulative intimacy at this charged moment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг его осиявшей","title":"Past active participle «осиявшей»","body":"«осиявшей» is the past active participle of «осиять» (to illumine), agreeing with «мысли» (feminine genitive) — 'a thought that had just dawned on / lit up him'. The participle compresses a который-clause into one bookish modifier; «осиять» itself is elevated, near-Slavonic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"боясь выговорить вслух","title":"Present gerund «боясь»","body":"«боясь» is the imperfective present gerund of the «-ся»-only verb «бояться» (to fear), expressing a simultaneous circumstance — 'afraid (while) to speak it aloud'. It governs the infinitive «выговорить» directly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"куда мы всего лучше бы теперь пошли?","title":"Conditional «бы» in a suggestion","body":"Past-tense «пошли» plus «бы» softens a question into a tentative proposal — 'where would we best go now?'. «всего лучше» is the superlative ('best of all'), and the whole irrealis frame makes the suggestion gentle and probing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"искательно","title":"«искательно» — ingratiatingly","body":"From «искать» (to seek): a 'seeking-to-please', fawning, ingratiating manner. Coupled with «робко» (timidly), it pins Rakitin's uncharacteristic, almost servile caution as he angles to lead Alyosha to Grushenka."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"Алешка,","lemma":"алешка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"пытливо","lemma":"пытливый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"searchingly"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking впечатлением","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"впечатлением","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of весь","gloss":"the impression"},{"surface":"внезапной","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысли","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"новой","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысли","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies впечатлением","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осиявшей","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of осиявшей","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"осиявшей","lemma":"осиять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying мысли","gloss":"having dawned on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смеялся","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular, emphatic","role":"emphasizes subject of смеялся","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes смеялся","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"смеялся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the хоть-clause","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"наружно","lemma":"наружно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеялся","gloss":"outwardly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боясь","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"боясь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on мог","gloss":"being afraid"},{"surface":"выговорить","lemma":"выговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of боясь","gloss":"to utter"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выговорить","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"новую","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"внезапную","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выговорить","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"such a degree"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеялся","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"поверить","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"чудному","lemma":"чудный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies настроению","gloss":"wondrous"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чудному","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданному","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"неожиданному","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies настроению","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"настроению","lemma":"настроение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of поверить","gloss":"mood"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on настроению","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Алешу,","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Алешка","lemma":"алешка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address resuming the speech","gloss":"Alyoshka"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошли","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пошли","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies пошли","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker of пошли","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошли","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пошли?","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"выговорил","lemma":"выговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with глядел","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выговорил","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"робко","lemma":"робко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выговорил","gloss":"timidly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"искательно","lemma":"искательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with робко","gloss":"ingratiatingly"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b7-c2-s78","source":"— Всё равно… куда хочешь.","translation":"— It's all the same… wherever you like.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"куда хочешь","title":"«куда хочешь» — wherever you like","body":"An indefinite free-relative: the interrogative «куда» plus «хочешь» yields 'to wherever you want'. «Всё равно» ('it's all the same') frames Alyosha's total, indifferent acquiescence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of равно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of Всё","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочешь","gloss":"wherever"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"you like"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b7-c2-s79","source":"— Пойдем-ка к Грушеньке, а? Пойдешь? — весь даже дрожа от робкого ожидания, изрек наконец Ракитин.","translation":"— Let's go to Grushenka's, eh? Will you go? —Rakitin brought out at last, fairly trembling with timid anticipation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пойдем-ка к Грушеньке","title":"Exhortation with «-ка» plus dative «к»","body":"«Пойдём-ка» is the 1pl perfective future as an inclusive 'let's go', softened by «-ка». «к Грушеньке» takes the dative after «к» — motion toward a person ('to Grushenka's place')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изрек","title":"«изрёк» again — ironic solemnity","body":"The narrator's choice of the lofty «изрёк» (pronounced) for Rakitin's nervous little question is dryly ironic, inflating his trembling proposal into a grand utterance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пойдем","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future/hortative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause (hortative)","gloss":"let's go"},{"surface":"ка","lemma":"ка","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Пойдем","gloss":"shall we"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Пойдем","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"discourse particle","role":"tag-question particle","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"Пойдешь?","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you go"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дрожа","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дрожа","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"дрожа","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on изрек","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ожидания","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"робкого","lemma":"робкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ожидания","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"ожидания","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дрожа","gloss":"anticipation"},{"surface":"изрек","lemma":"изречь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изрек","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изрек","gloss":"Rakitin"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b7-c2-s80","source":"— Пойдем к Грушеньке, — спокойно и тотчас же ответил Алеша, и уж это было до того неожиданно для Ракитина, то есть такое скорое и спокойное согласие, что он чуть было не отпрыгнул назад.","translation":"— Let's go to Grushenka's, —Alyosha answered calmly and at once, and this was so unexpected for Rakitin, that is, such a swift and calm consent, that he very nearly sprang back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это было до того неожиданно… что","title":"Result clause «до того… что»","body":"«до того неожиданно… что» is a degree-result construction — 'so unexpected… that'. The subordinating «что» introduces the consequence («что он чуть было не отпрыгнул»), the standard 'so X that Y' pattern."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чуть было не отпрыгнул","title":"«чуть было не» — nearly happened","body":"The idiom «чуть было не» plus a perfective past means an action almost occurred but didn't — 'he very nearly sprang back'. The frozen «было» here is an old auxiliary marking the averted, would-have-been event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пойдем","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future/hortative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause (hortative)","gloss":"let's go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Грушеньке,","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Пойдем","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"calmly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with спокойно","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to неожиданно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of неожиданно","gloss":"such a degree"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ракитина","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of неожиданно","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, part of phrase то есть","role":"part of phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of согласие","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"скорое","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies согласие","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спокойное","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with скорое","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"согласие","lemma":"согласие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to это","gloss":"consent"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отпрыгнул","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отпрыгнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отпрыгнул","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle, marks near-miss action","role":"modifies отпрыгнул","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отпрыгнул","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отпрыгнул","lemma":"отпрыгнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"sprang"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отпрыгнул","gloss":"back"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b7-c2-s81","source":"— Н-ну!.. Вот! — прокричал было он в изумлении, но вдруг, крепко подхватив Алешу под руку, быстро повлек его по тропинке, всё еще ужасно опасаясь, что в том исчезнет решимость.","translation":"— W-well!.. There! —he started to shout in amazement, but suddenly, gripping Alyosha firmly by the arm, he swept him quickly along the footpath, still dreadfully afraid that his resolve would vanish.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прокричал было он","title":"The «было» of an interrupted action","body":"«прокричал было» uses the particle «было» after a perfective past to mark an action begun but checked or reversed — 'he started to shout (but…)'. This 'было' of frustrated beginning is a distinctly literary, old-fashioned device."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"крепко подхватив Алешу под руку","title":"Perfective gerund «подхватив»","body":"«подхватив» (perfective gerund of «подхватить») gives the prior completed action — 'having seized Alyosha under the arm'. «под руку» (accusative after «под») is the set phrase for taking someone by the arm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"опасаясь, что в том исчезнет решимость","title":"Present gerund «опасаясь» plus «что»-clause","body":"«опасаясь» (gerund of the «-ся» verb «опасаться», to fear/dread) names a simultaneous state, and «что» opens its content clause. «в том» ('in him/that one') is the demonstrative «тот» in the prepositional after «в»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"повлёк","title":"«повлечь» — to drag, draw along","body":"«повлёк» (perfective «повлечь») is a forceful, bookish verb for hauling someone along. It recurs in this scene («влёк к ней Алешу») to stress that Rakitin is physically and morally dragging Alyosha into temptation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Н","lemma":"н","morphology":"interjection fragment","role":"part of interjection Н-ну","gloss":"w-"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"part of interjection Н-ну","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"Вот!","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle, interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle, marks interrupted action","role":"marks interrupted action of прокричал","gloss":"started to"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking изумлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"изумлении","lemma":"изумление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокричал","gloss":"amazement"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повлек","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подхватив","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"подхватив","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on повлек","gloss":"grabbing"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подхватив","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подхватив","gloss":"the arm"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повлек","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"повлек","lemma":"повлечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прокричал","gloss":"swept"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of повлек","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тропинке","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"тропинке","lemma":"тропинка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повлек","gloss":"the path"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies опасаясь","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опасаясь","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опасаясь","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"опасаясь","lemma":"опасаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on повлек","gloss":"fearing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of исчезнет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of исчезнет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"исчезнет","lemma":"исчезнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of опасаясь","gloss":"would vanish"},{"surface":"решимость","lemma":"решимость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of исчезнет","gloss":"resolve"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b7-c2-s82","source":"Шли молча, Ракитин даже заговорить боялся.","translation":"They walked in silence; Rakitin was even afraid to speak.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Шли молча","title":"Imperfective «шли», subjectless","body":"«Шли» (imperfective past of «идти») renders walking as ongoing process — 'they were walking in silence'. The subject «они» is dropped, recoverable from the plural ending and context."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заговорить боялся","title":"Imperfective fear plus perfective infinitive","body":"«боялся» (imperfective, durative fear) governs the perfective infinitive «заговорить» ('to start speaking'). The inceptive prefix за- on «говорить» makes it 'begin to talk' — Rakitin feared even to break the silence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Шли","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they walked"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Шли","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боялся","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боялся","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"заговорить","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of боялся","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"was afraid"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b7-c2-s83","source":"— А рада-то как она будет, рада-то… — пробормотал было он, но опять примолк.","translation":"— And how glad she'll be, how glad… —he started to mutter, but again fell silent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А рада-то как она будет","title":"Short adjective predicate «рада»","body":"«рада» is the short (predicative) feminine form of «рад» (glad), used only as a predicate with the compound future «будет». «рада-то» carries the emphatic topic clitic, and the contrastive «А» opens the wistful exclamation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пробормотал было он, но опять примолк","title":"Another interrupted-action «было»","body":"Again «было» after the perfective «пробормотал» marks a begun-but-checked action — 'he started to mutter (but fell silent again)'. «примолк» (perfective of «примолкнуть») completes the reversal."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction/discourse particle","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рада","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of она","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies рада","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, exclamative","role":"modifies рада","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to рада","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"рада","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"repeats рада for emphasis","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies рада","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle, marks interrupted action","role":"marks interrupted action of пробормотал","gloss":"started to"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies примолк","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"примолк","lemma":"примолкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пробормотал","gloss":"fell silent"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b7-c2-s84","source":"Да и вовсе не для радости Грушенькиной он влек к ней Алешу; был он человек серьезный и без выгодной для себя цели ничего не предпринимал.","translation":"And it was not for Grushenka's joy at all that he was dragging Alyosha to her; he was a serious man and undertook nothing without some advantage to himself in view.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вовсе не для радости Грушенькиной","title":"Possessive adjective «Грушенькиной»","body":"«Грушенькиной» is a possessive adjective formed from the name Грушенька with the suffix -ин-, declined to agree with «радости» (genitive after «для»). Russian forms such 'belonging-to-a-person' adjectives from names and kin terms (мамин, отцов)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был он человек серьезный","title":"Nominative predicate (zero-copula past echo)","body":"Here the predicate noun «человек серьёзный» stands in the nominative even with past «был» — a permissible variant stressing a permanent, characterizing trait, where the instrumental «серьёзным человеком» would frame it as a role. The inversion «был он» throws weight onto the characterization."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"без выгодной для себя цели ничего не предпринимал","title":"Reflexive «себя» plus negative «ничего»","body":"«для себя» refers back to the clause subject (Rakitin's own advantage), and «ничего… не предпринимал» shows negative concord — the genitive «ничего» with «не». The imperfective «предпринимал» states a habitual rule of his character."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вовсе","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies для радости","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радости","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влек","gloss":"the joy"},{"surface":"Грушенькиной","lemma":"Грушенькин","morphology":"adjective, possessive, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies радости","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of влек","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"влек","lemma":"влечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was dragging"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влек","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of влек","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to человек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"серьезный","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цели","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"выгодной","lemma":"выгодный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies цели","gloss":"advantageous"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of выгодной","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"цели","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предпринимал","gloss":"a goal"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of предпринимал","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предпринимал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"предпринимал","lemma":"предпринимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"undertook"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b7-c2-s85","source":"Цель же у него теперь была двоякая, во-первых, мстительная, то есть увидеть «позор праведного» и вероятное «падение» Алеши «из святых во грешники», чем он уже заранее упивался, а во-вторых, была у него тут в виду и некоторая материальная, весьма для него выгодная цель, о которой будет сказано ниже.","translation":"His aim now was twofold: first, a vindictive one, namely to see the \"disgrace of the righteous\" and the probable \"fall\" of Alyosha \"from the saints to the sinners\", which he gloated over in advance; and second, he had in view here a certain material aim as well, highly advantageous to him, of which more will be said below.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Цель же у него теперь была двоякая","title":"Particle «же» as topic-shifter","body":"Sentence-initial «же» (leaning on «цель») marks a contrastive resumption — 'as for his aim, now…'. Distinct from emphatic «же», this discourse use picks up and develops the just-introduced topic of his motive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"двоякая","title":"«двоякий» — twofold","body":"A bookish adjective meaning 'of two kinds, twofold, dual'. It sets up the formal «во-первых… во-вторых» (firstly… secondly) anatomy of Rakitin's calculating motives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем он уже заранее упивался","title":"Relative «чем» plus instrumental government","body":"«чем» is the instrumental of relative «что», governed by «упиваться» ('to gloat/revel in', which takes the instrumental) — 'which he gloated over in advance'. The verb's instrumental object surfaces in the relative pronoun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о которой будет сказано ниже","title":"Passive participle «сказано» plus future «быть»","body":"«будет сказано» is a periphrastic passive: the short past passive participle «сказано» (from «сказать») with future «быть» — 'of which it will be said below'. «о которой» is the relative in the prepositional after «о»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Цель","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Цель","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Цель (possessive)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to двоякая","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"двоякая","lemma":"двоякий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"twofold"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"adverb, part of phrase во-первых","role":"part of phrase во-первых","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adverb, part of phrase во-первых","role":"part of phrase во-первых","gloss":"-ly"},{"surface":"мстительная","lemma":"мстительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to двоякая","gloss":"vindictive"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, part of phrase то есть","role":"part of phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"увидеть","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"clause explaining мстительная","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увидеть","gloss":"the disgrace"},{"surface":"праведного","lemma":"праведный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies позор","gloss":"of the righteous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вероятное","lemma":"вероятный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies падение","gloss":"probable"},{"surface":"падение","lemma":"падение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with позор","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies падение","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking святых","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"святых","lemma":"святой","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies падение","gloss":"the saints"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грешники","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"грешники","lemma":"грешник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies падение","gloss":"sinners"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of упивался","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of упивался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заранее","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упивался","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"упивался","lemma":"упиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying падение","gloss":"gloated over"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"adverb, part of phrase во-вторых","role":"part of phrase во-вторых","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"вторых","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adverb, part of phrase во-вторых","role":"part of phrase во-вторых","gloss":"-ly"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies была (possessive)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of phrase в виду","gloss":"view"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"некоторая","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of цель","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"материальная","lemma":"материальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies цель","gloss":"material"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выгодная","gloss":"highly"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выгодная","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"выгодная","lemma":"выгодный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies цель","gloss":"advantageous"},{"surface":"цель","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказано","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of сказано","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"сказано","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on цель","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ниже","lemma":"ниже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказано","gloss":"below"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b7-c2-s86","source":"«Значит, такая минутка вышла, — думал он про себя весело и злобно, — вот мы, стало быть, и изловим ее за шиворот, минутку-то эту, ибо она нам весьма подобающая».","translation":"\"So a critical little moment has come,\" he thought to himself, gaily and malignly, \"well then, we'll just catch it by the scruff of the neck, this little moment, for it suits us very well indeed.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"минутка","title":"Diminutive «минутка»","body":"«минутка» is the diminutive of «минута» (minute) — here not 'small' but loaded with sly relish, 'this precious little moment'. The repeated «минутку-то эту» with topic clitic savours the chance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"изловим ее за шиворот","title":"Perfective future «изловим» plus «за» idiom","body":"«изловим» is the perfective future of «изловить» (to catch, snare) — 'we'll catch it'. «за шиворот» (accusative after «за») is the vivid idiom 'by the scruff of the neck', personifying the moment as prey to be seized."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — for, because (bookish)","body":"«ибо» is an archaic, bookish conjunction for 'for, because', steeped in scriptural and elevated style. Rakitin's mixing it with crude slang («за шиворот») produces a knowingly mock-solemn, sneering inner voice."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подобающая","title":"«подобающий» — fitting, befitting","body":"«подобающая» (present active participle of «подобать», to befit, turned adjective) means 'suitable, becoming'. Solemn and slightly churchy, it caps Rakitin's ironic self-justification — the moment 'befits' his purpose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"discourse particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минутка","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"минутка","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вышла","gloss":"little moment"},{"surface":"вышла,","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"has come"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"gaily"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"злобно,","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with весело","gloss":"malignly"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"discourse particle","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of изловим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, part of phrase стало быть","role":"part of phrase стало быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, part of phrase стало быть","role":"part of phrase стало быть","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes изловим","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"изловим","lemma":"изловить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"will catch"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of изловим","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шиворот","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"шиворот","lemma":"шиворот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изловим","gloss":"the scruff"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to ее","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies минутку","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минутку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подобающая","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подобающая","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of подобающая","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подобающая","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"подобающая","lemma":"подобать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"predicate complement of она","gloss":"fitting"}]}]}