{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b7-c3","title":{"source":"III. Луковка","translated":"An Onion"},"section":"Book VII — Alyosha","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b7-c3","lines":312},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b7-c2","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b7-c4","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b7-c3-s1","source":"Грушенька жила в самом бойком месте города, близ Соборной площади, в доме купеческой вдовы Морозовой, у которой нанимала на дворе небольшой деревянный флигель.","translation":"Grushenka lived in the very busiest part of town, near Cathedral Square, in a house belonging to the merchant's widow Morozova, from whom she rented a small wooden annex in the yard.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в доме купеческой вдовы Морозовой, у которой нанимала","title":"Genitive of possession, then a relative «который»","body":"«купеческой вдовы Морозовой» is a chain of genitives — 'in the house of the merchant's widow Morozova' — where the adjective «купеческой» agrees with «вдовы» in the genitive. The relative «у которой» then opens a clause but takes its own case: genitive after «у», 'from whom (she rented).'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"флигель","title":"«флигель» — an annex or wing","body":"A «флигель» (from German Flügel, 'wing') is a small separate or attached building in the yard of a larger house — an outbuilding or annex, the modest quarters fitting Grushenka's dependent position."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в самом бойком месте","title":"«бойкий» — bustling, lively","body":"«бойкий» means brisk, busy, full of traffic; «самое бойкое место города» is the liveliest, most frequented spot in town. The same root recurs later for a «бойкая девушка», a brisk, smart girl."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of жила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"жила","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бойком","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"бойком","lemma":"бойкий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"busiest"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of жила","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"близ","lemma":"близ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking площади","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"Соборной","lemma":"соборный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies площади","gloss":"Cathedral"},{"surface":"площади","lemma":"площадь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"parallel location to месте","gloss":"Square"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel location to месте","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"купеческой","lemma":"купеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вдовы","gloss":"merchant's"},{"surface":"вдовы","lemma":"вдова","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"widow"},{"surface":"Морозовой","lemma":"Морозова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to вдовы","gloss":"Morozova"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нанимала","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"нанимала","lemma":"нанимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on вдовы","gloss":"rented"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дворе","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нанимала","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"небольшой","lemma":"небольшой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies флигель","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"деревянный","lemma":"деревянный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies флигель","gloss":"wooden"},{"surface":"флигель","lemma":"флигель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нанимала","gloss":"annex"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b7-c3-s2","source":"Дом же Морозовой был большой, каменный, двухэтажный, старый и очень неприглядный на вид; в нем проживала уединенно сама хозяйка, старая женщина, с двумя своими племянницами, тоже весьма пожилыми девицами.","translation":"Morozova's house itself was large, of stone, two storeys high, old, and very unsightly to look at; the landlady herself lived in it as a recluse, an old woman, together with her two nieces, who were also women well on in years.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дом же Морозовой был большой, каменный, двухэтажный, старый","title":"The particle «же» as a soft 'as for'","body":"Here «же» is not 'but'; it gently shifts the topic — 'Morozova's house itself / as for the house…' — picking up the building just mentioned and turning attention to it. It is one of the small unstressed particles that organize the flow of Russian narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с двумя своими племянницами, тоже весьма пожилыми девицами","title":"Instrumental after «с» and case after «два»","body":"«с» (with) governs the instrumental, so «двумя своими племянницами» is instrumental plural. Note too that the numeral «два» normally pulls a genitive singular, but the whole phrase re-declines into the instrumental once «с» takes hold."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"девицами","title":"«девица» — an unmarried woman","body":"«девица» is an older, slightly formal word for a maiden or unmarried girl; applied here to two «весьма пожилыми» (well-aged) women it carries a faint irony — spinster nieces grown old in the house."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Дом","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"Морозовой","lemma":"морозов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Дом","gloss":"Morozova's"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to большой","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"каменный","lemma":"каменный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with большой","gloss":"stone-built"},{"surface":"двухэтажный","lemma":"двухэтажный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with большой","gloss":"two-storey"},{"surface":"старый","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with большой","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неприглядный","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"неприглядный","lemma":"неприглядный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with большой","gloss":"unsightly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вид","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of неприглядный","gloss":"look","note":"idiom «на вид» = \"to look at / in appearance\"."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проживала","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"проживала","lemma":"проживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"уединенно","lemma":"уединенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проживала","gloss":"in seclusion"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies хозяйка","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"хозяйка","lemma":"хозяйка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проживала","gloss":"the landlady"},{"surface":"старая","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to хозяйка","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking племянницами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"двумя","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies племянницами","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of племянницами","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"племянницами","lemma":"племянница","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of проживала","gloss":"nieces"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies весьма пожилыми","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожилыми","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"пожилыми","lemma":"пожилой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies девицами","gloss":"elderly"},{"surface":"девицами","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to племянницами","gloss":"maidens"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b7-c3-s3","source":"Отдавать в наем свой флигель на дворе она не нуждалась, но все знали, что пустила к себе жилицей Грушеньку (еще года четыре назад) единственно в угоду родственнику своему купцу Самсонову, Грушенькиному открытому покровителю.","translation":"She had no need to let out the annex in her yard, but everyone knew that she had taken Grushenka in as a tenant (some four years earlier) solely to oblige her own kinsman, the merchant Samsonov, Grushenka's open protector.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пустила к себе жилицей Грушеньку","title":"Instrumental of role: «жилицей»","body":"«жилицей» ('as a tenant') stands in the instrumental, the case Russian uses to name the capacity or role in which someone is taken or kept — she let Grushenka in 'in the capacity of a lodger.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"единственно в угоду родственнику своему купцу Самсонову","title":"Dative of the person obliged","body":"«в угоду» ('to please, to oblige') governs the dative: «родственнику своему купцу Самсонову» is a string of datives in apposition — 'to oblige her own kinsman, the merchant Samsonov.' «своему» is the reflexive possessive, pointing back to Morozova herself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Грушенькиному","title":"Possessive adjective from a name","body":"«Грушенькин» is a possessive adjective formed straight from the name Grushenka ('Grushenka's'), declined here in the dative. Russian readily turns first names into such -ин/-ов adjectives, a colloquial and intimate way of marking belonging."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отдавать","lemma":"отдавать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of нуждалась","gloss":"to let out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наем","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"наем","lemma":"наём","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Отдавать","gloss":"rent","note":"idiom «отдавать в наём» = \"to let out / rent out\"."},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of флигель","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"флигель","lemma":"флигель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Отдавать","gloss":"annex"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дворе","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of флигель","gloss":"yard"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нуждалась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нуждалась","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"нуждалась","lemma":"нуждаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had need","note":"«не нуждалась» + infinitive = \"had no need to.\""},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нуждалась","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пустила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пустила","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знали","gloss":"had taken in"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of пустила","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"жилицей","lemma":"жилица","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement describing Грушеньку","gloss":"as a tenant"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пустила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies четыре","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"temporal modifier of пустила","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies года","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies года","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies угоду","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угоду","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"угоду","lemma":"угода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пустила","gloss":"please","note":"idiom «в угоду кому» = \"to please/oblige someone.\""},{"surface":"родственнику","lemma":"родственник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of угоду","gloss":"kinsman"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of купцу","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"купцу","lemma":"купец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to родственнику","gloss":"the merchant"},{"surface":"Самсонову","lemma":"самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to купцу","gloss":"Samsonov"},{"surface":"Грушенькиному","lemma":"грушенькин","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies покровителю","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"открытому","lemma":"открытый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies покровителю","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"покровителю","lemma":"покровитель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Самсонову","gloss":"protector"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b7-c3-s4","source":"Говорили, что ревнивый старик, помещая к Морозовой свою «фаворитку», имел первоначально в виду зоркий глаз старухи, чтобы наблюдать за поведением новой жилицы.","translation":"It was said that the jealous old man, in lodging his \"favourite\" with Morozova, had at first counted on the old woman's sharp eye to keep watch over his new tenant's conduct.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"помещая к Морозовой свою «фаворитку»","title":"Imperfective gerund «помещая»","body":"«помещая» ('in lodging, while placing') is a present деепричастие from imperfective «помещать», naming an action going on at the same time as the main verb and sharing its subject — 'the old man, as he lodged his favourite…' It compresses a whole circumstantial clause into one word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы наблюдать за поведением","title":"«чтобы» of purpose","body":"«чтобы» + infinitive marks purpose — 'in order to watch over the conduct.' With a bare infinitive (same subject) it needs no past-form verb; the «бы» fused inside «чтобы» is doing its irrealis work silently."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зоркий глаз","title":"«зоркий» — keen-eyed, watchful","body":"«зоркий» means sharp-sighted, vigilant; «зоркий глаз старухи» is the old woman's watchful eye. The phrase becomes a small motif, repeated at the start of the next sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it was said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ревнивый","lemma":"ревнивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"jealous"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"помещая","lemma":"помещать","morphology":"verb, gerund, present, active, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying имел","gloss":"lodging"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Морозовой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Морозовой","lemma":"морозов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помещая","gloss":"Morozova"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of фаворитку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"фаворитку","lemma":"фаворитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of помещая","gloss":"favourite"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Говорили","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"первоначально","lemma":"первоначально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom иметь в виду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase в","gloss":"view","note":"idiom «иметь в виду» = \"to bear in mind / count on.\""},{"surface":"зоркий","lemma":"зоркий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глаз","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"старухи","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies глаз","gloss":"old woman's"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of наблюдать","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"наблюдать","lemma":"наблюдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on имел","gloss":"to watch"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поведением","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"поведением","lemma":"поведение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of наблюдать","gloss":"conduct"},{"surface":"новой","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жилицы","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"жилицы","lemma":"жилица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies поведением","gloss":"tenant's"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b7-c3-s5","source":"Но зоркий глаз весьма скоро оказался ненужным, и кончилось тем, что Морозова даже редко встречалась с Грушенькой и совсем уже не надоедала ей под конец никаким надзором.","translation":"But the sharp eye very soon proved unnecessary, and it ended with Morozova rarely even meeting Grushenka and, toward the last, not pestering her with any supervision at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кончилось тем, что Морозова даже редко встречалась","title":"«кончилось тем, что…» — a correlative frame","body":"«кончилось тем, что…» literally 'it ended with that, namely that…' — the instrumental «тем» sets up a slot that the «что»-clause then fills. This correlative scaffolding is a very common Russian way to introduce a result clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем уже не надоедала ей под конец никаким надзором","title":"Negative concord with «никаким»","body":"«не надоедала… никаким надзором» pairs the negator «не» on the verb with the ни-word «никаким» — Russian's obligatory double negation, 'did not pester her with any supervision whatever.' «ей» is dative (the person bothered) and «надзором» instrumental (the means)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зоркий","lemma":"зоркий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глаз","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оказался","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скоро","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказался","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"оказался","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"proved"},{"surface":"ненужным","lemma":"ненужный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of оказался","gloss":"unnecessary"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кончилось","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оказался","gloss":"ended"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончилось","gloss":"with this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встречалась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Морозова","lemma":"морозов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of встречалась","gloss":"Morozova"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies редко","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"редко","lemma":"редко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встречалась","gloss":"rarely"},{"surface":"встречалась","lemma":"встречаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушенькой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Грушенькой","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встречалась","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уже не надоедала","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надоедала","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надоедала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надоедала","lemma":"надоедать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with встречалась","gloss":"pestered"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of надоедала","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надоедала","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"никаким","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of надзором","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"надзором","lemma":"надзор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надоедала","gloss":"supervision"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b7-c3-s6","source":"Правда, прошло уже четыре года с тех пор, как старик привез в этот дом из губернского города восемнадцатилетнюю девочку, робкую, застенчивую, тоненькую, худенькую, задумчивую и грустную, и с тех пор много утекло воды.","translation":"True, four years had already passed since the old man brought into this house, from a provincial town, an eighteen-year-old girl — timid, bashful, slight, thin, pensive, and sad — and since then much water had flowed under the bridge.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тех пор, как старик привез… восемнадцатилетнюю девочку, робкую, застенчивую, тоненькую, худенькую, задумчивую и грустную","title":"A cascade of agreeing accusatives","body":"«девочку» is the animate-feminine accusative object of «привёз», and every following adjective — «робкую, застенчивую…» — agrees with it in feminine accusative singular. The string shows how adjective endings carry the case across a long descriptive run."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тоненькую, худенькую","title":"Diminutive adjectives «тоненькую, худенькую»","body":"The -еньк- suffix turns «тонкий» (slender) and «худой» (thin) into «тоненький, худенький» — not 'smaller' but softer and more tender: 'slight little, thin little.' Such affectionate diminutives color the portrait of the frail young Grushenka with pity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"много утекло воды","title":"Idiom: «много утекло воды»","body":"«много воды утекло (с тех пор)» — 'much water has flowed since then' — is the standard Russian idiom for 'a great deal has changed,' which our English renders with the matching 'much water had flowed under the bridge.' «воды» is genitive (quantity)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying прошло","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"прошло","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had passed"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошло","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on года","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошло","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase с","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прошло","gloss":"then","note":"idiom «с тех пор» = \"since then.\""},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of привез","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of привез","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"привез","lemma":"привезти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying пор","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дом","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привез","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking города","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"губернского","lemma":"губернский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies города","gloss":"provincial"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привез","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"восемнадцатилетнюю","lemma":"восемнадцатилетний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девочку","gloss":"eighteen-year-old"},{"surface":"девочку","lemma":"девочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of привез","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"робкую","lemma":"робкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девочку","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"застенчивую","lemma":"застенчивый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with девочку","gloss":"bashful"},{"surface":"тоненькую","lemma":"тоненький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with девочку","gloss":"slight"},{"surface":"худенькую","lemma":"худенький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with девочку","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"задумчивую","lemma":"задумчивый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with девочку","gloss":"pensive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"грустную","lemma":"грустный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with девочку","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase с","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of утекло","gloss":"then","note":"idiom «с тех пор» = \"since then.\""},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"subject of утекло","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"утекло","lemma":"утечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with привез","gloss":"had flowed","note":"idiom «много воды утекло» = \"much time has passed.\""},{"surface":"воды","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies много","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b7-c3-s7","source":"Биографию этой девочки знали, впрочем, у нас в городе мало и сбивчиво; не узнали больше и в последнее время, и это даже тогда, когда уже очень многие стали интересоваться такою «раскрасавицей», в какую превратилась в четыре года Аграфена Александровна.","translation":"This girl's history, however, was known among us in the town only sparsely and confusedly; nor did anyone learn more of it later, even at the very time when a great many had begun to take an interest in the \"raving beauty\" that Agrafena Alexandrovna had turned into over four years.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Биографию этой девочки знали… у нас в городе","title":"Object-first word order with an impersonal 'they'","body":"The sentence leads with the accusative object «биографию», not the subject — the subjectless plural «знали» ('people knew, it was known') is the unnamed townsfolk. Fronting the object marks it as the topic, the known thing being commented on."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"такою «раскрасавицей», в какую превратилась","title":"Correlative «такой… какой»","body":"«такою… в какую» is the correlative pair 'such (a beauty)… as the one into which (she turned).' «такою» is an archaic instrumental ending in -ою (= modern -ой) after «интересоваться», which governs the instrumental; «в какую» takes the accusative of motion 'into.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"раскрасавица","title":"«раскрасавица» — a stunning beauty","body":"The intensive prefix рас- piled on «красавица» (beauty) yields «раскрасавица», a 'ravishing, dazzling beauty' — an expressive, colloquial heightening, which is why Dostoevsky sets it in quotation marks as a townsman's word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Биографию","lemma":"биография","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знали","gloss":"history"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of девочки","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"девочки","lemma":"девочка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Биографию","gloss":"girl's"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was known"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying знали","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of знали","gloss":"us","note":"idiom «у нас» = \"among us / here.\""},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знали","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"sparsely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сбивчиво","lemma":"сбивчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with мало","gloss":"confusedly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"узнали","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with знали","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнали","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнали","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject referring to the situation","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of стали","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многие","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on тогда","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"интересоваться","lemma":"интересоваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to take interest"},{"surface":"такою","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раскрасавицей","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"раскрасавицей","lemma":"раскрасавица","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of интересоваться","gloss":"beauty","note":"«раскрасавица» is an intensified form: \"a great beauty / a stunner.\""},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking какую","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of превратилась","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"превратилась","lemma":"превратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying раскрасавицей","gloss":"had turned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking года","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on года","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of превратилась","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"Аграфена","lemma":"аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of превратилась","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровна","lemma":"александровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Аграфена","gloss":"Alexandrovna"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b7-c3-s8","source":"Были только слухи, что семнадцатилетнею еще девочкой была она кем-то обманута, каким-то будто бы офицером, и затем тотчас же им брошена.","translation":"There were only rumours that, while still a girl of seventeen, she had been deceived by someone — by some officer, supposedly — and then at once abandoned by him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"семнадцатилетнею еще девочкой была она… обманута… и затем тотчас же им брошена","title":"Periphrastic passive with short participles","body":"«была… обманута… брошена» is the past passive: «быть» plus the short past passive participles of «обмануть» (deceive) and «бросить» (abandon). The agent appears in the instrumental — «им» ('by him,' the officer) — exactly as the passive construction requires."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кем-то… каким-то будто бы офицером","title":"Indefinite «-то»: a specific but unknown someone","body":"«кем-то» and «каким-то» use the clitic -то to mark a real but unidentified agent — 'by someone, by some officer.' The rumor knows there was a man but not who; -то (as opposed to -нибудь) is precisely this 'specific-yet-unknown' shade."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"будто бы","title":"«будто бы» — supposedly, as if","body":"«будто бы» flags reported, unconfirmed information — 'allegedly, supposedly' — and runs all through this chapter's hearsay about Grushenka's past, keeping the narrator at an ironic distance from the town gossip."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"семнадцатилетнею","title":"Archaic instrumental ending -ею","body":"«семнадцатилетнею» ('a seventeen-year-old [girl],' instrumental) shows the older bookish ending -ею for modern -ей. Dostoevsky's prose favors this fuller form; you will meet it again in «истершеюся», «продырившеюся» later in the chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слухи","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"слухи","lemma":"слух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Были","gloss":"rumours"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обманута","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"семнадцатилетнею","lemma":"семнадцатилетний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девочкой","gloss":"seventeen-year-old"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies девочкой","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"девочкой","lemma":"девочка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement describing она","gloss":"a girl"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of обманута","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive обманута","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"part of indefinite pronoun with то","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite pronoun with кем","gloss":"-some"},{"surface":"обманута","lemma":"обмануть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"deceived"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of indefinite determiner with то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite determiner with каким","gloss":"-some"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies офицером","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom будто бы","gloss":"(supposedly)"},{"surface":"офицером","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of обманута","gloss":"officer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies брошена","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies брошена","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes тотчас","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of брошена","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"брошена","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обманута","gloss":"abandoned"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b7-c3-s9","source":"Офицер-де уехал и где-то потом женился, а Грушенька осталась в позоре и нищете.","translation":"The officer, they said, had gone away and married somewhere later, while Grushenka was left in disgrace and destitution.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Офицер-де уехал… а Грушенька осталась","title":"The reportative particle «-де»","body":"«-де» is an old enclitic particle marking reported speech — 'they say, allegedly' — much like «мол» or «дескать». It quietly signals that the whole sentence is hearsay, which our English carries with 'they said.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Офицер-де уехал и где-то потом женился, а Грушенька осталась","title":"Contrastive «а» pivoting two fates","body":"«а» here is the mild adversative 'while, whereas,' hinging two parallel outcomes: he left and married, she was left in disgrace. It marks a shift of subject and contrast without the sharp opposition of «но»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в позоре и нищете","title":"«позор» and «нищета»","body":"«позор» is public shame, disgrace; «нищета» is grinding destitution, beggary (stronger than mere «бедность», poverty). The pairing — social disgrace plus material ruin — sets the depth she has climbed out of."}],"words":[{"surface":"Офицер","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уехал","gloss":"the officer"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уехал","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"уехал","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went away"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms indefinite adverb with то","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite adverb with где","gloss":"-where"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies женился","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"женился","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уехал","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of осталась","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"осталась","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уехал","gloss":"was left"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking позоре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"позоре","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осталась","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нищете","lemma":"нищета","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with позоре","gloss":"destitution"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b7-c3-s10","source":"Говорили, впрочем, что хотя Грушенька и действительно была взята своим стариком из нищеты, но что семейства была честного и происходила как-то из духовного звания, была дочь какого-то заштатного дьякона или что-то в этом роде.","translation":"It was said, however, that although Grushenka had indeed been taken out of destitution by her old man, she came of an honest family and was somehow of clerical stock — the daughter of some superannuated deacon or something of that sort.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя Грушенька и действительно была взята… но что семейства была честного","title":"Concessive «хотя… но» and a genitive predicate","body":"«хотя… но» frames a concession ('although… yet'); the «и» after «хотя» is an emphatic 'indeed.' Note «семейства была честного» — a genitive of quality/origin, 'was of an honest family,' an idiomatic way to state stock or descent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"была дочь какого-то заштатного дьякона","title":"Bare nominative predicate «была дочь»","body":"After past «была» we get a nominative predicate «дочь» rather than the expected instrumental — an older, more solemn usage for a permanent identity ('was the daughter of…'). The genitive «какого-то заштатного дьякона» depends on «дочь»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it was said"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying Говорили","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взята","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взята","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive взята","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes действительно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взята","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of взята","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"взята","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause with была","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стариком","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"стариком","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of взята","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нищеты","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"нищеты","lemma":"нищета","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взята","gloss":"destitution"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of честного","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"семейства","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"descriptive genitive complement of была","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to честного","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"честного","lemma":"честной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies семейства","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"происходила","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with была","gloss":"descended"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms indefinite adverb with то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite adverb with как","gloss":"-how"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking звания","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"духовного","lemma":"духовный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies звания","gloss":"clerical"},{"surface":"звания","lemma":"звание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of происходила","gloss":"estate"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to дочь","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"the daughter"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of indefinite determiner with то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite determiner with какого","gloss":"-some"},{"surface":"заштатного","lemma":"заштатный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дьякона","gloss":"retired"},{"surface":"дьякона","lemma":"дьякон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дочь","gloss":"deacon"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"coordinated with дочь","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite pronoun with что","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of роде","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies что","gloss":"sort"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b7-c3-s11","source":"И вот в четыре года из чувствительной, обиженной и жалкой сироточки вышла румяная, полнотелая русская красавица, женщина с характером смелым и решительным, гордая и наглая, понимавшая толк в деньгах, приобретательница, скупая и осторожная, правдами иль неправдами, но уже успевшая, как говорили про нее, сколотить свой собственный капиталец.","translation":"And so, in four years, out of a sensitive, wronged, and pitiful little orphan there had emerged a rosy-cheeked, full-bodied Russian beauty, a woman of bold and resolute character, proud and brazen, who understood the value of money, an acquirer, stingy and cautious, and who already — by fair means or foul, as people said of her — had managed to scrape together a little capital of her own.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из чувствительной, обиженной и жалкой сироточки вышла румяная, полнотелая русская красавица","title":"«из X вышла Y» — emergence with the genitive","body":"«выйти из…» here means 'to turn out of, emerge from': из + genitive «сироточки» names the starting material, and the perfective «вышла» frames a single completed transformation. The new self, «красавица», stands in the nominative as subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"понимавшая толк в деньгах… уже успевшая… сколотить свой собственный капиталец","title":"Past active participles in apposition","body":"«понимавшая» and «успевшая» are past active participles (-вш-) agreeing with «красавица»/«женщина» in feminine nominative — 'who understood…, who had managed…' They stack up several который-clauses into compact modifiers, a hallmark of Dostoevsky's portrait sentences."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сироточки","title":"«сироточка» — a poor little orphan","body":"From «сирота» (orphan) the diminutive «сироточка» adds pity and tenderness — 'a wretched little orphan.' Set against the robust «красавица» she becomes, the affectionate suffix sharpens the before-and-after contrast."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"капиталец","title":"«капиталец» — a tidy little capital","body":"The diminutive of «капитал», «капиталец» is a 'nice little nest egg' — here faintly mocking and admiring at once, the small fortune the once-pitiful orphan has shrewdly scraped together «правдами иль неправдами» (by fair means or foul)."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вышла","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking года","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on года","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышла","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сироточки","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"чувствительной","lemma":"чувствительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сироточки","gloss":"sensitive"},{"surface":"обиженной","lemma":"обиженный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with чувствительной","gloss":"wronged"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жалкой","lemma":"жалкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with чувствительной","gloss":"pitiful"},{"surface":"сироточки","lemma":"сироточка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышла","gloss":"little orphan"},{"surface":"вышла","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"emerged"},{"surface":"румяная","lemma":"румяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies красавица","gloss":"rosy-cheeked"},{"surface":"полнотелая","lemma":"полнотелый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies красавица","gloss":"full-bodied"},{"surface":"русская","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies красавица","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"красавица","lemma":"красавица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вышла","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to красавица","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking характером","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"характером","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"смелым","lemma":"смелый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характером","gloss":"bold"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"решительным","lemma":"решительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with смелым","gloss":"resolute"},{"surface":"гордая","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with красавица","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наглая","lemma":"наглый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with красавица","gloss":"brazen"},{"surface":"понимавшая","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying красавица","gloss":"who understood"},{"surface":"толк","lemma":"толк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of понимавшая","gloss":"the value","note":"idiom «понимать толк в чём» = \"to know the value of / be knowledgeable about.\""},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"деньгах","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies толк","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"приобретательница","lemma":"приобретательница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with красавица","gloss":"an accumulator"},{"surface":"скупая","lemma":"скупой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with красавица","gloss":"stingy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"осторожная","lemma":"осторожный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with скупая","gloss":"cautious"},{"surface":"правдами","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"adverbial phrase modifying успевшая","gloss":"by fair means","note":"idiom «правдами и неправдами» = \"by fair means or foul.\""},{"surface":"иль","lemma":"иль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"неправдами","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with правдами","gloss":"foul"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успевшая","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"успевшая","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with вышла","gloss":"having managed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical говорили","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying успевшая","gloss":"people said"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сколотить","lemma":"сколотить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успевшая","gloss":"to scrape together"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of капиталец","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"собственный","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies капиталец","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"капиталец","lemma":"капиталец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сколотить","gloss":"little capital"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b7-c3-s12","source":"В одном только все были убеждены: что к Грушеньке доступ труден и что, кроме старика, ее покровителя, не было ни единого еще человека, во все четыре года, который бы мог похвалиться ее благосклонностью.","translation":"On one point alone everyone was convinced: that access to Grushenka was hard to come by, and that, apart from the old man, her protector, there had not been, in all four years, a single man who could boast of her favour.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не было ни единого еще человека… который бы мог похвалиться","title":"Genitive of negation + «который бы»","body":"«не было ни единого человека» — the negated existential «не было» forces its subject into the genitive ('there was not a single man'), reinforced by the emphatic «ни». The relative «который бы мог» carries «бы», giving an irrealis tinge: 'who could (have) boast(ed).'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"В одном только все были убеждены","title":"Prepositional of the point agreed upon","body":"«в одном» is the prepositional after «в» — 'in one thing only (everyone was convinced).' «быть убеждённым в чём-то» governs «в» + prepositional, naming the matter of conviction, and fronting it makes 'on one point alone' the topic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благосклонностью","title":"«благосклонность» — favour, good graces","body":"«благосклонность» is gracious favor or kindly regard; «похвалиться её благосклонностью» (instrumental after «похвалиться», to boast of) is a decorous, slightly ironic euphemism here for having won her sexual favor."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одном","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition В","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одном","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of убеждены","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of убеждены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"убеждены","lemma":"убеждённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate with были","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first что-clause (object of убеждены)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition к","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"доступ","lemma":"доступ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of труден","gloss":"access"},{"surface":"труден","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the first что-clause","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two что-clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second что-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старика","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition кроме","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies покровителя","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"покровителя","lemma":"покровитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старика","gloss":"protector"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the second что-clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies единого","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"единого","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of было (negation)","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking года","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of четыре","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies года","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition во","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks мог as conditional","gloss":"could (conditional)"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying человека","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"похвалиться","lemma":"похвалиться","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"boast"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of благосклонностью","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"благосклонностью","lemma":"благосклонность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of похвалиться","gloss":"favour"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b7-c3-s13","source":"Факт был твердый, потому что на приобретение этой благосклонности выскакивало немало охотников, особливо в последние два года.","translation":"The fact was a solid one, for no few hunters had come leaping forward to win that favour, particularly over the last two years.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выскакивало немало охотников","title":"Quantifier «немало» + genitive plural","body":"«немало охотников» — the quantity word «немало» ('not a few') takes the genitive plural «охотников», and the verb «выскакивало» stands in the neuter singular, agreeing with the quantified phrase rather than the plural noun, as Russian regularly does after such quantifiers."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"охотников","title":"«охотник» — eager seeker, would-be taker","body":"Beyond 'hunter,' «охотник» means one eager or willing to do something — here the men 'leaping forward' («выскакивало») to win her favor. Our English keeps the hunting image with 'hunters.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"особливо","title":"«особливо» — archaic 'especially'","body":"«особливо» is a bookish, old-fashioned variant of «особенно» ('especially, particularly'), part of the period-elevated texture of Dostoevsky's narrating voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of твердый","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to твердый","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"твердый","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of был","gloss":"a solid one"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the causal conjunction потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приобретение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"приобретение","lemma":"приобретение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"the winning"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of благосклонности","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"благосклонности","lemma":"благосклонность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies приобретение","gloss":"favour"},{"surface":"выскакивало","lemma":"выскакивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"had come leaping forward"},{"surface":"немало","lemma":"немало","morphology":"adverb (quantifier)","role":"modifies охотников","gloss":"quite a few"},{"surface":"охотников","lemma":"охотник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of выскакивало (genitive quantifier construction)","gloss":"hunters"},{"surface":"особливо","lemma":"особливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выскакивало","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking года","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies два","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies года","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b7-c3-s14","source":"Но все попытки оказались втуне, а иные из искателей принуждены были отретироваться даже с комическою и зазорною развязкой благодаря твердому и насмешливому отпору со стороны характерной молодой особы.","translation":"But all their attempts proved in vain, and some of these suitors were obliged to retreat with an even comic and shameful denouement, thanks to the firm and mocking rebuff dealt them by the spirited young woman.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"иные из искателей принуждены были отретироваться","title":"Short participle «принуждены» + infinitive","body":"«принуждены были… отретироваться» is the short past passive participle «принуждены» ('compelled,' plural) with «быть» plus an infinitive — 'were obliged to retreat.' The short form is predicate-only and distinctly bookish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"благодаря твердому и насмешливому отпору","title":"«благодаря» governs the dative","body":"«благодаря» ('thanks to') is one of the prepositions that take the dative — «отпору» — even when, as here, the result is unwelcome: 'thanks to the firm and mocking rebuff.' The adjectives agree with «отпору» in the dative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"втуне… отретироваться… зазорною","title":"Bookish lexis: «втуне», «отретироваться», «зазорный»","body":"«втуне» is archaic for 'in vain, to no purpose'; «отретироваться» is a mock-grand Gallicism (from retirer) for 'to beat a retreat'; «зазорный» means shameful, disgraceful. The clustered high-flown words lend the suitors' rout a comic, ironic grandeur."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of попытки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"попытки","lemma":"попытка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of оказались","gloss":"attempts"},{"surface":"оказались","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"proved"},{"surface":"втуне","lemma":"втуне","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of оказались","gloss":"in vain"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective (as noun), nominative, plural","role":"subject of passive принуждены","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking искателей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"искателей","lemma":"искатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies иные","gloss":"suitors"},{"surface":"принуждены","lemma":"принудить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with оказались","gloss":"obliged"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to принуждены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"отретироваться","lemma":"отретироваться","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of принуждены","gloss":"retreat"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies развязкой","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking развязкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"комическою","lemma":"комический","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies развязкой","gloss":"comic"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зазорною","lemma":"зазорный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with комическою","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"развязкой","lemma":"развязка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"denouement"},{"surface":"благодаря","lemma":"благодаря","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отпору","gloss":"thanks to"},{"surface":"твердому","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отпору","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"насмешливому","lemma":"насмешливый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with твердому","gloss":"mocking"},{"surface":"отпору","lemma":"отпор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition благодаря","gloss":"rebuff"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on the part of"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase со стороны, modifying отпору","gloss":"the part","note":"«со стороны + genitive» is an idiom meaning \"on the part of / from\"."},{"surface":"характерной","lemma":"характерный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies особы","gloss":"spirited"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies особы","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"особы","lemma":"особа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of сторона, modifying отпору","gloss":"woman"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b7-c3-s15","source":"Знали еще, что молодая особа, особенно в последний год, пустилась в то, что называется «гешефтом», и что с этой стороны она оказалась с чрезвычайными способностями, так что под конец многие прозвали ее сущею жидовкой.","translation":"It was further known that the young woman, especially in the last year, had launched into what is called \"speculation\", and that in this line she had shown extraordinary aptitude, so that toward the end many dubbed her a regular Jewess.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пустилась в то, что называется «гешефтом»","title":"Correlative «то, что» + instrumental","body":"«в то, что называется…» is 'into the thing that is called…,' with «то» (accusative of motion after «в») picked up by a «что»-clause. Inside it, «называется гешефтом» puts the naming complement in the instrumental, as «называться» requires."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с чрезвычайными способностями","title":"«чрезвычайный» — extraordinary","body":"«чрезвычайный» means exceptional, out of the ordinary; «оказалась с чрезвычайными способностями» — 'proved to have extraordinary aptitude.' The instrumental plural «способностями» follows «с», 'with [such] gifts.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal)","gloss":"was known"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Знали","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пустилась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"молодая","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies особа","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"особа","lemma":"особа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пустилась","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустилась","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking год","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies год","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"пустилась","lemma":"пуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Знали","gloss":"had launched"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of называется","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"называется","lemma":"называться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"is called"},{"surface":"гешефтом","lemma":"гешефт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of называется","gloss":"'speculation'","note":"Гешефт is a Yiddish/German loanword for a business deal, used here with a slightly pejorative shade."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оказалась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"line"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оказалась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"оказалась","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пустилась (second что-clause)","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking способностями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чрезвычайными","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies способностями","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"способностями","lemma":"способность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"aptitude"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of так что (result clause)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition под","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of прозвали","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"прозвали","lemma":"прозвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the так что-clause","gloss":"dubbed"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прозвали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сущею","lemma":"сущий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жидовкой","gloss":"a regular"},{"surface":"жидовкой","lemma":"жидовка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of прозвали","gloss":"Jewess","note":"Archaic and derogatory term for a Jewish woman; used here to imply shrewdness in business."}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b7-c3-s16","source":"Не то чтоб она давала деньги в рост, но известно было, например, что в компании с Федором Павловичем Карамазовым она некоторое время действительно занималась скупкою векселей за бесценок, по гривеннику за рубль, а потом приобрела на иных из этих векселей по рублю на гривенник.","translation":"It was not that she lent money at interest, but it was known, for instance, that in partnership with Fyodor Pavlovich Karamazov she had for a time actually been buying up promissory notes for next to nothing, a dime on the rouble, and afterwards collected a rouble on the dime for some of those notes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не то чтоб она давала деньги в рост","title":"«не то чтоб» + past-form irrealis","body":"«не то чтоб(ы)…» ('it's not that…') is a concessive frame built on «чтобы», so the verb takes the past form «давала» with no real past meaning — the «бы» inside «чтоб» makes it hypothetical: 'not that she actually lent…'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"занималась скупкою векселей","title":"Instrumental object of «заниматься»","body":"«заниматься» ('to engage in, busy oneself with') governs the instrumental: «занималась скупкою векселей» — 'was occupied with the buying-up of promissory notes,' with the bookish -ою ending on «скупкою» and the genitive plural «векселей» depending on it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the idiom не то чтоб","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of давала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of давала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"давала","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on то","gloss":"lent"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of давала","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рост","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"рост","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"interest"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of the main clause","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to известно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies занималась","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of занималась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking компании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"компании","lemma":"компания","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"partnership"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Федором","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies компании","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичем","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федором","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"Карамазовым","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федором","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of занималась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial (duration) of занималась","gloss":"a time"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies занималась","gloss":"actually"},{"surface":"занималась","lemma":"заниматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause, complement of известно","gloss":"was engaged in"},{"surface":"скупкою","lemma":"скупка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of занималась (instrumental object)","gloss":"buying up"},{"surface":"векселей","lemma":"вексель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies скупкою","gloss":"notes"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бесценок","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"бесценок","lemma":"бесценок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of скупкою","gloss":"next to nothing"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гривеннику","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"гривеннику","lemma":"гривенник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"rate complement (по гривеннику за рубль)","gloss":"a dime"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рубль","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"рубль","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"a rouble"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приобрела","gloss":"afterwards"},{"surface":"приобрела","lemma":"приобрести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with занималась","gloss":"collected"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иных","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"иных","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective (as noun), locative, plural","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking векселей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of векселей","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"векселей","lemma":"вексель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"partitive complement of иных","gloss":"notes"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рублю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"рублю","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"rate complement of приобрела (по рублю на гривенник)","gloss":"a rouble"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гривенник","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"гривенник","lemma":"гривенник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the rate phrase по рублю на гривенник, modifying приобрела","gloss":"a dime"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b7-c3-s17","source":"Больной Самсонов, в последний год лишившийся употребления своих распухших ног, вдовец, тиран своих взрослых сыновей, большой стотысячник, человек скаредный и неумолимый, подпал, однако же, под сильное влияние своей протеже, которую сначала было держал в ежовых рукавицах и в черном теле, «на постном масле», как говорили тогда зубоскалы.","translation":"The ailing Samsonov, who in the last year had lost the use of his swollen legs — a widower, a tyrant over his grown-up sons, a great man of a hundred thousand, a niggardly and implacable man — had nonetheless fallen under the strong influence of his protégée, whom at first he had kept in hedgehog gloves and on short commons, \"on Lenten oil,\" as the wags of the day put it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в последний год лишившийся употребления своих распухших ног","title":"Past active participle governing the genitive","body":"«лишившийся» (reflexive past active participle of «лишиться», 'to lose, be deprived of') agrees with «Самсонов» and itself demands the genitive: «употребления… ног» — 'who had lost the use of his swollen legs.' It folds a whole relative clause into the noun phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подпал… под сильное влияние своей протеже, которую сначала было держал","title":"The 'frustrated' particle «было»","body":"«держал было… да» — the particle «было» after a past verb marks an action begun or intended but then reversed or interrupted: 'had at first kept her [but]…' It is a subtle aspectual nuance with no English equivalent beyond 'at first / had started to.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"держать в ежовых рукавицах","title":"Idiom: 'in hedgehog gloves'","body":"«держать в ежовых рукавицах» literally means 'to hold in hedgehog gloves' and is a fixed idiom for keeping someone under harsh, strict control — we keep the image as 'in hedgehog gloves.' The neighbouring phrases «в чёрном теле» ('in a black body' = kept poor and deprived, which we render 'on short commons') and «на постном масле» ('on Lenten oil' = on meagre fare) reinforce the same picture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зубоскалы","title":"«зубоскал» — a scoffer, mocker","body":"«зубоскал» (literally 'tooth-barer') is a colloquial word for a jeerer or wag, someone given to mockery and idle jokes — the local gossips whose phrase «на постном масле» the narrator is quoting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Самсонов","gloss":"the ailing"},{"surface":"Самсонов","lemma":"Самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подпал","gloss":"Samsonov"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking год","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies год","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of лишившийся","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"лишившийся","lemma":"лишиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, nominative, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying Самсонов","gloss":"having lost"},{"surface":"употребления","lemma":"употребление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive object of лишившийся","gloss":"the use"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of ног","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"распухших","lemma":"распухнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies ног","gloss":"swollen"},{"surface":"ног","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies употребления","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"вдовец","lemma":"вдовец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Самсонов","gloss":"a widower"},{"surface":"тиран","lemma":"тиран","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Самсонов","gloss":"a tyrant"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сыновей","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"взрослых","lemma":"взрослый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies сыновей","gloss":"grown-up"},{"surface":"сыновей","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies тиран","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стотысячник","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"стотысячник","lemma":"стотысячник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Самсонов","gloss":"a man of a hundred thousand"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Самсонов","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"скаредный","lemma":"скаредный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"stingy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неумолимый","lemma":"неумолимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with скаредный","gloss":"implacable"},{"surface":"подпал","lemma":"подпасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подпал","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking влияние","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"сильное","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies влияние","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"влияние","lemma":"влияние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition под, complement of подпал","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of протеже","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"протеже","lemma":"протеже","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular (indeclinable)","role":"modifies влияние","gloss":"protégée"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of держал","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies держал","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle (discontinued/attempted action marker)","role":"modifies держал","gloss":"(had started to)"},{"surface":"держал","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on протеже","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рукавицах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ежовых","lemma":"ежовый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies рукавицах","gloss":"hedgehog","note":"«держать в ежовых рукавицах» is an idiom meaning to keep someone under a very tight, strict grip."},{"surface":"рукавицах","lemma":"рукавица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"gloves"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking теле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"черном","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies теле","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"теле","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with рукавицах","gloss":"body","note":"«держать в чёрном теле» is an idiom meaning to keep someone on short commons / treat harshly."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking масле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"постном","lemma":"постный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies масле","gloss":"Lenten"},{"surface":"масле","lemma":"масло","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with рукавицах","gloss":"oil"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорили","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause, parallel to держал","gloss":"put it"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"of the day"},{"surface":"зубоскалы","lemma":"зубоскал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"wags"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b7-c3-s18","source":"Но Грушенька успела эмансипироваться, внушив, однако же, ему безграничное доверие касательно своей ему верности.","translation":"But Grushenka managed to emancipate herself, having, however, instilled in him a boundless trust as to her faithfulness to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"внушив… ему безграничное доверие","title":"Perfective gerund «внушив»","body":"«внушив» ('having instilled') is a perfective past деепричастие in -в, naming an action completed in relation to the main verb — 'she emancipated herself, having [first] instilled…' «ему» is the dative recipient of the trust."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"эмансипироваться","title":"«эмансипироваться» — to free oneself","body":"A fashionable Western loan (from Latin via French/German), «эмансипироваться» means to win one's independence — a charged word in 1860s–70s Russia amid debates over the 'woman question.' Applied to a kept woman shaking off her keeper, it carries a faint irony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of успела","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"успела","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"эмансипироваться","lemma":"эмансипироваться","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успела","gloss":"emancipate herself"},{"surface":"внушив","lemma":"внушить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on успела","gloss":"having instilled"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies внушив","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of внушив","gloss":"in him"},{"surface":"безграничное","lemma":"безграничный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies доверие","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"доверие","lemma":"доверие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of внушив","gloss":"trust"},{"surface":"касательно","lemma":"касательно","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking верности","gloss":"as to"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of верности","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies верности","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"верности","lemma":"верность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition касательно","gloss":"faithfulness"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b7-c3-s19","source":"Этот старик, большой делец (теперь давно покойник), был тоже характера замечательного, главное скуп и тверд, как кремень, и хоть Грушенька поразила его, так что он и жить без нее не мог (в последние два года, например, это так и было), но капиталу большого, значительного, он все-таки ей не отделил, и даже если б она пригрозила ему совсем его бросить, то и тогда бы остался неумолим.","translation":"This old man, a great man of business (now long dead), was likewise of a remarkable character — above all stingy and hard as flint — and though Grushenka had so struck him that he could not even live without her (in the last two years, for example, that was precisely how it was), still he did not set aside for her any large, substantial capital, and even had she threatened to leave him altogether, he would still have remained implacable.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже если б она пригрозила ему совсем его бросить, то и тогда бы остался неумолим","title":"Counterfactual «если б… то… бы»","body":"This is a full irrealis conditional: «если б (= бы) она пригрозила… то… бы остался» — past-form verbs plus the mobile particle «бы» in both clauses, 'even had she threatened…, he would still have remained.' «неумолим» is the predicative short adjective ('implacable')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"капиталу большого, значительного, он все-таки ей не отделил","title":"Genitive of the negated object","body":"«не отделил… капиталу» — under negation the object slips from accusative «капитал» into the genitive «капиталу» (an old genitive in -у), 'did not set aside any capital.' Fronting it before the verb stresses the withheld thing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тверд, как кремень","title":"Simile: «тверд, как кремень»","body":"«твёрд, как кремень» — 'hard as flint' — is a set comparison for an unbending, pitiless character. «твёрд» is the predicative short form of «твёрдый», the bookish state-form Russian prefers in such characterizations."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies делец","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"делец","lemma":"делец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старик","gloss":"man of business"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покойник","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покойник","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"покойник","lemma":"покойник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старик (parenthetical)","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to характера","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"характера","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был (genitive of quality)","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"замечательного","lemma":"замечательный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характера","gloss":"remarkable"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"introduces скуп и тверд","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"скуп","lemma":"скупой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"second predicate, coordinated with характера","gloss":"stingy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тверд","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with скуп","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison of тверд","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"кремень","lemma":"кремень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of тверд (comparison)","gloss":"flint"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поразила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"поразила","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"had so struck"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of так что (result clause)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition без","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the так что-clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking года","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies два","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies года","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies было","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и было (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"капиталу","lemma":"капитал","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отделил (genitive of negation)","gloss":"capital"},{"surface":"большого","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies капиталу","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"значительного","lemma":"значительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with большого","gloss":"substantial"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отделил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle (part of все-таки)","role":"part of the phrase все-таки, modifies отделил","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle (part of все-таки)","role":"part of the phrase все-таки, modifies отделил","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of отделил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отделил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отделил","lemma":"отделить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated via но","gloss":"set aside"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies если (даже если = even if)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of пригрозила","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks пригрозила as conditional","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пригрозила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"пригрозила","lemma":"пригрозить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying остался","gloss":"threatened"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of пригрозила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросить","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"бросить","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пригрозила","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause остался (то = then)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда (и тогда = even then)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остался","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks остался as conditional","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional result clause","gloss":"would have remained"},{"surface":"неумолим","lemma":"неумолимый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"complement of остался","gloss":"implacable"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b7-c3-s20","source":"Но отделил зато капитал малый, и когда узналось это, то и это стало всем на удивление.","translation":"But in return he did set aside a small capital, and when this became known, it too astonished everyone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда узналось это, то и это стало всем на удивление","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as impersonal middle","body":"«узналось» is «узнать» plus reflexive -ся used impersonally — 'it became known,' no agent named. The matching «то» resumes the «когда»-clause, and «всем на удивление» ('to everyone's astonishment') uses the dative «всем» of the people astonished."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Но отделил зато капитал малый","title":"«зато» — 'but in compensation'","body":"«зато» ('but on the other hand, to make up for it') answers the previous sentence's withholding: he gave no large capital, «но… зато» a small one. It is the conjunction of compensating contrast, weighing one fact against another."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"отделил","lemma":"отделить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did set aside"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отделил","gloss":"in return"},{"surface":"капитал","lemma":"капитал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отделил","gloss":"capital"},{"surface":"малый","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies капитал","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узналось","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"узналось","lemma":"узнаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"became known"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of узналось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the clause of стало","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стало (emphatic, и это = this too)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стало","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with отделил","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of стало","gloss":"to everyone"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивление","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"удивление","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition на (idiom: astonished everyone)","gloss":"astonishment"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b7-c3-s21","source":"«Ты сама баба не промах, — сказал он ей, отделяя ей тысяч с восемь, — сама и орудуй, но знай, что, кроме ежегодного содержания по-прежнему, до самой смерти моей, больше ничего от меня не получишь, да и в завещании ничего больше тебе не отделю».","translation":"\"You're no fool yourself, my girl,\" he said to her, setting aside some eight thousand for her, \"so run it yourself; but know that, apart from your yearly keep as before, until my very death you'll get nothing more out of me, and in my will I'll set aside nothing more for you either.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отделяя ей тысяч с восемь","title":"«с» + numeral for 'about'","body":"«тысяч с восемь» — putting «с» before the inverted numeral gives an approximation, 'some eight thousand, about eight thousand.' «отделяя» is the imperfective gerund 'as he set aside,' and «ей» is the dative recipient."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"больше ничего от меня не получишь","title":"Perfective future + negative concord","body":"«не получишь» is the simple (perfective) future of «получить» — conjugated like a present but meaning 'you will [not] get.' «ничего… не» is the obligatory double negation, 'you'll get nothing more.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"баба не промах","title":"Idiom: «не промах»","body":"«не промах» (literally 'no miss') means sharp, no fool, not one to let a chance slip — 'you're no fool yourself.' «баба» here is a rough, folksy word for 'woman, wench,' fitting the old merchant's blunt, condescending tone with Grushenka."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of баба (predicate noun, zero copula)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular (emphatic)","role":"intensifies Ты (\"you yourself\")","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"баба","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Ты","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates промах","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"промах,","lemma":"промах","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies баба (idiom: no fool)","gloss":"a fool","note":"Idiom «баба не промах» = a shrewd, capable woman, no fool."},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"отделяя","lemma":"отделять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказал","gloss":"setting aside"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of отделяя","gloss":"for her"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of отделяя","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition (approximative)","role":"marks восемь (\"about eight\")","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"восемь,","lemma":"восемь","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"oblique complement of отделяя","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular (emphatic)","role":"intensifies the elided subject of орудуй","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links сама to орудуй","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"орудуй","lemma":"орудовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to сказал, coordinated with знай","gloss":"run it"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"знай","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with орудуй","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of знай","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking содержания","gloss":"apart from"},{"surface":"ежегодного","lemma":"ежегодный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies содержания","gloss":"yearly"},{"surface":"содержания","lemma":"содержание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of кроме","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb (part of compound по-прежнему)","role":"part of the compound adverb по-прежнему, modifies содержания","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb (part of compound по-прежнему)","role":"part of the compound adverb по-прежнему, modifies содержания","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of до (temporal complement of получишь)","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of смерти","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of получишь","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of получишь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies получишь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"получишь","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знай","gloss":"you'll get"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да (\"and also\")","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking завещании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"завещании","lemma":"завещание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отделю","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of отделю","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отделю","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отделю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отделю","lemma":"отделить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with получишь","gloss":"I'll set aside"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b7-c3-s22","source":"Так и сдержал слово: умер и всё оставил сыновьям, которых всю жизнь держал при себе наравне как слуг, с их женами и детьми, а о Грушеньке даже и не упомянул в завещании вовсе.","translation":"And he was as good as his word: he died and left everything to his sons, whom he had kept beside him all their lives on a level with servants, along with their wives and children, and of Grushenka he made no mention at all in his will.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которых всю жизнь держал при себе наравне как слуг","title":"Animate accusative «которых» + reflexive «при себе»","body":"«которых» is the relative pronoun in the animate accusative plural (= genitive form), object of «держал» — 'whom he kept.' «при себе» uses the reflexive «себя» (prepositional) pointing back to the subject: 'beside himself.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так и сдержал слово: умер и всё оставил сыновьям","title":"Perfective chain moving the narrative","body":"«сдержал… умер… оставил» is a string of perfective past verbs, each a single completed event advancing the story step by step — kept his word, died, left everything — against the imperfective background of earlier description."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Так и сдержал слово","title":"Emphatic «так и»","body":"«так и» before a verb asserts that something happened exactly, just so — 'and that is just what he did, he was as good as his word.' It confirms the realization of what was foretold in his speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сдержал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Так (\"sure enough\")","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сдержал","lemma":"сдержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сдержал","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"умер","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сдержал","gloss":"he died"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of оставил","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"оставил","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with умер","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"сыновьям","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of оставил","gloss":"to his sons"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of держал","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies держал (duration: throughout their life)","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"держал","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on сыновьям","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of держал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"наравне","lemma":"наравне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies держал","gloss":"on a level"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction (comparative)","role":"comparative particle marking слуг (morphology corrected to conjunction, but role text still said preposition)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"слуг","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"in apposition to которых","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of женами","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"женами","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of держал (accompaniment)","gloss":"wives"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"детьми","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with женами","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упомянул","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упомянул","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase даже (intensifier)","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упомянул","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"упомянул","lemma":"упомянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оставил","gloss":"mention"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking завещании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"завещании","lemma":"завещание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of упомянул","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упомянул","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b7-c3-s23","source":"Всё это стало известно впоследствии.","translation":"All this became known afterwards.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"впоследствии","title":"«впоследствии» — afterwards, in time","body":"«впоследствии» is a bookish adverb for 'subsequently, later on.' This short clause closes the digression about the will and gestures forward — a typical move of Dostoevsky's chronicler-narrator, who keeps signaling what 'became known afterwards.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стало","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"впоследствии","lemma":"впоследствии","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"afterwards"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b7-c3-s24","source":"Советами же, как орудовать «своим собственным капиталом», он Грушеньке помогал немало и указывал ей «дела».","translation":"But with his counsel as to how to run \"her own capital\" he helped Grushenka not a little, and pointed out \"ventures\" to her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Советами же, как орудовать… он Грушеньке помогал немало","title":"Instrumental of means, fronted with «же»","body":"«советами» is the instrumental of means — 'with [his] counsel he helped' — fronted and tagged with the topic-shifting «же» ('as for advice'). «Грушеньке» is the dative governed by «помогать», which always takes the dative of the person helped."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"орудовать… «дела»","title":"«орудовать» and 'ventures'","body":"«орудовать» is a colloquial verb 'to operate, work, handle (a business),' here 'to run her capital.' «дела» ('affairs, ventures') in quotation marks signals the dubious money-deals he was steering her toward, the same euphemistic register as «гешефт»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Советами","lemma":"совет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of помогал","gloss":"with counsel"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Советами","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies орудовать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"орудовать","lemma":"орудовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Советами","gloss":"to run"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of капиталом","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"собственным","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies капиталом","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"капиталом","lemma":"капитал","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of орудовать","gloss":"capital"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помогал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of помогал","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"помогал","lemma":"помогать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"helped"},{"surface":"немало","lemma":"немало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помогал","gloss":"not a little"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"указывал","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with помогал","gloss":"pointed out"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of указывал","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of указывал","gloss":"ventures"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b7-c3-s25","source":"Когда Федор Павлович Карамазов, связавшийся первоначально с Грушенькой по поводу одного случайного «гешефта», кончил совсем для себя неожиданно тем, что влюбился в нее без памяти и как бы даже ум потеряв, то старик Самсонов, уже дышавший в то время на ладан, сильно подсмеивался.","translation":"When Fyodor Pavlovich Karamazov, who had first become entangled with Grushenka over a single chance \"deal,\" ended — quite unexpectedly to himself — by falling head over heels in love with her, as though he had even lost his wits, old Samsonov, who by that time was already at his last gasp, chuckled heartily.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"связавшийся первоначально с Грушенькой… кончил… тем, что влюбился в нее без памяти","title":"Reflexive participle + result clause «тем, что»","body":"«связавшийся» is a reflexive past active participle ('who had become entangled') modifying Fyodor Pavlovich. The main verb «кончил тем, что…» — 'ended with the fact that…' — uses the instrumental «тем» pointing ahead to the «что»-clause, the same correlative seen earlier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы даже ум потеряв","title":"Perfective gerund «потеряв» softened by «как бы»","body":"«потеряв» is the perfective gerund of «потерять» ('having lost'), and «как бы» ('as it were, as though') hedges it — 'as if he had even lost his wits.' «как бы» recurs all through this chapter, the narrator's tic of cautious approximation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дышавший… на ладан","title":"Idiom: «дышать на ладан»","body":"«дышать на ладан» — literally 'to breathe toward the incense' — is an idiom for being at death's door, near the grave. The image is liturgical: ладан is the frankincense burned over the dying and dead in Orthodox rite, so the dying man 'breathes toward the censer.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"влюбился в нее без памяти","title":"«без памяти» — head over heels","body":"«влюбиться без памяти» ('to fall in love out of one's senses') is the set phrase for falling madly, helplessly in love — losing oneself completely, which our English renders 'head over heels.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кончил","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Павлович","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"связавшийся","lemma":"связаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Федор","gloss":"who had become entangled"},{"surface":"первоначально","lemma":"первоначально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies связавшийся","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушенькой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Грушенькой","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of связавшийся","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по поводу","morphology":"preposition (part of compound по поводу)","role":"part of compound preposition по поводу, governs гешефта","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"поводу","lemma":"по поводу","morphology":"preposition (part of compound по поводу)","role":"forms compound preposition with по, marking гешефта","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies гешефта","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"случайного","lemma":"случайный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гешефта","gloss":"chance"},{"surface":"гешефта","lemma":"гешефт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of по поводу (modifies связавшийся)","gloss":"deal"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause, modifies подсмеивался","gloss":"ended"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of неожиданно","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончил","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончил","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of влюбился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"влюбился","lemma":"влюбиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"fell in love"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влюбился","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking памяти","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"памяти","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влюбился","gloss":"memory","note":"Idiom «без памяти» = senselessly, head over heels."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part of compound как бы)","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies потеряв","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part of compound как бы)","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies потеряв","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потеряв","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of потеряв","gloss":"his wits"},{"surface":"потеряв","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with влюбился","gloss":"having lost"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (resumptive)","role":"marks the main clause (старик подсмеивался) after the когда-clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подсмеивался","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Самсонов","lemma":"Самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старик","gloss":"Samsonov"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дышавший","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"дышавший","lemma":"дышать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying старик","gloss":"who was breathing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дышавший","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на ладан","morphology":"preposition (part of idiom на ладан)","role":"part of idiom дышать на ладан, marks ладан","gloss":"his last"},{"surface":"ладан","lemma":"ладан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дышавший","gloss":"gasp","note":"Idiom «дышать на ладан» = to be at death's door."},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подсмеивался","gloss":"heartily"},{"surface":"подсмеивался","lemma":"подсмеиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"chuckled"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b7-c3-s26","source":"Замечательно, что Грушенька была со своим стариком за всё время их знакомства вполне и даже как бы сердечно откровенна, и это, кажется, с единственным человеком в мире.","translation":"It is remarkable that Grushenka was, throughout the whole time of their acquaintance, fully and even as it were cordially candid with her old man — and this, it seems, with the one and only person in the world.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была со своим стариком… вполне и даже как бы сердечно откровенна","title":"Short predicate adjective «откровенна»","body":"«откровенна» is the short feminine form of «откровенный» ('candid, open'), used as a predicate after «была» — the bookish, state-describing form typical of 19th-century prose. «со своим стариком» is instrumental after «с», with the reflexive possessive «своим»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Замечательно, что…","title":"«замечательно» — 'it is remarkable that'","body":"Used impersonally at the head of a sentence, «замечательно, что…» means 'it is remarkable / noteworthy that…' — the narrator stepping in to flag something significant, a recurring framing device in this confiding, gossipy chronicle voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Замечательно","lemma":"замечательный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence, governs что-clause","gloss":"it is remarkable"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of откровенна","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of откровенна","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to откровенна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стариком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стариком","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"стариком","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of откровенна","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies откровенна (temporal: throughout)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of знакомства","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"знакомства","lemma":"знакомство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies откровенна","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies откровенна","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part of compound как бы)","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies откровенна","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle (part of compound как бы)","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies откровенна","gloss":"it were"},{"surface":"сердечно","lemma":"сердечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies откровенна","gloss":"cordially"},{"surface":"откровенна","lemma":"откровенный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"candid"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кажется","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"единственным","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"the one and only"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of откровенна (ellipsis, echoing была откровенна)","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"the world"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b7-c3-s27","source":"В самое последнее время, когда появился вдруг с своею любовью и Дмитрий Федорович, старик перестал смеяться.","translation":"In the very latest period, when Dmitri Fyodorovich too suddenly appeared with his love, the old man stopped laughing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда появился вдруг с своею любовью и Дмитрий Федорович, старик перестал смеяться","title":"Subject after the verb; «и» as 'too'","body":"The subject «Дмитрий Фёдорович» comes after its verb «появился» — natural Russian order in a «когда»-clause, where the verb leads and the newly introduced figure follows. The «и» before the name means 'also, too' ('Dmitri too appeared'), not 'and.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies последнее","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"latest"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of перестал","gloss":"period"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of появился","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"появился","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on время","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любовью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любовью","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"любовью","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of появился","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Дмитрий (emphatic: also/too)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of появился","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перестал","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"перестал","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"смеяться","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестал","gloss":"laughing"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b7-c3-s28","source":"Напротив, однажды серьезно и строго посоветовал Грушеньке: «Если уж выбирать из обоих, отца аль сына, то выбирай старика, но с тем, однако же, чтобы старый подлец беспременно на тебе женился, а предварительно хоть некоторый капитал отписал.","translation":"On the contrary, one day he gravely and sternly advised Grushenka: \"If you really must choose between the two, the father or the son, then choose the old man — but only on condition, mind you, that the old scoundrel marries you without fail, and beforehand makes over to you at least some capital.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы старый подлец беспременно на тебе женился, а предварительно… отписал","title":"«с тем, чтобы» + past-form purpose","body":"«с тем… чтобы… женился… отписал» is a purpose/condition clause: «чтобы» with the past-form verbs «женился, отписал» (its silent «бы» making them irrealis) — 'on condition that he marry you and make over [capital].' Different subject from the main clause is exactly what licenses the past-form, not an infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если уж выбирать из обоих, отца аль сына","title":"Bare infinitive condition + folk «аль»","body":"«Если уж выбирать» uses a bare infinitive for a generalized condition — 'if you really must choose.' «аль» is a folksy, dialectal contraction of «или» ('or'), part of old Samsonov's earthy, peasant-flavored speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беспременно","title":"«беспременно» — colloquial 'without fail'","body":"«беспременно» is a substandard, folksy variant of «непременно» ('certainly, without fail'). Like «аль», it marks Samsonov's untutored merchant speech, a register Dostoevsky reproduces faithfully in dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посоветовал (contrastive)","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"однажды","lemma":"однажды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посоветовал","gloss":"one day"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьёзно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посоветовал","gloss":"gravely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посоветовал","gloss":"sternly"},{"surface":"посоветовал","lemma":"посоветовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"advised"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of посоветовал","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выбирать","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выбирать","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"выбирать","lemma":"выбирать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"если-clause verb, modifies выбирай","gloss":"must choose"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обоих","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine","role":"object of из (modifies выбирать)","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to обоих (specifies: father or son)","gloss":"the father"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction (dialectal: or)","role":"links отца and сына","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отца","gloss":"the son"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (resumptive)","role":"resumptive particle introducing the main clause (выбирай)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"выбирай","lemma":"выбирать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative clause","gloss":"choose"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выбирай","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбирай (correlative for чтобы-clause)","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier (mind you)","gloss":"mind you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of женился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старый","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подлец","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of женился","gloss":"scoundrel"},{"surface":"беспременно","lemma":"беспременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies женился","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of женился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"женился","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of тем (via чтобы)","gloss":"marries"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"предварительно","lemma":"предварительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отписал","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies капитал (at least)","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"некоторый","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of капитал","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"капитал","lemma":"капитал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отписал","gloss":"capital"},{"surface":"отписал","lemma":"отписать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with женился","gloss":"makes over"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b7-c3-s29","source":"А с капитаном не якшайся, пути не будет».","translation":"And don't take up with the captain — no good will come of it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пути не будет","title":"Genitive subject under «не будет»","body":"«пути не будет» — the negated future existential «не будет» forces its subject into the genitive «пути» (from «путь»), literally 'there will be no road [for you in it]' — an idiom meaning 'no good will come of it.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с капитаном не якшайся","title":"«якшаться» — to consort with","body":"«якшаться (с кем-то)» is a colloquial, mildly contemptuous verb 'to hobnob, consort, take up with' — used disapprovingly, as here in the negative imperative «не якшайся». «капитан» (captain) is Samsonov's dismissive name for Mitya, a retired army officer."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking капитаном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"капитаном","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of якшайся","gloss":"the captain"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies якшайся","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"якшайся","lemma":"якшаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take up"},{"surface":"пути","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of будет (genitive of negation)","gloss":"good","note":"Idiom «пути не будет» = nothing good will come of it."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with якшайся","gloss":"will come"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b7-c3-s30","source":"Вот были собственные слова Грушеньке старого сластолюбца, предчувствовавшего тогда уже близкую смерть свою и впрямь чрез пять месяцев после совета сего умершего.","translation":"Such were the very words of the old voluptuary to Grushenka — words of a man who already foresaw his own death close at hand, and who indeed died five months after giving this counsel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"предчувствовавшего тогда уже близкую смерть свою и впрямь чрез пять месяцев… умершего","title":"Two past active participles modifying «сластолюбца»","body":"«предчувствовавшего… умершего» are two past active participles in the genitive agreeing with «сластолюбца» — 'of the voluptuary who foresaw… and who died.' Stacking participles like this, rather than relative clauses, is the dense, bookish syntax of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чрез… совета сего","title":"Archaic «чрез» and «сей»","body":"«чрез» is the shortened, elevated form of «через» ('after, through [time]'), and «сего» is the genitive of «сей» ('this'), the bookish 19th-century demonstrative our note for «сластолюбца» pairs with. Both belong to the literary-archaic register that solemnizes the narrator's aside."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сластолюбца","title":"«сластолюбец» — a voluptuary","body":"«сластолюбец» (from «сласть», sweetness/pleasure + «любить», to love) is a bookish word for a sensualist or voluptuary, one who loves carnal pleasures. It marks the narrator's moral coloring of the dying old Samsonov."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies были","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"собственные","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слова (addressee: to Grushenka)","gloss":"to Grushenka"},{"surface":"старого","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сластолюбца","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"сластолюбца","lemma":"сластолюбец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"voluptuary"},{"surface":"предчувствовавшего","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying сластолюбца","gloss":"who foresaw"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предчувствовавшего","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies близкую","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"близкую","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смерть","gloss":"close at hand"},{"surface":"смерть","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предчувствовавшего","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of смерть","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"впрямь","lemma":"впрямь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умершего","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяцев","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on месяцев","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"месяцев","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of умершего","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking совета","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"совета","lemma":"совет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месяцев","gloss":"counsel"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of совета","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"умершего","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying сластолюбца (coordinated with предчувствовавшего)","gloss":"died"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b7-c3-s31","source":"Замечу еще мельком, что хотя у нас в городе даже многие знали тогда про нелепое и уродливое соперничество Карамазовых, отца с сыном, предметом которого была Грушенька, но настоящего смысла ее отношений к обоим из них, к старику и к сыну, мало кто тогда понимал.","translation":"I will note further, in passing, that although even many in our town knew at the time of the absurd and grotesque rivalry of the Karamazovs, father and son, whose object was Grushenka, hardly anyone then understood the real meaning of her relations to the two of them, to the old man and to the son.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя у нас в городе даже многие знали тогда… но настоящего смысла… мало кто… понимал","title":"Concessive «хотя… но» with genitive object under quasi-negation","body":"«хотя… но» frames the concession again. The object «настоящего смысла» appears in the genitive: «мало кто понимал» ('hardly anyone understood') has a near-negative force that draws the object into the genitive, as negated and minimal-quantity objects do."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Замечу еще мельком","title":"Perfective future as the narrator's 'I will note'","body":"«замечу» is the perfective future of «заметить» ('I shall note'), the conjugated form yielding future meaning. The first-person «я» is dropped, recoverable from the ending — the chronicler addressing us directly, a signature of this narrator's voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Замечу","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will note"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мельком","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"мельком","lemma":"мельком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Замечу","gloss":"in passing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of понимал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знали","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of знали","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знали","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies многие","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the хотя-clause, modifies понимал","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"at the time"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соперничество","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нелепое","lemma":"нелепый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies соперничество","gloss":"absurd"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уродливое","lemma":"уродливый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with нелепое","gloss":"grotesque"},{"surface":"соперничество","lemma":"соперничество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знали","gloss":"rivalry"},{"surface":"Карамазовых","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies соперничество","gloss":"of the Karamazovs"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Карамазовых (specifies: father and son)","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сыном","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сыном","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"предметом","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была (relative clause modifying соперничество)","gloss":"object"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of предметом (refers to соперничество)","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to предметом","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of предметом","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"настоящего","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смысла","gloss":"real"},{"surface":"смысла","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of понимал","gloss":"meaning"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of отношений","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"отношений","lemma":"отношение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies смысла","gloss":"relations"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обоим","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"обоим","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine","role":"modifies отношений","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies обоим","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"старику","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to обоим (specifies: the old man)","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сыну","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сыну","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with старику","gloss":"the son"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кто (quantifier: few/hardly)","gloss":"hardly"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of понимал","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (via но, contrasts with знали)","gloss":"understood"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b7-c3-s32","source":"Даже обе служанки Грушеньки (после уже разразившейся катастрофы, о которой еще речь впереди) показали потом на суде, что Дмитрия Федоровича принимала Аграфена Александровна из одного лишь страху, потому будто бы, что «убить грозился».","translation":"Even both of Grushenka's maidservants (after the catastrophe that later broke out, of which there is still more to be told) afterwards testified at the trial that Agrafena Alexandrovna received Dmitri Fyodorovich out of sheer fear alone, because, supposedly, \"he threatened to kill her.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дмитрия Федоровича принимала Аграфена Александровна","title":"Object-before-subject word order","body":"The accusative object «Дмитрия Фёдоровича» (animate masculine = genitive-shaped ending) precedes both verb and subject «Аграфена Александровна» (nominative). The case endings keep the roles clear, so the inversion serves emphasis — foregrounding whom she received — not grammar."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из одного лишь страху","title":"Causal «из» + genitive «страху»","body":"«из… страху» is 'out of fear' — «из» governs the genitive of cause, and «страху» is the old partitive/genitive in -у (beside modern «страха»). 'Out of sheer fear alone' names the motive for her receiving Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обе","gloss":"Even"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on служанки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"служанки","lemma":"служанка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head noun, subject of показали","gloss":"maidservants"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of служанки","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking катастрофы","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разразившейся","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"разразившейся","lemma":"разразиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"participle modifying катастрофы","gloss":"that had broken out"},{"surface":"катастрофы","lemma":"катастрофа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of после","gloss":"catastrophe"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of о, referring back to катастрофы","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies впереди","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the parenthetical clause (речь впереди)","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"впереди","lemma":"впереди","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of речь","gloss":"ahead"},{"surface":"показали","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"testified"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показали","gloss":"afterwards"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"суде","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показали","gloss":"the trial"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принимала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимала","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"принимала","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"Аграфена","lemma":"аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of принимала","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровна","lemma":"александровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аграфена","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страху","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies страху (emphatic 'only')","gloss":"sheer"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies страху","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"страху","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимала","gloss":"fear","note":"Archaic partitive genitive ending -у (со/из страху) instead of -а."},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with что (causal), modifies принимала","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто бы, modifies грозился","gloss":"as though","note":"«будто бы» flags the reason as hearsay/alleged, not the narrator's own claim."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто бы, modifies грозился","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of грозился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on грозился","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"грозился","lemma":"грозиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the causal clause (потому...что)","gloss":"he threatened"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b7-c3-s33","source":"Служанок у нее было две, одна очень старая кухарка, еще из родительского семейства ее, больная и почти оглохшая, и внучка ее, молоденькая, бойкая девушка лет двадцати, Грушенькина горничная.","translation":"She had two servants — one a very old cook, left over from her parents' household, sickly and almost deaf, and the other the cook's granddaughter, a young, brisk girl of about twenty, Grushenka's chambermaid.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Служанок у нее было две","title":"Counting with «было» + genitive","body":"«служанок… было две» — the counted noun «служанок» stands in the genitive plural and the verb «было» is impersonal neuter, the standard pattern for stating 'she had two maidservants.' Fronting «служанок» makes the servants the topic of the new paragraph."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молоденькая, бойкая девушка","title":"Diminutive «молоденькая»","body":"«молоденькая» (from «молодой», young, with -еньк-) means 'nice and young, ever so young' — a warm, slightly tender note, paired with «бойкая» (brisk, lively), the same root we met in «бойкое место» at the chapter's opening."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кухарка… горничная","title":"Household servant titles","body":"«кухарка» is specifically a (female) cook and «горничная» a chambermaid or housemaid — distinct domestic roles. Grushenka's keeping just these two, one old and deaf, marks the «совсем небогатой» (quite un-wealthy) modesty the next sentences stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Служанок","lemma":"служанка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"quantified by две, partitive object of было","gloss":"Servants"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"predicate numeral referring back to Служанок","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кухарка (one of the two)","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старая","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"старая","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кухарка","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"кухарка","lemma":"кухарка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition, describes one of the two servants","gloss":"cook"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the phrase из семейства (left over from)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking семейства","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"родительского","lemma":"родительский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies семейства","gloss":"her parents'"},{"surface":"семейства","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies кухарка (via из-phrase)","gloss":"household"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"possessive determiner of семейства","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"больная","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кухарка","gloss":"sickly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оглохшая","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"оглохшая","lemma":"оглохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with больная, modifies кухарка","gloss":"deaf"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"внучка","lemma":"внучка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with кухарка (the second servant)","gloss":"granddaughter"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"possessive determiner of внучка","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"молоденькая","lemma":"молоденький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девушка","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"бойкая","lemma":"бойкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девушка","gloss":"brisk"},{"surface":"девушка","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to внучка","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies девушка","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"двадцати","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"Грушенькина","lemma":"грушенькин","morphology":"proper adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies горничная, in apposition to девушка","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"горничная","lemma":"горничная","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head noun, in apposition to девушка","gloss":"chambermaid"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b7-c3-s34","source":"Жила же Грушенька очень скупо и в обстановке совсем небогатой.","translation":"As for Grushenka herself, she lived very frugally and in altogether modest surroundings.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Жила же Грушенька очень скупо","title":"Topic-resuming «же» with fronted verb","body":"«Жила же Грушенька…» fronts the imperfective verb «жила» and tags it with «же» ('as for how she lived'), turning back to Grushenka's own manner of life after the digression on the servants. The imperfective «жила» describes a habitual, ongoing state."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скупо","title":"«скупо» — frugally, stingily","body":"«скупо» (adverb of «скупой», stingy) means sparingly, frugally — even meanly. It echoes the «скупая» applied to her character earlier; she lives as tight-fistedly as the old men around her, despite her hidden capital."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жила","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Жила","gloss":"as for her"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Жила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скупо","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"скупо","lemma":"скупо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Жила","gloss":"frugally"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обстановке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"обстановке","lemma":"обстановка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Жила","gloss":"surroundings"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies небогатой","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"небогатой","lemma":"небогатый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обстановке","gloss":"modest"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b7-c3-s35","source":"Было у ней во флигеле всего три комнаты, меблированные от хозяйки древнею, красного дерева мебелью, фасона двадцатых годов.","translation":"In her annex she had in all three rooms, furnished by the landlady with ancient mahogany furniture in the style of the twenties.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"меблированные… древнею, красного дерева мебелью","title":"Passive participle + instrumental of means","body":"«меблированные» is a past passive participle ('furnished') agreeing with «комнаты»; the furnishing means stands in the instrumental, «мебелью» — 'furnished with… furniture.' «красного дерева» is a genitive of material ('of mahogany'), and «древнею» shows the bookish -ею ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective, impersonal","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential)","gloss":"There were"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Было","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking флигеле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"флигеле","lemma":"флигель","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Было","gloss":"the annex"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies три","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on комнаты","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Было","gloss":"rooms"},{"surface":"меблированные","lemma":"меблировать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying комнаты","gloss":"furnished"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хозяйки","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"хозяйки","lemma":"хозяйка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of меблированные","gloss":"the landlady"},{"surface":"древнею","lemma":"древний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мебелью","gloss":"ancient"},{"surface":"красного","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дерева","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"дерева","lemma":"дерево","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мебелью (material)","gloss":"wood"},{"surface":"мебелью","lemma":"мебель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of меблированные","gloss":"furniture"},{"surface":"фасона","lemma":"фасон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мебелью (apposition, style of)","gloss":"in the style"},{"surface":"двадцатых","lemma":"двадцатый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies годов","gloss":"twenties'"},{"surface":"годов","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies фасона","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b7-c3-s36","source":"Когда вошли к ней Ракитин и Алеша, были уже полные сумерки, но комнаты еще не были освещены.","translation":"When Rakitin and Alyosha came in to her, full dusk had already fallen, but the rooms were not yet lit.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда вошли к ней Ракитин и Алеша, были уже полные сумерки, но комнаты еще не были освещены","title":"Perfective entrance against an imperfective scene","body":"«вошли» is a single perfective event (they came in), while «были… сумерки» and «не были освещены» set the standing background — full dusk, rooms unlit. The aspectual contrast frames the moment: an action arriving into a held scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"комнаты еще не были освещены","title":"Short passive participle «освещены»","body":"«не были освещены» is the periphrastic passive — «быть» plus the short past passive participle «освещены» ('lit') — stating a result-state in the negative: the rooms had not [yet] been lit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вошли","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"вошли","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause (Когда...)","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошли","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошли","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Ракитин","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential)","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полные","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"полные","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies сумерки","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"сумерки","lemma":"сумерки","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"dusk"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of passive освещены","gloss":"the rooms"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies освещены","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies освещены","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of освещены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"освещены","lemma":"осветить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main predicate of the но-clause (passive)","gloss":"lit"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b7-c3-s37","source":"Сама Грушенька лежала у себя в гостиной, на своем большом неуклюжем диване со спинкой под красное дерево, жестком и обитом кожей, давно уже истершеюся и продырившеюся.","translation":"Grushenka herself was lying in her drawing room, on her big, ungainly, high-backed sofa veneered in mahogany — hard, and upholstered in leather long since worn and full of holes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обитом кожей, давно уже истершеюся и продырившеюся","title":"Participle chain on the sofa's leather","body":"«обитом» is a past passive participle ('upholstered'), and «истершеюся… продырившеюся» are reflexive past active participles agreeing with «кожей» (instrumental) — 'leather that had worn through and become full of holes.' The -ею and reflexive -ся-ою endings are bookish, and the cluster typifies Dostoevsky's loaded descriptive phrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неуклюжем диване","title":"«неуклюжий» — clumsy, ungainly","body":"«неуклюжий» means awkward, clumsy, ungainly in shape; the big «неуклюжий диван» is the lumbering, ill-made sofa central to this whole scene, on which Grushenka lies waiting. The shabby grandeur matches her frugal living."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Грушенька","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лежала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"лежала","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was lying"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of лежала","gloss":"her own place"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостиной","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"гостиной","lemma":"гостиная","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежала","gloss":"drawing room"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of диване","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"большом","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies диване","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"неуклюжем","lemma":"неуклюжий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies диване","gloss":"ungainly"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежала","gloss":"sofa"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спинкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"спинкой","lemma":"спинка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies диване","gloss":"a back"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дерево","gloss":"in the style of"},{"surface":"красное","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дерево","gloss":"mahogany"},{"surface":"дерево","lemma":"дерево","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of под (material simile), modifies спинкой","gloss":"wood"},{"surface":"жестком","lemma":"жёсткий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies диване, coordinated with обитом","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обитом","lemma":"обить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, locative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with жестком, modifies диване","gloss":"upholstered"},{"surface":"кожей","lemma":"кожа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обитом","gloss":"leather"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies истершеюся","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies истершеюся","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"истершеюся","lemma":"истереться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies кожей","gloss":"worn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"продырившеюся","lemma":"продырявиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"coordinated with истершеюся, modifies кожей","gloss":"full of holes"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b7-c3-s38","source":"Под головой у ней были две белые пуховые подушки с ее постели.","translation":"Under her head were two white down pillows from her bed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Под головой у ней были две белые пуховые подушки","title":"«у ней» — possessive 'her' with archaic form","body":"«у ней» is the у + genitive possessive construction ('under her head'), with «ней» the older variant of «неё». The numeral phrase «две… подушки» takes the nominative-style genitive singular «подушки» after «две», agreeing as the existential subject of «были»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пуховые подушки","title":"«пуховый» — of down","body":"«пуховый» (from «пух», down/fluff) means filled with down; «пуховые подушки» are soft down pillows. The small luxury she has dragged from her own bed onto the hard sofa hints at the languid, expectant posture the scene is building."}],"words":[{"surface":"Под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking головой","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of были","gloss":"her head"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of были","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on подушки","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"белые","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies подушки","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"пуховые","lemma":"пуховый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies подушки","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"подушки","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"pillows"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постели","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of постели","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"постели","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies подушки","gloss":"bed"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b7-c3-s39","source":"Она лежала навзничь, неподвижно протянувшись, заложив обе руки за голову.","translation":"She lay on her back, stretched out motionless, with both hands tucked behind her head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"неподвижно протянувшись, заложив обе руки за голову","title":"Two perfective gerunds of posture","body":"«протянувшись» and «заложив» are perfective past gerunds ('having stretched out,' 'having tucked') describing the completed posture she now holds — a chain of деепричастия painting a still, sculptural attitude, all sharing the subject «она»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"навзничь","title":"«навзничь» — on one's back","body":"«навзничь» is a single adverb meaning 'flat on one's back, face up' (its opposite is «ничком», face down). Such precise body-position adverbs are common in Russian and give the tableau its exactness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лежала","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"лежала","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"навзничь","lemma":"навзничь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежала","gloss":"on her back"},{"surface":"неподвижно","lemma":"неподвижно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протянувшись","gloss":"motionless"},{"surface":"протянувшись","lemma":"протянуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with лежала","gloss":"stretched out"},{"surface":"заложив","lemma":"заложить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on протянувшись","gloss":"having tucked"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on руки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of заложив","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заложив","gloss":"her head"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b7-c3-s40","source":"Была она приодета, будто ждала кого, в шелковом черном платье и в легкой кружевной на голове наколке, которая очень к ней шла; на плечи была наброшена кружевная косынка, приколотая массивною золотою брошкой.","translation":"She was dressed up, as though expecting someone, in a black silk gown and a light lace cap on her head that became her very well; over her shoulders was thrown a lace shawl, pinned with a massive gold brooch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Была она приодета, будто ждала кого… на плечи была наброшена кружевная косынка, приколотая массивною золотою брошкой","title":"Stacked short passive participles","body":"«была приодета… была наброшена… приколотая» are past passive participles — short forms «приодета, наброшена» as result-state predicates with «быть», and the long «приколотая» as an attribute of «косынка». The instrumental «брошкой» is the means by which it was pinned."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будто ждала кого","title":"«будто» + bare «кого» for 'someone'","body":"«будто» ('as though') introduces an apparent reason. «кого» here, unstressed and без «-то», functions as 'someone' — a colloquial use of the bare interrogative for an indefinite, 'as if expecting someone.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наколке… косынка… брошкой","title":"A lace cap, a shawl, a brooch","body":"«наколка» is a small ornamental lace head-dress or cap; «косынка» a triangular kerchief or shawl over the shoulders; «брошка» the diminutive of «брошь» (brooch). Together they detail the period dress Grushenka has put on for the someone she awaits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to приодета","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приодета","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"приодета","lemma":"приодеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short-form, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate complement of Была (passive)","gloss":"dressed up"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ждала","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"ждала","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on приодета","gloss":"waiting for"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ждала","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking платье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"шелковом","lemma":"шёлковый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies платье","gloss":"silk"},{"surface":"черном","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies платье","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приодета","gloss":"gown"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наколке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"легкой","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies наколке","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"кружевной","lemma":"кружевной","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies наколке","gloss":"lace"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies наколке","gloss":"her head"},{"surface":"наколке","lemma":"наколка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with платье, oblique complement of приодета","gloss":"cap"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of шла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шла","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шла","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"шла","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on наколке","gloss":"suited","note":"«к ней шла» is idiomatic: «идти к кому-то» = to suit/become someone."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечи","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"плечи","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of наброшена","gloss":"her shoulders"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of наброшена","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"наброшена","lemma":"набросить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the second clause (passive)","gloss":"thrown"},{"surface":"кружевная","lemma":"кружевной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies косынка","gloss":"lace"},{"surface":"косынка","lemma":"косынка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive наброшена","gloss":"shawl"},{"surface":"приколотая","lemma":"приколоть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, nominative, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies косынка","gloss":"pinned"},{"surface":"массивною","lemma":"массивный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies брошкой","gloss":"massive"},{"surface":"золотою","lemma":"золотой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies брошкой, coordinated with массивною","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"брошкой","lemma":"брошка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приколотая (instrument)","gloss":"brooch"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b7-c3-s41","source":"Именно она кого-то ждала, лежала как бы в тоске и в нетерпении, с несколько побледневшим лицом, с горячими губами и глазами, кончиком правой ноги нетерпеливо постукивая по ручке дивана.","translation":"She was indeed waiting for someone — lying there as if in anguish and impatience, her face somewhat paled, her lips and eyes feverish, the tip of her right foot tapping impatiently against the arm of the sofa.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лежала как бы в тоске и в нетерпении… кончиком правой ноги нетерпеливо постукивая по ручке дивана","title":"Imperfective gerund «постукивая»","body":"«постукивая» is a present imperfective gerund ('tapping') describing an action ongoing simultaneously with «лежала» — she lay there, [all the while] tapping. The instrumental «кончиком… ноги» is the means; the iterative prefix по- gives a light, repeated tapping."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в тоске","title":"«тоска» — anguished longing","body":"«тоска» is the famously untranslatable Russian word for a deep, restless ache of yearning, melancholy, or anguish — more than 'sadness' or 'boredom.' Here, fused with «нетерпение» (impatience), it names the keyed-up longing in which Grushenka awaits her news."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies она","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ждала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ждала","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite marker)","role":"attaches to кого, direct object of ждала","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"ждала","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was waiting for"},{"surface":"лежала","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ждала","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, introduces тоске (manner)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тоске","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тоске","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежала","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нетерпении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нетерпении","lemma":"нетерпение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with тоске","gloss":"impatience"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побледневшим","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"побледневшим","lemma":"побледнеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"paled"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежала (descriptive)","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"горячими","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies губами","gloss":"feverish"},{"surface":"губами","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of лежала, coordinated with лицом","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with губами","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"кончиком","lemma":"кончик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of постукивая (instrument)","gloss":"the tip"},{"surface":"правой","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ноги","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кончиком","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"нетерпеливо","lemma":"нетерпеливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постукивая","gloss":"impatiently"},{"surface":"постукивая","lemma":"постукивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb describing лежала","gloss":"tapping"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ручке","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"ручке","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of постукивая","gloss":"the arm"},{"surface":"дивана","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ручке","gloss":"of the sofa"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b7-c3-s42","source":"Чуть только появились Ракитин и Алеша, как произошел было маленький переполох: слышно было из передней, как Грушенька быстро вскочила с дивана и вдруг испуганно прокричала: «Кто там?»","translation":"The moment Rakitin and Alyosha appeared, a small commotion arose: it could be heard from the entry how Grushenka quickly sprang up from the sofa and suddenly cried out in fright, \"Who's there?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чуть только появились Ракитин и Алеша, как произошел было маленький переполох","title":"«чуть только… как» — 'the moment… then'","body":"«чуть только… как…» is the correlative 'no sooner… than / the moment… then,' linking two near-simultaneous perfective events. The particle «было» on «произошёл было» marks the commotion as one that flared up but was at once checked."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слышно было из передней, как Грушенька быстро вскочила","title":"Impersonal «слышно было»","body":"«слышно было, как…» is an impersonal construction — 'it could be heard how…' — with the neuter predicate «слышно» and no nominative subject, a typical Russian way to report a perception without naming the perceiver."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"переполох… из передней","title":"«переполох» and «передняя»","body":"«переполох» is a sudden flurry, commotion, alarm; «передняя» (a nominalized adjective) is the entrance hall or front room of a dwelling. The small panic heard from the hallway sets up Grushenka's frightened «Кто там?» — she is on edge, waiting for Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появились","gloss":"The moment"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Чуть только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"появились","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause (Чуть только...)","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of появились","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Ракитин","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlates with Чуть только (no sooner...than)","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"произошел","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"there arose"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle (inceptive)","role":"modal particle modifying произошел","gloss":"(nearly)","note":"«было» after a past verb signals an action begun or about to happen."},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies переполох","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"переполох","lemma":"переполох","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произошел","gloss":"commotion"},{"surface":"слышно","lemma":"слышный","morphology":"adjective (predicative), neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the next main clause","gloss":"audible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to слышно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking передней","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"передней","lemma":"передняя","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышно","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вскочила","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскочила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочила","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"вскочила","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause (subject clause of слышно)","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дивана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дивана","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочила","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокричала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"испуганно","lemma":"испуганно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокричала","gloss":"in fright"},{"surface":"прокричала","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочила","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"direct quotation, subject of там (elided verb)","gloss":"Who"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of Кто","gloss":"there"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b7-c3-s43","source":"Но гостей встретила девушка и тотчас же откликнулась барыне.","translation":"But the maid met the visitors and at once called back to her mistress.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но гостей встретила девушка и тотчас же откликнулась барыне","title":"Object «гостей» fronted; dative «барыне»","body":"«гостей» (animate accusative plural = genitive form) leads the clause before subject «девушка» — emphasis on whom she met. «откликнулась барыне» uses the dative «барыне» ('called back to her mistress'), the person addressed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"барыне","title":"«барыня» — mistress, lady","body":"«барыня» is the term a servant uses for her female master — 'the mistress, the lady [of the house].' Its use for Grushenka, herself a kept woman of clerical-peasant stock, gently marks her risen domestic standing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"гостей","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of встретила","gloss":"the visitors"},{"surface":"встретила","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"девушка","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of встретила","gloss":"the maid"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies откликнулась","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"откликнулась","lemma":"откликнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встретила","gloss":"called back"},{"surface":"барыне","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of откликнулась","gloss":"to her mistress"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b7-c3-s44","source":"— Да не они-с, это другие, эти ничего.","translation":"\"It isn't him, ma'am, it's others, these are nothing to worry about.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да не они-с, это другие","title":"The deferential particle «-с»","body":"«-с» appended to «они» (here 'him,' the polite/evasive plural for the awaited man) is the slovoer — a clipped 'sir/ma'am' from «сударь», marking deference and social inferiority. The maid's «не они-с» is servant's speech: 'it isn't him, ma'am.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"эти ничего","title":"Elliptical «эти ничего»","body":"«эти ничего» is colloquial ellipsis — literally 'these [are] nothing,' i.e. 'these ones are all right, nothing to worry about.' The casual «ничего» as 'fine, no matter' is a hallmark of spoken Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle opening the reply, modifies не они","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies они","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement (understood subject это)","gloss":"him","note":"«они» is the servant's deferential plural for a single person (Dmitri), matching the translation's \"him\", not a literal \"them\"."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (archaic polite enclitic)","role":"attaches to они as a deferential marker","gloss":"(ma'am)","note":"«-с» is an old deferential enclitic (from «сударь/сударыня»), used by servants addressing their mistress."},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of другие","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elided copula (predicate ничего)","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"predicate complement (nothing to worry about)","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b7-c3-s45","source":"«Что бы у ней такое?» — пробормотал Ракитин, вводя Алешу за руку в гостиную.","translation":"\"What's the matter with her?\" Rakitin muttered, leading Alyosha by the hand into the drawing room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что бы у ней такое?","title":"«бы» of musing supposition","body":"«Что бы у ней такое [было]?» — the particle «бы» with an elided verb conveys puzzled conjecture, 'whatever can be the matter with her?' It softens the bare question «что?» into a pondering, indirect wondering, fitting Rakitin's muttered aside."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пробормотал Ракитин, вводя Алешу за руку","title":"Imperfective gerund «вводя»","body":"«вводя» is the present imperfective gerund of «вводить» ('leading in'), an action going on as he mutters — 'muttered, [while] leading Alyosha in by the hand.' «за руку» ('by the hand') uses «за» + accusative for taking hold of a body-part."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elided copula (predicate такое)","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle (conditional)","role":"modifies Что (idiom «что бы... такое»)","gloss":"could it be"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided copula","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"такое?»","lemma":"такой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of Что (the matter troubling her)","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"вводя","lemma":"вводить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пробормотал","gloss":"leading"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вводя","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вводя","gloss":"the hand"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостиную","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"гостиную","lemma":"гостиная","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вводя","gloss":"the drawing room"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b7-c3-s46","source":"Грушенька стояла у дивана как бы всё еще в испуге.","translation":"Grushenka was standing by the sofa, still as if in fright.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы всё еще в испуге","title":"«в испуге» — «в» + prepositional for a state","body":"«в испуге» is «в» plus the prepositional case, the idiom for being in an emotional state ('in fright'). The narrator's recurrent hedge «как бы» ('as if') frames the state as merely apparent — 'as if still in fright.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стояла","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"стояла","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was standing"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дивана","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"дивана","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояла","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, introduces испуге","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё ещё (still), modifies испуге","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase всё ещё, modifies испуге","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking испуге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"испуге","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояла","gloss":"fright"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b7-c3-s47","source":"Густая прядь темно-русой косы ее выбилась вдруг из-под наколки и упала на ее правое плечо, но она не заметила и не поправила, пока не вгляделась в гостей и не узнала их.","translation":"A thick lock of her dark-brown braid had suddenly slipped out from under her cap and fallen onto her right shoulder, but she did not notice it and did not put it right until she had looked closely at the visitors and recognized them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"она не заметила и не поправила, пока не вгляделась в гостей и не узнала их","title":"«пока не» — 'until' with a doubled negative","body":"«пока не вгляделась… и не узнала» means 'until she had looked closely and recognized' — the «не» after «пока» is structural, not a real negation, and is the standard way Russian builds 'until' clauses with perfective verbs."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"темно-русой косы… выбилась","title":"«русый» and «коса»","body":"«русый» is the specifically Slavic light-to-dark brown of hair (here «тёмно-русая», dark-brown); «коса» is a plaited braid. «выбилась» (reflexive, 'worked loose') describes the lock slipping free — a small, sensual physical detail typical of the scene's charged attention to Grushenka."}],"words":[{"surface":"Густая","lemma":"густой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies прядь","gloss":"thick"},{"surface":"прядь","lemma":"прядь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выбилась","gloss":"lock"},{"surface":"темно","lemma":"тёмно-русый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular (first half of compound adjective)","role":"modifies косы","gloss":"dark-","note":"темно-русой is one compound adjective, 'dark(-brown)'."},{"surface":"русой","lemma":"русый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies косы","gloss":"brown"},{"surface":"косы","lemma":"коса","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies прядь","gloss":"braid"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies косы","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"выбилась","lemma":"выбиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had slipped out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выбилась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-под","morphology":"preposition (first half of compound)","role":"preposition marking наколки","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"из-под","morphology":"preposition (second half of compound)","role":"preposition marking наколки","gloss":"from under"},{"surface":"наколки","lemma":"наколка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбилась","gloss":"cap"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"упала","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выбилась","gloss":"fallen"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечо","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of плечо","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"правое","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies плечо","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"плечо","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of упала","gloss":"shoulder"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заметила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заметила","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the contrastive clause","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поправила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поправила","lemma":"поправить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заметила","gloss":"put it right"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вгляделась","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the пока не... construction","gloss":"(untranslated)","note":"пока не + perfective means 'until'; this не does not itself negate."},{"surface":"вгляделась","lemma":"вглядеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поправила","gloss":"looked closely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостей","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"гостей","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вгляделась","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"узнала","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вгляделась","gloss":"recognized"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of узнала","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b7-c3-s48","source":"— Ах, это ты, Ракитка? Испугал было меня всю. С кем ты это? Кто это с тобой? Господи, вот кого привел! — воскликнула она, разглядев Алешу.","translation":"\"Ah, it's you, Rakitka? You gave me a real fright. Who's that with you? Who is it you've got there? Lord, look who he's brought!\" she exclaimed, making out Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Испугал было меня всю","title":"«было» of a fright begun and dispelled","body":"«испугал было меня» — the particle «было» after the perfective «испугал» signals a fright that flared and then passed off once she saw who it was: 'you'd just given me a fright.' «всю» ('the whole of me') intensifies, 'a real fright.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ракитка","title":"«Ракитка» — a familiar nickname","body":"«Ракитка» is a casual, slightly mocking diminutive of «Ракитин», the form Grushenka uses to keep him at the level of a familiar — not the respectful surname or name-and-patronymic. The naming registers their easy, unromantic intimacy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Господи, вот кого привел!","title":"«Господи» — vocative exclamation","body":"«Господи» is the Church-Slavonic vocative of «Господь» ('O Lord'), surviving in everyday Russian as an exclamation of surprise — 'Lord!, Good Lord!' Here it is pure astonishment at seeing Alyosha, not prayer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ты","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"Ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine-declension, singular","role":"vocative address to Ракитин","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"Испугал","lemma":"испугать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject ты implied)","gloss":"gave a fright"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle, past tense, invariable","role":"modal particle on Испугал","gloss":"for a moment","note":"было after a past-tense verb is a modal particle ('as it were'), not the copula."},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Испугал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of меня","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of это","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of это","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"copular pronoun linking Кто and тобой","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of это","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"interjection","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of привел","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"привел!","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"he's brought"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"разглядев","lemma":"разглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнула","gloss":"making out"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разглядев","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b7-c3-s49","source":"— Да вели подать свечей-то! — проговорил Ракитин с развязным видом самого короткого знакомого и близкого человека, имеющего даже право распоряжаться в доме.","translation":"\"Why don't you tell them to bring candles!\" said Rakitin, with the offhand air of a most intimate, close friend who even has the right to give orders about the house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да вели подать свечей-то!","title":"Imperative «вели» + the topical clitic «-то»","body":"«вели» is the imperative of «велеть» ('order, bid') — 'tell them to bring.' «свечей-то» tacks the emphatic clitic «-то» onto a known topic ('the candles, you know'), the casual, insistent shading of spoken Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"свечей… подать","title":"Genitive plural object «свечей»","body":"«подать свечей» takes the genitive plural «свечей» (from «свеча») rather than accusative — a partitive 'bring some candles.' The soft-stem genitive plural in -ей is the type the catalog flags as distinctive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"exhortative particle introducing вели","gloss":"come now"},{"surface":"вели","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell them"},{"surface":"подать","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of вели","gloss":"to bring"},{"surface":"свечей","lemma":"свеча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of подать (partitive genitive)","gloss":"candles"},{"surface":"то!","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (emphatic clitic)","role":"emphatic particle attached to свечей","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"-то here is an emphatic clitic with no independent meaning."},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"развязным","lemma":"развязный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"offhand"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"pronoun-adjective, genitive, masculine, singular (intensifier)","role":"modifies короткого","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"короткого","lemma":"короткий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знакомого","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"знакомого","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека, coordinated with близкого","gloss":"intimate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"близкого","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with знакомого, modifies человека","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"имеющего","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying человека","gloss":"having"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies право","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеющего","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"распоряжаться","lemma":"распоряжаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies право","gloss":"to give orders"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of распоряжаться","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b7-c3-s50","source":"— Свечей… конечно, свечей… Феня, принеси ему свечку… Ну, нашел время его привести! — воскликнула она опять, кивнув на Алешу, и, оборотясь к зеркалу, быстро начала обеими руками вправлять свою косу.","translation":"\"Candles… of course, candles… Fenya, bring him a candle… Well, you found a fine time to bring him!\" she exclaimed again, with a nod toward Alyosha, and, turning to the mirror, she quickly began to tuck her braid back into place with both hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оборотясь к зеркалу, быстро начала… вправлять свою косу","title":"Perfective gerund «оборотясь»","body":"«оборотясь» is a perfective past gerund ('having turned') of the archaic «оборотиться» — 'turning to the mirror, she began…' The bookish -ясь form and the verb itself give the homely gesture a faintly elevated narrative color."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Феня, принеси ему свечку","title":"Imperative + dative recipient","body":"«принеси» is the imperative of «принести» ('bring'), and «ему» the dative of the person it is brought for ('bring him a candle'). «Феня» in direct address is set off from the clause, the maid Fenya being commanded."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Феня","title":"«Феня» — diminutive of Fedosya","body":"«Феня» is the affectionate short form of the maid's name (Fedosya/Feodosia). Calling the chambermaid by a bare diminutive is the natural register between mistress and servant, and the same Fenya recurs through the coming drama."}],"words":[{"surface":"Свечей","lemma":"свеча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"head of the elliptical exclamation","gloss":"candles"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies свечей","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"свечей","lemma":"свеча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"repeats Свечей","gloss":"candles"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address, addressee of принеси","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"принеси","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of принеси","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"свечку","lemma":"свечка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принеси","gloss":"a candle"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle preceding нашел","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"нашел","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of нашел","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of привести","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"привести!","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive clause modifying время","gloss":"to bring"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнула","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"кивнув","lemma":"кивнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнула","gloss":"nodding"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кивнув","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оборотясь","lemma":"оборотиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on начала","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зеркалу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"зеркалу","lemma":"зеркало","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оборотясь","gloss":"mirror"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with воскликнула","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"обеими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine","role":"quantifies руками","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental of means with вправлять","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"вправлять","lemma":"вправлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начала","gloss":"to tuck back"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of косу","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"косу","lemma":"коса","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вправлять","gloss":"braid"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b7-c3-s51","source":"Она как будто была недовольна.","translation":"She seemed displeased.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она как будто была недовольна","title":"Short adjective «недовольна»","body":"«недовольна» is the short feminine predicate form of «недовольный» ('displeased'), stating a momentary state after «была». «как будто» ('as if, seemingly') keeps the narrator's habitual reserve — she only seemed displeased."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of недовольна","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"adverb (first half of compound)","role":"modifies недовольна","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle (second half of compound)","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to недовольна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"недовольна","lemma":"недовольный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"displeased"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b7-c3-s52","source":"— Аль не потрафил? — спросил Ракитин, мигом почти обидевшись.","translation":"\"Didn't I please you, then?\" Rakitin asked, almost instantly taking offence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спросил Ракитин, мигом почти обидевшись","title":"Perfective gerund «обидевшись»","body":"«обидевшись» is a perfective reflexive past gerund ('having taken offence') of «обидеться» — naming the completed reaction accompanying his question: 'asked, almost instantly taking offence.' «мигом» ('in a flash') is an instrumental-form adverb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Аль не потрафил?","title":"«аль» and «потрафить» — folk speech","body":"«аль» is the folksy 'or, then' (as in Samsonov's speech) and «потрафить» a colloquial verb 'to please, hit it right.' Rakitin's «Аль не потрафил?» ('Didn't I please you, then?') drops into low, peasantish register to needle Grushenka."}],"words":[{"surface":"Аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"particle (colloquial, introduces a question)","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потрафил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"потрафил?","lemma":"потрафить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"please"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular (used adverbially)","role":"modifies обидевшись","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обидевшись","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"обидевшись","lemma":"обидеться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросил","gloss":"taking offense"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b7-c3-s53","source":"— Испугал ты меня, Ракитка, вот что, — обернулась Грушенька с улыбкой к Алеше. — Не бойся ты меня, голубчик Алеша, страх как я тебе рада, гость ты мой неожиданный.","translation":"\"You frightened me, Rakitka, that's what,\" Grushenka turned to Alyosha with a smile. \"Don't be afraid of me, Alyosha, my dear — I'm dreadfully glad to see you, my unexpected guest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не бойся ты меня, голубчик Алеша","title":"Negative imperative «не бойся»","body":"«не бойся» is the negated imperative of the -ся verb «бояться» ('to fear') — 'don't be afraid of me,' with «меня» in the genitive that «бояться» governs. The tacked-on «ты» is for warm, coaxing emphasis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубчик","title":"«голубчик» — 'dear little dove'","body":"«голубчик» (diminutive of «голубь», dove/pigeon) is a tender term of endearment — 'my dear, dear soul' — the very word the catalog cites for expressive suffixes. Grushenka's sudden warmth to Alyosha, whom she has just met, is one of the chapter's emotional turns."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"страх как я тебе рада","title":"Intensifying «страх как»","body":"«страх как» ('terribly, dreadfully') is a colloquial intensifier, 'I'm dreadfully glad of you.' «рада» is the short feminine of «рад» ('glad'), which governs the dative «тебе» — 'glad of you.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Испугал","lemma":"испугать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Испугал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Испугал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"Ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine-declension, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что,","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate with вот, head of the exclamation","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"обернулась","lemma":"обернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of обернулась","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обернулась","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Алеше.","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обернулась","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бойся","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"бойся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be afraid"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бойся","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of бойся (genitive object of бояться)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition to Алеша","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to голубчик","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"страх","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (used adverbially)","role":"adverbial intensifier modifying рада","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb (part of the intensifying phrase страх как)","role":"part of the intensifying phrase страх","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рада","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рада","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"рада","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of the clause","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"гость","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominative of ты","gloss":"guest"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject, predicate is гость","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of гость","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"неожиданный","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гость","gloss":"unexpected"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b7-c3-s54","source":"А ты меня, Ракитка, испугал: я ведь думала, Митя ломится.","translation":"But you, Rakitka, you frightened me: I thought it was Mitya forcing his way in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ведь думала, Митя ломится","title":"The appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared understanding — 'you see, after all' — coloring her explanation: 'why, I thought it was Mitya.' It is the conversational glue the catalog pairs with «же», ubiquitous in Dostoevsky's dialogue."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митя… ломится","title":"«Митя» and «ломиться»","body":"«Митя» is the familiar diminutive of Dmitri (Mitya). «ломиться» means to force one's way in, to burst in by force — vividly conveying Grushenka's fear of Mitya's violent, headlong manner, the same dread her maids will later testify to."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of испугал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of испугал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"Ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine-declension, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"испугал","lemma":"испугать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думала","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"думала","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ломится","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"ломится","lemma":"ломиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думала","gloss":"was forcing his way in"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b7-c3-s55","source":"Видишь, я его давеча надула и с него честное слово взяла, чтобы мне верил, а я налгала.","translation":"You see, I tricked him just now and got his word of honour to believe me, and I lied to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с него честное слово взяла, чтобы мне верил","title":"«чтобы» of an imposed demand","body":"«взяла слово, чтобы мне верил» — «чтобы» + past-form «верил» ('that he believe me') introduces the content of an extracted promise, a willed outcome with a different subject. «с него… взяла» is 'took from him' (с + genitive), «мне верил» dative ('believe me')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"я его… надула… а я налгала","title":"«надуть» and «налгать»","body":"«надуть» (lit. 'to inflate') is colloquial 'to dupe, cheat, take in'; «налгать» is 'to tell lies, lie to (someone).' Grushenka's frank confession — 'I tricked him… I lied' — is in plain, unvarnished speech, part of her disarming candor in this scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical discourse marker","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of надула","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of надула","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надула","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"надула","lemma":"надуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tricked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взяла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"честное","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взяла","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"взяла","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with надула","gloss":"got"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of верил","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of верил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on взяла","gloss":"would believe"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of налгала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"налгала","lemma":"налгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"lied"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b7-c3-s56","source":"Сказала ему, что к Кузьме Кузьмичу, к старику моему, на весь вечер уйду и буду с ним до ночи деньги считать.","translation":"I told him I was going off for the whole evening to Kuzma Kuzmich's, to my old man's, and would be sitting up with him till night counting money.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что к Кузьме Кузьмичу, к старику моему, на весь вечер уйду","title":"Perfective future «уйду» of motion","body":"«уйду» is the perfective future of the prefixed motion verb «уйти» ('to go off, leave') — the conjugated form giving future sense, 'I would go off.' «к Кузьме Кузьмичу» is к + dative, the direction toward a person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Сказала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уйду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Кузьме","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Кузьме","lemma":"Кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уйду","gloss":"Kuzma"},{"surface":"Кузьмичу","lemma":"Кузьмич","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Кузьме","gloss":"Kuzmich"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"старику","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уйду","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старику","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уйду","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"уйду","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Сказала","gloss":"would go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of считать","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночи","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ночи","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считать","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of считать","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"считать","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уйду","gloss":"counting"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b7-c3-s57","source":"Я ведь каждую неделю к нему ухожу на весь вечер счеты сводить.","translation":"For I do go off to him every week, for a whole evening, to settle the accounts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я ведь каждую неделю к нему ухожу на весь вечер","title":"Imperfective «ухожу» for a habit","body":"«ухожу» is the present imperfective of «уходить» ('I go off'), and with «каждую неделю» ('every week') it names a regular, habitual action — the prefixed-motion pair's imperfective member doing exactly the recurring-trip work it is built for."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"счеты сводить","title":"Idiom: «счёты сводить»","body":"«сводить счёты» literally 'to bring the accounts together' — here in its plain financial sense, 'to settle/balance the accounts.' «счёты» (always plural) also names the abacus itself, which the next sentence puts in Samsonov's hands."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ухожу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ухожу","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"каждую","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of неделю","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of time, modifies ухожу","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ухожу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ухожу","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go off"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ухожу","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"счеты","lemma":"счёты","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of сводить","gloss":"accounts"},{"surface":"сводить","lemma":"сводить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of ухожу","gloss":"to settle"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b7-c3-s58","source":"На замок запремся: он на счетах постукивает, а я сижу — в книги записываю — одной мне доверяет.","translation":"We lock ourselves in: he clicks away on the abacus, and I sit there entering it in the books — it's me alone he trusts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На замок запремся: он на счетах постукивает, а я сижу","title":"Reflexive «запремся» and habitual present","body":"«запрёмся» is the perfective future of reflexive «запереться» ('we lock ourselves in'), used for the habitual scene. The present-tense «постукивает… сижу… записываю» then paint the recurring tableau, with «а» pivoting between his action and hers."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking замок","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"замок","lemma":"замок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запремся","gloss":"lock"},{"surface":"запремся","lemma":"запереться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lock ourselves in"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of постукивает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счетах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"счетах","lemma":"счёты","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of постукивает","gloss":"abacus"},{"surface":"постукивает","lemma":"постукивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with запремся","gloss":"clicks away"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сижу","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with постукивает","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking книги","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"книги","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of записываю","gloss":"books"},{"surface":"записываю","lemma":"записывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сижу","gloss":"entering"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of доверяет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"доверяет","lemma":"доверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with постукивает","gloss":"trusts"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b7-c3-s59","source":"Митя-то и поверил, что я там, а я вот дома заперлась — сижу, одной вести жду.","translation":"So Mitya believed I was there, while here I am locked up at home — sitting, waiting for a certain piece of news.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митя-то и поверил, что я там, а я вот дома заперлась","title":"Topical «-то» and emphatic «вот»","body":"«Митя-то» tacks the topic-marking clitic «-то» onto the name ('Mitya, for his part, did believe…'), set against «а я вот» ('whereas here I am'). The deictic «вот» plus contrastive «а» stages the deception: he there, she here. «заперлась» is reflexive 'locked myself in.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"одной вести жду","title":"Genitive object of «ждать»","body":"«ждать» governs the genitive for an awaited, non-specific thing: «вести жду» — 'I am waiting for a piece of news.' «одной» here means 'a certain, a particular' (one) bit of news, intensifying the suspense of what she awaits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поверил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (emphatic clitic)","role":"emphatic particle attached to Митя","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"-то is an emphatic clitic here, roughly 'so'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"emphatic particle modifying поверил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"поверил","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of там","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate там)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of поверил","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заперлась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дома","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заперлась","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"заперлась","lemma":"запереться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поверил","gloss":"locked myself in"},{"surface":"сижу","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заперлась","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вести","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"вести","lemma":"весть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of жду","gloss":"news"},{"surface":"жду","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сижу","gloss":"waiting"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b7-c3-s60","source":"Как это вас Феня впустила!","translation":"However did Fenya let you in!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как это вас Феня впустила!","title":"Exclamatory «как это» with fronted object","body":"«Как это вас Феня впустила!» is an exclamation of surprise — 'however did Fenya let you in!' «как это» ('how on earth') registers astonishment, and the accusative «вас» precedes the subject «Феня», the case endings keeping the roles clear."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"впустила","title":"«впустить» — to let in","body":"«впустить» (в- 'in' + «пустить» 'let') is the prefixed perfective 'to admit, let in.' Grushenka's surprise that Fenya admitted them at all reminds us she was locked in («заперлась»), waiting in secret — heightening the tension of the unexpected visit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies впустила","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"emphatic particle with Как","gloss":"ever","note":"'Как это' is an idiom meaning 'however/how on earth'."},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of впустила","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of впустила","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"впустила","lemma":"впустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let in"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b7-c3-s61","source":"Феня, Феня! Беги к воротам, отвори и огляди кругом, нет ли где капитана-то?","translation":"Fenya, Fenya! Run to the gate, open it and look all around — isn't the captain about somewhere?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Беги… отвори и огляди","title":"A burst of imperatives","body":"Three commands in a row — «беги» (run, imperfective, urging the activity), «отвори» (open, perfective) and «огляди» (look round, perfective) — give Grushenka's order its breathless drive. The stem-stressed -и ending is the regular singular imperative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нет ли где капитана-то","title":"«ли» asking «whether»","body":"The interrogative particle «ли» turns the existential «нет» into an embedded yes/no question: «is the captain anywhere about or not?». The clitic «-то» on «капитана-то» fixes him as the known, already-anxious topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нет… капитана","title":"Genitive under «нет»","body":"«Нет» (there is no) forces its noun into the genitive: «капитана», not nominative «капитан». This is the genitive of negation governing an absent subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Феня","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"Беги","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воротам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"воротам","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of Беги","gloss":"gate"},{"surface":"отвори","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Беги","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"огляди","lemma":"оглядеть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Беги","gloss":"look around"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies огляди","gloss":"all around"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, invariable, negative existential","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"isn't there"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"капитана","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive subject of нет","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (emphatic clitic)","role":"emphatic particle attached to капитана","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"-то is an emphatic clitic with no independent meaning."}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b7-c3-s62","source":"Может, спрятался и высматривает, смерть боюсь!","translation":"Maybe he's hidden himself and is spying — I'm dreadfully afraid!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спрятался… высматривает","title":"Aspect telling a story","body":"Perfective «спрятался» (has hidden himself, a completed act with a lingering result) sets the stage, then imperfective «высматривает» (is spying, ongoing) holds it open — the very contrast Russian uses to paint a single completed move against a continuing one."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смерть боюсь","title":"«смерть» as an adverb of degree","body":"Colloquially «смерть» (death) is flung in as an intensifier — «смерть боюсь» means 'I'm scared to death, dreadfully afraid'. It is bald, folk speech, in keeping with Grushenka's voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"может","morphology":"particle (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, introduces the sentence","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"спрятался","lemma":"спрятаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hidden himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"высматривает","lemma":"высматривать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спрятался","gloss":"is watching"},{"surface":"смерть","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular (used adverbially)","role":"adverbial intensifier modifying боюсь","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"I'm afraid"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b7-c3-s63","source":"— Никого нет, Аграфена Александровна, сейчас кругом оглянула, я и в щелку подхожу гляжу поминутно, сама в страхе-трепете.","translation":"\"There's no one, Agrafena Alexandrovna, I just looked all round, I keep going to the crack in the gate and peeping every minute, I'm in fear and trembling myself.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никого нет","title":"Negative concord plus genitive","body":"«Никого нет» pairs the negative pronoun «никого» (gen. of «никто») with «нет»: nobody is here. Both the ни-word and the absent subject sit in the genitive — Russia's habitual double-negative existential."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в щелку… в страхе-трепете","title":"Diminutive and a Slavonic doublet","body":"«Щелку» (acc. of «щёлка») is the diminutive of «щель», 'a little crack'. «В страхе-трепете» ('in fear and trembling') echoes a Church-Slavonic biblical phrase, lending the frightened maid a half-liturgical color."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"genitive subject of нет","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, invariable, negative existential","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is not"},{"surface":"Аграфена","lemma":"Аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровна","lemma":"Александровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Аграфена","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оглянула","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оглянула","gloss":"all around"},{"surface":"оглянула","lemma":"оглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause (subject я)","gloss":"looked around"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of оглянула and подхожу/гляжу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking щелку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"щелку","lemma":"щёлка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подхожу","gloss":"crack"},{"surface":"подхожу","lemma":"подходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with гляжу","gloss":"go up to"},{"surface":"гляжу","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подхожу","gloss":"peep"},{"surface":"поминутно","lemma":"поминутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гляжу","gloss":"every minute"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular (emphatic)","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страхе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страхе","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сама","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"трепете","lemma":"трепет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with страхе","gloss":"trembling"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b7-c3-s64","source":"— Ставни заперты ли, Феня? да занавес бы опустить — вот так! — Она сама опустила тяжелые занавесы, — а то на огонь-то он как раз налетит.","translation":"\"Are the shutters fastened, Fenya? And the curtain ought to be drawn — there, like that!\" She drew the heavy curtains herself. \"Otherwise he'll come darting straight at the light.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ставни заперты ли","title":"Short passive participle as predicate","body":"«Заперты» is the short-form past passive participle of «запереть» (to lock), agreeing with plural «ставни»: 'are the shutters fastened?'. Such short participles state a result and can only stand as predicates; «ли» makes it a question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"занавес бы опустить","title":"«бы» + infinitive for a soft wish","body":"«Опустить» (to lower) plus the particle «бы» voices a mild, hortatory wish — 'the curtain ought to be drawn'. The mobile «бы» here softens an infinitive into something between command and longing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на огонь-то он как раз налетит","title":"Perfective future + emphatic «-то»","body":"«Налетит» is the simple (perfective) future of «налететь» — 'he'll come darting / swoop'. The clitic «-то» on «огонь-то» spotlights the light as the lure; «как раз» adds 'precisely, sure enough'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ставни","lemma":"ставня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of заперты","gloss":"shutters"},{"surface":"заперты","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fastened"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle modifying заперты","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"занавес","lemma":"занавес","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опустить","gloss":"curtain"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle (conditional/desiderative)","role":"marks опустить as desiderative","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"опустить","lemma":"опустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective (desiderative)","role":"main verb of the desiderative clause","gloss":"be drawn"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"так!","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of вот (exclamation)","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of опустила","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular (emphatic)","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying Она","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"опустила","lemma":"опустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"тяжелые","lemma":"тяжёлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies занавесы","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"занавесы,","lemma":"занавес","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of опустила","gloss":"curtains"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а то","morphology":"conjunction (first half of idiom)","role":"part of the idiom а то","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"а то","morphology":"particle (second half of idiom)","role":"part of the idiom а то","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking огонь","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"огонь","lemma":"огонь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of налетит","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (emphatic clitic)","role":"emphatic particle attached to огонь","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"-то is an emphatic clitic with no independent meaning."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of налетит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"adverb (first half of idiom)","role":"part of the idiom как раз","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular (second half of idiom)","role":"part of the idiom как раз","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"налетит","lemma":"налететь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"will dart at"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b7-c3-s65","source":"Мити, братца твоего, Алеша, сегодня боюсь. — Грушенька говорила громко, хотя и в тревоге, но и как будто в каком-то почти восторге.","translation":"It's your brother Mitya I'm afraid of today, Alyosha.\" Grushenka was speaking loudly, in alarm, yet as if also in a kind of near-rapture.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мити, братца твоего… боюсь","title":"Genitive object fronted","body":"«Бояться» (to fear) governs the genitive, so its object is «Мити… братца твоего». Dostoevsky fronts it for emphasis — 'it's your brother Mitya I'm afraid of' — a free topic-first word order the case endings make safe."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"братца","title":"«братца» — affectionate diminutive","body":"«Братца» (gen. of «братец») is the warm diminutive of «брат», 'dear brother'. The endearment colours her reference to Mitya even as she confesses fear of him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя и в тревоге, но и как будто","title":"Concessive «хотя… но»","body":"«Хотя» (although) paired with «но» frames a contrast inside the narrator's description — speaking loudly, though in alarm, yet as if in rapture. «Как будто» ('as though') hedges the rapture as the narrator's surmise."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of боюсь","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"братца","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Мити","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of братца","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"боюсь.","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm afraid"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of говорила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was speaking"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорила","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause modifying говорила","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying тревоге","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тревоге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тревоге","lemma":"тревога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорила","gloss":"alarm"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase но (\"но и\")","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase будто (\"как будто\")","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the comparative clause modifying говорила","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of восторге, part of каком-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"clitic completing каком-то","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восторге","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"восторге","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорила, coordinated with тревоге","gloss":"rapture"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b7-c3-s66","source":"— Почему так сегодня Митеньки боишься? — осведомился Ракитин, — кажется, с ним не пуглива, по твоей дудке пляшет.","translation":"\"Why are you so afraid of Mitenka today?\" Rakitin inquired. \"You don't seem timid with him as a rule — he dances to your tune.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митеньки","title":"«Митенька» — tender double diminutive","body":"«Митенька» (gen. «Митеньки») layers the caressing -еньк- suffix onto «Митя», itself already a pet form of Дмитрий. The ladder Дмитрий → Митя → Митенька signals growing intimacy or, here, mock-tenderness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по твоей дудке пляшет","title":"Idiom: dancing to your tune","body":"«Плясать по чьей-либо дудке» ('to dance to someone's pipe') is the set idiom for being at another's beck and call. Rakitin uses it to say Mitya is wholly in Grushenka's power."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осведомился","title":"«осведомился» — a bookish 'inquired'","body":"«Осведомиться» (to inquire, make inquiry) is a markedly formal, bookish verb of speech, drier than «спросить». The narrator chooses it to tinge Rakitin's question with calculated detachment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies боишься","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боишься","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боишься","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"Митеньки","lemma":"митенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of боишься","gloss":"Mitenka"},{"surface":"боишься?","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are you afraid"},{"surface":"осведомился","lemma":"осведомиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the quotative clause","gloss":"inquired"},{"surface":"Ракитин,","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осведомился","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies пуглива","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пуглива","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пуглива","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пуглива","lemma":"пугливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective (subject: she)","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дудке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"твоей","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дудке","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"дудке","lemma":"дудка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пляшет","gloss":"tune","note":"idiom «плясать по чьей-то дудке» = to dance to someone's tune, i.e. do whatever they want."},{"surface":"пляшет","lemma":"плясать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пуглива","gloss":"dances"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b7-c3-s67","source":"— Говорю тебе, вести жду, золотой одной такой весточки, так что Митеньки-то и не надо бы теперь вовсе.","translation":"\"I tell you, I'm waiting for news, one precious little word of it, so that just now I don't want Mitenka about at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вести жду, золотой одной такой весточки","title":"«ждать» + genitive of the awaited","body":"«Ждать» takes the genitive of what is hoped for: «вести» (news) and the diminutive «весточки» both stand in the genitive. The case itself marks the object as longed-for and not yet in hand."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"весточки","title":"«весточка» — a precious little word","body":"«Весточка» is the affectionate diminutive of «весть» (news, tidings), 'a dear little piece of news'. With «золотой» (golden, precious) it conveys how she cherishes the awaited message."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не надо бы… вовсе","title":"Impersonal «не надо» + «бы»","body":"«Надо» (one needs / must) is an impersonal predicate with no nominative subject; negated and softened by «бы» it yields 'I'd really rather not have Mitenka about'. «Митеньки» is again the genitive demanded under negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I tell"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Говорю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вести","lemma":"весть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of жду","gloss":"news"},{"surface":"жду","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with Говорю","gloss":"I'm waiting for"},{"surface":"золотой","lemma":"золотой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies весточки","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies весточки","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of весточки","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"весточки","lemma":"весточка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to вести, direct object of жду","gloss":"little word"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase что (\"так что\")","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Митеньки","lemma":"митенька","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of надо","gloss":"Mitenka"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying Митеньки","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b7-c3-s68","source":"Да и не поверил он мне, это чувствую, что я к Кузьме Кузьмичу пошла.","translation":"And he didn't believe me, I can feel it, that I'd gone to Kuzma Kuzmich's.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да и не поверил он мне","title":"«поверить» governs the dative","body":"«Поверить» (to believe someone) takes the dative of the person trusted: «мне». The opening «Да и» ('and besides') chains this onto her previous worry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверил","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"поверил","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поверил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of поверил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of чувствую","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"чувствую","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to поверил","gloss":"I feel"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пошла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пошла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Кузьме","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Кузьме","lemma":"кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошла","gloss":"Kuzma"},{"surface":"Кузьмичу","lemma":"кузьмич","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Кузьме","gloss":"Kuzmich"},{"surface":"пошла","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of чувствую","gloss":"had gone"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b7-c3-s69","source":"Должно быть, сидит теперь там у себя, у Федора Павловича на задах в саду, меня сторожит.","translation":"He must be sitting now over at his own place, at Fyodor Pavlovich's, in the garden at the back, keeping watch on me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Должно быть, сидит теперь там","title":"Modal «должно быть»","body":"«Должно быть» ('it must be, probably') is a frozen impersonal modal phrase qualifying the whole guess — he's probably sitting there now. It needs no subject of its own."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"там у себя","title":"Reflexive «у себя»","body":"«У себя» ('at his own place') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя», which always points back to the clause's subject — here Mitya. There is no nominative «себя»; it lives only in the oblique cases."}],"words":[{"surface":"Должно","lemma":"должно быть","morphology":"predicative adverb (idiom)","role":"parenthetical modal phrase modifying сидит","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Должно, part of idiom «должно быть»","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is sitting"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, genitive","role":"oblique complement of сидит (idiom «у себя»)","gloss":"his own place"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федора","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to себя, specifying whose place","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich's"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking задах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"задах","lemma":"зады","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидит, parallel to там","gloss":"the back yard"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"саду","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to задах","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of сторожит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сторожит","lemma":"сторожить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидит","gloss":"keeps watch on"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b7-c3-s70","source":"А коли там засел, значит, сюда не придет, тем и лучше!","translation":"And if he's holed up there, then he won't come here — so much the better!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"А коли там засел","title":"«коли» — folk 'if'","body":"«Коли» is the colloquial, slightly archaic equivalent of «если» (if), at home in peasant and merchant-class speech. «Засел» (perfective of «засесть») means he's 'settled in, holed up' to stay."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"значит, сюда не придет","title":"Negated perfective future","body":"«Не придёт» is the simple future of perfective «прийти» (to come, arrive), negated — 'he won't come'. The prefixed motion verb «прийти» is the perfective partner of «приходить»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of засел","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засел","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"засел","lemma":"засесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"is holed up"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"adverb, discourse marker","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom «тем лучше», determiner of лучше","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"better"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b7-c3-s71","source":"А ведь к Кузьме Кузьмичу я и впрямь сбегала, Митя же меня и проводил, сказала до полночи просижу и чтоб он же меня беспременно пришел в полночь домой проводить.","translation":"And I really did run over to Kuzma Kuzmich's, Mitya himself walked me there, I told him I'd sit till midnight and that he was to come without fail at midnight to walk me home.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митя же меня и проводил","title":"Emphatic «же» and «и»","body":"The particle «же» insists on the surprising point — Mitya, of all people, was the very one — while the «и» before «проводил» underscores 'actually walked me there himself'. These tiny words carry the speaker's stress that English marks only by emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб он… пришел… проводить","title":"«чтоб» + past form for a willed outcome","body":"«Чтоб» (reduced «чтобы») introduces a willed, reported command and takes the past-form irrealis «пришёл»: I told him that he was to come. It is «бы» fused into the conjunction, governing the past tense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беспременно","title":"«беспременно» — folk 'непременно'","body":"«Беспременно» is a non-standard, colloquial form of «непременно» (without fail, certainly). The garbled prefix flags Grushenka's untutored, lower-class speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и впрямь сбегала","title":"«впрямь» and the there-and-back «сбегала»","body":"«Впрямь» means 'truly, really indeed'. «Сбегала» (perfective of «сбегать») denotes a quick round trip — ran over and came back — distinct from one-way «бежать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сбегала","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Кузьме","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Кузьме","lemma":"кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сбегала","gloss":"Kuzma"},{"surface":"Кузьмичу","lemma":"кузьмич","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Кузьме","gloss":"Kuzmich"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сбегала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase впрямь (\"и впрямь\")","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"впрямь","lemma":"впрямь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сбегала","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"сбегала","lemma":"сбегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran over"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проводил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying Митя","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of проводил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проводил","lemma":"проводить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сбегала","gloss":"walked (me there)"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сбегала","gloss":"I told (him)"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полночи","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"полночи","lemma":"полночь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просижу","gloss":"midnight"},{"surface":"просижу","lemma":"просидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказала","gloss":"I'll sit up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying он","gloss":"for his part"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of проводить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"беспременно","lemma":"беспременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сбегала","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полночь","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"полночь","lemma":"полночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"midnight"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проводить","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"проводить","lemma":"проводить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose infinitive complement of пришел","gloss":"to walk (me) home"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b7-c3-s72","source":"Он ушел, а я минут десять у старика посидела да и опять сюда, ух боялась — бежала, чтоб его не повстречать.","translation":"He went off, and I sat with the old man about ten minutes and then back here again — oh, how scared I was — I ran, so as not to run into him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"минут десять… посидела","title":"Approximation by inversion","body":"Putting the noun before the numeral — «минут десять» instead of «десять минут» — is the idiomatic way to mean 'about ten minutes'. «Посидела» with the prefix по- adds 'for a little while'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб его не повстречать","title":"Negated purpose with «чтоб»","body":"«Чтоб… не повстречать» ('so as not to run into him') is a negative purpose clause; here «чтоб» governs an infinitive because the subject is the same throughout. «Его» is the genitive object under negation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ух боялась","title":"Interjection «ух»","body":"«Ух» is an exclamation of strong feeling — here a shudder of remembered fright, 'oh, how scared I was'. Such interjections punctuate Grushenka's excited, oral storytelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ушел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of посидела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of посидела (approximation phrase with десять)","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies минут","gloss":"ten","note":"word order «минут десять» (noun before numeral) signals approximation: \"about ten minutes.\""},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старика","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посидела","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"посидела","lemma":"посидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ушел","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase и (\"да и\")","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сюда","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb of motion (parallel to посидела)","gloss":"back here"},{"surface":"ух","lemma":"ух","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation modifying боялась","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"боялась","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ушел","gloss":"was scared"},{"surface":"бежала","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with боялась","gloss":"I ran"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of повстречать","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of повстречать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повстречать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"повстречать","lemma":"повстречать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on бежала","gloss":"to run into"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b7-c3-s73","source":"— А разрядилась-то куда? Ишь ведь какой чепец на тебе любопытный?","translation":"\"And where are you all decked out for? My, what a curious cap you've got on!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"А разрядилась-то куда","title":"«разрядиться» — all decked out","body":"«Разрядиться» means to dress up showily, deck oneself out in finery. The «-то» clitic gives Rakitin's jab a teasing, knowing edge: 'all dressed up — and what for?'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ишь ведь… чепец… любопытный","title":"«Ишь» + «ведь» — colloquial wonder","body":"«Ишь» ('look at that!') with the appealing particle «ведь» ('after all, you know') gives the line its mocking, conversational ring. A «чепец» is a woman's indoor cap or bonnet; «любопытный» here means 'curious, odd-looking'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разрядилась","lemma":"разрядиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got dressed up"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying разрядилась","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разрядилась","gloss":"where to"},{"surface":"Ишь","lemma":"ишь","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation introducing the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чепец","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of чепец","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"чепец","lemma":"чепец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любопытный","gloss":"cap"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"modifies чепец","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"любопытный","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, head of the exclamation","gloss":"curious"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b7-c3-s74","source":"— И уж какой же ты сам любопытный, Ракитин! Говорю тебе, такой одной весточки жду.","translation":"\"And what a curious one you are yourself, Rakitin! I tell you, I'm waiting for a certain piece of news.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И уж какой же ты сам любопытный","title":"Stacked particles «уж… же»","body":"«Уж» and «же» pile on emphasis in this retort — 'and what a curious one YOU are yourself'. «Какой» exclaims at the degree, «сам» throws the charge back at Rakitin."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"такой одной весточки жду","title":"Genitive of the awaited, again","body":"«Ждать» once more pulls its object into the genitive: «такой одной весточки» — 'a certain one piece of news'. The diminutive «весточки» keeps the tender note around her secret."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какой","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of любопытный","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какой","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любопытный","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"любопытный","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, head of the phrase","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"Говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I tell"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Говорю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of весточки","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies весточки","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"весточки","lemma":"весточка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of жду","gloss":"little word"},{"surface":"жду","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with Говорю","gloss":"I'm waiting for"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b7-c3-s75","source":"Придет весточка, вскочу — полечу, только вы меня здесь и видели.","translation":"The news will come, I'll spring up — I'll fly off, and you'll have seen the last of me here.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Придет весточка, вскочу — полечу","title":"Chained perfective futures","body":"Three perfective futures fire off in sequence — «придёт» (will come), «вскочу» (I'll spring up), «полечу» (I'll fly off) — each a single completed event, conveying the suddenness of her flight. The asyndeton (no conjunctions) heightens the rush."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"только вы меня здесь и видели","title":"Idiom: 'you'll have seen the last of me'","body":"«Только и видели» (lit. 'they only saw — and that's all') is a set colloquial idiom meaning someone has vanished without trace. Here: once the news comes, I'll be gone before you know it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"весточка","lemma":"весточка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Придет","gloss":"the news"},{"surface":"вскочу","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Придет","gloss":"I'll jump up"},{"surface":"полечу","lemma":"полететь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочу","gloss":"I'll fly off"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of видели","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видели","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying видели","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with полечу","gloss":"will have seen","note":"idiom «только... и видели» = \"that's the last anyone will see of...\""}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b7-c3-s76","source":"Для того и разрядилась, чтоб готовой сидеть.","translation":"That's why I'm decked out — to be sitting ready.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Для того и разрядилась, чтоб готовой сидеть","title":"Purpose «для того… чтоб»","body":"The correlative «для того… чтоб» ('for this very reason… so that') frames the purpose: I dressed up in order to sit ready. «Готовой» is the instrumental feminine of «готовый», agreeing with the implied 'I' as a predicate of state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of разрядилась","gloss":"that (reason)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying разрядилась","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"разрядилась","lemma":"разрядиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I got dressed up"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of сидеть","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"готовой","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjunct modifying the implied subject of сидеть","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"сидеть","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose infinitive complement of разрядилась","gloss":"to sit"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b7-c3-s77","source":"— А куда полетишь?","translation":"\"And where will you fly off to?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А куда полетишь","title":"Perfective future of motion","body":"«Полетишь» is the simple future of perfective «полететь» (to fly off), the prefixed perfective partner to «лететь». «Куда» asks 'whither' — direction-toward, hence the accusative-style question word."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полетишь","gloss":"where to"},{"surface":"полетишь","lemma":"полететь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you fly off"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b7-c3-s78","source":"— Много знать будешь, скоро состаришься.","translation":"\"Know too much and you'll grow old before your time.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Много знать будешь, скоро состаришься","title":"Proverb: know too much, age fast","body":"«Много будешь знать — скоро состаришься» is a stock Russian proverb used to brush off a nosy question: 'curiosity ages you'. Grushenka deploys it to dodge Rakitin's prying."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"знать будешь","title":"Compound (imperfective) future","body":"«Будешь знать» is the analytic future — «будешь» (future of «быть») plus the imperfective infinitive «знать»: 'you will be knowing'. Its imperfective aspect fits the proverb's general, habitual sense, against the perfective «состаришься»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знать","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of будешь","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of знать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies состаришься","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"состаришься","lemma":"состариться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знать","gloss":"you'll grow old"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b7-c3-s79","source":"— Ишь ведь. Вся в радости… Никогда еще я тебя не видел такую. Разоделась как на бал, — оглядывал ее Ракитин.","translation":"\"Just look at you. All in a glow of joy… I've never seen you like this. Dressed up as if for a ball,\" Rakitin said, looking her over.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никогда еще я тебя не видел такую","title":"Negative concord with «никогда»","body":"«Никогда… не видел» keeps the obligatory double negative — the ни-adverb 'never' still pairs with «не» on the verb. «Такую» (acc. fem.) is a predicative 'like this', 'in such a state'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вся в радости… Разоделась как на бал","title":"«разодеться» — dressed to the nines","body":"«Разодеться» intensifies «одеться» — to be all dressed up, in full finery. «Вся в радости» ('all in joy') and «как на бал» ('as if for a ball') sketch her transfigured, festive air."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оглядывал ее Ракитин","title":"Imperfective of the inserted gesture","body":"The narrator's tag «оглядывал её» uses imperfective «оглядывать» (was looking her over) for the ongoing scrutiny accompanying his speech — process, not a single completed glance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ишь","lemma":"ишь","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation introducing the sentence","gloss":"just look"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ишь","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement (implied subject: ты)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement, forms predicate with Вся","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"Никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have seen"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object complement of видел, referring to тебя","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"Разоделась","lemma":"разодеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you've dressed up"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase на (\"как на\")","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бал","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"бал,","lemma":"бал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Разоделась","gloss":"a ball"},{"surface":"оглядывал","lemma":"оглядывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel clause to Разоделась","gloss":"looked over"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оглядывал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оглядывал","gloss":"Rakitin"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b7-c3-s80","source":"— Много ты в балах-то понимаешь.","translation":"\"A lot you know about balls.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Много ты в балах-то понимаешь","title":"Ironic word order + «-то»","body":"Fronting «много» and tacking «-то» onto «балах» makes the line dry sarcasm: 'a LOT you understand about balls' = you understand nothing. The prepositional «в балах» (about/in balls) follows «понимать в чём-либо», 'to be a judge of'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимаешь","gloss":"a lot"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking балах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"балах","lemma":"бал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of понимаешь","gloss":"balls"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying балах","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you understand"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b7-c3-s81","source":"— А ты много?","translation":"\"And do you know much?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ты много?","title":"Contrastive «а» opening a retort","body":"The conjunction «а» here is the mild contrastive 'and/but', pivoting the topic back: 'and do YOU?'. The verb «понимаешь» is simply dropped, recoverable from the prior line — terse spoken ellipsis."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of много (elliptical clause)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause","gloss":"much"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b7-c3-s82","source":"— Я-то видала бал. Третьего года Кузьма Кузьмич сына женил, так я с хор смотрела.","translation":"\"I, now, have seen a ball. The year before last Kuzma Kuzmich married off his son, so I watched from the gallery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я-то видала бал","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» on the pronoun","body":"«Я-то» means 'I, for one / I, now' — the hyphenated emphatic «-то» spotlights a known contrast (she, unlike Rakitin, really has seen a ball). «Видала» is the colloquial iterative-flavoured imperfective of «видеть»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Третьего года… сына женил","title":"«третьего года» and «женить»","body":"«Третьего года» is an archaic/dialectal 'the year before last' (cf. «третьего дня», 'the day before yesterday'). «Женить» means specifically to marry off a son, distinct from «выдать замуж» for a daughter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying Я","gloss":"for one"},{"surface":"видала","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have seen"},{"surface":"бал","lemma":"бал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видала","gloss":"a ball"},{"surface":"Третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies года","gloss":"before last"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial time modifier of женил","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"Кузьма","lemma":"кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of женил","gloss":"Kuzma"},{"surface":"Кузьмич","lemma":"кузьмич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Кузьма","gloss":"Kuzmich"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of женил","gloss":"his son"},{"surface":"женил","lemma":"женить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"married off"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрела","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смотрела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хор","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"хор","lemma":"хоры","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрела","gloss":"the gallery"},{"surface":"смотрела","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"watched"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b7-c3-s83","source":"Что ж мне, Ракитка, с тобой, что ли, разговаривать, когда тут такой князь стоит.","translation":"And what business have I, Rakitka, talking with you at all, when there's a prince like this standing here.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ракитка","title":"«Ракитка» — a belittling diminutive","body":"From the surname Ракитин she coins «Ракитка», a familiar, faintly contemptuous pet form. Later she sweetens it to «Ракитушка»; the shifting suffixes track her teasing condescension toward him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ж мне… с тобой… разговаривать","title":"Dative + «что ж» rhetorical","body":"«Что ж мне разговаривать» is an impersonal, dative-subject construction — 'what is there for me to talk about?'. The particle «ж» (= «же») lends the indignant, rhetorical shrug."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разговаривать (idiomatic \"why should I\")","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer dative of the modal clause","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of разговаривать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase ли (\"что ли\")","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"разговаривать","lemma":"разговаривать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стоит","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of князь","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"князь","lemma":"князь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"prince"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"is standing"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b7-c3-s84","source":"Вот так гость! Алеша, голубчик, гляжу я на тебя и не верю; господи, как это ты у меня появился!","translation":"Now there's a guest! Alyosha, my dear, I look at you and can't believe it; Lord, how is it you've turned up at my place!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алеша, голубчик","title":"«голубчик» — 'my dear little dove'","body":"«Голубчик» (from «голубь», dove) is a warm term of endearment, 'my dear, my darling'. It belongs to the same affectionate register as her later «месяц ты мой молодой»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"господи, как это ты у меня появился","title":"Vocative «Господи»","body":"«Господи» is the Church-Slavonic vocative of «Господь» (Lord), surviving in modern Russian only as an exclamation, 'Lord!, good heavens!'. «Как это» ('how on earth') marks her amazement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies гость","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"гость","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"guest"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алеша, vocative","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"гляжу","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I look"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of гляжу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of гляжу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with гляжу","gloss":"believe it"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular, interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the exclamatory clause of появился","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying как (\"как это\")","gloss":"is it that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of появился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of появился (idiom «у меня»)","gloss":"my place"},{"surface":"появился","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamatory clause","gloss":"turned up"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b7-c3-s85","source":"По правде тебе сказать, не ждала не гадала, да и прежде никогда тому не верила, чтобы ты мог прийти.","translation":"To tell you the truth, I never looked for it, never dreamed of it, and even before I never once believed you could come.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не ждала не гадала","title":"Folk pairing 'ждала не гадала'","body":"«Не ждала не гадала» is a fixed, folkloric double phrase — 'I never expected, never guessed it', i.e. it took me wholly by surprise. The asyndetic doubling is a hallmark of oral, peasant speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда тому не верила, чтобы ты мог прийти","title":"«чтобы» + past after negated belief","body":"After the negated «не верила» ('I never believed') the content clause takes «чтобы… мог» with the past-form irrealis — a willed/doubted, not factual, outcome. «Тому» is the dative anticipating the clause; «мог прийти» pairs modal «мочь» with perfective motion «прийти»."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"правде","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement, part of idiom «по правде сказать»","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main predicate of the idiom clause","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ждала","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"ждала","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expect"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гадала","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"гадала","lemma":"гадать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ждала","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никогда","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верила","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of верила","gloss":"in that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верила","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"верила","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ждала","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of верила","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b7-c3-s86","source":"Хоть и не та минутка теперь, а страх я тебе рада!","translation":"Though it isn't quite the right moment now, still I'm dreadfully glad to see you!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не та минутка","title":"«минутка» — diminutive 'moment'","body":"«Минутка» is the diminutive of «минута», a tender 'little moment'. Recurring through the scene («такую минуту», «под такую минуту»), this word becomes Grushenka's coded marker for the fateful hour she is awaiting."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"страх я тебе рада","title":"«страх» as intensifier 'dreadfully'","body":"As in «смерть боюсь» earlier, the bare noun «страх» works adverbially: 'I'm dreadfully / awfully glad to see you'. «Тебе» is the dative complement of «рада» (glad of/at someone)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies та","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минутка","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"минутка","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies минутка","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"страх","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular (used adverbially)","role":"intensifier of рада","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рада","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative complement of рада","gloss":"to see you"},{"surface":"рада","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"main predicate of the second clause","gloss":"glad"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b7-c3-s87","source":"Садись на диван, вот сюда, вот так, месяц ты мой молодой.","translation":"Sit down on the sofa, here, just so, my young new moon.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Садись… вот сюда","title":"Imperative of invitation","body":"«Садись» is the imperfective imperative of «садиться» — the warm, inviting form ('do sit down'), where a perfective «сядь» would sound curt. Imperfective imperatives soften and welcome."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"месяц ты мой молодой","title":"«месяц молодой» — 'my young new moon'","body":"«Месяц» here is the crescent moon, and «молодой месяц» the new moon — a tender folk-song endearment for a fresh-faced youth. The inverted «месяц ты мой молодой» has the cadence of a Russian lullaby or lament."}],"words":[{"surface":"Садись","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диван","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диван","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Садись","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сюда","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Садись","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Садись","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address, in apposition to ты","gloss":"moon","note":"Endearing form of address: literally 'you, my young moon' (a new/crescent moon)."},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"addressed, head of the vocative phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of месяц","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"young"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b7-c3-s88","source":"Право, я еще как будто и не соображусь… Эх ты, Ракитка, если бы ты его вчера али третьего дня привел!.. Ну да рада и так.","translation":"Truly, I still can't seem to take it in… Oh, you, Rakitka, if only you'd brought him yesterday or the day before!.. Well, but I'm glad even as it is.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не соображусь","title":"Reflexive «-сь» middle","body":"«Соображусь» (with the reflexive «-сь») is a colloquial 'I can't gather my wits / take it in'. The reflexive here gives an intransitive, change-of-state sense — getting one's bearings within oneself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы ты его вчера али… привел","title":"Counterfactual «если бы… привёл»","body":"«Если бы» plus the past form «привёл» builds a contrary-to-fact wish — 'if only you'd brought him yesterday'. The «бы» makes the past tense purely hypothetical, regret for what did not happen."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"али","title":"«али» — dialect 'or'","body":"«Али» is an archaic, folk variant of «или» (or). Sprinkled through Grushenka's speech (and again as «аль» elsewhere), it marks her colloquial, untutored idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Право","lemma":"право","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, modifies соображусь","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of соображусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соображусь","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies соображусь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies соображусь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"соображусь","lemma":"сообразиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take it in"},{"surface":"Эх","lemma":"эх","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation heading the phrase","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"in apposition to Эх, addressed","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"ракитка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to ты","gloss":"Rakitka","note":"Diminutive nickname for Rakitin."},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of привел","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with если","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of привел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of привел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привел","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links вчера and третьего дня","gloss":"or","note":"Dialectal/folk form of 'или' (or)."},{"surface":"третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вчера, modifies привел","gloss":"day","note":"'Третьего дня' is idiomatic for 'the day before yesterday'."},{"surface":"привел","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"had brought"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рада","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"рада","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рада","gloss":"as it is"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b7-c3-s89","source":"Может, и лучше, что теперь, под такую минуту, а не третьего дня…","translation":"Maybe it's even better that it's now, at such a moment, and not the day before yesterday…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Может, и лучше, что теперь","title":"Comparative «лучше» + suppletive","body":"«Лучше» is the suppletive comparative of «хороший» ('better'), used here predicatively and impersonally: 'maybe it's even better'. «Может» ('maybe') is the clipped colloquial «может быть»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"под такую минуту","title":"«под» + accusative of time","body":"«Под такую минуту» uses «под» with the accusative in a temporal sense — 'at / on the verge of such a moment'. «Минутку/минуту» keeps echoing as her private name for the awaited crisis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"может","morphology":"parenthetical, adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies лучше","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of теперь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of что-clause (elided быть)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with теперь","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies третьего","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with теперь","gloss":"day","note":"'Третьего дня' is idiomatic for 'the day before yesterday'."}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b7-c3-s90","source":"Она резво подсела к Алеше на диван, с ним рядом, и глядела на него решительно с восхищением.","translation":"She sat down nimbly beside Alyosha on the sofa, right next to him, and looked at him with positive delight.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"резво подсела… с ним рядом","title":"Prefixed perfective «подсесть»","body":"«Подсела» (perfective «подсесть») means to sit down beside someone, the prefix под- adding 'up close to'. «С ним рядом» reinforces the nearness; «резво» ('briskly, nimbly') captures her quick movement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подсела","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"резво","lemma":"резво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подсела","gloss":"nimbly"},{"surface":"подсела","lemma":"подсесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеше","gloss":"next to"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подсела","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диван","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диван","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подсела","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рядом","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"рядом","lemma":"рядом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подсела","gloss":"right beside"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"глядела","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подсела","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядела","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восхищением","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восхищением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"восхищением","lemma":"восхищение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядела","gloss":"delight"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b7-c3-s91","source":"И действительно была рада, не лгала, говоря это.","translation":"And she really was glad — she was not lying when she said it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не лгала, говоря это","title":"Imperfective present gerund «говоря»","body":"«Говоря» is the imperfective present gerund («деепричастие») of «говорить» — 'while saying this', an action simultaneous with the main verb «не лгала» and sharing its subject. Such adverbial participles are the connective tissue of literary narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рада","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to рада","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"рада","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лгала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"лгала","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рада","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on лгала","gloss":"saying"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говоря","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b7-c3-s92","source":"Глаза ее горели, губы смеялись, но добродушно, весело смеялись.","translation":"Her eyes glowed, her lips laughed, but good-naturedly, merrily they laughed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Глаза ее горели, губы смеялись… смеялись","title":"Imperfective parallel description","body":"Three imperfective past verbs — «горели», «смеялись», «смеялись» — paint a continuous state rather than events. The repetition of «смеялись», bracketing «но добродушно, весело», gives the sentence a lyrical, almost choric rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of горели","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner, possessive","role":"determiner of Глаза","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"горели","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glowed"},{"surface":"губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of смеялись","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"смеялись","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with горели","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"добродушно","lemma":"добродушно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies second смеялись","gloss":"good-naturedly"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies second смеялись","gloss":"merrily"},{"surface":"смеялись","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"restates смеялись, coordinated with горели","gloss":"laughed"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b7-c3-s93","source":"Алеша даже и не ожидал от нее такого доброго выражения в лице… Он встречал ее до вчерашнего дня мало, составил об ней устрашающее понятие, а вчера так страшно был потрясен ее злобною и коварною выходкой против Катерины Ивановны и был очень удивлен, что теперь вдруг увидал в ней совсем как бы иное и неожиданное существо.","translation":"Alyosha had not even expected such a kindly expression on her face… He had met her little before the previous day, had formed a frightening notion of her, and only yesterday had been so terribly shaken by her spiteful and treacherous trick against Katerina Ivanovna, that now he was greatly surprised to see in her, all at once, what seemed an altogether different and unexpected creature.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"составил об ней устрашающее понятие","title":"Present active participle as modifier","body":"«Устрашающее» is the present active participle of «устрашать» (to terrify), here used adjectivally — 'a terrifying / frightening notion'. Participles like this, condensing a whole который-clause into one word, thicken Dostoevsky's analytical prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был потрясен ее злобною и коварною выходкой","title":"Short passive + instrumental of cause","body":"«Был потрясён» is the short past passive participle of «потрясти» (to shake, shock) with «быть» — 'was shaken'. The agent/cause stands in the instrumental: «выходкой» (by her trick), and its archaic adjective endings «-ою» are 19th-century literary forms."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем как бы иное и неожиданное существо","title":"Hedging «как бы»","body":"«Как бы» ('as it were, what seemed') hedges the description, a favourite Dostoevskian device for filtering perception through a character's uncertainty. «Иное» is the bookish 'other, different', loftier than «другое»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ожидал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ожидал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ожидал","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ожидал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ожидал","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expected"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ожидал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of выражения","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"доброго","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражения","gloss":"kindly"},{"surface":"выражения","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ожидал","gloss":"an expression"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражения","gloss":"her face"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встречал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"встречал","lemma":"встречать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had met"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of встречал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вчерашнего","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"the previous"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of до, modifies встречал","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встречал","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"составил","lemma":"составить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встречал","gloss":"had formed"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of составил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"устрашающее","lemma":"устрашающий","morphology":"adjective (participle), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies понятие","gloss":"frightening"},{"surface":"понятие","lemma":"понятие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of составил","gloss":"a notion"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потрясен","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies страшно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потрясен","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of потрясен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"потрясен","lemma":"потрясти","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with составил","gloss":"shaken"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner, possessive, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злобною","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"злобною","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies выходкой","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коварною","lemma":"коварный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with злобною","gloss":"treacherous"},{"surface":"выходкой","lemma":"выходка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of потрясен","gloss":"trick"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерины","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies выходкой","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to удивлен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивлен","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"удивлен","lemma":"удивлённый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with составил","gloss":"surprised"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увидал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"увидал","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of удивлен","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увидал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иное","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"иное","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существо","gloss":"a different"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неожиданное","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with иное","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of увидал","gloss":"creature"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b7-c3-s94","source":"И как ни был он придавлен своим собственным горем, но глаза его невольно остановились на ней со вниманием.","translation":"And however weighed down he was by his own grief, his eyes nevertheless rested on her involuntarily, with attention.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ни был он придавлен","title":"Concessive «как ни»","body":"«Как ни был он придавлен» ('however weighed down he was') uses the concessive «как ни» — 'no matter how'. The «ни» concedes any degree; «придавлен» is a short passive participle, 'crushed, oppressed', from «придавить»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"глаза его невольно остановились на ней","title":"Reflexive «остановиться» (came to rest)","body":"«Остановились» (reflexive «остановиться») is here intransitive 'came to rest, fixed themselves' — the -ся marks a change of state, his eyes settling on her of their own accord («невольно»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase как ни","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как ни","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of придавлен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придавлен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"придавлен","lemma":"придавить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"weighed down"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of горем","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"собственным","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies горем","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"горем","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of придавлен","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of остановились","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner, possessive","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"невольно","lemma":"невольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановились","gloss":"involuntarily"},{"surface":"остановились","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rested"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановились","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вниманием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вниманием","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановились","gloss":"attention"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b7-c3-s95","source":"Все манеры ее как бы изменились тоже со вчерашнего дня совсем к лучшему: не было этой вчерашней слащавости в выговоре почти вовсе, этих изнеженных и манерных движений… всё было просто, простодушно, движения ее были скорые, прямые, доверчивые, но была она очень возбуждена.","translation":"All her manners, too, seemed to have changed since the previous day, quite for the better: that cloying sweetness of speech from yesterday was almost entirely gone, as were those affected, mincing movements… everything was simple, guileless, her movements quick, direct, trusting — yet she was very excited.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Все манеры ее как бы изменились","title":"Reflexive «измениться» (changed, intr.)","body":"«Изменились» (reflexive «измениться») is the intransitive 'changed, became different', the -ся turning the transitive «изменить» (to alter something) inward. «Как бы» again softens the observation to 'seemed to have changed'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слащавости… изнеженных и манерных движений","title":"The vocabulary of affectation","body":"«Слащавость» is cloying, sugary affectedness; «изнеженный» means pampered, soft, languid; «манерный» mannered, putting on airs. The cluster names exactly the studied coquetry now fallen away from her."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё было просто, простодушно","title":"Short adjectives as predicates","body":"The short neuter forms «просто, простодушно» predicate a state of the impersonal «всё» — 'everything was simple, guileless'. Short adjectives can only stand as predicates and carry a slightly elevated, summarising tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of манеры","gloss":"All"},{"surface":"манеры","lemma":"манера","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of изменились","gloss":"manners"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner, possessive","role":"determiner of манеры","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"изменились","lemma":"измениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had changed"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изменились","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"вчерашнего","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"the previous"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изменились","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лучшему","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лучшему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"лучшему","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of изменились","gloss":"the better"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to изменились","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of слащавости","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вчерашней","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слащавости","gloss":"of yesterday"},{"surface":"слащавости","lemma":"слащавость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of было (existential)","gloss":"sweetness"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выговоре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"выговоре","lemma":"выговор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слащавости","gloss":"her speech"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вовсе","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of движений","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"изнеженных","lemma":"изнеженный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies движений","gloss":"affected"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"манерных","lemma":"манерный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with изнеженных","gloss":"mincing"},{"surface":"движений","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"subject of было (existential), coordinated with слащавости","gloss":"movements"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of просто","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to просто","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"простодушно","lemma":"простодушно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with просто","gloss":"guileless"},{"surface":"движения","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of скорые","gloss":"movements"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner, possessive","role":"determiner of движения","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to скорые","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"скорые","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with просто","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"прямые","lemma":"прямой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with скорые","gloss":"direct"},{"surface":"доверчивые","lemma":"доверчивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with скорые","gloss":"trusting"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of возбуждена","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive возбуждена","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возбуждена","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"возбуждена","lemma":"возбудить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with просто","gloss":"excited"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b7-c3-s96","source":"— Господи, экие всё вещи сегодня сбываются, право, — залепетала она опять. — И чего я тебе так рада, Алеша, сама не знаю. Вот спроси, а я не знаю.","translation":"\"Lord, what strange things are all coming to pass today, truly,\" she prattled on again. \"And why I'm so glad of you, Alyosha, I don't know myself. Ask me, and I don't know.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"экие всё вещи… залепетала","title":"«экие» and «залепетать»","body":"«Экие» is a colloquial exclamatory 'what (sort of)!', cousin to «какие». «Залепетать» (with inceptive за-) means to start prattling/babbling — the narrator's gentle word for Grushenka's rushing, childlike chatter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"экие… вещи… сбываются","title":"Reflexive «сбываться» (come true)","body":"«Сбываются» (reflexive «сбываться») means 'come to pass, come true', used of fates, dreams, and prophecies — a faintly fateful word for the day's marvels. The -ся gives it its impersonal, intransitive force."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господи","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, addressing God","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"экие","lemma":"экий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вещи","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of вещи","gloss":"all sorts of"},{"surface":"вещи","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of сбываются","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сбываются","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"сбываются","lemma":"сбываться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are coming true"},{"surface":"право,","lemma":"право","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, modifies сбываются","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"залепетала","lemma":"залепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"prattled"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of залепетала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"опять.","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies залепетала","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of рада","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рада","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"complement of рада","gloss":"of you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рада","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"рада","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the чего-clause","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies я, emphasizes subject of знаю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рада","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спроси","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"спроси","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спроси","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b7-c3-s97","source":"— Ну уж и не знаешь, чему рада? — усмехнулся Ракитин. — Прежде-то зачем-нибудь приставала же ко мне: приведи да приведи его, имела же цель.","translation":"\"Come now, you don't know what you're glad of?\" Rakitin smirked. \"Before, you were pestering me for some reason or other: bring him, do bring him — you had your aim, surely.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прежде-то зачем-нибудь приставала же ко мне","title":"Layered particles «-то… -нибудь… же»","body":"Three particles work at once: emphatic «-то» on «прежде» ('before, now'), indefinite «зачем-нибудь» ('for some reason or other', non-specific), and insistent «же» on «приставала же» ('you DID keep pestering'). Together they give Rakitin's needling its sly, knowing weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приведи да приведи его","title":"Doubled imperative for nagging","body":"Repeating the imperative — «приведи да приведи» ('bring him, do bring him') — is a vivid colloquial way to render persistent nagging. The «да» between is the folksy coordinating 'and'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the question","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of рада","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"рада?","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the question","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"smirked"},{"surface":"Ракитин.","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"Прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приставала","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes Прежде","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase зачем-нибудь","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase зачем-нибудь","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"приставала","lemma":"приставать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pestered"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приставала","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of приставала","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"приведи","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"quoted imperative, coordinated with the second приведи","gloss":"bring him"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the two imperatives","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приведи","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with the first приведи","gloss":"bring him"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приведи","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"имела","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приставала","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имела","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"цель","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имела","gloss":"a purpose"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b7-c3-s98","source":"— Прежде-то я другую цель имела, а теперь то прошло, не такая минута. Потчевать я вас стану, вот что.","translation":"\"Before, I had a different aim, but now that's past, this isn't the moment for it. I'm going to treat you to something, that's what.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а теперь то прошло","title":"Contrastive «а» + demonstrative «то»","body":"«А» pivots from past to present ('but now'), and «то» is the demonstrative 'that' standing for the former aim — 'that has passed'. «Прошло» is the perfective past of «пройти», an event now complete."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Потчевать я вас стану","title":"«потчевать» — to treat/regale","body":"«Потчевать» is a slightly old-fashioned, hospitable verb — to ply guests with food and drink, regale them. «Стану потчевать» is the imperfective future ('I'm going to treat you'), with «стать» here as a future auxiliary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имела","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes Прежде","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies цель","gloss":"a different"},{"surface":"цель","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имела","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"имела","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошло","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of прошло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прошло","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with имела","gloss":"has passed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минута","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"минута","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with прошло","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"Потчевать","lemma":"потчевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стану","gloss":"treat"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стану","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Потчевать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"стану","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am going to"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with стану","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b7-c3-s99","source":"Я теперь подобрела, Ракитка. Да садись и ты, Ракитка, чего стоишь? Аль ты уж сел?","translation":"I've grown kindly now, Rakitka. Do sit down, you too, Rakitka — why are you standing? Or have you sat down already?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я теперь подобрела","title":"Inchoative prefix по-","body":"«Подобрела» (perfective «подобреть») means 'I've grown kind(er)' — the prefix по- on the adjectival root «добр-» builds a 'become-X' verb. Compare «подобрела» here with «добрая» she calls herself two lines on."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Аль ты уж сел?","title":"«аль» — folk 'or, is it that'","body":"«Аль» (variant «али») is the dialectal «или / разве», introducing a teasing alternative — 'or have you already sat down?'. The particle «уж» (= уже) adds 'already, by now'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подобрела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подобрела","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"подобрела","lemma":"подобреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have grown kind"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"ракитка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies садись","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"садись","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of садись","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"ракитка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, coordinated with ты","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial complement of стоишь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"стоишь","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"are standing"},{"surface":"Аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сел","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b7-c3-s100","source":"Небось Ракитушка себя не забудет.","translation":"Never fear, our Rakitushka won't forget himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Небось Ракитушка себя не забудет","title":"«небось» — 'I'll be bound'","body":"«Небось» (originally 'don't fear') is a colloquial modal word meaning 'surely, I daresay, you can be sure'. «Ракитушка» is a mock-tender diminutive, and «себя не забудет» ('won't forget himself') jabs that Rakitin always looks out for number one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Небось","lemma":"небось","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle, modifies забудет","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"Ракитушка","lemma":"ракитушка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забудет","gloss":"Rakitushka"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of забудет","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забудет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забудет","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forget"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b7-c3-s101","source":"Вот он теперь, Алеша, сидит там против нас, да и обижается: зачем это я его прежде тебя не пригласила садиться.","translation":"There he sits now, Alyosha, over there facing us, and taking offence: why didn't I invite him to sit down before you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидит там против нас, да и обижается","title":"Reflexive «обижаться» (take offence)","body":"«Обижается» (reflexive «обижаться») is the intransitive 'takes offence, feels hurt', the -ся turning «обидеть» (to offend someone) back on the subject. «Да и» links it as an added, slyly-noted fact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зачем это я его прежде тебя не пригласила садиться","title":"Reported grievance with «зачем»","body":"«Зачем это… не пригласила» frames Rakitin's imagined complaint as indirect speech: why didn't I invite him before you. «Его… садиться» pairs an accusative object with an infinitive — 'invite him to sit'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sits"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"facing"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"обижается","lemma":"обижаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидит","gloss":"takes offense"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пригласила","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"intensifies зачем (emphatic, \"why is it that\")","gloss":"is it that","note":"Discourse-emphatic это, not a true object — его already fills that slot."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пригласила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пригласила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"preposition/adverb","role":"modifies пригласила, governs тебя","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of прежде (\"before you\")","gloss":"you","note":"Genitive of comparison after прежде (\"earlier than you\"), not a second direct object."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пригласила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пригласила","lemma":"пригласить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"explains обижается (why she takes offense)","gloss":"invite"},{"surface":"садиться","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пригласила","gloss":"to sit down"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b7-c3-s102","source":"Ух обидчив у меня Ракитка, обидчив! — засмеялась Грушенька. — Не злись, Ракитка, ныне я добрая.","translation":"Oh, he's touchy, my Rakitka, touchy!\" Grushenka burst out laughing. \"Don't be angry, Rakitka, today I'm kind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ух обидчив… обидчив","title":"«обидчив» — short adjective 'touchy'","body":"«Обидчив» is the short form of «обидчивый» (easily offended, touchy), repeated for emphasis. The short form fits its predicative, characterising role — a fixed trait pinned on Rakitin."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не злись, Ракитка","title":"Negated reflexive imperative","body":"«Не злись» is the negative imperative of reflexive «злиться» (to be/get angry) — 'don't be angry'. Negated imperatives normally take the imperfective, as here, forbidding the activity itself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ныне я добрая","title":"«ныне» — elevated 'today/now'","body":"«Ныне» is a bookish, slightly archaic 'now, today', loftier than «сегодня» or «теперь». In Grushenka's mouth it half-jests, lending her sudden kindliness a mock-solemn ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ух","lemma":"ух","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation preceding обидчив","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"обидчив","lemma":"обидчивый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate describing Ракитка","gloss":"touchy"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of обидчив (\"my Rakitka\")","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обидчив","gloss":"Rakitka","note":"Masculine nickname for Rakitin despite the -a ending."},{"surface":"обидчив!","lemma":"обидчивый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"repeats обидчив for emphasis","gloss":"touchy!"},{"surface":"засмеялась","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out laughing"},{"surface":"Грушенька.","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялась","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies злись","gloss":"Don't"},{"surface":"злись","lemma":"злиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be angry"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"ныне","lemma":"ныне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies добрая","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of добрая","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"добрая","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate describing я (elliptical copula)","gloss":"kind"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b7-c3-s103","source":"Да чего ты грустен сидишь, Алешечка, аль меня боишься? — с веселою насмешкой заглянула она ему в глаза.","translation":"And why do you sit there so glum, Alyoshechka — are you afraid of me?\" she peered into his eyes with merry mockery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алешечка","title":"«Алёшечка» — caressing diminutive","body":"«Алёшечка» layers the affectionate -ечк- suffix onto «Алёша» (itself the pet form of Алексей). It is even softer than «Алёша», a deliberate verbal caress as she coaxes him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заглянула она ему в глаза","title":"Dative of the affected part","body":"«Заглянула… ему в глаза» ('peered into his eyes') puts the possessor in the dative «ему» rather than a possessive — 'looked him into the eyes', the idiomatic Russian way to mark whose eyes are affected."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сидишь (adverbial \"why\")","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сидишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"грустен","lemma":"грустный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"describes ты, modifies сидишь (manner)","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"сидишь","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you sit"},{"surface":"Алешечка","lemma":"алешечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshechka"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces alternative question","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of боишься","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"боишься?","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"are you afraid"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking насмешкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"веселою","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies насмешкой","gloss":"merry"},{"surface":"насмешкой","lemma":"насмешка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заглянула","gloss":"mockery"},{"surface":"заглянула","lemma":"заглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she peeked"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заглянула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of заглянула","gloss":"at him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заглянула","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b7-c3-s104","source":"— У него горе. Чину не дали, — пробасил Ракитин","translation":"\"He has a grief. He wasn't given his rank,\" Rakitin growled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чину не дали","title":"Genitive of negation + impersonal plural","body":"«Чину не дали» uses the partitive/negated genitive «чину» (of «чин») and an agentless 3rd-plural «дали» — 'they didn't give him his rank', i.e. it wasn't given. Such subjectless plurals are Russian's everyday impersonal passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition У","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (elliptical есть)","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"Чину","lemma":"чин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of дали","gloss":"rank","note":"Archaic partitive-genitive -у ending (genitive of negation), not dative — same word and construction recurs as \"Какого чину?\" in b7-c3-s105-w2, where the genitive determiner \"Какого\" proves the case; \"какому чину\" would be required if this were dative."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дали,","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause (impersonal \"they\")","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"пробасил","lemma":"пробасить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the dialogue tag","gloss":"growled"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробасил","gloss":"Rakitin"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b7-c3-s105","source":"— Какого чину?","translation":"\"What rank?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какого чину?","title":"Genitive echo in the question","body":"Grushenka's «Какого чину?» picks up the genitive «чину» from Rakitin's line, echoing his case — 'what rank?'. «Какого» (gen. of «какой») agrees with it, the adjective making the case visible."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чину","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"чину","lemma":"чин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical question","gloss":"rank"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b7-c3-s106","source":"— Старец его пропах.","translation":"\"His elder has gone and stunk.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Старец его пропах","title":"Perfective «пропах» — the result","body":"«Пропах» (perfective «пропахнуть») is a blunt 'has gone stinking, become permeated with a smell'. The perfective fixes the cruel fact as an accomplished result — the crux of Rakitin's mockery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пропах","gloss":"The elder"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Старец","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пропах","lemma":"пропахнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has gone foul"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b7-c3-s107","source":"— Как пропах? Вздор ты какой-нибудь мелешь, скверность какую-нибудь хочешь сказать. Молчи, дурак.","translation":"\"How, stunk? You're babbling some nonsense, you want to say some nastiness. Be quiet, fool.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вздор ты какой-нибудь мелешь","title":"Indefinite «какой-нибудь» + idiom","body":"«Какой-нибудь» marks a vague, non-specific 'some… or other'. «Мелешь вздор» (lit. 'you grind nonsense') is the set idiom «молоть вздор», to talk rubbish — «мелешь» is the present of «молоть» (to grind)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Молчи, дурак","title":"Curt imperative + abuse","body":"«Молчи» is the imperfective imperative 'be silent, shut up', and «дурак» ('fool') the bald insult. The sharp, unsoftened command shows Grushenka's flash of real anger at the blasphemy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пропах","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"пропах","lemma":"пропахнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the elliptical question (echoes Старец пропах)","gloss":"stunk"},{"surface":"Вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of мелешь","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мелешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Вздор","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with какой (\"какой-нибудь\")","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"мелешь","lemma":"молоть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you blather"},{"surface":"скверность","lemma":"скверность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"nastiness"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of скверность","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with какую (\"какую-нибудь\")","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мелешь (elliptical subject ты)","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочешь","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"Молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Be quiet"},{"surface":"дурак","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"fool"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b7-c3-s108","source":"Пустишь меня, Алеша, на колени к себе посидеть, вот так! — И вдруг она мигом привскочила и прыгнула смеясь ему на колени, как ласкающаяся кошечка, нежно правою рукой охватив ему шею.","translation":"Will you let me, Alyosha, sit a while on your lap, just so!\" And suddenly, in a flash, she half-rose and, laughing, sprang onto his lap like a fawning kitten, tenderly slipping her right arm round his neck.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пустишь меня… на колени… посидеть","title":"Perfective future as a question","body":"«Пустишь» is the perfective future of «пустить» (to let, allow) used as a softened request — 'will you let me?'. It governs the infinitive «посидеть» ('sit a while', the по- adding brevity)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прыгнула смеясь… охватив ему шею","title":"Two gerunds, two aspects","body":"The sentence stacks an imperfective present gerund «смеясь» ('laughing', simultaneous) and a perfective past gerund «охватив» ('having slipped her arm round', the prior, completed clasp). The pairing is a textbook display of how «деепричастия» layer attendant actions."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как ласкающаяся кошечка","title":"Participle + diminutive simile","body":"«Ласкающаяся» is the present active participle of reflexive «ласкаться» ('fawning, nuzzling'), and «кошечка» the diminutive of «кошка», 'a little kitten'. The combined simile makes Grushenka's spring onto Alyosha's lap feline and coaxing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пустишь","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you let"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Пустишь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колени","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"колени","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of посидеть","gloss":"lap"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of посидеть (\"your own lap\")","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"посидеть","lemma":"посидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Пустишь","gloss":"sit a while"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так!","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посидеть (manner, \"like this\")","gloss":"so!"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привскочила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of привскочила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies привскочила (adverbial, \"in a flash\")","gloss":"in a flash"},{"surface":"привскочила","lemma":"привскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"half-rose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прыгнула","lemma":"прыгнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with привскочила","gloss":"sprang"},{"surface":"смеясь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"complement of прыгнула","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies колени (possessive, \"his lap\")","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колени","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"колени","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of прыгнула","gloss":"lap"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking кошечка","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ласкающаяся","lemma":"ласкаться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies кошечка","gloss":"fawning"},{"surface":"кошечка","lemma":"кошечка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"object of comparison (как кошечка), describes она","gloss":"kitten"},{"surface":"нежно","lemma":"нежно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies охватив","gloss":"tenderly"},{"surface":"правою","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рукой","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of охватив","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"охватив","lemma":"охватить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"complement of прыгнула","gloss":"clasping"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шею (possessive, \"his neck\")","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"шею","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of охватив","gloss":"neck"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b7-c3-s109","source":"— Развеселю я тебя, мальчик ты мой богомольный! Нет, в самом деле, неужто позволишь мне на коленках у тебя посидеть, не осердишься? Прикажешь — я соскочу.","translation":"\"I'll cheer you up, my pious boy! No, really, surely you'll let me sit on your knees, you won't be cross? Just say the word — and I'll jump down.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Развеселю я тебя","title":"Perfective future, prefix раз-","body":"«Развеселю» is the perfective future of «развеселить» — 'I'll cheer you right up', the prefix раз- adding thoroughness. Its single-completed sense promises a result, not a process."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мальчик ты мой богомольный","title":"«богомольный» — devout, prayer-loving","body":"«Богомольный» (from «Бог» + «молить», to pray to God) means pious, given to prayer and pilgrimage. As an endearment to Alyosha the novice it is half-tender, half-teasing — 'my praying boy'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"неужто позволишь… не осердишься? Прикажешь — я соскочу","title":"«неужто» and perfective futures","body":"«Неужто» is a colloquial «неужели», 'surely not?, really?'. The string «позволишь… осердишься… прикажешь… соскочу» is all perfective futures — single resolved acts, including reflexive «осердишься» ('you'll get cross') and «соскочу» ('I'll jump off')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Развеселю","lemma":"развеселить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll cheer you up"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Развеселю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Развеселю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, head of phrase","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчик","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчик","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"богомольный","lemma":"богомольный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"pious"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing next clause","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"idiom \"в самом деле\", modifies позволишь","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces question, modifies позволишь","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"позволишь","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you let"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of позволишь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленках","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"коленках","lemma":"коленка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of посидеть","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of посидеть (\"your knees\")","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"посидеть","lemma":"посидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позволишь","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осердишься","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"осердишься","lemma":"осердиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with позволишь","gloss":"be cross"},{"surface":"Прикажешь","lemma":"приказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause verb (\"[if] you say the word\")","gloss":"say the word"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of соскочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"соскочу","lemma":"соскочить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"I'll jump down"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b7-c3-s110","source":"Алеша молчал.","translation":"Alyosha was silent.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was silent"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b7-c3-s111","source":"Он сидел, боясь шевельнуться, он слышал ее слова: «Прикажешь — я соскочу», но не ответил, как будто замер.","translation":"He sat, afraid to stir; he heard her words, \"Just say the word — and I'll jump down,\" but did not answer, as though he had frozen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"боясь шевельнуться","title":"Gerund of a -ся-only verb","body":"«Боясь» is the present gerund of «бояться» (to fear) — a verb that exists only in the reflexive -ся form. 'Afraid to stir', it modifies «сидел», sharing Alyosha as subject; «шевельнуться» is the perfective 'to make a single movement'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто замер","title":"Perfective «замереть» (froze)","body":"«Замер» is the perfective past of «замереть» — 'froze, went still', an instantaneous change of state. «Как будто» ('as though') frames it as the narrator's simile for his stunned immobility."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"боясь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сидел","gloss":"afraid"},{"surface":"шевельнуться","lemma":"шевельнуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of боясь","gloss":"to stir"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of слышал","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"Прикажешь","lemma":"приказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"quoted words, complement of слышал","gloss":"say the word"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of соскочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"соскочу","lemma":"соскочить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"quoted clause, coordinated with Прикажешь","gloss":"I'll jump down"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замер","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"замер","lemma":"замереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of ответил","gloss":"he had frozen"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b7-c3-s112","source":"Но не то в нем было, чего мог бы ждать и что мог бы вообразить в нем теперь, например, хоть Ракитин, плотоядно наблюдавший со своего места.","translation":"But what was in him was not what might have been expected and what someone — Rakitin, say, watching carnivorously from his place — might now have imagined in him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то… чего мог бы ждать и что мог бы вообразить","title":"Conditional «мог бы» twice","body":"Two hypothetical «мог бы» ('might have') with «бы» frame what an onlooker could have expected — irrealis, contrary to what actually was in Alyosha. «Чего… что» are relative pronouns: genitive «чего» under «ждать», accusative «что» under «вообразить»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"плотоядно наблюдавший со своего места","title":"Past active participle 'watching'","body":"«Наблюдавший» is the past active participle of «наблюдать» (to watch), agreeing with Rakitin — 'who was watching'. It compresses a который-clause into one bookish modifier; «плотоядно» ('carnivorously') sharpens his predatory gaze."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ждать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of было","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional of мог","gloss":"[would]"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"expect"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вообразить, introduces the clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог (w8)","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional of мог","gloss":"[would]"},{"surface":"вообразить","lemma":"вообразить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вообразить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вообразить","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, introduces the example Ракитин","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ракитин (focus particle, \"say\")","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"example of the implied subject of мог бы вообразить","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"плотоядно","lemma":"плотоядно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наблюдавший","gloss":"carnivorously"},{"surface":"наблюдавший","lemma":"наблюдать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Ракитин","gloss":"watching"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of места","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of наблюдавший","gloss":"place"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b7-c3-s113","source":"Великое горе души его поглощало все ощущения, какие только могли зародиться в сердце его, и если только мог бы он в сию минуту дать себе полный отчет, то и сам бы догадался, что он теперь в крепчайшей броне против всякого соблазна и искушения.","translation":"The great grief of his soul swallowed up every sensation that could possibly arise in his heart, and if only he could at that moment have given himself a full accounting, he himself would have guessed that he was now in the stoutest armour against every temptation and seduction.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если только мог бы он… дать себе полный отчет, то и сам бы догадался","title":"Counterfactual «если бы… то бы»","body":"A full contrary-to-fact conditional: «если… мог бы… дать… то… догадался бы». Both clauses carry «бы» with past/modal forms — 'had he been able to reckon, he would have guessed'. The double «бы» is the signature of the unreal condition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в сию минуту","title":"Archaic demonstrative «сию»","body":"«Сию» is the accusative of «сей» ('this'), an archaic, bookish demonstrative surviving mainly in fixed phrases like «в сию минуту» ('at this very minute') and «сей час» → «сейчас». It lifts the register to solemn narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в крепчайшей броне… соблазна и искушения","title":"Superlative + religious lexis","body":"«Крепчайшей» is the bookish superlative of «крепкий» (firmest, stoutest), in -айш-. «Броня» (armour) with «соблазн» and «искушение» (temptation, seduction) casts Alyosha's grief in the imagery of spiritual warfare."}],"words":[{"surface":"Великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies горе","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поглощало","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies горе","gloss":"of soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"поглощало","lemma":"поглощать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"swallowed up"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of ощущения","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"ощущения","lemma":"ощущение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of поглощало","gloss":"sensation"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"possibly"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on ощущения","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"зародиться","lemma":"зародиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"arise"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of зародиться","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on догадался","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional of мог","gloss":"[would]"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дать","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сию","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дать","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"дать","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of дать","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"полный","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отчет","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"отчет","lemma":"отчёт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дать","gloss":"accounting"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlative \"then\", introduces the clause of догадался","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies subject of догадался","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the conditional of догадался","gloss":"[would]"},{"surface":"догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поглощало","gloss":"would have guessed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause, complement of догадался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (elliptical был)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies броне (elliptical был)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking броне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крепчайшей","lemma":"крепкий","morphology":"adjective, superlative, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies броне","gloss":"stoutest"},{"surface":"броне","lemma":"броня","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun phrase, describes он (elliptical был)","gloss":"armour"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соблазна","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of соблазна","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"соблазна","lemma":"соблазн","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies броне","gloss":"temptation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"искушения","lemma":"искушение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with соблазна","gloss":"seduction"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b7-c3-s114","source":"Тем не менее, несмотря на всю смутную безотчетность его душевного состояния и на всё угнетавшее его горе, он всё же дивился невольно одному новому и странному ощущению, рождавшемуся в его сердце: эта женщина, эта «страшная» женщина не только не пугала его теперь прежним страхом, страхом, зарождавшимся в нем прежде при всякой мечте о женщине, если мелькала таковая в его душе, но, напротив, эта женщина, которую он боялся более всех, сидевшая у него на коленях и его обнимавшая, возбуждала в нем вдруг теперь совсем иное, неожиданное и особливое чувство, чувство какого-то необыкновенного, величайшего и чисто-сердечнейшего к ней любопытства, и всё это уже безо всякой боязни, без малейшего прежнего ужаса — вот что было главное и что невольно удивляло его","translation":"Nevertheless, despite all the dim unaccountableness of his spiritual state and all the grief oppressing him, he could not help marvelling, in spite of himself, at one new and strange sensation being born in his heart: this woman, this \"terrible\" woman, not only did not frighten him now with the former fear, the fear that had once stirred in him at every fancy of a woman, if any such flickered through his soul — but, on the contrary, this woman, whom he had feared more than all others, who was sitting on his lap and embracing him, now suddenly awoke in him an altogether different, unexpected, and peculiar feeling, a feeling of some extraordinary, supreme, and utterly heartfelt curiosity about her, and all of this already without any dread, without the least trace of the former terror — and that was the chief thing, and what astonished him in spite of himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ни был он придавлен… несмотря на всё","title":"Concessive scaffolding","body":"This long sentence is braced by concessives — «несмотря на» ('despite') with accusative objects, and «не только не… но, напротив» ('not only not… but on the contrary'). The architecture holds two opposed feelings in suspension across many clauses, a hallmark of Dostoevsky's analytic syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ощущению, рождавшемуся в его сердце","title":"Past active participle agreeing in the dative","body":"«Рождавшемуся» is the past active participle of reflexive «рождаться» (to be born), declined into the dative to agree with «ощущению» — 'the sensation [that was] being born'. Note how the participle takes whatever case its head noun is in."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которую он боялся более всех, сидевшая… и обнимавшая","title":"Relative clause beside two participles","body":"«Которую он боялся» is a который-relative (accusative «которую», object of «бояться»), running in parallel with two past active participles «сидевшая» and «обнимавшая» — all three modify «эта женщина». Dostoevsky braids relative clause and participles to pile up her presence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чисто-сердечнейшего… особливое","title":"Superlatives and archaic «особливое»","body":"«Чистосердечнейшего» (most heartfelt/sincere) and «величайшего» (greatest) heap up bookish -ейш-/-айш- superlatives for emotional intensity. «Особливое» is an archaic variant of «особенное» ('peculiar, special'), tinting the prose with period color."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase тем не менее (nevertheless)","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase тем не менее","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase тем не менее","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на, marking безотчетность","gloss":"despite (cont.)"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of безотчетность","gloss":"all the"},{"surface":"смутную","lemma":"смутный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies безотчетность","gloss":"vague"},{"surface":"безотчетность","lemma":"безотчётность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of the preposition несмотря на","gloss":"unaccountableness"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of состояния","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душевного","lemma":"душевный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состояния","gloss":"spiritual"},{"surface":"состояния","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of безотчетность","gloss":"of state"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на, marking горе","gloss":"despite (cont.)"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of горе","gloss":"all the"},{"surface":"угнетавшее","lemma":"угнетать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies горе","gloss":"oppressing"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of угнетавшее","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with безотчетность, object of на","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дивился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"дивился","lemma":"дивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"marvelled"},{"surface":"невольно","lemma":"невольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дивился","gloss":"involuntarily"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies ощущению","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"новому","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ощущению","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"странному","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with новому","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"ощущению","lemma":"ощущение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative complement of дивился","gloss":"sensation"},{"surface":"рождавшемуся","lemma":"рождаться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine/neuter, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying ощущению","gloss":"being born"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рождавшемуся","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщина","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to женщина (w36)","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщина","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"страшная","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщина","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пугала","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пугала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пугала","lemma":"пугать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first coordinated clause (not X, but Y)","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пугала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пугала","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"прежним","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies страхом","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"страхом","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пугала","gloss":"with fear"},{"surface":"страхом","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to страхом (w44)","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"зарождавшимся","lemma":"зарождаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"clause modifying страхом","gloss":"that had arisen"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зарождавшимся","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зарождавшимся","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мечте","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"всякой","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мечте","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"мечте","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зарождавшимся","gloss":"fancy"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщине","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"женщине","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мечте","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of мелькала","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"мелькала","lemma":"мелькать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause introduced by если","gloss":"flickered"},{"surface":"таковая","lemma":"таковой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of мелькала","gloss":"any such"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of душе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькала","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier introducing the clause with возбуждала","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщина","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of возбуждала","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of боялся","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on женщина","gloss":"had feared"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всех","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of боялся","gloss":"than all"},{"surface":"сидевшая","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"participle clause modifying женщина","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидевшая","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"коленях","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидевшая","gloss":"lap"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обнимавшая","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"обнимавшая","lemma":"обнимать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидевшая","gloss":"embracing"},{"surface":"возбуждала","lemma":"возбуждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second coordinated clause (contrasted with пугала)","gloss":"aroused"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возбуждала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возбуждала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возбуждала","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иное","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"иное","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"неожиданное","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with иное","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особливое","lemma":"особливый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with иное","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of возбуждала","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to чувство (w88)","gloss":"a feeling"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun какого-то, determiner of любопытства","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun какого-то","gloss":"-some"},{"surface":"необыкновенного","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытства","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"величайшего","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular, superlative","role":"coordinated with необыкновенного","gloss":"supreme"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чисто","lemma":"чисто","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound adjective чисто-сердечнейшего","gloss":"purely"},{"surface":"сердечнейшего","lemma":"сердечный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular, superlative","role":"coordinated with необыкновенного","gloss":"heartfelt"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of любопытства","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"любопытства","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"of curiosity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject continuing the description (elliptical clause)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the implied predicate","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боязни","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"всякой","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of боязни","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"боязни","lemma":"боязнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of безо","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ужаса","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"малейшего","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies ужаса","gloss":"the least"},{"surface":"прежнего","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ужаса","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"ужаса","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition без","gloss":"terror"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of главное","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to главное","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement (with было)","gloss":"the chief thing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of удивляло","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"невольно","lemma":"невольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивляло","gloss":"involuntarily"},{"surface":"удивляло","lemma":"удивлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the second что-clause, coordinated with было главное","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of удивляло","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b7-c3-s115","source":"— Да полно вздор-то вам болтать, — закричал Ракитин, — а лучше шампанского подавай, долг на тебе, сама знаешь!","translation":"\"Come, enough of your nonsense-talk,\" Rakitin shouted, \"better serve up some champagne — you owe it, you know yourself!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да полно вздор-то вам болтать","title":"«полно» + dative","body":"«Полно» is an impersonal 'enough!, stop it!', construed with the dative of the person and an infinitive — «вам болтать» ('enough of your chattering'). The clitic «-то» on «вздор-то» points at the nonsense already under discussion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"шампанского подавай","title":"Genitive of the served + imperative","body":"«Шампанского подавай» puts «шампанское» in the partitive genitive — 'serve up some champagne' — under the imperfective imperative «подавай» (keep serving / out with it). The genitive marks an unspecified quantity, not the whole."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"долг на тебе, сама знаешь","title":"«на тебе» for a debt owed","body":"«Долг на тебе» ('a debt [lies] on you') uses «на» + prepositional to express obligation resting on a person. «Сама знаешь» — 'you know yourself' — with feminine «сама» addressing Grushenka directly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"particle introducing полно","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"полно","lemma":"полно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase (enough of)","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of болтать","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to вздор","gloss":"-that"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of полно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"болтать,","lemma":"болтать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of полно","gloss":"chattering"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of narration (parenthetical)","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Ракитин,","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закричал","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies подавай","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"шампанского","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подавай (genitive)","gloss":"champagne"},{"surface":"подавай","lemma":"подавать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"serve up"},{"surface":"долг","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (долг на тебе)","gloss":"the debt"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, singular","role":"complement of на, predicate of долг","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying the subject (understood ты) of знаешь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"you know"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b7-c3-s116","source":"— Вправду долг. Ведь я, Алеша, ему за тебя шампанского сверх всего обещала, коль тебя приведет.","translation":"\"It's true, I do owe it. For you see, Alyosha, I promised him champagne over and above everything, on your account, if he'd bring you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь я… ему за тебя шампанского… обещала","title":"Appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'for you see, after all'. «Ему» (dative, to him) and «за тебя» ('on your account') frame the promise; «шампанского» is again the partitive genitive of the thing pledged."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коль тебя приведет","title":"«коль» — terse folk 'if'","body":"«Коль» is the clipped, archaic-colloquial conditional 'if' (cf. «коли» earlier, «если» in the standard). «Приведёт» is the perfective future of «привести» (to bring [a person]) — 'if he brings you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вправду","lemma":"вправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"долг","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a debt"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обещала","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обещала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address (direct address to Alyosha)","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of обещала","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of обещала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"шампанского","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обещала (genitive)","gloss":"champagne"},{"surface":"сверх","lemma":"сверх","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всего","gloss":"over and above"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обещала","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"обещала","lemma":"обещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I promised"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of приведет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of приведет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"приведет","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause (коль)","gloss":"brings"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b7-c3-s117","source":"Катай шампанского, и я стану пить! Феня, Феня, неси нам шампанского, ту бутылку, которую Митя оставил, беги скорее.","translation":"Out with the champagne, and I'll have a drink too! Fenya, Fenya, bring us champagne, that bottle Mitya left, run quick.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Катай шампанского","title":"«катай» — slangy 'out with it!'","body":"Literally the imperative of «катать» (to roll/wheel), «катай!» is breezy slang for 'go ahead!, let it rip!, out with it!'. Here, 'bring on the champagne', the partitive genitive «шампанского» following."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ту бутылку, которую Митя оставил","title":"«тот… который» correlative","body":"The demonstrative «ту» (acc. of «та») sets up the relative «которую» — 'that bottle which Mitya left'. «Которую» is accusative as the object of «оставил» inside its own clause, even as it agrees in gender/number with «бутылку»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"неси нам… беги скорее","title":"Two imperatives to Fenya","body":"«Неси» (bring, imperfective of «нести') and «беги» (run) are urgent imperatives to the maid; «нам» is the dative 'to us'. «Скорее» is the comparative 'quicker' used adverbially for 'be quick'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Катай","lemma":"катать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"bring on"},{"surface":"шампанского","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Катай (genitive)","gloss":"champagne"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стану","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"стану","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Катай","gloss":"will start"},{"surface":"пить","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стану","gloss":"drinking"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"repeated vocative address","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"неси","lemma":"нести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of неси","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"шампанского","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of неси","gloss":"champagne"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of бутылку","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бутылку","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to шампанского","gloss":"bottle"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оставил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"оставил","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on бутылку","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"беги","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to неси","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"скорее","lemma":"скорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies беги","gloss":"quickly"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b7-c3-s118","source":"Я хоть и скупая, а бутылку подам, не тебе, Ракитка, ты гриб, а он князь! И хоть не тем душа моя теперь полна, а так и быть, выпью и я с вами, дебоширить хочется!","translation":"Stingy as I am, I'll put out a bottle — not for you, Rakitka, you're a toadstool, but he's a prince! And though it's not him my soul is full of now, still, so be it, I'll have a drink with you too — I feel like making merry!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я хоть и скупая, а бутылку подам","title":"Concessive «хоть и… а»","body":"«Хоть и скупая, а… подам» is the concessive pattern 'stingy though I am, still I'll put out [a bottle]'. «Скупая» is a long-form adjective used predicatively; «подам» is the perfective future of «подать»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ты гриб","title":"«гриб» — 'a toadstool'","body":"Calling Rakitin «гриб» ('a mushroom / toadstool') is an offhand insult — something fungal, dull, sponging. Set against «князь» (prince) for Alyosha, it sharpens her contempt for the seminarian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дебоширить хочется","title":"«дебоширить» + dative-impersonal 'хочется'","body":"«Дебоширить» (from the French débauche) means to carouse, kick up a riotous spree. «Хочется» is the impersonal reflexive of «хотеть» — '[I] feel like', with the experiencer understood; here her urge to make wild merry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скупая","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скупая","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скупая","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"скупая","lemma":"скупой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing я","gloss":"stingy"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"бутылку","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подам","gloss":"a bottle"},{"surface":"подам","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with скупая (contrastive а)","gloss":"I'll put out"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of подам (negated)","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of гриб","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"гриб","lemma":"гриб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of ты","gloss":"a toadstool"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of князь","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"князь","lemma":"князь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of он","gloss":"a prince"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полна","gloss":"with him"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of полна","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душа","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полна","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"полна","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular, short form","role":"predicate adjective (short form) with душа","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так и быть (so be it)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the fixed phrase так и быть (so be it)","gloss":"be it"},{"surface":"выпью","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"I'll drink"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выпью","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of выпью","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дебоширить","lemma":"дебоширить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочется","gloss":"to carouse"},{"surface":"хочется","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final exclamation","gloss":"I feel like"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b7-c3-s119","source":"— Да что это у тебя за минута, и какая такая там «весть», можно спросить, аль секрет? — с любопытством ввернул опять Ракитин, изо всей силы делая вид, что и внимания не обращает на щелчки, которые в него летели беспрерывно.","translation":"\"And what is this 'moment' of yours, and what sort of 'news' is it there, may one ask, or is it a secret?\" Rakitin put in again with curiosity, doing his utmost to look as if he paid no attention at all to the digs that came flying at him incessantly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно спросить, аль секрет?","title":"Impersonal «можно» + «аль»","body":"«Можно спросить» is the impersonal 'may one ask?' — «можно» needs no subject, taking an infinitive. «Аль секрет?» tacks on the folksy 'or is it a secret?' with dialectal «аль»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"делая вид, что и внимания не обращает","title":"Gerund + genitive of negation","body":"«Делая вид» is the present gerund of «делать» ('making a show, pretending'), simultaneous with «ввернул». Inside, «внимания не обращает» negates «обращать внимание» (to pay attention) and pulls «внимания» into the genitive of negation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ввернул… щелчки, которые… летели","title":"«ввернуть» and «щелчки»","body":"«Ввернуть» is to 'slip in, throw in' a remark deftly. «Щелчки» (lit. 'flicks, fillips') are the verbal digs raining on Rakitin; the metaphor of flicks 'flying' («летели») makes her jabs almost physical."}],"words":[{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun","role":"part of the idiom что за (what kind of), modifying минута","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"is this"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of the possessive construction (у тебя)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom что за, marking минута","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"минута","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun (что за минута = what kind of moment)","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of такая","gloss":"what kind"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of весть","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies такая","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"весть","lemma":"весть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the second question (какая такая весть)","gloss":"news"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal predicate, main verb of the parenthetical question","gloss":"may one"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with можно","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"секрет?","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the elliptical question (or is it a secret)","gloss":"a secret"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ввернул","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"ввернул","lemma":"ввернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"put in"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ввернул","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ввернул","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of делая","gloss":"his might"},{"surface":"делая","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ввернул","gloss":"making"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of делая","gloss":"a show"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обращает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying the clause (не обращает)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"внимания","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обращает","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обращает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обращает","lemma":"обращать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying вид","gloss":"pays"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking щелчки","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"щелчки","lemma":"щелчок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обращает","gloss":"the jibes"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of летели","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of летели","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"летели","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on щелчки","gloss":"came flying"},{"surface":"беспрерывно","lemma":"беспрерывно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies летели","gloss":"incessantly"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b7-c3-s120","source":"— Эх, не секрет, да и сам ты знаешь, — озабоченно проговорила вдруг Грушенька, повернув голову к Ракитину и отклонясь немного от Алеши, хотя всё еще продолжая сидеть у него на коленях, рукой обняв его шею, — офицер едет, Ракитин, офицер мой едет!","translation":"\"Eh, it's no secret, and you know it yourself,\" Grushenka said suddenly, in a worried tone, turning her head toward Rakitin and leaning back a little from Alyosha, though still going on sitting on his lap, her arm round his neck. \"The officer is coming, Rakitin, my officer is coming!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повернув голову… и отклонясь немного","title":"Two perfective past gerunds","body":"«Повернув» (having turned) and «отклонясь» (having leaned back) are perfective past gerunds («деепричастия» in -в/-сь) marking prior, completed moves before/as she speaks. They share Grushenka as subject with the main clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"продолжая сидеть… рукой обняв его шею","title":"Imperfective vs perfective gerund contrast","body":"Here both aspects of the gerund sit side by side: imperfective «продолжая» ('still going on [sitting]', ongoing) against perfective «обняв» ('having put her arm round', completed). The pair captures simultaneous continuation and a finished embrace at once."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эх","lemma":"эх","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies секрет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (elliptical: it's not a secret)","gloss":"a secret"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и (and indeed)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"озабоченно","lemma":"озабоченно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"worriedly"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of narration","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"повернув","lemma":"повернуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорила","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of повернув","gloss":"her head"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ракитину","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Ракитину","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернув","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отклонясь","lemma":"отклониться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with повернув","gloss":"leaning away"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отклонясь","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of от, modifying отклонясь","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of продолжая","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё еще (still), modifies продолжая","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжая","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"продолжая","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорила (parallel to повернув/отклонясь)","gloss":"continuing"},{"surface":"сидеть","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжая","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидеть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"коленях","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидеть","gloss":"lap"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of обняв","gloss":"with her arm"},{"surface":"обняв","lemma":"обнять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорила (parallel to продолжая)","gloss":"embracing"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of шею","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"шею,","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обняв","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"офицер","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of едет","gloss":"the officer"},{"surface":"едет","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of quoted speech","gloss":"is coming"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"офицер","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the second едет","gloss":"officer"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of офицер","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"едет","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with едет","gloss":"is coming"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b7-c3-s121","source":"— Слышал я, что едет, да разве уж так близко?","translation":"— I'd heard he was coming, but is he really so near already?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слышал я, что едет","title":"Inverted word order and dropped subject","body":"The verb leads — «слышал я» rather than «я слышал» — throwing the weight onto the act of hearing; this comment-first inversion is a hallmark of lively Russian speech. In the embedded clause «что едет» the subject 'he' is simply dropped, since the third-person ending carries it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да разве уж так близко?","title":"Particles «разве» and «уж»","body":"«разве» introduces an incredulous question — 'can it really be that…?' — while «уж» (a worn-down «уже») presses the sense of 'already, so soon'. Stacked together they give the line its breathless surprise, untranslatable except through such filler."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'd heard"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of едет (complement of слышал)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"едет","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of слышал","gloss":"he's coming"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the rhetorical question","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies близко","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"близко","lemma":"близко","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adjective of the rhetorical question (implied он)","gloss":"near"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b7-c3-s122","source":"— В Мокром теперь, оттуда сюда эстафет пришлет, так сам написал, давеча письмо получила. Сижу и жду эстафета.","translation":"— He's at Mokroye now; from there he'll send a courier to me here — he wrote so himself, I got the letter just a while ago. So here I sit, waiting for the courier.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"эстафет","title":"«эстафет» — a relay courier","body":"An «эстафета» (here in the older masculine «эстафет») is an express message carried by relay horsemen, the fastest post of the day. Grushenka awaits a galloping courier, not a casual note — a measure of how urgent the officer's word is to her."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — 'a little while ago'","body":"A colloquial, slightly rustic adverb meaning 'just now, earlier today'. It belongs to the homely, peasant-tinged register Grushenka slips into, alongside «вона» and «аль» nearby."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сижу и жду","title":"Present tense for a vivid standing state","body":"«Сижу и жду» — 'I sit and wait' — uses two imperfective present-tense verbs with no pronoun, painting an ongoing, suspended condition. The imperfective is exactly right here: not an event but a state she is held in."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition В","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb (is)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"оттуда","lemma":"оттуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришлет","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришлет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"эстафет","lemma":"эстафет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пришлет","gloss":"a courier","note":"19th-c. Russian had both a feminine (эстафета) and a masculine (эстафет) borrowing of the same word for \"express courier/dispatch\"; this is the masculine variant used as a direct object, not a mangled accusative of эстафета (whose real accusative would be эстафету)."},{"surface":"пришлет","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause (subject он elided)","gloss":"he'll send"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies написал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the elided subject of написал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"he wrote"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получила","gloss":"a while ago"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of получила","gloss":"the letter"},{"surface":"получила","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, subject я elided","gloss":"I got"},{"surface":"Сижу","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I sit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жду","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Сижу","gloss":"I wait"},{"surface":"эстафета","lemma":"эстафета","morphology":"noun, genitive (folk form), feminine, singular","role":"direct object of жду","gloss":"the courier"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b7-c3-s123","source":"— Вона! Почему в Мокром?","translation":"— Well I never! Why at Mokroye?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вона!","title":"«Вона!» — a rustic exclamation","body":"A folksy, emphatic variant of «вон/вот» — roughly 'Well I never!' or 'You don't say!'. It marks Rakitin's surprise in the same coarse, popular register the dialogue keeps reaching for."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему в Мокром?","title":"Verbless question","body":"No verb at all: «Почему в Мокром?» — 'Why at Mokroye?'. Russian freely omits the copula and any predicate when context supplies it, leaving just the question word and the prepositional phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вона","lemma":"вона","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"well I never!"},{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb (is)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"Mokroye"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b7-c3-s124","source":"— Долго рассказывать, да и довольно с тебя.","translation":"— It's a long story, and you've heard quite enough.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"довольно с тебя","title":"«довольно с тебя» — 'enough for you' with genitive","body":"An impersonal construction: «довольно» ('enough') plus «с тебя», the preposition «с» governing the genitive of «ты». There is no subject; the sense is 'that's enough for/from you' — a curt dismissal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverb modifying рассказывать","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"рассказывать","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies да (forms да и, \"and moreover\")","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the second clause, modifies с тебя","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of довольно","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b7-c3-s125","source":"— То-то Митенька-то теперь, — уй, уй! Он-то знает аль не знает?","translation":"— So that's how it is for Mitenka now — oh, oh! Does he know, or doesn't he?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митенька","title":"«Митенька» — the tenderest form of Dmitri","body":"Dmitri's name runs down an affectionate ladder: Дмитрий → Митя → Митенька, the last suffix «-енька» dripping with intimacy and pity. Grushenka's choice of the most caressing form betrays, even as she protests indifference, how much she still feels for him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он-то знает","title":"The emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» attached to «он» foregrounds the known topic — 'as for him, does he know?' — singling Dmitri out for special attention. Distinct from the indefinite «кто-то», this stressing «-то» is pure spoken emphasis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аль","title":"«аль» — folk 'or'","body":"A dialectal, peasant contraction of «или» ('or'). «знает аль не знает» — 'does he know or doesn't he' — keeps the line firmly in the colloquial-rustic key that colours Grushenka's excited speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то-то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the emphatic idiom то-то with то (w2)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то-то","gloss":"that's it"},{"surface":"Митенька","lemma":"Митенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic of the exclamation","gloss":"Mitenka"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"enclitic emphasizing Митенька","gloss":"indeed","note":"Colloquial enclitic -то attached for emphasis, not a separate word."},{"surface":"теперь,","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the exclamation about Митенька","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уй","lemma":"уй","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation of dismay","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"уй","lemma":"уй","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with уй (w6)","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"enclitic emphasizing Он","gloss":"indeed","note":"Enclitic -то attached to Он-то for emphasis (\"as for him\")."},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does he know"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction, disjunctive (dialectal for или)","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знает (w10)","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b7-c3-s126","source":"— Чего знает! Совсем не знает! Кабы узнал, так убил бы.","translation":"— Know? Of course he doesn't! If he found out, he'd kill me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего знает!","title":"Genitive «чего» as scornful retort","body":"«Чего» is the genitive of «что», here used colloquially to fling the question back — 'Know? What's there to know!'. The genitive of the interrogative in such dismissive echoes is a vivid feature of spoken Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кабы узнал, так убил бы","title":"Folk conditional with «кабы» and «бы»","body":"«Кабы» is the rustic equivalent of «если бы», 'if'; the apodosis «убил бы» is the irrealis — past-tense verb plus the particle «бы» — 'he would kill (me)'. The whole is a contrary-to-fact conditional in peasant dress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знает, in a rhetorical exclamation","gloss":"what","note":"\"Чего знает!\" is a rhetorical dismissal — \"What does he know!\""},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"does he know"},{"surface":"Совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Кабы","lemma":"кабы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (dialectal for если бы)","role":"introduces the conditional clause of узнал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause, subject он elided","gloss":"he found out"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил, correlative with Кабы","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"he'd kill"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional mood","role":"forms the conditional with убил","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b7-c3-s127","source":"Да я этого теперь совсем не боюсь, не боюсь я теперь его ножа.","translation":"But I'm not in the least afraid of that now — I'm not afraid of his knife anymore.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не боюсь я теперь его ножа","title":"Genitive of negation after «бояться»","body":"«Бояться» governs the genitive even without negation, and here «его ножа» ('his knife') is genitive. The verb «боюсь» is one of the verbs that exist only in the reflexive «-ся» form — there is no «*боять»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не боюсь, не боюсь я","title":"Emphatic repetition for insistence","body":"The doubling «совсем не боюсь… не боюсь я теперь» drives the denial home through sheer reiteration, a rhythmic device Dostoevsky leans on to render heated speech. Note the inversion «не боюсь я», verb before the dropped-then-restated pronoun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of боюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of боюсь","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I fear"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with боюсь (w7)","gloss":"I'm afraid"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of боюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ножа","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ножа","lemma":"нож","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of боюсь","gloss":"knife"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b7-c3-s128","source":"Молчи, Ракитка, не поминай мне о Дмитрии Федоровиче: сердце он мне всё размозжил.","translation":"Hush, Rakitka, don't go reminding me of Dmitri Fyodorovich: he has crushed my heart to pieces.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Молчи… не поминай","title":"Imperatives, both imperfective","body":"Two singular imperatives: «молчи» ('be quiet') and «не поминай» ('don't keep mentioning'). With a negated command Russian strongly prefers the imperfective, which here also conveys 'stop / don't go on doing it' rather than a single act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ракитка","title":"«Ракитка» — a belittling nickname","body":"From the surname Ракитин, the suffix here is dismissive rather than fond — Grushenka cuts the seminarian down to a curt, faintly contemptuous «Ракитка», as she will throughout the scene, against the warm «Алешечка» she gives Alyosha."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"размозжил","title":"«размозжить» — to crush, to smash","body":"A violent, physical verb — to dash something to pieces, to pulp it — used figuratively of the heart: «сердце он мне всё размозжил». Its brutality measures the wound, far stronger than a tame 'broke my heart'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, addressed to Ракитка","gloss":"hush"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"Ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поминай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"поминай","lemma":"поминать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remind"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of поминай","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрии","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Дмитрии","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поминай","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровиче","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрии","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of размозжил","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of размозжил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of размозжил","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies размозжил","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"размозжил","lemma":"размозжить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"has crushed"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b7-c3-s129","source":"Да не хочу я ни о чем об этом в эту минуту и думать, Вот об Алешечке могу думать, я на Алешечку гляжу… Да усмехнись ты на меня, голубчик, развеселись, на глупость-то мою, на радость-то мою усмехнись… А ведь улыбнулся, улыбнулся! Ишь ласково как смотрит.","translation":"And I don't want to think about any of that this minute either. Now Alyoshechka — him I can think about, I keep looking at Alyoshechka… Come, smile at me, my dear, cheer up; smile at my foolishness, smile at my gladness… There, he smiled, he smiled! See how tenderly he looks at me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алешечка","title":"«Алешечка» — Grushenka's pet name for Alyosha","body":"Алексей → Алёша → Алёшечка: the double-soft «-ечка» suffix makes the warmest, most cradling form, repeated lovingly here («об Алешечке… на Алешечку»). It is the tonal opposite of the curt «Ракитка»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"усмехнись… развеселись","title":"Perfective imperatives with reflexive «-ся»","body":"«усмехнись» (smile), «развеселись» (cheer up), «усмехнись» — perfective imperatives (it is «усмехнись» that is doubled), each carrying the reflexive «-сь» (the post-vowel form of «-ся») that turns the verb inward, a change of one's own state. The perfective asks for a single, decisive act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубчик","title":"«голубчик» — 'my little dove'","body":"A tender term of endearment, literally a diminutive of «голубь» (dove): 'my dear, my darling'. It is one of the most affectionate forms of address in Russian, soft and pleading."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ведь улыбнулся, улыбнулся!","title":"Particle «ведь» plus perfective past","body":"«ведь» appeals to what both can now see — 'why, he did smile!' — and «улыбнулся» is the perfective past, marking the smile as a completed, achieved event, doubled for delight. The «-ся» is again the reflexive of an inner change."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ишь","title":"«Ишь» — 'just look!'","body":"An expressive colloquial particle of pleased or piqued notice — 'look at that!', 'see now!'. «Ишь ласково как смотрит» — 'see how tenderly he looks'. The folksy inversion «ласково как» (for «как ласково») adds to the spoken flavour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"not any"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думать, doubled by об этом","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думать","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes думать (\"even\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the topic Алешечке","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешечке","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Алешечке","lemma":"Алешечка","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думать","gloss":"Alyoshechka"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочу (contrast)","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of гляжу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешечку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешечку","lemma":"Алешечка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of гляжу","gloss":"Alyoshechka"},{"surface":"гляжу","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with думать","gloss":"I gaze"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the exhortation усмехнись","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"усмехнись","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of усмехнись","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of усмехнись","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition to ты","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"развеселись","lemma":"развеселиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with усмехнись","gloss":"cheer up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глупость","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"глупость","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of усмехнись (w39)","gloss":"foolishness"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"enclitic emphasizing глупость","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of глупость","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радость","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of усмехнись (w39)","gloss":"gladness"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"enclitic emphasizing радость","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of радость","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"усмехнись","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with усмехнись (w25) and развеселись","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he smiled"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with улыбнулся (w42)","gloss":"he smiled"},{"surface":"Ишь","lemma":"ишь","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the exclamation, modifies смотрит","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"ласково","lemma":"ласково","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрит","gloss":"tenderly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смотрит","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"смотрит","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by как","gloss":"he looks"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b7-c3-s130","source":"Я, знаешь, Алеша, всё думала, что ты на меня сердишься за третьеводнишнее, за барышню-то. Собака я была, вот что… Только все-таки хорошо оно, что так произошло.","translation":"You know, Alyosha, I kept thinking you were angry with me over what happened the other day, over that young lady. I was a beast, that's what I was… But all the same it's a good thing it turned out as it did.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"третьеводнишнее","title":"«третьеводнишнее» — 'the day-before-yesterday business'","body":"A folk adjective built on «третьего дня» ('the day before yesterday'), neuter and nominalized: 'that affair of the other day'. The clumsy, homespun word is pure colloquial Russian and refers to Grushenka's cruel scene with Katerina Ivanovna."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Собака я была","title":"Predicate noun and topic-comment order","body":"'I was a dog' — a self-flagellating metaphor with the predicate «собака» fronted before «я была» for force. In the past tense Russian could also frame such a predicate in the instrumental; the bare nominative here keeps it blunt and absolute."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хорошо оно, что так произошло","title":"Neuter «оно» anticipating a clause","body":"The neuter pronoun «оно» dummies in for the whole following «что»-clause — 'it's good that it turned out so'. «Произошло» is perfective past ('came to pass, happened'). This placeholder-«оно» recurs across the next lines like a refrain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, addressed to Alyosha","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думала (\"kept on\")","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"думала","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сердишься","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сердишься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of сердишься","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сердишься","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думала","gloss":"you're angry"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking третьеводнишнее","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"третьеводнишнее","lemma":"третьеводнишний","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сердишься","gloss":"the other day's thing","note":"Dialectal word for \"what happened the day before yesterday / the other day.\""},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барышню","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"барышню","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with третьеводнишнее","gloss":"the young lady"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"enclitic emphasizing барышню","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Собака","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"a beast"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of была","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки, modifies хорошо","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of оно","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of хорошо","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of произошло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of хорошо","gloss":"it happened"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b7-c3-s131","source":"И дурно оно было и хорошо оно было, — вдумчиво усмехнулась вдруг Грушенька, и какая-то жестокая черточка мелькнула вдруг в ее усмешке.","translation":"It was a bad thing and it was a good thing — Grushenka suddenly smiled, thoughtful, and some cruel little line flickered all at once across her smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдумчиво усмехнулась вдруг Грушенька","title":"Inverted narration: adverb–verb–subject","body":"In the narrator's tag the order is adverb, then verb, then subject («усмехнулась… Грушенька»), a literary inversion that lets the manner and action precede the named doer. «Усмехнулась» is perfective past — a single completed half-smile."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"усмешке","title":"«усмешка» vs «улыбка»","body":"Not the open «улыбка» (smile) but the «усмешка» — a smirk, a sardonic or wry half-smile. The «жестокая черточка» ('cruel little line') flickering across it shows Grushenka's harder, vengeful side surfacing beneath the tenderness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"черточка","title":"«черточка» — a faint little line","body":"A diminutive of «черта» ('line, feature, trait'), the suffix «-очка» here softens to 'a little streak/line'. Applied to her smile, it catches something fleeting and fine in the face — a momentary cruel trait."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дурно","lemma":"дурно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of оно (w3)","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking оно and дурно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of оно (w7)","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было,","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"было,","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, coordinated with было (w4)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вдумчиво","lemma":"вдумчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулась","gloss":"thoughtfully"},{"surface":"усмехнулась","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"she smiled"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулась","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of черточка, part of какая-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun какая-то","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"жестокая","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies черточка","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"черточка","lemma":"чёрточка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of мелькнула","gloss":"little line"},{"surface":"мелькнула","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with усмехнулась","gloss":"flickered"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мелькнула","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking усмешке","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of усмешке","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"усмешке","lemma":"усмешка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнула","gloss":"smile"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b7-c3-s132","source":"Митя сказывал, что кричала: «Плетьми ее надо!» Разобидела я тогда ее уж очень.","translation":"Mitya told me she'd shouted, \"She ought to be flogged!\" I did offend her terribly that time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сказывал","title":"«сказывал» — folk 'told, said'","body":"A colloquial, slightly archaic imperfective for 'told, used to say', warmer and more storytelling than the neutral «говорил». It suits Grushenka's reported speech about what «Митя» said."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Плетьми ее надо!","title":"Instrumental of means and a verbless «надо»","body":"«Плетьми» is the instrumental plural of «плеть» ('whip, lash') — 'by means of whips'. The construction is impersonal: «надо» ('one must') with no verb, the infinitive 'flog' left understood — 'She ought to be flogged!'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказывал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"сказывал","lemma":"сказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кричала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кричала","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сказывал","gloss":"she shouted"},{"surface":"Плетьми","lemma":"плеть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"with whips"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of надо (elided verb \"to whip\")","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"parallel clause to кричала (quoted exclamation)","gloss":"she should be [flogged]"},{"surface":"Разобидела","lemma":"разобидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I deeply offended"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Разобидела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Разобидела","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Разобидела","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Разобидела","gloss":"terribly"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b7-c3-s133","source":"Зазвала меня, победить хотела, шоколатом своим обольстить… Нет, оно хорошо, что так произошло, — усмехнулась она опять. — Да вот боюсь всё, что ты осердился…","translation":"She lured me there, wanted to get the better of me, to win me over with her chocolate… No, it's a good thing it turned out so — she smiled again. — But I keep being afraid you took offense at me…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зазвала… победить хотела… обольстить","title":"A chain of perfective infinitives of purpose","body":"«победить» (to defeat), «обольстить» (to seduce/entice) are perfective infinitives naming the intended completed aims behind «зазвала» ('lured in'). The perfective stresses the result Katerina Ivanovna meant to achieve — to win Grushenka over wholly."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шоколатом","title":"«шоколат» — antique 'chocolate'","body":"An older, French-flavoured form «шоколат» (instrumental «шоколатом») rather than the modern «шоколад». The instrumental marks it as the means of seduction — 'to entice me with her chocolate' — a barbed, faintly comic image of genteel temptation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"боюсь всё, что ты осердился","title":"«всё» as 'keep on' and «бояться» + clause","body":"Adverbial «всё» here means 'continually, keep on' — 'I keep being afraid'. «Осердился» (perfective past, with «-ся») is the archaic-folk form of «рассердился», 'took offense'. The «что»-clause reports the feared fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зазвала","lemma":"зазвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, subject она elided","gloss":"she lured"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Зазвала","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"победить","lemma":"победить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"to win me over"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Зазвала","gloss":"she wanted"},{"surface":"шоколатом","lemma":"шоколад","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of обольстить","gloss":"with chocolate"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of шоколатом","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"обольстить","lemma":"обольстить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотела, coordinated with победить","gloss":"to charm"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the contrasting remark","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of хорошо","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of оно","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of произошло,","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошло,","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"произошло,","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of хорошо","gloss":"it happened"},{"surface":"усмехнулась","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"she smiled"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"опять.","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулась","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm afraid"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of осердился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of осердился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"осердился","lemma":"осердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of боюсь","gloss":"got angry"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b7-c3-s134","source":"— А ведь и впрямь, — с серьезным удивлением ввернул вдруг Ракитин. — Ведь она тебя, Алеша, в самом деле боится, цыпленка этакого.","translation":"— And it's true, you know — Rakitin put in suddenly, with genuine astonishment. — She really is afraid of you, Alyosha, of a little chick like you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ведь и впрямь… Ведь она","title":"Stacked particles «а ведь… и впрямь»","body":"Rakitin's line opens on a pile-up of particles: «а» (contrastive 'and/but'), «ведь» (appeal to shared sense, 'after all'), «и впрямь» ('truly, really indeed'). Together they register his genuine, grudging surprise — the texture of spoken assent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебя… боится","title":"Genitive object of «бояться»","body":"«Боится» again takes the genitive of what is feared — «тебя» ('you') and, in apposition, «цыпленка этакого» ('a little chick like you'), both genitive. The whole 'she's afraid of you' rides on this genitive government."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"цыпленка этакого","title":"«цыпленок» — 'a little chick'","body":"«Цыплёнок» is a chick, here a half-mocking term of endearment for the innocent Alyosha. «Этакого» («такого» with the colloquial prefix «э-») means 'a one like that' — 'a little chick like you'. The image of fragile, downy innocence will be turned against Rakitin in the next reply."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ввернул","title":"«ввернуть» — to slip a word in","body":"A vivid perfective: «ввернуть» literally 'to screw in', figuratively 'to insert/slip in a remark'. The narrator's verb catches Rakitin interjecting sideways into the lovers' exchange — a single, sharp completed act."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the remark","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies впрямь,","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies впрямь, (\"truly\")","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"впрямь,","lemma":"впрямь","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"it's true"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"серьезным","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удивлением","gloss":"genuine"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ввернул","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"ввернул","lemma":"ввернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put in"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ввернул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Ракитин.","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ввернул","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боится","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of боится","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of боится","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле, part of idiom в самом деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of боится (idiom в самом деле, \"really\")","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is afraid"},{"surface":"цыпленка","lemma":"цыплёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to тебя","gloss":"a chick"},{"surface":"этакого","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies цыпленка","gloss":"such"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b7-c3-s135","source":"— Это для тебя, Ракитка, он цыпленок, вот что… потому что у тебя совести нет, вот что! Я, видишь, я люблю его душой, вот что! Веришь, Алеша, что я люблю тебя всею душой?","translation":"— To you, Rakitka, he's a little chick, that's what… because you've got no conscience, that's what! But I, you see, I love him with my soul, that's what! Do you believe, Alyosha, that I love you with my whole soul?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у тебя совести нет","title":"Genitive of negation in 'you have no conscience'","body":"Russian 'have' is «у» + genitive of the possessor; negation forces the thing possessed into the genitive too: «совести нет» — literally 'of conscience there-is-not'. So «у тебя совести нет» = 'you have no conscience', the absent subject «совести» obligatorily genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я люблю его душой… всею душой","title":"Instrumental of manner: «душой»","body":"«Душой» / «всею душой» is the instrumental of «душа» ('soul') used as an adverbial of manner — 'with (my whole) soul'. «Всею» is the older, bookish instrumental of «вся», beside the modern «всей». The phrase is the moral heart of Grushenka's claim."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот что","title":"Refrain «вот что»","body":"The tag «вот что» — 'that's what / that's the thing' — punctuates Grushenka's speech four times here, a spoken drumbeat asserting and re-asserting her point. Such repeated discourse-tags are a key to Dostoevsky's ear for nervous, insistent talk."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Веришь, Алеша, что я люблю тебя","title":"«верить» + «что»-clause","body":"«Веришь… что…» — 'do you believe that…'. «Что» introduces the reported content. Note the dropped «ли»: the bare present «веришь?» becomes a question by intonation alone, the homely alternative to the bookish «веришь ли»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic, anticipates the predicate он цыпленок","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of Это (elided is)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"Ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of цыпленок","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"цыпленок","lemma":"цыплёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of он","gloss":"a chick"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"tag phrase restating the predicate","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the causal clause (потому что)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative particle, negation of existence","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"have none"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"душой","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of люблю","gloss":"with my soul"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"tag phrase, coordinated with люблю","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you believe"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of люблю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Веришь","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всею","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular (archaic form of всей)","role":"modifies душой","gloss":"my whole"},{"surface":"душой","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of люблю","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b7-c3-s136","source":"— Ах ты, бесстыдница! Это она в любви тебе, Алексей, объясняется!","translation":"— Oh, you shameless creature! She's making you a declaration of love, Alexei!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бесстыдница","title":"«бесстыдница» — 'shameless woman'","body":"A feminine noun from «без» ('without') + «стыд» ('shame') + the agentive «-ница»: a shameless, brazen woman. Rakitin's scornful «Ах ты, бесстыдница!» casts Grushenka's open avowal of love as scandalous."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в любви… объясняется","title":"«объясняться в любви» — declaring love, with «-ся»","body":"The fixed idiom «объясняться в любви» means 'to declare/confess one's love' — «в любви» is the prepositional after «в», and the verb carries the reflexive «-ся». The present «объясняется» frames it as unfolding before their eyes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бесстыдница","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бесстыдница","lemma":"бесстыдница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of ты","gloss":"shameless girl"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"emphatic topic marker, anticipates the clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of объясняется","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of объясняется (idiom объясняться в любви, \"declare one's love\")","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of объясняется","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"Алексей","lemma":"Алексей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alexei"},{"surface":"объясняется","lemma":"объясняться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is declaring"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b7-c3-s137","source":"— А что ж, и люблю.","translation":"— Well, and what of it — I do love him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А что ж, и люблю.","title":"Particles «что ж» and concessive «и»","body":"«А что ж» ('well, and what of it', «ж» a clipped «же») shrugs off the charge; the «и» before «люблю» is concessive-emphatic — 'I do love (him), so what?'. The subject and object are both dropped, the verb alone carrying the defiant admission."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the retort","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom что ж (\"so what\")","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, part of что ж","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes люблю (\"indeed\")","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I do love him"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b7-c3-s138","source":"— А офицер? А весточка золотая из Мокрого?","translation":"— And the officer? And the golden tidings from Mokroye?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"весточка золотая","title":"«весточка» — the precious little news","body":"«Весточка» is the tender diminutive of «весть» ('news, tidings'), 'a dear little message'; «золотая» ('golden') gilds it further. Rakitin's mock-lyrical «весточка золотая из Мокрого» drips sarcasm at the romantic hopes the courier's news has stirred in her."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"офицер","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical question","gloss":"the officer"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весточка","lemma":"весточка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical question","gloss":"the news"},{"surface":"золотая","lemma":"золотой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies весточка","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокрого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Мокрого","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of весточка","gloss":"Mokroye"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b7-c3-s139","source":"— То одно, а это другое.","translation":"— That's one thing, this is another.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"То одно, а это другое.","title":"Demonstratives «то… это» and contrastive «а»","body":"'That's one thing, this is another' — «то» (the farther, the officer) set against «это» (the nearer, her feeling for Alyosha), hinged on the contrastive «а». The neuter demonstratives stand alone as nouns; the copula is, as ever in the present, simply absent."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of одно (elided is)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of То","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of другое (elided is)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"another thing"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b7-c3-s140","source":"— Вот как по-бабьему выходит!","translation":"— That's just how a woman reasons!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по-бабьему","title":"«по-бабьему» — 'in womanish fashion'","body":"The adverbial «по-…-ему» pattern ('in the manner of') built on «баба» ('peasant woman, woman' — coarse) yields «по-бабьему», 'the way a woman does it'. Rakitin's sneer dismisses Grushenka's distinction as mere female illogic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот как… выходит!","title":"«выходит» — 'so it turns out'","body":"Impersonal «выходит» ('it comes out, it turns out') with the framing «вот как» ('so that's how') — 'so that's how it works out!'. The verb is used absolutely, with no subject, summing up the preceding logic with derision."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выходит","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the exclamation, modifies выходит","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-бабьему","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms the adverbial idiom по-бабьему with бабьему","gloss":"in a"},{"surface":"бабьему","lemma":"по-бабьему","morphology":"adjective (dative, idiom по-бабьему), feminine, singular","role":"modifies выходит","gloss":"womanish way","note":"по-бабьему is a set adverbial idiom, \"in a woman's way.\""},{"surface":"выходит","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it turns out"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b7-c3-s141","source":"— Не зли меня, Ракитка, — горячо подхватила Грушенька, — то одно, а это другое. Я Алешу по-иному люблю.","translation":"— Don't rile me, Rakitka — Grushenka caught him up hotly. — That's one thing, this is another. I love Alyosha in a different way.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не зли меня","title":"Negated imperfective imperative","body":"«Не зли» — 'don't anger me' — a negated command in the imperfective, the aspect Russian requires for prohibitions. «Злить» is 'to make angry', built on «зло/злой'; Grushenka warns Rakitin off before flaring «горячо» ('hotly')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по-иному люблю","title":"«по-иному» — 'in a different way'","body":"Another «по-…-ому» adverb, from «иной» ('other, different'): 'I love Alyosha differently'. It precisely distinguishes the two loves the contrastive «то одно, а это другое» had just opposed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подхватила","title":"«подхватить» — to catch up, take up sharply","body":"Literally 'to snatch up', figuratively 'to take (the talk) up, retort eagerly'. The narrator's «горячо подхватила» pictures Grushenka seizing on Rakitin's words to fire back — a single, energetic perfective act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates зли","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"зли","lemma":"злить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rile"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of зли","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Ракитка,","lemma":"Ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подхватила","gloss":"hotly"},{"surface":"подхватила","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"caught up"},{"surface":"Грушенька,","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подхватила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, linked to predicate одно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of то","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject, linked to predicate другое","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-иному","morphology":"particle, first part of compound adverb","role":"part of the adverbial phrase по-иному (with иному), modifies люблю","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"иному","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adverb, second part of compound по-иному","role":"part of the adverbial phrase по-иному (with по), modifies люблю","gloss":"a different way","note":"по-иному is one compound adverb, 'differently' — the tagger split it into two tokens."},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b7-c3-s142","source":"Правда, Алеша, была у меня на тебя мысль хитрая прежде. Да ведь я низкая, я ведь неистовая, ну, а в другую минуту я, бывало, Алеша, на тебя как на совесть мою смотрю.","translation":"It's true, Alyosha, I had a sly design on you before. After all, I'm low, I'm wild — but then at another moment I'd look at you, Alyosha, as I'd look at my own conscience.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была у меня на тебя мысль хитрая","title":"Scattered word order around an existential «была»","body":"Reordered for emphasis: «была у меня… мысль хитрая» — 'there was in me… a sly thought', the existential verb first, the noun and its adjective split apart («мысль… хитрая»). Russian's case-marking lets the words disperse for rhetorical weight without confusion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я низкая, я… неистовая","title":"Long-form adjectives as predicates","body":"«Низкая» ('base, low') and «неистовая» ('wild, frenzied') are full long-form adjectives used predicatively with the zero present copula — 'I am base, I am wild'. The bookish short forms «низка / неистова» would be possible; the long forms feel more concrete and characterizing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бывало… смотрю","title":"«бывало» + present for habitual past","body":"The frozen «бывало» ('it used to happen, time was') plus an imperfective present «смотрю» renders a recurring past habit — 'I would, at another moment, look at you…'. This «бывало» + present idiom is a distinctively Russian way of narrating the customary past."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на тебя как на совесть мою смотрю","title":"«смотреть на… как на…» — to look on as","body":"The frame «смотреть на X как на Y» — 'to look on X as Y' — takes the accusative after both «на»s: «на тебя… как на совесть мою». Grushenka looks on Alyosha 'as on my conscience', the simile that defines his role for her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical modifying the whole sentence","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (existential: 'была у меня мысль' = 'I had a thought')","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of была (у меня = 'I had')","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of мысль","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"a thought"},{"surface":"хитрая","lemma":"хитрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"sly"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies низкая (emphatic)","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of низкая","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"низкая","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (predicate)","gloss":"low"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of неистовая","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неистовая","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"неистовая","lemma":"неистовый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with низкая","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрю","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смотрю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"particle (parenthetical, habitual 'used to')","role":"parenthetical modifying смотрю","gloss":"used to","note":"бывало here is a habitual-past marker ('I would, back then'), not a full verb needing its own subject."},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause (as at совесть)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking совесть","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"совесть","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided смотрю in the как-clause","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of совесть","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"смотрю","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look at"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b7-c3-s143","source":"Всё думаю: «Ведь уж как такой меня, скверную, презирать теперь должен». И третьего дня это думала, как от барышни сюда бежала.","translation":"I keep thinking: \"How such a one must despise me now, vile as I am.\" And I thought it the other day too, as I ran here from that young lady's.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как такой меня, скверную, презирать… должен","title":"Animate accusatives «меня, скверную»","body":"The object pronoun «меня» ('me') is doubled by the agreeing animate-accusative adjective «скверную» ('vile one'), set off as an apposition — 'me, vile as I am'. «Презирать» ('to despise') governs that accusative. «Должен» ('must, is bound to') frames the inevitability."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж как… презирать… должен","title":"Intensifying «уж как»","body":"«Уж как» heaps emphasis — 'how greatly indeed must he…'. The particle «уж» (worn from «уже») here is purely intensive, not temporal, lending the rueful exclamation its swelling, self-abasing force."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как от барышни сюда бежала","title":"Imperfective «бежала» of motion","body":"«Бежала» is the imperfective past of «бежать», a unidirectional verb of motion — 'as I was running here'. The imperfective gives the running as the ongoing background to the thinking; «от барышни» ('from the young lady's') is genitive after «от»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"constantly"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"keep thinking"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the exclamatory clause","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Ведь","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb (exclamatory)","role":"introduces the exclamatory clause, modifies должен","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"such a one"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of презирать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"скверную","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to меня","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"презирать","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"despise"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должен","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular (modal predicate)","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думала","gloss":"day","note":"третьего дня is an idiom meaning 'the other day / a couple of days ago', literally 'of the third day'."},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of думала","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"думала","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бежала","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барышни","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"барышни","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бежала","gloss":"the young lady's"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бежала","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"бежала","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying думала","gloss":"ran"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b7-c3-s144","source":"Давно я тебя заметила так, Алеша, и Митя знает, ему говорила. Вот Митя так понимает.","translation":"I noticed you like that long ago, Alyosha, and Mitya knows it — I told him. Now Mitya, he understands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Давно я тебя заметила","title":"Perfective «заметила» with adverb «давно»","body":"«Заметила» is perfective past — a single completed act of noticing — paired with «давно» ('long ago'): 'I noticed you long ago'. With a perfective, «давно» dates a finished event; with an imperfective it would mean 'for a long time'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему говорила","title":"Dative indirect object «ему»","body":"«Говорила» here takes the dative of the addressee «ему» ('to him', i.e. to Mitya) — 'I told him'. The imperfective «говорила» reports the telling as an established fact rather than a one-off event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот Митя так понимает.","title":"Topicalizing «вот… так»","body":"«Вот Митя так понимает» foregrounds Mitya as the contrasting topic — 'Now Mitya, he does understand'. The «вот… так» framing singles him out approvingly against Rakitin, who does not; it is information-structure, not added lexical meaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметила","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заметила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of заметила","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"заметила","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметила","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заметила","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заметила","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимает","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимает","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимает","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"понимает","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understands"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b7-c3-s145","source":"Веришь ли, иной раз, право, Алеша, смотрю на тебя и стыжусь, всеё себя стыжусь… И как это я об тебе думать стала и с которых пор, не знаю и не помню…","translation":"Would you believe it, sometimes, truly, Alyosha, I look at you and feel ashamed, ashamed of my whole self… And just how I came to think about you, and from when, I don't know and can't remember…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стыжусь, всеё себя стыжусь","title":"«стыдиться» + genitive reflexive «себя»","body":"«Стыдиться» ('to be ashamed') is a «-ся» verb governing the genitive of what shames one — here the reflexive «себя» ('of myself'), intensified «всю себя» ('my whole self'). The doubled «стыжусь… стыжусь» drives home the shame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Веришь ли","title":"Bookish question particle «ли»","body":"«Веришь ли» — 'would you believe it' — fronts the verb and follows it with the enclitic «ли», the literary way of forming a yes/no question. Beside the bare «веришь?» of s135, this «ли» lifts the register a notch into something more rhetorical and pleading."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с которых пор","title":"Relative «который» in a time phrase","body":"«С которых пор» — 'since when, from what time' — uses the relative/interrogative «который» in the genitive plural after «с», within the fixed «с… пор» ('since'). Embedded under «не знаю», it means 'from when (I came to think of you) I don't know'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause ('Веришь ли' = 'would you believe it')","gloss":"do you believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Веришь (yes/no marker)","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of смотрю (idiom: sometimes)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, modifies смотрю","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"смотрю","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стыжусь","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрю","gloss":"feel ashamed"},{"surface":"всеё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of себя","gloss":"all","note":"всеё is an archaic/dialectal genitive form of весь ('all')."},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of the second стыжусь","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"стыжусь","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with смотрю","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb (interrogative)","role":"introduces the indirect question, modifies стала","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"emphatic filler strengthening как","gloss":"ever","note":"это here is a colloquial emphatic filler ('however did I...'), not a literal 'this'."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of думать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стала","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of пор","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стала (idiom: since when)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стала","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помню","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помню","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стала","gloss":"remember"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b7-c3-s146","source":"Вошла Феня и поставила на стол поднос, на нем откупоренную бутылку и три налитые бокала.","translation":"Fenya came in and set a tray on the table — on it an uncorked bottle and three filled glasses.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вошла Феня и поставила","title":"Twin perfectives advancing the narrative","body":"«Вошла… поставила» — two perfective pasts in sequence ('came in… set down'), each a completed event pushing the action forward, against the imperfective standing-state of the dialogue around them. «Вошла» is the prefixed perfective of the motion verb «идти»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"откупоренную бутылку… три налитые бокала","title":"Past passive participles as modifiers","body":"«Откупоренную» ('uncorked') and «налитые» ('filled, poured-out') are past passive participles from perfective verbs, agreeing as adjectives with «бутылку» (acc. sg.) and «бокала» (here with «три»). They compress 'a bottle that had been uncorked' into a single word — the bookish economy of the narrative voice."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Феня","title":"«Феня» — the maid Fedosya","body":"«Феня» is the homely diminutive of Fedosya, Grushenka's young servant. The bare pet-name marks her low household standing — a servant known only by her short name, as against the masters' full triads."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вошла","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Вошла","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поставила","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Вошла","gloss":"set down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставила","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"поднос","lemma":"поднос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поставила","gloss":"a tray"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement, refers to поднос (elliptical: 'on it there was...')","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"откупоренную","lemma":"откупоренный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бутылку","gloss":"uncorked"},{"surface":"бутылку","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to поднос, elliptical","gloss":"a bottle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on бокала","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"налитые","lemma":"налитой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies бокала","gloss":"filled"},{"surface":"бокала","lemma":"бокал","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бутылку, elliptical apposition to поднос","gloss":"glasses"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b7-c3-s147","source":"— Шампанское принесли! — прокричал Ракитин, — возбуждена ты, Аграфена Александровна, и вне себя. Бокал выпьешь, танцевать пойдешь.","translation":"— They've brought champagne! — cried Rakitin. — You're worked up, Agrafena Alexandrovna, and beside yourself. Down a glass and you'll be off dancing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"возбуждена ты… вне себя","title":"Short-form participle as predicate","body":"«Возбуждена» is the short-form (feminine) past passive participle of «возбудить» — 'you are worked up/excited', a true predicate. Beside it «вне себя» ('beside yourself', «себя» genitive after «вне») states a temporary state, the bookish short form fitting that flavour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Бокал выпьешь, танцевать пойдешь.","title":"Perfective futures with no conjunction","body":"Two perfective presents-as-futures, «выпьешь» ('you'll drain') and «пойдешь» ('you'll go off'), set side by side with no 'and' or 'then' — the second following the first as result. Asyndeton like this gives spoken Russian its clipped propulsion. «Танцевать» is the imperfective infinitive of purpose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Шампанское","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принесли","gloss":"champagne"},{"surface":"принесли!","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they brought"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Ракитин,","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"возбуждена","lemma":"возбудить","morphology":"verb, short-form passive participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate, main verb of the second clause","gloss":"worked up"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возбуждена","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Аграфена","lemma":"Аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to ты","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровна","lemma":"Александровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аграфена","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вне","lemma":"вне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"coordinated with возбуждена (idiom: beside yourself)","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"Бокал","lemma":"бокал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выпьешь","gloss":"a glass"},{"surface":"выпьешь","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll drink"},{"surface":"танцевать","lemma":"танцевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on пойдешь","gloss":"to dance"},{"surface":"пойдешь","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выпьешь","gloss":"you'll go"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b7-c3-s148","source":"Э-эх; и того не сумели сделать, — прибавил он, разглядывая шампанское. — В кухне старуха разлила, и бутылку без пробки принесли, и теплое. Ну давай хоть так.","translation":"Eh, but they couldn't even manage that — he added, examining the champagne. — The old woman poured it in the kitchen, brought the bottle with no cork, and warm at that. Well, let's have it anyway.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и того не сумели сделать","title":"Genitive «того» under negation","body":"«И того не сумели сделать» — 'they couldn't even manage that': the object «того» (genitive of «то») stands in the genitive of negation under the negated «не сумели». The intensive «и» ('even') sharpens Rakitin's contempt for the bungled service."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разглядывая шампанское","title":"Imperfective gerund «разглядывая»","body":"«Разглядывая» ('examining, eyeing') is an imperfective present gerund (деепричастие), naming an action going on at the same time as the main one — 'he added, examining the champagne'. It shares Rakitin as subject and is a staple of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старуха","title":"«старуха» — the old woman","body":"«Старуха» ('old woman') here means the old kitchen servant who poured the champagne. The word is plain, even slightly dismissive; against the would-be festivity of champagne it underscores the shabby, makeshift hospitality Rakitin mocks."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну давай хоть так.","title":"Hortative «давай» plus «хоть»","body":"«Давай» ('come on, let's') is the standard first-person exhortation marker; «хоть так» means 'even like this, anyway' (concessive «хоть»). Together: 'well, let's have it anyway' — a grudging shrug at the warm, corkless wine."}],"words":[{"surface":"Э","lemma":"э","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"эх","lemma":"эх","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, coordinated with Э","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"emphatic particle, modifies того","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сумели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сумели","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"сделать,","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумели","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"разглядывая","lemma":"разглядывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавил","gloss":"examining"},{"surface":"шампанское.","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разглядывая","gloss":"the champagne"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кухне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кухне","lemma":"кухня","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разлила","gloss":"the kitchen"},{"surface":"старуха","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of разлила","gloss":"the old woman"},{"surface":"разлила","lemma":"разлить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"poured it out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бутылку","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принесли","gloss":"the bottle"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пробки","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"пробки","lemma":"пробка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принесли","gloss":"a cork"},{"surface":"принесли","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with разлила","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теплое","lemma":"тёплый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"elliptical predicate describing the champagne (and it was warm)","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"давай","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let's"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давай","gloss":"this way"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b7-c3-s149","source":"Он подошел к столу, взял бокал, выпил залпом и налил себе другой.","translation":"He stepped up to the table, took a glass, drained it at a gulp, and poured himself another.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подошел… взял… выпил… налил","title":"A run of perfectives for swift action","body":"Four perfective pasts in a row — «подошёл, взял, выпил, налил» ('stepped up, took, drained, poured') — chain the discrete steps of Rakitin's gulping the glass, each a finished event. «Подошёл» is the prefixed perfective of «идти», direction built into the prefix «подо-»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"залпом","title":"«залпом» — at one gulp","body":"The instrumental of «залп» ('a volley, a salvo'), frozen as the adverb «залпом» — 'in one draught, at a single gulp'. The military image (a volley of gunfire) lends a brusque, all-at-once force to how Rakitin downs his wine."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"столу","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"бокал","lemma":"бокал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"a glass"},{"surface":"выпил","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"drank"},{"surface":"залпом","lemma":"залп","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of выпил (instrumental: in one gulp)","gloss":"in one gulp"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"налил","lemma":"налить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"poured"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of налил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of налил","gloss":"another"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b7-c3-s150","source":"— На шампанское-то не часто нарвешься, — проговорил он, облизываясь, — ну-тка, Алеша, бери бокал, покажи себя. За что же нам пить? За райские двери? Бери, Груша, бокал, пей и ты за райские двери.","translation":"— You don't come by champagne often — he said, licking his lips. — Come now, Alyosha, take a glass, show your mettle. What shall we drink to? To the gates of paradise? Take a glass, Grusha, you too drink to the gates of paradise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На шампанское-то не часто нарвешься","title":"Generalized 2nd-person «нарвёшься»","body":"«Нарвёшься» is a 2nd-person singular perfective future used impersonally/generally — 'one doesn't often come by champagne', not addressed to anyone in particular. This generalizing 'you' is very common in proverbial Russian speech. The «-то» foregrounds 'champagne' as the topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"облизываясь","title":"Reflexive gerund «облизываясь»","body":"«Облизываясь» ('licking his lips') is an imperfective gerund carrying the reflexive «-сь» — a simultaneous, self-directed action attending the speech. The relished gesture paints Rakitin's coarse appetite as he eyes the wine."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"За что же нам пить? За райские двери?","title":"«за» + accusative for a toast; dative «нам»","body":"A toast 'to' something uses «за» + accusative: «за райские двери» ('to the gates of paradise'). «За что же нам пить» — 'what on earth shall we drink to?' — has the dative «нам» as the would-be drinkers and the insistent particle «же»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"покажи себя","title":"Imperative «покажи» with reflexive «себя»","body":"«Покажи себя» — 'show yourself (off), prove your mettle' — a perfective imperative governing the reflexive object «себя» ('yourself'). Note «себя» is the full pronoun object, distinct from the bound verbal «-ся»."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шампанское","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"шампанское","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нарвешься (idiom: 'на... не часто нарвешься' = 'you don't often come by...')","gloss":"champagne"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (topicalizer, -то)","role":"emphatic particle attached to шампанское","gloss":"(topic marker)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нарвешься","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"нарвешься,","lemma":"нарваться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come by"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"облизываясь,","lemma":"облизываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"licking his lips"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker, first part of ну-тка","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"тка","lemma":"тка","morphology":"particle","role":"second part of the discourse marker ну-тка","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"бери","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"бокал","lemma":"бокал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бери","gloss":"a glass"},{"surface":"покажи","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бери","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of покажи (idiom: show your mettle)","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пить","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"logical subject of пить (dative)","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"пить","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двери","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"райские","lemma":"райский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies двери","gloss":"heavenly"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of the elided пить (repeated question)","gloss":"the gates"},{"surface":"Бери","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"Груша","lemma":"Груша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Grusha"},{"surface":"бокал","lemma":"бокал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Бери","gloss":"a glass"},{"surface":"пей","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Бери","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пей","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двери","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"райские","lemma":"райский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies двери","gloss":"heavenly"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пей","gloss":"the gates"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b7-c3-s151","source":"— За какие это райские двери?","translation":"— What gates of paradise are these?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"За какие это райские двери?","title":"«какой» + «это» in an incredulous question","body":"«За какие… двери?» asks 'to what gates?' with the adjectival interrogative «какой» (accusative plural after «за»). The inserted «это» — 'what gates of paradise are these (you mean)?' — adds a note of puzzled or wary challenge, picking up Rakitin's toast."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двери","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of двери","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of двери","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"райские","lemma":"райский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies двери","gloss":"paradise"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"gates"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b7-c3-s152","source":"Она взяла бокал. Алеша взял свой, отпил глоток и поставил бокал назад.","translation":"She took her glass. Alyosha took his, swallowed a sip, and set the glass back down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взяла… взял… отпил… поставил","title":"Perfective chain; partitive «отпил глоток»","body":"Four perfectives narrate the discrete acts. «Отпил глоток» ('drank off a sip') uses the prefix «от-» for taking a part away; «глоток» ('a gulp, sip') is the accusative measure of what he drank. The perfectives mark each as one finished motion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of взяла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"взяла","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"бокал","lemma":"бокал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взяла","gloss":"the glass"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"отпил","lemma":"отпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"sipped"},{"surface":"глоток","lemma":"глоток","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отпил","gloss":"a sip"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поставил","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"set down"},{"surface":"бокал","lemma":"бокал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поставил","gloss":"the glass"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поставил","gloss":"back"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b7-c3-s153","source":"— Нет, уж лучше не надо! — улыбнулся он тихо.","translation":"— No, I'd rather not after all! — he smiled quietly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж лучше не надо!","title":"Comparative «лучше» in 'I'd rather not'","body":"«Лучше» is the suppletive comparative of «хороший/хорошо» ('better'); «уж лучше не надо» — 'better not, after all' — uses it with the impersonal «не надо» ('no need') to decline gently. The «уж» softens and resigns the refusal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо!","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicate adverb (modal)","role":"main verb (modal predicate) of the sentence","gloss":"need to"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"quietly"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b7-c3-s154","source":"— А хвалился! — крикнул Ракитин.","translation":"— And he was boasting just now! — Rakitin shouted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А хвалился!","title":"Reflexive «хвалиться» — to boast","body":"«Хвалился» is the imperfective past of «хвалиться» ('to boast, brag'), the «-ся» turning «хвалить» ('to praise') inward to 'praise oneself'. The bare «А хвалился!» — 'And he was boasting (just now)!' — drops the subject, the gendered «-л» form alone marking 'he'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle (discourse)","role":"discourse particle introducing the exclamation","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хвалился!","lemma":"хвалиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was boasting"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Rakitin"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b7-c3-s155","source":"— Ну и я, коли так, не буду, — подхватила Грушенька, — да и не хочется. Пей, Ракитка, один всю бутылку. Выпьет Алеша, и я тогда выпью.","translation":"— Then I won't either, if that's how it is — Grushenka chimed in. — Besides, I don't feel like it. Drink the whole bottle by yourself, Rakitka. If Alyosha drinks, then I'll drink too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли так, не буду","title":"Folk «коли» and an elided compound future","body":"«Коли» is the colloquial-archaic 'if' (for «если»): 'if that's how it is'. «Не буду» is the compound future of «быть» with the drinking-verb elided — 'I won't (drink) either', the imperfective future framing a refusal to take part."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не хочется","title":"Impersonal «не хочется»","body":"«Да и не хочется» — 'besides, I don't feel like it' — is the impersonal reflexive «хочется» with an unstated dative experiencer ('to me'). This subjectless 'feeling-like' construction renders inclination as something that happens to one, not a willed act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выпьет Алеша, и я тогда выпью.","title":"Implicit conditional with two perfective futures","body":"'(If) Alyosha drinks, then I'll drink too' — a conditional carried with no «если» at all, simply by juxtaposing two perfective futures, «выпьет» and «выпью». Russian readily lets a bare future-future pairing imply the condition. «Грушенька» fronted as subject after the verb adds spoken liveliness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies буду (also/either)","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of буду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause modifying буду","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies коли","gloss":"that's how it is"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду,","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (elliptical: won't drink)","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"подхватила","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"chimed in"},{"surface":"Грушенька,","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подхватила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочется","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочется","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective (impersonal)","role":"main verb, coordinated with буду","gloss":"I don't feel like it"},{"surface":"Пей","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"Ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective modifying the implied subject ты, meaning 'alone'","gloss":"by yourself","note":"один here means 'alone/by yourself' agreeing with the implied 'ты', not the numeral 'one'."},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of бутылку","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"бутылку","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Пей","gloss":"bottle"},{"surface":"Выпьет","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"drinks"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Выпьет","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выпью","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выпью","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"выпью","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will drink"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b7-c3-s156","source":"— Телячьи нежности пошли! — поддразнил Ракитин. — А сама на коленках у него сидит! У него, положим, горе, а у тебя что? Он против бога своего взбунтовался, колбасу собирался жрать…","translation":"— Now the maudlin tenderness begins! — Rakitin needled. — And she sits there on his lap herself! He at least has his grief, but what's the matter with you? He's risen up in revolt against his God, was getting ready to gorge on sausage…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Телячьи нежности","title":"«телячьи нежности» — 'calf-like tendernesses'","body":"A set, mocking idiom: «телячьи нежности» ('calf's tendernesses') means mawkish, soppy sentimentality. Rakitin's jeer brands the lovers' tenderness as gushing and absurd, the way a calf nuzzles."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А сама на коленках у него сидит!","title":"Intensive «сама» and «у него» possession","body":"«Сама» ('she herself') sharpens the hypocrisy charge — 'and she's sitting on his lap herself!'. «На коленках у него» literally 'on the knees of him' uses «у» + genitive for the possessor; «коленках» is the homely diminutive of «колени» ('knees, lap')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"против бога своего взбунтовался","title":"«против» + genitive; reflexive possessive «своего»","body":"«Против» governs the genitive: «против бога своего» ('against his own God'). «Своего» is the reflexive possessive, pointing the 'God' back to the clause's subject, Alyosha. «Взбунтовался» ('rose in revolt', with «-ся») is the perfective past — a single decisive act of rebellion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"колбасу собирался жрать","title":"«жрать» — to gorge, to guzzle","body":"«Жрать» is the coarse, animal verb for eating — 'to gorge, to wolf down', used of beasts or in contempt. To 'gorge on sausage' (forbidden by the monastic fast at a moment of grief) is Rakitin's crude way of mocking Alyosha's supposed loss of faith."}],"words":[{"surface":"Телячьи","lemma":"телячий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies нежности","gloss":"calf-like","note":"телячьи нежности is an idiom for mawkish/maudlin sentimentality, literally 'calf-tendernesses'."},{"surface":"нежности","lemma":"нежность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of пошли","gloss":"tendernesses"},{"surface":"пошли!","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"here we go"},{"surface":"поддразнил","lemma":"поддразнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"teased"},{"surface":"Ракитин.","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поддразнил","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сама","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сидит","gloss":"she herself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленках","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"коленках","lemma":"коленка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"lap"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sits"},{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement, marks the possessor of горе","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"положим","lemma":"положим","morphology":"particle (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical modifying the clause у него горе","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject (existential: у него горе = 'he has grief')","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement, marks the possessor (parallel to у него)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject (existential: what do you have)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взбунтовался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взбунтовался","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of бога","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"взбунтовался","lemma":"взбунтоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rebelled"},{"surface":"колбасу","lemma":"колбаса","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of жрать","gloss":"sausage"},{"surface":"собирался","lemma":"собираться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взбунтовался","gloss":"was getting ready"},{"surface":"жрать","lemma":"жрать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of собирался","gloss":"to gorge on"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b7-c3-s157","source":"— Что так?","translation":"— How so?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что так?","title":"Elliptical «Что так?»","body":"A two-word question — «что так?», literally 'what so?', i.e. 'how so? why is that?'. Russian compresses a whole 'why is it like that?' into the bare interrogative plus «так», relying on context to fill the rest."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the elliptical question","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Что (idiom: что так = 'how so')","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b7-c3-s158","source":"— Старец его помер сегодня, старец Зосима, святой.","translation":"— His elder died today — the elder Zosima, the holy man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"помер","title":"«помер» — folk 'died'","body":"«Помер» is the colloquial, plain-people's form of the past of «умереть» ('to die'), beside the neutral «умер». It keeps Rakitin's tone offhand, almost careless, in announcing the elder's death."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помер","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"possessive modifier of Старец","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"помер","lemma":"помереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помер","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Старец","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"Зосима","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старец","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"святой","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старец","gloss":"the holy man"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b7-c3-s159","source":"— Так умер старец Зосима! — воскликнула Грушенька. — Господи, а я того и не знала! — Она набожно перекрестилась.","translation":"— So the elder Zosima has died! — Grushenka exclaimed. — Lord, and I never knew it! — She crossed herself devoutly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так умер старец Зосима!","title":"Resumptive «так» and emphatic order","body":"«Так» here is resumptive — 'so (then) the elder Zosima has died!' — taking up the just-heard news with a jolt. «Умер» is the neutral perfective past; the subject follows the verb, the news-bearing event first."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а я того и не знала!","title":"Genitive «того» under negation, with «и»","body":"«Того» (genitive of «то») is the genitive of negation under «не знала» — 'and I didn't even know it'. The «и» means 'even'; «а» opens the clause with rueful contrast. The whole catches her dismay at having sat idle while the saint died."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умер","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"умер","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has died"},{"surface":"старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умер","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"Зосима!","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старец","gloss":"Zosima!"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause (Грушенька воскликнула)","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Грушенька.","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господи","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular (interjection)","role":"vocative exclamation, independent","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знала (genitive under negation)","gloss":"it","note":"Genitive of negation: 'не знала того' = 'didn't know it'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies знала","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знала!","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of перекрестилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"набожно","lemma":"набожно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перекрестилась","gloss":"devoutly"},{"surface":"перекрестилась","lemma":"перекреститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crossed herself"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b7-c3-s160","source":"— Господи, да что же я, а я-то у него на коленках теперь сижу! — вскинулась она вдруг как в испуге, мигом соскочила с колен и пересела на диван.","translation":"— Lord, what am I doing, sitting here on his lap this very moment! — she started up suddenly as if in fright, slipped off his knees in an instant, and moved to the sofa.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да что же я… сижу!","title":"Self-reproaching «да что же я»","body":"«Да что же я… сижу!» — 'Lord, what am I doing sitting here!' — the particle «же» pressing the horrified self-question. The present «сижу» catches her in the very, scandalous act, which she then breaks off from."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскинулась… соскочила… пересела","title":"Perfective verbs of abrupt motion","body":"Three sharp perfective pasts — «вскинулась» ('started up', with «-ся'), «соскочила» ('jumped off'), «пересела» ('moved to another seat') — render her sudden recoil as a flurry of completed acts. The prefixes «вс-, со-, пере-» each pack in direction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как в испуге","title":"«в испуге» — 'in fright'","body":"«В испуге» ('in fright, in alarm') is «в» + the prepositional of «испуг», a fixed phrase for a state one is gripped by. The «как» ('as if') frames her recoil as if it were sudden terror — fright at her own irreverence by Zosima's deathbed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господи","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular (interjection)","role":"vocative exclamation, independent","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory clause with сижу","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to я","gloss":"as for me","note":"Colloquial emphatic '-то' suffixed to a pronoun, roughly 'as for me'."},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленках","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"коленках","lemma":"коленка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сижу","gloss":"lap"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сижу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сижу!","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"вскинулась","lemma":"вскинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the next clause","gloss":"started up"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскинулась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскинулась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces phrase 'как в испуге' modifying вскинулась","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking испуге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"испуге","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"fright"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies соскочила","gloss":"in an instant"},{"surface":"соскочила","lemma":"соскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскинулась","gloss":"slipped off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колен","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"колен","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"his knees"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пересела","lemma":"пересесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскинулась","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диван","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"диван","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"sofa"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b7-c3-s161","source":"Алеша длинно с удивлением поглядел на нее, и на лице его как будто что засветилось.","translation":"Alyosha gazed at her a long while in wonder, and his face seemed to light up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"длинно… поглядел","title":"«длинно поглядеть» — to gaze long","body":"«Длинно» ('at length, long') modifying «поглядел» ('gazed', perfective) gives 'looked at her a long while'. The slightly unusual adverbial use of «длинно» (rather than «долго') lends the gaze a drawn-out, wondering quality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто что засветилось","title":"«что» as colloquial 'something'; «-ся» of change","body":"«Что» here is colloquial for «что-то» ('something') — 'something seemed to light up'. «Засветилось» is perfective with the reflexive «-сь» marking an intransitive change of state (light coming on, of itself), framed tentatively by «как будто» ('as if')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поглядел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"длинно","lemma":"длинно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядел","gloss":"a long while"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядел","gloss":"wonder"},{"surface":"поглядел","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of засветилось","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"possessive modifier of лице","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase 'как будто'","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase 'как будто', modifying засветилось","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of засветилось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"засветилось","lemma":"засветиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поглядел","gloss":"lit up"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b7-c3-s162","source":"— Ракитин, — проговорил он вдруг громко и твердо, — не дразни ты меня, что я против бога моего взбунтовался. Не хочу я злобы против тебя иметь, а потому будь и ты добрее.","translation":"— Rakitin — he said suddenly, loud and firm — don't taunt me with having risen in revolt against my God. I don't want to bear any spite against you, so you be kinder too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не дразни ты меня","title":"Negated imperative with intrusive «ты»","body":"«Не дразни» ('don't taunt') is a negated imperfective imperative; the inserted «ты» ('you') after it is emphatic, a spoken pointing of the command at Rakitin personally — 'don't you taunt me'. The pronoun is grammatically redundant, expressively pointed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что я… взбунтовался","title":"«дразнить, что…» — reproach clause","body":"«Дразни… что я… взбунтовался» — 'taunt me that I rose in revolt'. The «что»-clause reports the content of the taunt. «Против бога моего» uses «мой», but the reflexive «своего» — bound to «я», the subject of «взбунтовался» — would be equally grammatical; with a 1st-person subject both are possible, so «моего» is a stylistic/emphatic choice, not a requirement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будь и ты добрее","title":"Imperative of «быть» plus comparative","body":"«Будь» is the (irregular) imperative of «быть» ('be'); «добрее» is the comparative of «добрый» ('kinder'). «Будь и ты добрее» — 'you too, be kinder', the «и… ты» meaning 'you also', in answer to Alyosha's own offered gentleness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ракитин,","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative/vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, independent","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"твердо,","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with громко","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дразни","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"дразни","lemma":"дразнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"taunt"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дразни","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of дразни","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взбунтовался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of взбунтовался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition против","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бога","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"взбунтовался","lemma":"взбунтоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of дразни","gloss":"rebelled"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"злобы","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of иметь (genitive under negation)","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of preposition против, modifying злобы","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"иметь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"bear"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будь","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective (copula)","role":"main verb of the clause (copula, imperative)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of будь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"добрее","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of будь","gloss":"kinder"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b7-c3-s163","source":"Я потерял такое сокровище, какого ты никогда не имел, и ты теперь не можешь судить меня.","translation":"I have lost a treasure such as you have never possessed, and you are in no position now to judge me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"такое сокровище, какого ты никогда не имел","title":"Correlative «такое… какого» and genitive of negation","body":"The correlative pair «такое… какое» ('such… as') links the treasure to the relative clause; «какого» is genitive because the negated «не имел» ('never possessed') pulls its object into the genitive of negation, reinforced by «никогда» ('never') in negative concord."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не можешь судить меня","title":"Modal «не можешь» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Не можешь судить» — 'you cannot judge' — the negated modal «мочь» plus the imperfective infinitive «судить», which here means 'to judge / sit in judgment on'. The accusative «меня» is its object; the line carries the Gospel weight of 'judge not'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of потерял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"потерял","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have lost"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сокровище","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"сокровище","lemma":"сокровище","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of потерял","gloss":"treasure"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имел (genitive under negation)","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on сокровище","gloss":"possessed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of можешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можешь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with потерял","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"судить","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of можешь","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of судить","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b7-c3-s164","source":"Посмотри лучше сюда на нее: видел, как она меня пощадила?","translation":"Look here at her instead: did you see how she spared me?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Посмотри лучше сюда","title":"Perfective imperative with «лучше»","body":"«Посмотри» is the perfective imperative ('take a look'), «лучше» ('rather, better') redirecting attention — 'better look here instead'. The perfective asks for one decisive glance, against an imperfective «смотри» that would mean 'keep looking'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как она меня пощадила","title":"Perfective «пощадила» of a single mercy","body":"«Пощадила» ('spared, had mercy on') is perfective past — one completed act of mercy, the very deed Alyosha marvels at. Embedded under «видел… как» ('did you see how…'), the «как»-clause reports what was witnessed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Посмотри","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Посмотри","gloss":"instead"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Посмотри","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"did you see","note":"Russian past tense has no person marking; context makes this a question to the listener."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of пощадила, modifies видел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пощадила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of пощадила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"пощадила","lemma":"пощадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видел","gloss":"spared"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b7-c3-s165","source":"Я шел сюда злую душу найти — так влекло меня самого к тому, потому что я был подл и зол, а нашел сестру искреннюю, нашел сокровище — душу любящую… Она сейчас пощадила меня… Аграфена Александровна, я про тебя говорю.","translation":"I came here seeking a wicked soul — that's what drew me, because I was base and full of spite — but I have found a true sister, I have found a treasure, a loving soul… She spared me just now… Agrafena Alexandrovna, I mean you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я шел сюда злую душу найти","title":"Imperfective «шёл» framing a perfective purpose","body":"«Шёл» is the imperfective past of unidirectional «идти» — 'I was coming here' as ongoing background — while the infinitive of purpose «найти» ('to find') is perfective, naming the intended completed aim. The pairing is classic: process plus goal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я был подл и зол","title":"Short-form predicate adjectives «подл, зол»","body":"«Подл» and «зол» are short-form adjectives ('base', 'wicked/full of spite') used predicatively with «был» — the bookish, more absolute mode of predicate adjective, fitting Alyosha's solemn self-judgment. The long forms would feel more casual; the short forms ring like a confession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так влекло меня самого к тому","title":"Impersonal «влекло» — 'it drew me'","body":"«Влекло» is a neuter, impersonal past — 'something drew me', no nominative subject — with «меня» as the accusative drawn one and «самого» ('myself') intensifying. This subjectless rendering of a compulsion (the dark pull toward sin) is deeply Dostoevskian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сестру искреннюю","title":"«сестра» — sister in the spiritual sense","body":"Alyosha calls Grushenka «сестру искреннюю» ('a true, sincere sister'). The word reaches past kinship to the Christian, monastic sense of brother/sister in the spirit — the recognition that redeems both of them, and that Grushenka will treasure (s172)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of шел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шел","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"злую","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душу","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of найти","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"найти","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose infinitive complement of шел","gloss":"to find"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влекло","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"влекло","lemma":"влечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of влекло","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of влекло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase 'потому что', modifies подл/зол","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective (copula)","role":"copula linking to подл","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"подл","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement (copula был)","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зол","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подл","gloss":"full of spite"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"нашел","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with шел","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"сестру","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of нашел","gloss":"sister"},{"surface":"искреннюю","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сестру","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"нашел","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with предыдущим нашел","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"сокровище","lemma":"сокровище","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of нашел","gloss":"treasure"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to сокровище","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"любящую","lemma":"любящий","morphology":"adjective/participle, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душу","gloss":"loving"},{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пощадила","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пощадила","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"пощадила","lemma":"пощадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spared"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of пощадила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Аграфена","lemma":"Аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, nominative/vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition to Александровна","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровна","lemma":"Александровна","morphology":"proper noun (patronymic), nominative/vocative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Аграфена","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"object of preposition про","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mean"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b7-c3-s166","source":"Ты мою душу сейчас восстановила.","translation":"You have just now restored my soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты мою душу сейчас восстановила.","title":"Perfective «восстановила» — a completed restoring","body":"«Восстановила» ('restored, raised up again') is perfective past — one accomplished act: 'you have restored my soul'. «Мою душу» is the accusative object. The word carries a near-resurrectional force, fitting the spiritual rebirth Alyosha feels."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of восстановила","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of восстановила","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восстановила","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"восстановила","lemma":"восстановить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"restored"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b7-c3-s167","source":"У Алеши затряслись губы и стеснилось дыхание. Он остановился.","translation":"Alyosha's lips trembled and his breath caught. He stopped.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"затряслись губы и стеснилось дыхание","title":"Reflexive verbs of involuntary bodily change","body":"«Затряслись» ('began to tremble') and «стеснилось» ('grew tight, caught') both carry «-ся / -сь», marking spontaneous, involuntary changes of state in the body — lips, breath — that simply happen to Alyosha. The subjects «губы», «дыхание» follow their verbs, a vivid narrative inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition у (possessive construction)","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"затряслись","lemma":"затрястись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of затряслись","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стеснилось","lemma":"стесниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with затряслись","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"дыхание","lemma":"дыхание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стеснилось","gloss":"breath"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b7-c3-s168","source":"— Будто уж так и спасла тебя! — засмеялся Ракитин злобно. — А она тебя проглотить хотела, знаешь ты это?","translation":"— As if she really had saved you! — Rakitin laughed maliciously. — Why, she wanted to swallow you whole — did you know that?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будто уж так и спасла тебя!","title":"Sneering «будто… так и»","body":"«Будто… так и…» — 'as if she really had…' — is a mocking, dismissive frame denying the claim. «Уж» intensifies, «так и» ('just so, really') heightens the sarcasm. «Спасла» (perfective, 'saved') is the deed Rakitin scoffs at."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проглотить хотела","title":"«проглотить» as perfective infinitive of intent","body":"«Проглотить» ('to swallow whole', perfective) after «хотела» names her intended completed act — to devour Alyosha (seduce and ruin him). The crude metaphor of swallowing recurs as the chapter's sexual undercurrent, set against the 'sister' Alyosha sees."}],"words":[{"surface":"Будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the exclamatory clause","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спасла","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase 'так и', emphasizing спасла","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"спасла","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saved"},{"surface":"тебя!","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of спасла","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the next clause","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"злобно.","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялся","gloss":"maliciously"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хотела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of проглотить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"проглотить","lemma":"проглотить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"swallow"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаешь","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b7-c3-s169","source":"— Стой, Ракитка! — вскочила вдруг Грушенька, — молчите вы оба. Теперь я всё скажу: ты, Алеша, молчи, потому что от твоих таких слов меня стыд берет, потому что я злая, а не добрая, — вот я какая.","translation":"— Stop, Rakitka! — Grushenka jumped up suddenly. — Be quiet, both of you. Now I'll say everything: you, Alyosha, hold your tongue, because words like yours make me ashamed — because I'm wicked, not good — that's the kind I am.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стой… молчите вы оба","title":"Singular vs plural imperatives","body":"«Стой» ('stop!', singular, to Rakitin) then «молчите вы оба» ('be quiet, both of you', plural «-те»). Grushenka switches from one addressee to two, the plural ending and «вы оба» ('you both') widening the command to silence the whole room."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от твоих таких слов меня стыд берет","title":"«стыд берёт» with accusative experiencer","body":"«Меня стыд берёт» — idiomatically 'shame takes me', i.e. 'I feel ashamed' — frames the emotion as an agent seizing the accusative «меня». «От твоих таких слов» ('from words like yours', «от» + genitive) gives the cause. A vivid, body-felt way of saying 'you make me ashamed'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я злая, а не добрая","title":"Contrastive «а не» with predicate adjectives","body":"«Я злая, а не добрая» — 'I'm wicked, and not good': the long-form predicate adjectives «злая / добрая» linked by contrastive «а не» ('and not, rather than'), the zero copula present throughout. «Вот я какая» ('that's the kind I am') caps the self-definition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стой","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, addressed to Ракитка","gloss":"Stop"},{"surface":"Ракитка!","lemma":"Ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"вскочила","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the next clause","gloss":"jumped up"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"молчите","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"be quiet"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of молчите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"modifies вы (quantifier)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of молчи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition to ты","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"be silent"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase 'потому что', modifies молчи","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"твоих","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of слов","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of слов","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition от","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of берет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"стыд","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of берет","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"берет","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by потому что","gloss":"takes hold of"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase 'потому что', modifies злая","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of злая","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"злая","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies добрая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"добрая,","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with злая","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause 'я какая'","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of какая","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"what kind"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b7-c3-s170","source":"А ты, Ракитка, молчи потому, что ты лжешь. Была такая подлая мысль, что хотела его проглотить, а теперь ты лжешь, теперь вовсе не то… и чтоб я тебя больше совсем не слыхала, Ракитка! — Всё это Грушенька проговорила с необыкновенным волнением.","translation":"And you, Rakitka, be quiet because you're lying. There was such a vile thought in me, that I wanted to swallow him — but now you're lying, now it's nothing of the sort… and don't let me hear another word from you at all, Rakitka! — All this Grushenka said with extraordinary agitation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Была такая подлая мысль","title":"Existential «была» first","body":"«Была такая подлая мысль» — 'there was such a vile thought (in me)' — the existential «была» fronted, the subject «мысль» following with its modifiers. Russian's verb-first existential order sets up the confession of what she had meant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб я тебя больше совсем не слыхала","title":"Purpose/wish «чтоб» + past-form irrealis","body":"«Чтоб(ы)» governs the past-form irrealis «не слыхала» — 'so that I not hear (a word) from you anymore', here a vehement wish-command. «Слыхала» is the colloquial-iterative past of «слышать». The «чтобы» + past construction expresses willed, not-yet-real outcome."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с необыкновенным волнением","title":"«волнение» — agitation, emotion","body":"«Волнение» (from «волна», 'wave') is agitation, a surging of feeling — 'with extraordinary agitation'. «С» + instrumental gives the manner. The word names the inner storm that the whole confessional outburst has been riding."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of молчи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"Ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition to ты","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be quiet"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase 'потому что', modifies молчи","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лжешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of лжешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"лжешь","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"reason clause on молчи","gloss":"are lying"},{"surface":"Была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential)","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"подлая","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Была","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотела, in apposition to мысль","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of мысль","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of проглотить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"проглотить","lemma":"проглотить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"swallow"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лжешь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of лжешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"лжешь","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хотела","gloss":"are lying"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies то","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with лжешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слыхала","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слыхала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of слыхала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слыхала","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слыхала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слыхала","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the чтоб clause","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"Ракитка!","lemma":"Ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitka!"},{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of проговорила","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"необыкновенным","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies волнением","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"волнением","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"agitation"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b7-c3-s171","source":"— Ишь ведь оба бесятся! — прошипел Ракитин, с удивлением рассматривая их обоих, — как помешанные, точно я в сумасшедший дом попал. Расслабели обоюдно, плакать сейчас начнут!","translation":"— Look at them, both raving! — Rakitin hissed, surveying the pair of them in astonishment. — Like a couple of lunatics; it's as if I'd landed in a madhouse. They've both gone limp, they'll burst into tears any moment!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ишь ведь оба бесятся!","title":"Particles «ишь ведь» plus reflexive «бесятся»","body":"«Ишь ведь» stacks the 'just look!' particle «ишь» with appealing «ведь» — 'look at them, would you'. «Бесятся» (reflexive «-ся», from «бес» 'demon') means 'are raving / possessed' — literally 'are being demon-driven', a telling word in this devil-haunted novel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассматривая их обоих","title":"Gerund «рассматривая» plus animate accusative","body":"«Рассматривая» ('surveying, scrutinizing') is an imperfective gerund of attendant action; «их обоих» ('the two of them') is the animate accusative — 'examining the pair of them'. The gerund again layers a simultaneous action onto the speaking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно я в сумасшедший дом попал","title":"«точно» as 'as if'; accusative of motion-into","body":"«Точно» here means 'just as if' (not 'exactly'): 'it's as if I'd landed in a madhouse'. «В сумасшедший дом» is «в» + accusative for motion into a place, governed by «попал» ('ended up, fell into'). «Сумасшедший» ('mad') literally is 'gone out of one's mind'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Расслабели","title":"«расслабеть» — to go limp, soft","body":"«Расслабели» ('they've gone slack/limp') from «слабый» ('weak') — to lose all firmness, melt into softness. «Обоюдно» ('mutually, both alike') notes they have collapsed into sentiment together, to Rakitin's disgust."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ишь","lemma":"ишь","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бесятся","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"subject quantifier of бесятся","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"бесятся!","lemma":"беситься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamatory clause","gloss":"are raving"},{"surface":"прошипел","lemma":"прошипеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the next clause","gloss":"hissed"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошипел","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассматривая","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"рассматривая","lemma":"рассматривать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial participle modifying прошипел","gloss":"surveying"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of обоих","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"обоих,","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of рассматривая","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison phrase, modifies бесятся","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"помешанные","lemma":"помешанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate nominal in comparison, referring to оба","gloss":"lunatics"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of попал","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of попал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сумасшедший","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"попал","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause introduced by точно, adverbial to помешанные","gloss":"landed"},{"surface":"Расслабели","lemma":"расслабеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject: оба, implied)","gloss":"have gone limp"},{"surface":"обоюдно","lemma":"обоюдно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Расслабели","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"плакать","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начнут","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начнут","gloss":"any moment"},{"surface":"начнут","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Расслабели","gloss":"will start"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b7-c3-s172","source":"— И начну плакать, и начну плакать! — приговаривала Грушенька. — Он меня сестрой своей назвал, и я никогда того впредь не забуду! Только вот что, Ракитка, я хоть и злая, а все-таки я луковку подала.","translation":"— Yes, I'll burst into tears, I'll burst into tears! — Grushenka chanted. — He called me his sister, and I'll never forget it as long as I live! But there's just one thing, Rakitka: wicked as I am, I did once give away an onion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И начну плакать, и начну плакать!","title":"Perfective future «начну» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Начну плакать» — 'I will (start to) cry' — the perfective future «начну» (from «начать») governing the imperfective infinitive «плакать», since 'crying' is an ongoing process one begins. The defiant doubling answers Rakitin's jibe word for word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сестрой своей назвал","title":"Instrumental of the predicate after «назвать»","body":"«Назвал… сестрой своей» — 'called me his sister': «назвать» ('to call/name X as Y') puts the naming-complement in the instrumental, «сестрой», with reflexive «своей» ('his own'). The instrumental-as-predicate is exactly the case this verb demands."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"луковку подала","title":"«луковка» — the little onion of the parable","body":"«Луковка» is the tender diminutive of «лук/луковица» ('onion') — 'a little onion'. It is the chapter's titular emblem: the single small good deed (the onion the wicked woman once gave a beggar) by which a soul might be drawn out of hell. Grushenka, 'wicked as I am', claims her own onion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда того впредь не забуду","title":"Negative concord and genitive «того»","body":"«Никогда… не забуду» pairs the negative adverb «никогда» ('never') with «не» — Russian's obligatory negative concord, two negatives for one meaning. «Того» (genitive of «то') is the genitive of negation under «не забуду» ('will never forget it'); «впредь» means 'henceforth'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordinated clauses","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"начну","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll start"},{"surface":"плакать","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начну","gloss":"crying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начну","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начну","gloss":"I'll start"},{"surface":"плакать!","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начну (w5)","gloss":"crying!"},{"surface":"приговаривала","lemma":"приговаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"chanted"},{"surface":"Грушенька.","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приговаривала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of назвал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of назвал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сестрой","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of назвал","gloss":"sister"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сестрой","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"назвал","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забуду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забуду","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of забуду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"впредь","lemma":"впредь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забуду","gloss":"from now on"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates забуду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забуду","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with назвал","gloss":"will forget"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вот что","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase вот что","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase вот что","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"Ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of злая","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"concessive, modifies злая","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the concessive phrase хоть и","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"злая","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of the concessive clause","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё-таки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё-таки, modifies подала","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"луковку","lemma":"луковка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подала","gloss":"an onion"},{"surface":"подала","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"gave"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b7-c3-s173","source":"— Каку таку луковку? Фу, черт, да и впрямь помешались!","translation":"— What onion, what's all this? Pah, the devil — they really have gone mad!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Каку таку луковку?","title":"Folk-clipped «каку таку»","body":"«Каку таку» is the rough, colloquial clipping of «какую такую» ('what sort of') — the unstressed endings worn away in fast, contemptuous speech. «Каку таку луковку?» — 'what onion is this?' — perfectly catches Rakitin's baffled scorn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да и впрямь помешались!","title":"Reflexive «помешались» — 'gone mad'","body":"«Помешались» (perfective, with «-сь») means 'have gone out of their minds, lost their wits'. «Да и впрямь» ('why, they really have') marks Rakitin's exasperated conclusion. «Фу, черт» ('pah, the devil') is a coarse oath of vexation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Каку","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of луковку","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"таку","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of луковку, coordinated with Каку","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"луковку","lemma":"луковка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"onion"},{"surface":"Фу","lemma":"фу","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"Pah"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Фу","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и впрямь","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies впрямь","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"впрямь","lemma":"впрямь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помешались","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"помешались","lemma":"помешаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have gone mad"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b7-c3-s174","source":"Ракитин удивлялся на их восторженность и обидчиво злился, хотя и мог бы сообразить, что у обоих как раз сошлось всё, что могло потрясти их души так, как случается это нечасто в жизни.","translation":"Rakitin marveled at their rapture and bristled with affront, though he might well have grasped that everything had just converged for the two of them in a way that shakes the soul as seldom happens in life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя и мог бы сообразить","title":"Concessive «хотя» with conditional «мог бы»","body":"«Хотя и мог бы сообразить» — 'though he might well have grasped': concessive «хотя» plus the conditional «мог бы» (past «мог» + particle «бы»), the irrealis softening to 'could/might have'. «Сообразить» is the perfective 'to figure out, realize'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что могло потрясти их души так, как случается это нечасто","title":"Dense relative-and-comparative subordination","body":"A bookish, layered sentence: a «что»-clause ('that everything had converged') containing a result clause «что могло потрясти» ('such as could shake'), capped by a comparative «так, как… нечасто» ('in a way that seldom happens'). This nesting of clauses is the narrator's elevated literary register, against the choppy dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удивлялся","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"удивлялся","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"marveled"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторженность","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of восторженность","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"восторженность","lemma":"восторженность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удивлялся","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обидчиво","lemma":"обидчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies злился","gloss":"touchily"},{"surface":"злился","lemma":"злиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with удивлялся","gloss":"bristled"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of мог","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes хотя","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on злился","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"forms the conditional мог бы","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"сообразить","lemma":"сообразить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"grasped"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сошлось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обоих","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine","role":"oblique complement of сошлось","gloss":"the two of them"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как раз, modifies сошлось","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"сошлось","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сообразить","gloss":"had converged"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сошлось","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of могло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying всё","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"потрясти","lemma":"потрясти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"shake"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of потрясти","gloss":"souls"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потрясти, correlates with как","gloss":"in a way"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of случается","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"случается","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on так","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случается","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"нечасто","lemma":"нечасто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случается","gloss":"rarely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случается","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b7-c3-s175","source":"Но Ракитин, умевший весьма чувствительно понимать всё, что касалось его самого, был очень груб в понимании чувств и ощущений ближних своих — отчасти по молодой неопытности своей, а отчасти и по великому своему эгоизму.","translation":"But Rakitin, keenly able to feel out everything that touched himself, was very crude when it came to understanding the feelings and sensations of those around him — partly out of his youthful inexperience, and partly out of his vast egoism.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"умевший весьма чувствительно понимать","title":"Past active participle «умевший»","body":"«Умевший» is the past active participle of «уметь» ('to be able'), in -вш-, agreeing with «Ракитин» — 'who was able / being able'. It condenses a «который»-clause ('Rakitin, who was able…') into one bookish modifier, the hallmark of the narrator's literary syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был очень груб в понимании чувств… ближних своих","title":"Genitive chains and reflexive «своих»","body":"«В понимании чувств… ближних своих» strings genitives: «чувств… ощущений» ('of feelings… sensations') and «ближних своих» ('of his neighbours'), with reflexive «своих» pointing the neighbours back to Rakitin. «Ближний» ('the near one, neighbour') carries a Gospel resonance — the very neighbour he fails to feel for."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отчасти… а отчасти и по… эгоизму","title":"Causal «по» + dative; balanced «отчасти… отчасти»","body":"The cause is given by «по» + dative: «по молодой неопытности своей», «по великому своему эгоизму» ('out of his youthful inexperience… his vast egoism'). The balanced «отчасти… а отчасти» ('partly… partly') frames the narrator's measured, weighing judgment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of груб","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"умевший","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Ракитин","gloss":"who could"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствительно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"чувствительно","lemma":"чувствительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимать","gloss":"keenly"},{"surface":"понимать","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умевший","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимать","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of касалось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"касалось","lemma":"касаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on всё","gloss":"concerned"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of касалось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies его","gloss":"self"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to груб","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies груб","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"груб","lemma":"грубый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, head of the phrase","gloss":"crude"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking понимании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"понимании","lemma":"понимание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of груб","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"чувств","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies понимании","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ощущений","lemma":"ощущение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with чувств","gloss":"sensations"},{"surface":"ближних","lemma":"ближний","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), genitive, plural","role":"head noun, modified by своих","gloss":"those close to him"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of ближних","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"отчасти","lemma":"отчасти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies груб","gloss":"partly"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неопытности","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies неопытности","gloss":"youthful"},{"surface":"неопытности","lemma":"неопытность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отчасти","gloss":"inexperience"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of неопытности","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отчасти","lemma":"отчасти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies эгоизму","gloss":"partly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes отчасти","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эгоизму","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"великому","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies эгоизму","gloss":"vast"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of эгоизму","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"эгоизму","lemma":"эгоизм","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отчасти","gloss":"egoism"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b7-c3-s176","source":"— Видишь, Алешечка, — нервно рассмеялась вдруг Грушенька, обращаясь к нему, — это я Ракитке похвалилась, что луковку подала, а тебе не похвалюсь, я тебе с иной целью это скажу.","translation":"— You see, Alyoshechka — Grushenka suddenly laughed nervously, turning to him — I bragged to Rakitka that I gave away an onion, but to you I won't brag; to you I'll tell it with a different purpose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нервно рассмеялась… обращаясь к нему","title":"Perfective laugh plus gerund «обращаясь»","body":"«Рассмеялась» ('burst out laughing', perfective with «-сь», a single onset of laughter) is attended by the imperfective gerund «обращаясь к нему» ('turning to him'), «к» + dative «нему». The gerund layers the simultaneous gesture onto the main act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"похвалилась… а тебе не похвалюсь","title":"Aspect-and-tense play on «похвалиться»","body":"«Похвалилась» (perfective past, 'I bragged') to Rakitin is set against «не похвалюсь» (perfective future, 'I won't brag') to Alyosha — same verb, past vs future, both perfective, hinged on contrastive «а». The «-сь» makes it reflexive ('boast of oneself')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с иной целью это скажу","title":"Instrumental of manner «с иной целью»","body":"«С иной целью» — 'with a different purpose' — uses «с» + instrumental «целью» ('aim, purpose') for the manner/intent behind the telling. «Иной» ('other, different') distinguishes it from the boasting she gave Rakitin. «Скажу» is the perfective future."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"You see"},{"surface":"Алешечка,","lemma":"Алешечка","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshechka"},{"surface":"нервно","lemma":"нервно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмеялась","gloss":"nervously"},{"surface":"рассмеялась","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Видишь","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмеялась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of рассмеялась","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on рассмеялась","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему,","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic marker introducing похвалилась","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of похвалилась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Ракитке","lemma":"Ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of похвалилась","gloss":"to Rakitka"},{"surface":"похвалилась","lemma":"похвалиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bragged"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"луковку","lemma":"луковка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подала","gloss":"an onion"},{"surface":"подала","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of похвалилась","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of похвалюсь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates похвалюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"похвалюсь","lemma":"похвалиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подала","gloss":"will I brag"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking целью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies целью","gloss":"a different"},{"surface":"целью","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скажу","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подала","gloss":"will tell"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b7-c3-s177","source":"Это только басня, но она хорошая басня, я ее, еще дитей была, от моей Матрены, что теперь у меня в кухарках служит, слышала.","translation":"It's only a fable, but it's a good fable; I heard it when I was still a child, from my Matryona, who serves as my cook now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"басня","title":"«басня» — a fable, a tale","body":"«Басня» is a fable or moral tale (the word also names Aesop/Krylov-style verse fables). Grushenka calls the onion story «хорошая басня» ('a good fable') — a folk parable, not scripture, yet bearing the chapter's whole spiritual freight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще дитей была","title":"Instrumental «дитей» of a temporary state","body":"«Ещё дитей была» — 'when I was still a child': «дитя» ('child') in the instrumental «дитей», the case Russian uses for the predicate after «быть» in the past, framing a temporary stage of life ('I was a child'). The form «дитей» is the older instrumental of «дитя»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of басня","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies басня","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"басня","lemma":"басня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a fable"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of басня","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"хорошая","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies басня","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"басня","lemma":"басня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with басня","gloss":"fable"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of слышала","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дитей","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"дитей","lemma":"дитя","morphology":"noun, instrumental, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying я","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Матрены","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Матрены","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Матрены","lemma":"Матрёна","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышала","gloss":"Matryona"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of служит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies служит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of служит","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кухарках","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"кухарках","lemma":"кухарка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of служит","gloss":"cook"},{"surface":"служит","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Матрены","gloss":"serves"},{"surface":"слышала","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b7-c3-s178","source":"Видишь, как это: «Жила-была одна баба злющая-презлющая и померла. И не осталось после нее ни одной добродетели.","translation":"Here's how it goes: \"There once lived a peasant woman, wicked through and through, and she died. And not a single virtue was left behind her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Жила-была одна баба","title":"«Жила-была» — 'once upon a time there lived'","body":"«Жил-был / жила-была» is the fixed opening of Russian folk tales — paired imperfective pasts ('there lived-and-was'), exactly 'once upon a time there lived'. It instantly signals скаzка/fable mode, the storyteller's voice taking over."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"злющая-презлющая","title":"«злющая-презлющая» — wicked through and through","body":"An expressive superlative built by suffix and reduplication: «злющая» (the augmentative «-ющ-» of «злой», 'fiercely wicked') doubled with the prefixed «пре-» ('most-, utterly') — 'wicked, ever so wicked'. Folk speech intensifies not with «очень» but with such playful, sound-rich pile-ups."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не осталось… ни одной добродетели","title":"Genitive of negation with «ни одной»","body":"«Не осталось ни одной добродетели» — 'not a single virtue was left': the impersonal negated «не осталось» forces the absent subject into the genitive, «ни одной добродетели», and «ни» in negative concord with «не» gives 'not even one'. A textbook genitive of negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"You see"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause это","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Видишь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Жила","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded tale, coordinated with была","gloss":"there lived"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the formula жила-была","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies баба","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"баба","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Жила-была","gloss":"peasant woman"},{"surface":"злющая","lemma":"злющий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies баба","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"презлющая","lemma":"презлющий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies баба, coordinated with злющая","gloss":"through and through"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"померла","lemma":"помереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Жила-была","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates осталось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"осталось","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was left"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осталось","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одной","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies добродетели","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"добродетели","lemma":"добродетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of осталось","gloss":"virtue"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b7-c3-s179","source":"Схватили ее черти и кинули в огненное озеро.","translation":"The devils seized her and flung her into the lake of fire.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Схватили ее черти и кинули","title":"Perfective pasts, subject after object","body":"«Схватили… и кинули» — 'seized and flung', two perfective pasts driving the tale forward. The object «её» precedes the subject «черти» («Схватили её черти»), a fairy-tale word order that puts the seizing first; cases keep subject and object straight despite the inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Схватили","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Схватили","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"черти","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Схватили","gloss":"devils"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кинули","lemma":"кинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Схватили","gloss":"flung"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking озеро","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"огненное","lemma":"огненный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies озеро","gloss":"fiery"},{"surface":"озеро","lemma":"озеро","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кинули","gloss":"lake"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b7-c3-s180","source":"А ангел-хранитель ее стоит да и думает: какую бы мне такую добродетель ее припомнить, чтобы богу сказать.","translation":"But her guardian angel stood there and thought: what virtue of hers might I recall, to tell it to God?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоит да и думает","title":"Narrative present «стоит да и думает»","body":"Inside the past-tense tale the verbs slip into the vivid present, «стоит да и думает» ('stands and thinks'), the folksy «да и» ('and so, and then') linking them — a storyteller's device that brings the scene close. Both are imperfective, holding the angel in a pondering pause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какую бы… добродетель… припомнить, чтобы богу сказать","title":"Deliberative «бы» + infinitive, and purpose «чтобы»","body":"«Какую бы… припомнить» is a deliberative question with «бы» plus infinitive — 'what virtue might I recall', the particle «бы» giving the musing, hypothetical tone. «Чтобы богу сказать» ('to tell it to God') is the purpose clause, «богу» dative addressee."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the compound subject ангел-хранитель","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"хранитель","lemma":"хранитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the compound subject ангел-хранитель","gloss":"guardian"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ангел-хранитель","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и думает","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"думает","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоит","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of добродетель","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"forms the conditional какую бы","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of припомнить","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of добродетель","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"добродетель","lemma":"добродетель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of припомнить","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of добродетель","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"припомнить","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of думает","gloss":"recall"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of сказать","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"to God"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on припомнить","gloss":"tell"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b7-c3-s181","source":"Вспомнил и говорит богу: она, говорит, в огороде луковку выдернула и нищенке подала.","translation":"He remembered one and said to God: she once pulled up an onion in her garden, he said, and gave it to a beggar woman.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"луковку","title":"«луковка»: the diminutive at the heart of the tale","body":"«лук» is an onion; «луковица» a single bulb; and «луковка» a tender diminutive of that — 'a little onion'. The whole fable turns on this fragile, slight thing, and the affectionate suffix keeps it small and pitiable. The accusative «луковку» is the object of «выдернула»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выдернула… подала","title":"Two perfective past verbs: single completed acts","body":"«выдернула» (pulled up) and «подала» (handed over) are both perfective past, gendered feminine -ла to agree with the woman. Aspect frames each as one finished act — the single good deed of her whole life, recalled as a discrete event."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нищенке","title":"«нищенка»: a beggar-woman","body":"«нищенка» is the feminine of «нищий» (a destitute beggar), here in the dative «нищенке» as the recipient of «подала». In Orthodox folk piety almsgiving to beggars was the very type of a saving good work — which is why the gift of one onion can be weighed against a whole damned life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорит","title":"«говорит» as a folk narrative tag","body":"The repeated present-tense «говорит» ('says, he says') is the storyteller's quotative marker, dropped into the middle of reported speech the way English oral tales say 'says she'. It keeps the legend vivid and present, even as the verbs of action stay in the past."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вспомнил","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He remembered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Вспомнил","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорит","gloss":"to God"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выдернула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking огороде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"огороде","lemma":"огород","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выдернула","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"луковку","lemma":"луковка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выдернула","gloss":"an onion"},{"surface":"выдернула","lemma":"выдернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорит","gloss":"pulled up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нищенке","lemma":"нищенка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of подала","gloss":"to a beggar woman"},{"surface":"подала","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выдернула","gloss":"gave"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b7-c3-s182","source":"И отвечает ему бог: возьми ж ты, говорит, эту самую луковку, протяни ей в озеро, пусть ухватится и тянется, и коли вытянешь ее вон из озера, то пусть в рай идет, а оборвется луковка, то там и оставаться бабе, где теперь.","translation":"And God answered him: take that very onion, then, he said, and hold it out to her in the lake; let her catch hold and be pulled, and if you draw her clear of the lake, then let her go to paradise, but if the onion breaks, then the woman is to stay where she is now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"возьми… протяни… пусть ухватится","title":"Imperatives and the third-person «пусть»","body":"God's instructions stack imperatives: «возьми» (take), «протяни» (hold out). For a third person Russian cannot command directly, so it uses «пусть» + verb — «пусть ухватится и тянется», 'let her catch hold and be pulled', «пусть в рай идёт», 'let her go to paradise'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли вытянешь… то пусть","title":"«коли»: a folk 'if' and the perfective future","body":"«коли» is a homely, archaic equivalent of «если» ('if'), in keeping with the peasant register of the tale. «вытянешь» is a perfective form with present-tense endings, so it reads as future — 'if you (will) draw her out' — the simple future that lives inside the perfective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оборвётся луковка… оставаться бабе","title":"Reflexive «-ся» and a dative-of-fate infinitive","body":"«оборвётся» carries the middle-voice «-ся»: the onion 'breaks' of itself, no agent named. Then «там и оставаться бабе» is an impersonal infinitive of destiny with the experiencer in the dative («бабе») — 'there the woman is to stay', the fate decreed for her."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"баба","title":"«баба»: the peasant woman","body":"«баба» is a plain, earthy word for a married peasant woman, blunt and a little coarse compared with «женщина». Its repetition keeps the fable rooted in folk speech, and Grushenka will soon claim the title for herself."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"отвечает","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отвечает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отвечает","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"возьми","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of отвечает","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возьми","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возьми","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of луковку","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies эту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"луковку","lemma":"луковка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возьми","gloss":"onion"},{"surface":"протяни","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возьми","gloss":"hold out"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of протяни","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking озеро","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"озеро","lemma":"озеро","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of протяни","gloss":"the lake"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ухватится","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ухватится","lemma":"ухватиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возьми","gloss":"catch hold"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тянется","lemma":"тянуться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ухватится","gloss":"be drawn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of вытянешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вытянешь","lemma":"вытянуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause on идет","gloss":"you draw out"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вытянешь","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вытянешь","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking озера","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"озера","lemma":"озеро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытянешь","gloss":"the lake"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the result clause идет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies идет","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рай","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"рай","lemma":"рай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идет","gloss":"paradise"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"оборвется","lemma":"оборваться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause on там","gloss":"breaks"},{"surface":"луковка","lemma":"луковка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оборвется","gloss":"the onion"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the result clause там","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставаться","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes там","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main clause (dative-infinitive construction)","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"бабе","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative subject of оставаться","gloss":"the woman"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"relative clause on там","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies где","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b7-c3-s183","source":"Побежал ангел к бабе, протянул ей луковку: на, говорит, баба, схватись и тянись.","translation":"The angel ran to the woman and held out the onion to her: here, woman, he said, take hold and pull.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Побежал ангел… протянул","title":"Verb-first word order in lively narration","body":"The clauses open with the verb — «Побежал ангел», «протянул ей луковку» — putting the action's onset in focus and letting the subject follow. This verb-first rhythm is typical of fast Russian folk narration, where the deed leads and the doer trails."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на","title":"«на»: 'here, take it'","body":"This «на» is not the preposition but the colloquial particle of giving — thrust at someone with an object, 'here you are, take it'. It is the spoken gesture of handing something over, perfectly suited to the angel's quick offer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватись и тянись","title":"Reflexive imperatives in -сь","body":"Both commands carry the reflexive clitic, which appears as «-сь» after the vowel of the imperative: «схватись» (grab hold) and «тянись» (be pulled / pull yourself up). The «-ся/-сь» turns the action back on the doer — she must do the clutching herself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Побежал","gloss":"The angel"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бабе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"бабе","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Побежал","gloss":"the woman"},{"surface":"протянул","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Побежал","gloss":"held out"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of протянул","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"луковку","lemma":"луковка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of протянул","gloss":"the onion"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker (offering something)","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"баба","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"схватись","lemma":"схватиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with протянул (as command)","gloss":"grab hold"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тянись","lemma":"тянуться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with схватись","gloss":"pull"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b7-c3-s184","source":"И стал он ее осторожно тянуть и уж всю было вытянул, да грешники прочие в озере, как увидали, что ее тянут вон, и стали все за нее хвататься, чтоб и их вместе с нею вытянули.","translation":"And he began drawing her up carefully, and had nearly pulled her all the way out, when the other sinners in the lake, seeing she was being drawn out, all began clutching at her, so as to be pulled up together with her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж всю было вытянул","title":"The «было» of a barely-averted action","body":"«было» here is not the past of 'to be' but a special particle placed after a perfective verb to mark an action begun or all-but-completed, then reversed or interrupted — 'he had nearly pulled her all the way out (but…)'. It sets up the disaster that follows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как увидали, что ее тянут","title":"«тянут»: an agentless 3rd-person plural","body":"«ее тянут вон» uses a bare 3rd-person plural with no subject — Russian's way of saying 'she is being drawn out' without naming who. The same impersonal plural appears in «чтоб… их вытянули», 'so they'd be pulled out'. English must turn it into a passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб… вытянули","title":"Purpose «чтоб» + past-form irrealis","body":"«чтоб» (a clipped «чтобы») introduces purpose, and Russian requires the verb after it in the past form: «чтоб… их вытянули», 'so that they too might be pulled out'. The past form here is the irrealis built into «чтобы», not a real past event."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"грешники прочие","title":"«грешники прочие»: the other sinners","body":"«грешник» is a sinner (feminine «грешница»); «прочие» means 'the rest, the others'. The bookish postposition of «прочие» after its noun gives a faintly elevated, almost scriptural cadence inside the otherwise folksy tale."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал/тянуть","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of тянуть","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"осторожно","lemma":"осторожно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тянуть","gloss":"carefully"},{"surface":"тянуть","lemma":"тянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"draw up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вытянул","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вытянул (agrees with elided ее)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the near-completed, interrupted action of вытянул","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"вытянул","lemma":"вытянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the уж...было construction, parallel to тянуть","gloss":"pulled out"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (adversative)","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"грешники","lemma":"грешник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of увидали","gloss":"sinners"},{"surface":"прочие","lemma":"прочий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies грешники","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking озере","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"озере","lemma":"озеро","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of грешники","gloss":"lake"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увидали","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"увидали","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause, modifying стали","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of тянут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of тянут","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"тянут","lemma":"тянуть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of увидали","gloss":"was being drawn"},{"surface":"вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тянут","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хвататься","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хвататься","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"хвататься","lemma":"хвататься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"clutch"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вытянули","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes их (\"them too\")","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вытянули","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вытянули","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"вытянули","lemma":"вытянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the чтоб-clause, modifying хвататься","gloss":"pull out"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b7-c3-s185","source":"А баба-то была злющая-презлющая, и почала она их ногами брыкать: „Меня тянут, а не вас, моя луковка, а не ваша“.","translation":"But the woman was wicked through and through, and she set to kicking them off with her feet: „It's me being pulled, not you; it's my onion, not yours.“","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"злющая-презлющая","title":"«злющая-презлющая»: wicked through and through","body":"«злющий» is an expressive, intensified form of «злой» (wicked, vicious); doubling it with the prefix «пре-» («презлющая») piles superlative on superlative — 'wicked and then some'. The reduplication is folk-emphatic, and this very phrase becomes Grushenka's self-description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"баба-то","title":"The topic-marking clitic «-то»","body":"«-то» tacked onto «баба» is not the indefinite particle but the emphatic topic-clitic: it singles out the woman as the known subject under discussion — 'this woman, now…'. It is a hallmark of colloquial, storytelling Russian, recurring throughout Grushenka's speech («луковка-то», «он-то»)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"почала… брыкать","title":"«почала» and «брыкать»: folk verbs of kicking","body":"«почала» is a dialectal, archaic perfective of 'began' (standard «начала»), and «брыкать(ся)» is to kick out, lash with the legs — used of restive animals. Together they make the woman's spite physical and bestial, anticipating the 'vicious dog' image Grushenka turns on herself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"моя луковка, а не ваша","title":"Contrastive «а» — 'mine, and not yours'","body":"The little «а» is Russian's mild contrastive conjunction, pivoting between two set-against items: «Меня тянут, а не вас» (me, not you), «моя… а не ваша» (mine, not yours). It marks a shift of focus rather than flat opposition — the hinge of her selfish insistence."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"баба","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes баба (enclitic -то)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking баба to злющая-презлющая","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"злющая","lemma":"злющий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, coordinated with презлющая","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"презлющая","lemma":"презлющий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with злющая","gloss":"through and through"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почала","lemma":"почать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with была","gloss":"began","note":"почала is a folk/dialectal past of почать (\"to begin\"), used here for oral storytelling color."},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of почала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of брыкать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ногами","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of брыкать","gloss":"with her feet"},{"surface":"брыкать","lemma":"брыкать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of почала","gloss":"kick"},{"surface":"Меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of тянут","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тянут","lemma":"тянуть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"pulling"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (contrastive)","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вас","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"contrasted with Меня, object of understood тянут","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of луковка","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"луковка","lemma":"луковка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical clause, coordinated with Меня тянут","gloss":"onion"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (contrastive)","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ваша","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ваша","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"contrasted with моя луковка","gloss":"yours"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b7-c3-s186","source":"Только что она это выговорила, луковка-то и порвалась.","translation":"The moment she said it, the onion snapped.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Только что она это выговорила","title":"«Только что»: 'the very moment that'","body":"«Только что» + perfective past sets up an instantaneous sequence — 'no sooner had she said it than…'. The perfective «выговорила» (got the words out, finished saying) marks the completed utterance that triggers the next perfective event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"луковка-то и порвалась","title":"Emphatic «и» + reflexive «порвалась»","body":"Here «и» is not 'and' but an emphatic particle — 'the onion just snapped'. The verb «порвалась» carries «-ся» as a middle voice: the onion breaks of its own accord, no one tearing it, the fatal consequence falling like a verdict."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только что (\"as soon as\")","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выговорила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выговорила","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"выговорила","lemma":"выговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"луковка","lemma":"луковка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of порвалась","gloss":"onion"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes луковка (enclitic -то)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the result, coordinated with выговорила","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"порвалась","lemma":"порваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выговорила","gloss":"snapped"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b7-c3-s187","source":"И упала баба в озеро и горит по сей день.","translation":"And the woman fell back into the lake, and there she burns to this day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"горит по сей день","title":"Imperfective present for an unending state","body":"After the chain of perfective events, «горит» ('burns') drops into the imperfective present — the eternal, ongoing punishment that has no completion. Aspect alone carries the shift from the fable's finished acts to the woman's endless burning."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по сей день","title":"«по сей день»: 'to this very day'","body":"A fixed bookish phrase using the archaic demonstrative «сей» ('this'), preserved only in set expressions. «по сей день» means 'right up to the present' and lends the folk tale's close a timeless, almost liturgical weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"упала","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"баба","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of упала","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking озеро","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"озеро","lemma":"озеро","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of упала","gloss":"the lake"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"горит","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with упала","gloss":"burns"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of горит","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b7-c3-s188","source":"А ангел заплакал и отошел».","translation":"And the angel wept and went away.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заплакал и отошёл","title":"Inceptive «за-» and prefixed motion «отошёл»","body":"«заплакал» uses the prefix «за-» to mark the onset of an action — 'began to weep, burst into tears'. «отошёл» is a prefixed verb of motion (от- + шёл) meaning 'stepped away, withdrew'. Two crisp perfectives close the fable on the angel's grief."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заплакал","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"заплакал","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отошел","lemma":"отойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заплакал","gloss":"went away"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b7-c3-s189","source":"Вот она эта басня, Алеша, наизусть запомнила, потому что сама я и есть эта самая баба злющая.","translation":"There's the fable for you, Alyosha; I learned it by heart, because I'm that very same wicked woman myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"басня","title":"«басня»: a fable","body":"«басня» is a fable or moral tale — the word for Aesop's and Krylov's beast-fables. Grushenka calls the onion-legend her «басня», and in the same breath claims to be its very heroine, collapsing the gap between exemplum and confession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сама я и есть эта самая баба","title":"Emphatic «сам» and the bare present «есть»","body":"«сама… и есть» piles up emphasis: the intensifier «сама» ('I myself'), the focusing «и», and the rare overt copula «есть» (Russian usually drops 'to be' in the present). The effect is 'I am the very one' — an insistent self-identification with the wicked woman."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces она эта басня","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"resumptive pronoun anticipating басня","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of басня","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"басня","lemma":"басня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"fable"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"наизусть","lemma":"наизусть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запомнила","gloss":"by heart"},{"surface":"запомнила","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with the вот-clause","gloss":"memorized"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the causal clause (потому что)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphasizes я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, singular","role":"copula linking я to баба","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of баба","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies баба","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"баба","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"злющая","lemma":"злющий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies баба","gloss":"wicked"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b7-c3-s190","source":"Ракитке я похвалилась, что луковку подала, а тебе иначе скажу: всего-то я луковку какую-нибудь во всю жизнь мою подала, всего только на мне и есть добродетели.","translation":"To Rakitka I bragged that I gave away an onion, but to you I'll put it otherwise: in my whole life I've given away just one onion, that's all the virtue there is to me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"луковку какую-нибудь","title":"«какую-нибудь»: 'some onion or other'","body":"The clitic «-нибудь» on «какой» makes it non-specific — 'just some onion, any old onion'. It deflates the single good deed to a triviality, the opposite of the specific «-то» series; the postposed adjective adds a dismissive shrug."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"добродетели","title":"«добродетель»: virtue, bookish","body":"«добродетель» (virtue, a virtuous deed) is an elevated, moralizing noun — literally 'good-doing'. Here «всего только на мне и есть добродетели» is genitive after the quantifier 'all there is', wryly measuring her entire stock of goodness as one onion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ракитке","lemma":"Ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of похвалилась","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of похвалилась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"похвалилась","lemma":"похвалиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bragged"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"луковку","lemma":"луковка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подала","gloss":"an onion"},{"surface":"подала","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of похвалилась","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"differently"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with похвалилась","gloss":"I'll say"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase всего-то, modifies подала","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase всего-то","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"луковку","lemma":"луковка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подала","gloss":"onion"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"part of phrase какую-нибудь, determiner of луковку","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase какую-нибудь","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подала","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"подала","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with скажу","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase всего только, modifies есть","gloss":"that's all"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase всего только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"добродетели","lemma":"добродетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"virtue"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b7-c3-s191","source":"И не хвали ты меня после того, Алеша, не почитай меня доброю, злая я, злющая-презлющая, а будешь хвалить, в стыд введешь.","translation":"And don't you praise me after that, Alyosha, don't take me for good; I'm wicked, wicked through and through, and if you praise me you'll shame me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не хвали… не почитай","title":"Negated imperfective imperatives: 'don't'","body":"Russian forms prohibitions with «не» + the imperfective imperative: «не хвали» (don't praise), «не почитай» (don't consider/take me for). Imperfective is the norm in negative commands, denying the activity as a whole. The added «ты» is emphatic, almost pleading."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почитай меня доброю","title":"Instrumental predicate «доброю»","body":"«почитать кого кем» ('to consider someone as something') takes its predicate in the instrumental: «доброю» (an old, long instrumental of «добрая», 'good/kind'). The -ою ending is the bookish 19th-century variant of modern -ой, common in Dostoevsky."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а будешь хвалить, в стыд введёшь","title":"Compound future and a conditional-by-juxtaposition","body":"«будешь хвалить» is the imperfective compound future (быть + infinitive), 'you will (be) praising'; «введёшь» is a perfective simple future, 'you'll lead me into'. Set side by side without «если», they read as a folk conditional — 'praise me, and you'll shame me'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хвали","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"хвали","lemma":"хвалить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"praise"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хвали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of хвали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хвали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почитай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"почитай","lemma":"почитать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хвали","gloss":"consider"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of почитай","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"доброю","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of почитай","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"злая","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of (elided) я есть","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of (elided) есть","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"злющая","lemma":"злющий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with злая","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"презлющая","lemma":"презлющий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with злющая","gloss":"through and through"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of хвалить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"хвалить","lemma":"хвалить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of будешь","gloss":"praise"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стыд","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"стыд","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of введешь","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"введешь","lemma":"ввести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"you'll bring"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b7-c3-s192","source":"Эх, да уж покаюсь совсем. Слушай, Алеша: я тебя столь желала к себе залучить и столь приставала к Ракитке что ему двадцать пять рублей пообещала, если тебя ко мне приведет.","translation":"Eh, but let me confess it all. Listen, Alyosha: I wanted so much to lure you to me, and I pestered Rakitka so, that I promised him twenty-five rubles if he'd bring you to me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"покаюсь совсем","title":"«покаюсь»: 'I'll confess it all'","body":"«покаяться» is the perfective reflexive 'to repent, to confess' — the religious verb behind «покаяние», the sacrament of confession. Here as a perfective simple future, «покаюсь», it announces a single, decisive act of confession that frames Grushenka's whole outpouring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь желала… столь приставала","title":"Bookish «столь»: 'so much'","body":"«столь» ('so, to such a degree') is the elevated, literary counterpart of everyday «так / настолько», correlating with «что» ('that…'). Its repetition — «столь желала… столь приставала, что…» — lifts the register and measures the intensity of her wanting."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если тебя ко мне приведёт","title":"Real conditional «если» + perfective future","body":"Unlike the irrealis «если бы», plain «если» states an open, real condition. «приведёт» is a perfective future ('if he brings you'), and «привести» is a prefixed verb of motion — при- 'to here' + вести 'lead'. The promised money hangs on that single completed act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эх","lemma":"эх","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamatory interjection","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да уж, modifies покаюсь","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"покаюсь","lemma":"покаяться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll confess"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покаюсь","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of желала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of залучить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желала","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"желала","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of залучить","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"залучить","lemma":"залучить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желала","gloss":"lure"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приставала","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"приставала","lemma":"приставать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with желала","gloss":"pestered"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ракитке","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Ракитке","lemma":"Ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приставала","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause (столь...что)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of пообещала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on пять","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of пообещала","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"пообещала","lemma":"пообещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"promised"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приведет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of приведет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of приведет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"приведет","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пообещала","gloss":"brings"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b7-c3-s193","source":"Стой, Ракитка, жди! — Она быстрыми шагами подошла к столу, отворила ящик, вынула портмоне, а из него двадцатипятирублевую кредитку.","translation":"Wait, Rakitka, wait! — She walked with quick steps to the table, opened a drawer, drew out a purse, and from it a twenty-five-ruble note.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подошла… отворила… вынула","title":"A chain of perfective pasts: rapid stage business","body":"Four perfective past verbs in a row — «подошла, отворила, вынула… (вынула)» — march the action forward step by step: she stepped to the table, opened the drawer, took out the purse, drew out the note. Perfective aspect makes each a single completed move in quick succession."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"портмоне","title":"«портмоне»: a French loan purse","body":"«портмоне» (a purse, wallet) is an indeclinable borrowing from French porte-monnaie — one of many genteel Gallicisms in 19th-century Russian. Being indeclinable, it keeps the same shape in every case, here the accusative object of «вынула»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"двадцатипятирублёвую кредитку","title":"«кредитка»: a banknote","body":"A «кредитка» is a 'credit note', the everyday term for a paper banknote (a «государственный кредитный билет»). The bristling compound adjective «двадцатипятирублёвую» ('twenty-five-ruble') packs the whole denomination into one declined word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стой","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"imperative address","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"Ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"жди!","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Стой","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подошла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"быстрыми","lemma":"быстрый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies шагами","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"шагами","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подошла","gloss":"steps"},{"surface":"подошла","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"столу","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошла","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"отворила","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошла","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"ящик","lemma":"ящик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отворила","gloss":"drawer"},{"surface":"вынула","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошла","gloss":"took out"},{"surface":"портмоне","lemma":"портмоне","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вынула","gloss":"purse"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынула (elided repetition)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"двадцатипятирублевую","lemma":"двадцатипятирублёвый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кредитку","gloss":"twenty-five-ruble"},{"surface":"кредитку","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of (elided) вынула, coordinated with портмоне","gloss":"note"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b7-c3-s194","source":"— Экой вздор! Экой вздор! — восклицал озадаченный Ракитин.","translation":"— What nonsense! What nonsense! — exclaimed the bewildered Rakitin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Экой вздор","title":"«Экой вздор!»: 'What rubbish!'","body":"«вздор» is nonsense, rubbish, twaddle. «Экой» (colloquial for «экий») is an exclamatory 'what a…!', expressing surprise or scorn. Doubled, «Экой вздор! Экой вздор!» captures Rakitin's flustered, dismissive shock at the money."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"восклицал озадаченный Ракитин","title":"Past passive participle «озадаченный»","body":"«озадаченный» ('puzzled, bewildered') is a past passive participle from «озадачить», used attributively before Rakitin — 'the bewildered Rakitin'. Such participles condense a whole clause ('who had been thrown off') into a single adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Экой","lemma":"экой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вздор (first instance)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamatory phrase, first instance","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"Экой","lemma":"экой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вздор! (second instance)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вздор!","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamatory phrase, second instance","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"озадаченный","lemma":"озадаченный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Ракитин","gloss":"bewildered"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"Rakitin"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b7-c3-s195","source":"— Принимай, Ракитка, долг, небось не откажешься, сам просил. — И швырнула ему кредитку.","translation":"— Take your due, Rakitka; you won't refuse, I dare say — you asked for it yourself. — And she flung the note at him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Принимай… долг","title":"Imperfective imperative «Принимай»","body":"«Принимай» is the imperfective imperative ('take, accept') — an offhand, almost contemptuous 'go on, take it'. Imperfective commands invite the action as a process or general bidding; «долг» ('debt, what is owed') names the money as merely his due."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"небось","title":"«небось»: 'I dare say, no doubt'","body":"«небось» is a folksy modal word (worn down from «не бойся», 'don't fear') meaning 'I bet, surely, no doubt'. It colours her taunt — «небось не откажешься» — with knowing irony: she's sure he won't refuse."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не откажешься","title":"Reflexive perfective future «не откажешься»","body":"«отказаться» ('to refuse, decline') is a reflexive perfective; «откажешься» is its 2nd-person perfective future — 'you won't refuse'. The «-ся» marks the act as turned on the self, refusing on one's own behalf."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"швырнула","title":"«швырнула»: 'she flung'","body":"«швырнуть» is to hurl, fling contemptuously — a sharp, single perfective act (note the -ну- of an instantaneous verb). She doesn't 'hand' the note over; she throws it, the gesture itself an insult."}],"words":[{"surface":"Принимай","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (imperative)","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"Ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"долг","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Принимай","gloss":"due"},{"surface":"небось","lemma":"небось","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies откажешься","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies откажешься","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"откажешься","lemma":"отказаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main clause modified by небось","gloss":"refuse"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the (elided) subject of просил","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"просил.","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with откажешься","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"швырнула","lemma":"швырнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flung"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of швырнула","gloss":"at him"},{"surface":"кредитку","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of швырнула","gloss":"note"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b7-c3-s196","source":"— Еще б отказаться, — пробасил Ракитин, видимо сконфузившись, но молодцевато прикрывая стыд, — это нам вельми на руку будет, дураки и существуют в профит умному человеку","translation":"— Refuse, why would I — Rakitin rumbled, plainly disconcerted but covering his shame with a swagger — it'll come in mighty handy for us; fools exist for the profit of the clever man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Еще б отказаться","title":"«Ещё бы»: idiomatic 'as if I'd refuse!'","body":"«Ещё бы» (here «Еще б» with the particle «бы» clipped) is a fixed retort meaning 'of course!', 'you bet!', 'as if I wouldn't!'. The «бы» is the irrealis particle, but the phrase has frozen into an emphatic idiom of obvious agreement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сконфузившись","title":"Perfective gerund «сконфузившись»","body":"«сконфузившись» is a perfective past gerund (деепричастие) in -вшись from «сконфузиться» ('to be embarrassed') — 'having become embarrassed'. It pins an attendant state onto «пробасил», telling us how he rumbled out his words."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вельми","title":"«вельми»: Church-Slavonic 'greatly'","body":"«вельми» is an archaic, Church-Slavonic adverb meaning 'very, greatly' — wholly bookish, the kind of seminary word the ex-divinity student Rakitin trots out for mock-solemn effect. Saying his cynical maxim 'fools exist for the clever man's profit' in pseudo-pious diction sharpens the irony."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пробасил","title":"«пробасил»: 'rumbled in a bass'","body":"«пробасить» means to say something in a deep bass voice (from «бас», a bass). Russian is fond of such one-word verbs of speaking-in-a-manner; here it makes Rakitin's bluster audible — a low, swaggering grumble."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase еще б (\"of course\")","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase еще б","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"отказаться,","lemma":"отказаться","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"rhetorical complement of the idiom еще б","gloss":"refuse"},{"surface":"пробасил","lemma":"пробасить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rumbled"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробасил","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сконфузившись","gloss":"visibly"},{"surface":"сконфузившись","lemma":"сконфузиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пробасил","gloss":"embarrassed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"молодцевато","lemma":"молодцевато","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прикрывая","gloss":"jauntily"},{"surface":"прикрывая","lemma":"прикрывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пробасил","gloss":"covering"},{"surface":"стыд,","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прикрывая","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of будет","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"вельми","lemma":"вельми","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the idiom на руку (\"quite handy\")","gloss":"quite","note":"вельми is an archaic/folk adverb meaning \"very, greatly.\""},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom на руку, complement of будет","gloss":"advantage"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (это...на руку будет)","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"дураки","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of существуют","gloss":"fools"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"существуют","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exist"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking профит","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"профит","lemma":"профит","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of существуют","gloss":"profit"},{"surface":"умному","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b7-c3-s197","source":"— А теперь молчи, Ракитка, теперь всё, что буду говорить, не для твоих ушей будет. Садись сюда в угол и молчи, не любишь ты нас, и молчи.","translation":"— And now be quiet, Rakitka; now everything I'm going to say isn't for your ears. Sit there in the corner and be quiet — you don't love us — so be quiet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Садись… молчи","title":"Familiar imperatives of command","body":"«Садись» (sit down) and «молчи» (be quiet, hold your tongue) are singular «ты»-imperatives — curt, peremptory orders fitting her dominance over Rakitin. «молчи» is imperfective, demanding ongoing silence rather than a single act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не для твоих ушей будет","title":"Genitive after «для» and compound future","body":"«для» governs the genitive, so 'your ears' becomes «твоих ушей». «будет» here is the future of «быть» used as a simple copula — 'will be [not] for your ears'. The negation «не» denies the whole phrase that follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчи","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (imperative)","gloss":"be quiet"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"Ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause всё...будет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, relative, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of говорить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"relative clause on всё","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the predicate (не...будет)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ушей","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"твоих","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of ушей","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ушей","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of для","gloss":"ears"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (predicate) of the clause, with всё as subject","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"Садись","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (imperative)","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Садись","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угол","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"угол","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Садись","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Садись","gloss":"be quiet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любишь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"любишь","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Садись","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любишь","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Садись (repeated)","gloss":"be quiet"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b7-c3-s198","source":"— Да за что мне любить-то вас? — не скрывая уже злобы, огрызнулся Ракитин.","translation":"— And just why should I love you? — Rakitin snapped, no longer hiding his spite.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да за что мне любить-то вас?","title":"Stacked particles «да… -то» and dative «мне»","body":"The line bristles with colloquial particles: opening «Да» (an emphatic 'but, why'), and «-то» on the infinitive «любить-то» ('love, of all things'). «мне любить» is a dative-subject infinitive construction — 'for me to love', i.e. 'why should I love you'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за что","title":"«за что»: 'for what reason'","body":"«за что» (accusative «что» after «за») asks 'for what / on what grounds' — the cause or desert behind an action. The whole quarrel turns on this phrase: loving «за что-нибудь» (for some reason) versus «ни за что» (for no reason at all)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"огрызнулся","title":"«огрызнулся»: 'snapped back'","body":"«огрызнуться» is to snap or snarl back, the way a dog answers — a single sharp perfective (-нул-). The dog-imagery that pervades this scene (Grushenka's 'vicious dog') colours even the verb of Rakitin's retort."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of любить","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of любить (dative + infinitive)","gloss":"should I"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main predicate of the rhetorical question","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes любить (enclitic -то)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вас?","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скрывая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скрывая","lemma":"скрывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on огрызнулся","gloss":"hiding"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скрывая (не...уже)","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"злобы","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of скрывая","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"огрызнулся","lemma":"огрызнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of огрызнулся","gloss":"Rakitin"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b7-c3-s199","source":"Двадцатипятирублевую кредитку он сунул в карман, и пред Алешей ему было решительно стыдно.","translation":"He stuffed the twenty-five-ruble note into his pocket, and before Alyosha he felt decidedly ashamed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред Алешей ему было решительно стыдно","title":"Dative-subject «ему… стыдно»: an impersonal feeling","body":"Shame is framed impersonally: the experiencer stands in the dative («ему», to him) with the neuter predicative «стыдно» ('it is shameful') and a past «было» — 'he felt ashamed'. This dative-experiencer pattern is exactly how Dostoevsky renders inner states."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред","title":"«пред»: bookish 'before'","body":"«пред» is the elevated, shortened form of «перед» ('before, in front of'), governing the instrumental («пред Алешей»). The fuller «перед» is ordinary; «пред» lends a slightly literary, weightier tone — being ashamed in Alyosha's very presence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Двадцатипятирублевую","lemma":"двадцатипятирублёвый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кредитку","gloss":"twenty-five-ruble"},{"surface":"кредитку","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сунул","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сунул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сунул","lemma":"сунуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stuffed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карман","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"карман","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сунул","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of стыдно","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to стыдно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"decidedly"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the second clause (ему...стыдно)","gloss":"ashamed"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b7-c3-s200","source":"Он рассчитывал получить плату после так чтобы тот и не узнал а теперь от стыда озлился.","translation":"He had counted on getting paid afterward, so that Alyosha would never know; and now, out of shame, he turned bitter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так чтобы тот и не узнал","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + correlative «тот»","body":"«чтобы… не узнал» states the aim — 'so that he would not find out' — with the obligatory past form after «чтобы». «тот» ('that one') points to Alyosha as the distant referent, a demonstrative doing the work of tracking who is meant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от стыда озлился","title":"Genitive of cause after «от» and reflexive «озлился»","body":"«от стыда» ('out of shame') uses «от» + genitive to name the cause of an emotion — a very common pattern. «озлился» is a perfective reflexive, 'he grew bitter/embittered', the «-ся» marking the change of state taking place in himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассчитывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"рассчитывал","lemma":"рассчитывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"counted on"},{"surface":"получить","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of рассчитывал","gloss":"get"},{"surface":"плату","lemma":"плата","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of получить","gloss":"payment"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получить","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так чтобы","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнал (\"even\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the purpose clause (так чтобы)","gloss":"find out"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озлился","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стыда","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стыда","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of озлился","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"озлился","lemma":"озлиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рассчитывал","gloss":"grew bitter"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b7-c3-s201","source":"До сей минуты он находил весьма политичным не очень противоречить Грушеньке, несмотря на все ее щелчки, ибо видно было, что она имела над ним какую-то власть.","translation":"Until this minute he had found it very politic not to contradict Grushenka too much, in spite of all her digs, for it was plain she held some sort of power over him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"До сей минуты","title":"«сей»: archaic 'this'","body":"«сей/сия/сие» is the bookish 19th-century demonstrative 'this', alive now mostly in set phrases («до сих пор», «по сей день»). «До сей минуты» ('up to this minute') lends the narrator's sentence a measured, literary cadence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо»: bookish 'for, because'","body":"«ибо» is the elevated, archaic causal conjunction 'for, because', biblical and literary in flavour (compare everyday «потому что»). Its presence in the narration marks the reflective, slightly formal voice with which Dostoevsky's narrator analyzes Rakitin's calculation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"щелчки","title":"«щелчки»: flicks, digs, snubs","body":"A «щелчок» is literally a flick of the finger (a 'fillip'); figuratively, a slight, a snub, a humiliating put-down. Grushenka's «щелчки» are the little stinging insults she keeps dealing Rakitin, which he swallows to keep her favour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она имела над ним какую-то власть","title":"«какую-то власть»: 'some sort of power'","body":"«какую-то» (the «-то» series on «какой») marks a real but unspecified kind — 'some power or other', felt yet undefined. «над ним» ('over him') uses «над» + instrumental for power exercised over a person."}],"words":[{"surface":"До","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of До, forms temporal phrase modifying находил","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of находил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"находил","lemma":"находить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had found"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies политичным","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"политичным","lemma":"политичный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of находил","gloss":"politic"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies противоречить","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"противоречить","lemma":"противоречить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of находил","gloss":"to contradict"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of противоречить","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms compound preposition несмотря на with на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition несмотря на, marking щелчки","gloss":"(despite)"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of щелчки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of щелчки","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"щелчки","lemma":"щелчок","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"object of несмотря на","gloss":"digs"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видно","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate with было, parallel clause to находил","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to видно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имела","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of имела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"имела","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видно","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имела","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of власть, part of какую-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches to какую forming какую-то","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"власть","lemma":"власть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имела","gloss":"power"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b7-c3-s202","source":"Но теперь и он рассердился:","translation":"But now he too lost his temper:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и он рассердился","title":"Focusing «и»: 'he too'","body":"Here «и» before the subject means 'also, too' — 'now he too lost his temper', echoing Grushenka's anger. «рассердился» is a perfective reflexive of inceptive «рас-», marking the sudden onset of anger as a single completed turn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассердился","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассердился","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассердился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"рассердился","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lost his temper"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b7-c3-s203","source":"— Любят за что-нибудь, а вы что мне сделали оба?","translation":"— People are loved for some reason; and what have the two of you done for me?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Любят за что-нибудь","title":"Generic 3rd-person plural «Любят»","body":"The subjectless 3rd-person plural «любят» states a general truth — 'people love', 'one is loved' — with no specific subject named. Russian uses this impersonal plural for proverbs and maxims, here for Rakitin's worldly axiom about love."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за что-нибудь… что мне сделали","title":"«за что-нибудь» vs the desert of love","body":"«за что-нибудь» ('for some reason or other', non-specific «-нибудь») sets up his challenge: love is earned. The follow-up «что… сделали» ('what have you done for me') makes the demand concrete, against the gift-love Grushenka will praise in Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, impersonal generic use","gloss":"are loved"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что-нибудь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of что-нибудь, oblique complement of Любят","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix attached to что","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сделали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделали","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сделали","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"сделали","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"have done"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"both"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b7-c3-s204","source":"— А ты ни за что люби, вот как Алеша любит.","translation":"— You should love for no reason, the way Alyosha loves.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ты ни за что люби","title":"«ни за что»: 'for no reason at all'","body":"«ни за что» is the negative-concord counterpart of «за что-нибудь» — 'for nothing, for no reason whatever', built with intensifying «ни». Grushenka flings it back as a command, «люби» ('love!'), turning Rakitin's transactional logic on its head: love freely, the way Alyosha does."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люби","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что, part of ни за что","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of люби, part of ни за что","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"люби","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on люби","gloss":"loves"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b7-c3-s205","source":"— А чем он тебя любит и что он тебе такого показал, что ты носишься?","translation":"— And how does he love you, and what has he shown you to make you carry on so?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что он тебе такого показал","title":"Genitive «такого» of indefinite quantity","body":"«что… такого» ('what such thing') uses the genitive «такого» in the idiomatic 'what's so special' construction — questioning what remarkable thing was shown. «тебе» is the dative recipient, 'to you'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"носишься","title":"«носишься»: 'you carry on / make a fuss'","body":"Literally «носиться» is to rush or dash about (the multidirectional motion verb plus «-ся»); colloquially «носиться с кем-то» means to fuss over, make a great to-do about someone. Rakitin sneers that Alyosha has done nothing to justify all Grushenka's fuss."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of любит","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does...love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of показал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of показал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of показал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of что","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"показал","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with любит, main verb of second clause","gloss":"has shown"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of носишься","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of носишься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"носишься","lemma":"носиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of показал","gloss":"carry on"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b7-c3-s206","source":"Грушенька стояла среди комнаты, говорила с жаром, и в голосе ее послышались истерические нотки.","translation":"Grushenka stood in the middle of the room, speaking with fervor, and hysterical notes had crept into her voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стояла… говорила","title":"Imperfective past: a held, ongoing scene","body":"«стояла» (stood) and «говорила» (was speaking) are imperfective pasts that freeze the moment into a tableau — Grushenka standing, mid-speech, fervent. Against the surrounding perfectives, the imperfective paints duration and standing background."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в голосе ее послышались истерические нотки","title":"Inverted word order and reflexive «послышались»","body":"The sentence puts the locative «в голосе ее» first and the subject «нотки» last — topic-comment order that lets the new detail (the hysterical notes) land at the end. «послышались» is reflexive: the notes 'made themselves heard', emerging of themselves."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стояла","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"стояла","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"среди","lemma":"среди","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"in the middle of"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояла","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стояла","gloss":"was speaking"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жаром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"жаром","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорила","gloss":"fervor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голосе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голосе","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послышались","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of голосе","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"послышались","lemma":"послышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with стояла","gloss":"crept in"},{"surface":"истерические","lemma":"истерический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies нотки","gloss":"hysterical"},{"surface":"нотки","lemma":"нотка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of послышались","gloss":"notes"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b7-c3-s207","source":"— Молчи, Ракитка, не понимаешь ты ничего у нас! И не смей ты мне впредь ''ты'' говорить, не хочу тебе позволять, и с чего ты такую смелость взял, вот что!","translation":"— Be quiet, Rakitka, you understand nothing about us! And don't you dare call me \"ty\" anymore — I won't allow it — and where did you get the nerve, that's what!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"«ты» говорить","title":"Saying «ты»: the familiar pronoun","body":"Russian has two words for 'you': informal «ты» and respectful «вы». Grushenka rebukes Rakitin for daring to address her with the familiar «ты» — between people who aren't intimates, that is presumptuous and rude. English collapsed the two into a single 'you,' so we render the offense as her forbidding him to call her «ты» at all and demanding to know where he 'got the nerve.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не смей ты мне впредь… говорить","title":"«не смей»: 'don't you dare'","body":"«не смей» is the imperative of «сметь» ('to dare') under negation — a sharp prohibition, 'don't you dare'. «впредь» ('henceforth, from now on') and the dative «мне» complete the rebuke: never again say «ты» to me."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с чего ты такую смелость взял","title":"«с чего»: 'on what grounds, where from'","body":"«с чего» («с» + genitive «что») idiomatically asks 'what made you, where did you get the idea'. «взять смелость» is to 'take the liberty / presume' — literally 'take such boldness'. Together: 'where did you get the nerve?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be quiet"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"Ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of понимаешь","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of понимаешь","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смей","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"смей","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смей","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of смей","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"впредь","lemma":"впредь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"from now on"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular (quoted citation form)","role":"direct object of говорить, the quoted word \"ty\"","gloss":"\"ty\"","note":"The quoted 'ты' is the informal word for 'you' — she's forbidding him from using the intimate form with her."},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смей","gloss":"call/say"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смей","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of позволять","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"позволять","lemma":"позволять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to allow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of смелость","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"смелость","lemma":"смелость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"nerve"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смей","gloss":"got"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"exclamatory clause referring to взял","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b7-c3-s208","source":"Садись в угол и молчи, как мой лакей. А теперь, Алеша, всю правду чистую тебе одному скажу, чтобы ты видел, какая я тварь! Не Ракитке, а тебе говорю.","translation":"Sit in the corner and keep quiet, like my lackey. And now, Alyosha, I'll tell the whole pure truth to you alone, so you'll see what a creature I am! Not to Rakitka — to you I'm speaking.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лакей","title":"«лакей»: a lackey, footman","body":"«лакей» is a manservant, footman — and, by extension, a fawning underling. Ordering Rakitin to sit silent «как мой лакей» ('like my lackey') is a calculated humiliation, reducing the proud seminarian to a servant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы ты видел, какая я тварь","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + the past form «видел»","body":"«чтобы ты видел» ('so that you may see') takes the obligatory past-form irrealis after «чтобы». The exclamatory «какая я тварь» ('what a creature I am') uses «какой» to wonder at degree — agreeing feminine with «тварь»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тварь","title":"«тварь»: 'creature' — sacred and debased","body":"«тварь» originally means a created being, God's creature (from «творить», to create) — a word of Church-Slavonic weight. Debased in everyday use it becomes an insult, 'vile creature, wretch'. Grushenka exploits both senses: a creature of God, calling herself low."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не Ракитке, а тебе говорю","title":"Dative contrast with «а»","body":"Two datives are set against each other — «не Ракитке, а тебе» ('not to Rakitka, but to you') — pivoting on contrastive «а». The dative marks the addressee of «говорю»; the inversion drives home that Alyosha alone is meant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Садись","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угол","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"угол","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Садись","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Садись","gloss":"be quiet"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with лакей","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of лакей","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"лакей","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun in comparison, modifies молчи","gloss":"lackey"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правду","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"чистую","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies правду","gloss":"pure"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тебе","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видел","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of скажу","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тварь","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of тварь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тварь","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of видел","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ракитке","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Ракитке","lemma":"Ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорю (negated)","gloss":"to Rakitka"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорю","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"am speaking"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b7-c3-s209","source":"Хотела я тебя погубить, Алеша, правда это великая, совсем положила; до того хотела, что Ракитку деньгами подкупила, чтобы тебя привел.","translation":"I wanted to ruin you, Alyosha — that's the plain truth, I was quite set on it; I wanted it so much that I bribed Rakitka with money to bring you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"погубить","title":"«погубить»: 'to ruin, destroy'","body":"«погубить» (perfective) means to ruin, undo, bring to perdition — with a moral and even spiritual charge of damning a soul, not mere harm. Grushenka's avowal 'I wanted to погубить you' carries that gravity: she meant to corrupt the novice Alyosha."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того хотела, что","title":"«до того… что»: intensity to the point that","body":"«до того… что» ('to such a degree that') is a correlative intensifier: 'I wanted it so much that…'. «до того» literally 'up to that', genitive after «до», builds toward the «что»-clause naming the result — bribing Rakitin."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем положила","title":"«положила»: 'I resolved / was set on it'","body":"Here «положить» is used in its older sense 'to resolve, make up one's mind' (compare 'положить себе', to determine). «совсем положила» — 'I was quite set on it' — a perfective decision taken once and firmly, intensified by «совсем»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Хотела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of погубить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"погубить","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Хотела","gloss":"to ruin"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of великая","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"copular link, subject of великая","gloss":"this is"},{"surface":"великая","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, complement of это","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies положила","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"положила","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Хотела, main verb of second clause","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотела","gloss":"such an extent"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Хотела","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подкупила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Ракитку","lemma":"Ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подкупила","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies подкупила","gloss":"with money"},{"surface":"подкупила","lemma":"подкупить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of хотела","gloss":"bribed"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of привел","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of привел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"привел","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on подкупила","gloss":"would bring"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b7-c3-s210","source":"И из чего такого я так захотела? Ты, Алеша, и не знал ничего, от меня отворачивался, пройдешь — глаза опустишь, а я на тебя сто раз до сего глядела, всех спрашивать об тебе начала.","translation":"And what was it all for? You, Alyosha, knew nothing of it; you'd turn away from me — you'd pass by and lower your eyes — while I had looked at you a hundred times before this, and began asking everyone about you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пройдёшь — глаза опустишь","title":"2nd-person 'you' for a habitual scene","body":"«пройдёшь… опустишь» are 2nd-person perfective futures used not for the future but for a generic, repeated past habit — 'you'd pass by, you'd lower your eyes'. Russian commonly recruits this 'generic you' (really describing Alyosha) to paint recurring behaviour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сто раз до сего глядела","title":"Imperfective «глядела» for repeated looking","body":"Against those snapshot perfectives, «глядела» ('used to gaze, looked') is imperfective past for repeated action — 'a hundred times before this I had looked at you'. «до сего» ('before this', archaic «сей») marks the bookish narrator's tinge in her speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"об тебе… об тебе","title":"«об тебе»: dialectal 'about you'","body":"Standard Russian would say «о тебе» (о + prepositional, 'about you'), using «об» only before a vowel. Grushenka's «об тебе» is a colloquial/dialectal variant Dostoevsky keeps to voice her speech. «спрашивать об ком» means 'to ask about someone'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of захотела","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of захотела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захотела","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"захотела","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ты","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of отворачивался","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"отворачивался","lemma":"отворачиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"would turn away"},{"surface":"пройдешь","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to знал, generic 'you'","gloss":"you'd pass by"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of опустишь","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"опустишь","lemma":"опустить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to знал, generic 'you'","gloss":"you'd lower"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of глядела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядела","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сто","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раз","gloss":"a hundred"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies глядела","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сего","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"глядела","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал, parallel clause","gloss":"had looked"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of спрашивать","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"спрашивать","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начала","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with глядела, main verb","gloss":"began"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b7-c3-s211","source":"Лицо твое у меня в сердце осталось: «Презирает он меня, думаю, посмотреть даже на меня не захочет».","translation":"Your face stayed in my heart: \"He despises me, I'd think, he won't even deign to look at me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лицо твое у меня в сердце осталось","title":"«у меня… осталось»: the lodged image","body":"«у меня в сердце осталось» literally 'with me, in (my) heart, it remained' — Russian prefers «у меня» (at me) over a possessive for what one has or keeps. «осталось» is neuter perfective past, agreeing with neuter «лицо» ('face')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"посмотреть даже на меня не захочет","title":"Negated future + emphatic «даже»","body":"«не захочет посмотреть» is a perfective future under negation — 'he won't (even) want to look'. «даже» ('even') heightens the slight, and «думаю» ('I'd think') frames the whole as her imagined inner monologue about Alyosha's contempt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of осталось","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"твое","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Лицо","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of осталось","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of осталось","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"осталось","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"Презирает","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"quoted inner thought, parallel clause to осталось","gloss":"he despises"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Презирает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Презирает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause, I think","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"посмотреть","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захочет","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захочет","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотреть","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захочет","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Презирает","gloss":"will want"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b7-c3-s212","source":"И такое меня чувство взяло под конец, что сама себе удивляюсь: чего я такого мальчика боюсь? Проглочу его всего и смеяться буду. Обозлилась совсем.","translation":"And such a feeling took hold of me in the end that I was astonished at myself: why am I afraid of a mere boy like this? I'll swallow him whole and laugh about it. I grew thoroughly spiteful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"такое меня чувство взяло","title":"«чувство взяло»: a feeling 'took hold'","body":"The idiom «чувство (злость, страх) взяло кого» — 'a feeling seized someone' — makes the emotion the grammatical subject and the person its accusative object («меня»). The inverted order «такое меня чувство взяло» fronts the intensity for emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сама себе удивляюсь","title":"Reflexive «себе» with «удивляться»","body":"«удивляться» takes a dative object, here the reflexive «себе» — 'I marvel at myself'. The intensifier «сама» ('I myself') doubles the reflexivity, capturing her astonishment at her own state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Проглочу его всего и смеяться буду","title":"Perfective vs compound future side by side","body":"«Проглочу» is a perfective future — 'I'll swallow him whole', one decisive act — while «смеяться буду» is the imperfective compound future (быть + infinitive), 'I'll be laughing', an ongoing aftermath. The two aspects together stage menace then gloating."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чувство","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of взяло","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of взяло","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"взяло","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took hold"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взяло","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of удивляюсь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphasizes subject я, modifies удивляюсь","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of удивляюсь","gloss":"at myself"},{"surface":"удивляюсь","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of взяло","gloss":"am astonished"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of боюсь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of боюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчика","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of боюсь","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to удивляюсь","gloss":"am afraid"},{"surface":"Проглочу","lemma":"проглотить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll swallow"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Проглочу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies его","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смеяться","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of буду","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of смеяться","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"Обозлилась","lemma":"обозлиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew spiteful"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Обозлилась","gloss":"completely"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b7-c3-s213","source":"Веришь ли тому: никто-то здесь не смеет сказать и подумать, чтоб к Аграфене Александровне за худым этим делом прийти; старик один только тут у меня, связана я ему и продана, сатана нас венчал, зато из других — никто.","translation":"Would you believe it: no one here dares speak or even think of coming to Agrafena Alexandrovna for any shameful business of that kind; there's only the old man, I'm bound and sold to him, Satan married us — but as for the rest, no one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Веришь ли тому","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«Веришь ли» fronts the verb and follows it with the enclitic «ли» to form a literary yes/no question — 'do you believe it?'. «тому» is the dative governed by «верить» ('to believe in/trust'), pointing to what follows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто-то… не смеет","title":"Negative concord: «никто… не»","body":"«никто… не смеет» pairs the negative pronoun «никто» ('no one') with the obligatory verbal «не» — the double negation Russian requires. The added «-то» on «никто» is the emphatic topic-clitic, intensifying 'no one at all'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"связана я ему и продана","title":"Short passive participles: 'bound and sold'","body":"«связана» and «продана» are short-form past passive participles (feminine), predicating a resultant state — 'I am bound and sold'. The agent/possessor goes in the dative «ему» ('to him'). Short participles like these are the bookish core of the periphrastic passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you believe"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Веришь, marks a question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of Веришь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of смеет","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to никто","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеет","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Веришь","gloss":"dares"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смеет","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подумать","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказать","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прийти","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Аграфене","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Аграфене","lemma":"Аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прийти","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровне","lemma":"Александровна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Аграфене","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делом","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"худым","lemma":"худой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies делом","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of делом","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"делом","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прийти","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause complement of смеет","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic, subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies старик, part of один только","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies старик, part of один только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of старик","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"связана","lemma":"связать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of passive связана","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of связана","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"продана","lemma":"продать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with связана","gloss":"sold"},{"surface":"сатана","lemma":"сатана","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of венчал","gloss":"Satan"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of венчал","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"венчал","lemma":"венчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with связана","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking других","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of никто","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of elliptical predicate, no one allowed","gloss":"no one"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b7-c3-s214","source":"Но на тебя глядя, положила: его проглочу. Проглочу и смеяться буду.","translation":"But looking at you, I resolved: I'll swallow him. Swallow him and laugh about it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на тебя глядя, положила","title":"Imperfective gerund «глядя»","body":"«глядя» is an imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) — 'while looking, as I looked at you' — naming the circumstance simultaneous with the main verb «положила» ('I resolved'). The gerund shares the subject 'I' and compresses 'as I was looking at you' into one word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его проглочу","title":"Animate accusative «его» fronted","body":"«его» (him) is the animate accusative object of «проглочу», fronted before the verb for emphasis — 'him I'll swallow'. The repetition «Проглочу и смеяться буду» echoes s212 like a refrain of her resolve."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядя","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"глядя","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on положила","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"положила","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of проглочу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"проглочу","lemma":"проглотить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of положила","gloss":"I'll swallow"},{"surface":"Проглочу","lemma":"проглотить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"swallow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смеяться","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of буду","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of смеяться","gloss":"will"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b7-c3-s215","source":"Видишь, какая я злая собака, которую ты сестрой своею назвал! Вот теперь приехал этот обидчик мой, сижу теперь и жду вести.","translation":"You see what a vicious dog I am, the one you called your sister! Now this offender of mine has come, and here I sit, waiting for word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"злая собака, которую ты сестрой своею назвал","title":"Relative «которую» + reflexive «своею»","body":"«которую» agrees feminine with «собака» but takes the accusative its own clause needs ('whom you called'). «сестрой своею» is an instrumental predicate after «назвал» ('called [as] a sister'), with reflexive «своею» — 'your own sister'. The -ою ending is the archaic instrumental."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обидчик","title":"«обидчик»: the one who wronged me","body":"«обидчик» is one who has given «обида» — an offense, a hurt, a wrong. Grushenka's repeated «мой обидчик» ('my offender') is laden: he is the Polish officer who seduced and abandoned her five years before, the wound at the centre of her life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сижу теперь и жду","title":"Imperfective present for the present scene","body":"«сижу… и жду» ('I sit and wait') are imperfective presents painting her current, ongoing state. «вести» here is the accusative of «весть» ('news, word') — she awaits word of him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of собака","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of собака","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"злая","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies собака","gloss":"vicious"},{"surface":"собака","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of Видишь","gloss":"dog"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of назвал","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of назвал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сестрой","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of назвал","gloss":"sister"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сестрой","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"назвал","lemma":"назвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on собака","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has arrived"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of обидчик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"обидчик","lemma":"обидчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"offender"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of обидчик","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сижу","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to приехал","gloss":"I sit"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сижу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жду","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сижу","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"вести","lemma":"весть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of жду","gloss":"news"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b7-c3-s216","source":"А знаешь, чем был мне этот обидчик? Пять лет тому как завез меня сюда Кузьма — так я сижу, бывало, от людей хоронюсь, чтоб меня не видали и не слыхали, тоненькая, глупенькая, сижу да рыдаю, ночей напролет не сплю — думаю: «И уж где ж он теперь, мой обидчик?","translation":"And do you know what that offender was to me? Five years ago, when Kuzma first brought me here — I used to sit and hide from people, so no one would see or hear me; a thin little thing, foolish, I'd sit and sob, lying awake whole nights — and I'd think: \"And where is he now, my offender?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сижу, бывало… сижу да рыдаю","title":"«бывало» + imperfective: 'I used to'","body":"The particle «бывало» ('it used to happen') with imperfective presents creates a vivid past-habitual — 'I'd sit, I'd sob' — recalling repeated nights. The folksy «да» links «сижу да рыдаю» ('sit and sob') in place of «и»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тоненькая, глупенькая","title":"Diminutive adjectives: 'a thin little, foolish thing'","body":"The «-еньк-» suffix on «тоненькая» (thin) and «глупенькая» (foolish) is affectionate-diminutive, softening the adjectives into tender pity for her younger self — 'a thin little thing, a silly little fool'. The suffix conveys feeling, not size."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб меня не видали и не слыхали","title":"Purpose «чтоб» + agentless plural","body":"«чтоб… не видали и не слыхали» ('so that no one would see or hear me') uses past-form verbs after «чтоб», here 3rd-plural agentless — 'so they wouldn't see/hear'. «слыхали» is a colloquial variant of «слышали». English needs a passive: 'so I wouldn't be seen or heard'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ночей напролёт","title":"«ночей напролёт»: nights on end","body":"«напролёт» means 'right through, without break'; «ночей» is genitive plural with the phrase 'whole nights through'. «не сплю» ('I don't sleep') keeps the imperfective present of the habitual scene — sleepless nights repeated for years."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of был, introduces the clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded clause чем...обидчик","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of был","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of обидчик","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"обидчик","lemma":"обидчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"offender"},{"surface":"Пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"Five"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of Пять, part of the time idiom","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom пять лет тому (\"ago\")","gloss":"ago","note":"«лет тому» is an idiom for \"years ago\"."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of завез","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"завез","lemma":"завезти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of завез","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завез","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Кузьма","lemma":"Кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завез","gloss":"Kuzma"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сижу","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сижу","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the так-clause","gloss":"I'd sit"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"habitual marker modifying сижу","gloss":"used to"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of хоронюсь","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"хоронюсь","lemma":"хорониться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сижу","gloss":"hide myself"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of видали","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of видали and слыхали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видали","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of чтоб, depends on хоронюсь","gloss":"would see"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слыхали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слыхали","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видали","gloss":"would hear"},{"surface":"тоненькая","lemma":"тоненький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"describes я (predicate apposition)","gloss":"a thin little thing"},{"surface":"глупенькая","lemma":"глупенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with тоненькая","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"сижу","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"repeats сижу, coordinated with рыдаю","gloss":"I'd sit"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links сижу and рыдаю","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рыдаю","lemma":"рыдать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сижу","gloss":"sob"},{"surface":"ночей","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сплю","gloss":"nights"},{"surface":"напролет","lemma":"напролет","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ночей (\"on end\")","gloss":"on end"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сплю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сплю","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рыдаю","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause introducing the quotation","gloss":"I'd think"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the quoted clause, with он as subject","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of где","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies где","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of обидчик","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"обидчик","lemma":"обидчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"offender"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b7-c3-s217","source":"Смеется, должно быть, с другою надо мной, и уж я ж его, думаю, только бы увидеть его, встретить когда: то уж я ж ему отплачу, уж я ж ему отплачу!»","translation":"He's laughing, no doubt, with some other woman at me; oh, just let me set eyes on him, I'd think, just let me meet him someday: then I'll pay him back, I'll surely pay him back!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж я ж его… отплачу","title":"Threatening particles «уж… ж»","body":"The clustered particles «уж… ж (же)» load the threat with menace and resolve — 'oh, I'll surely pay him back'. «же» insists; «уж» (a worn «уже») emphasizes determination. The whole refrain «уж я ж ему отплачу» recurs like an incantation of revenge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только бы увидеть его","title":"«только бы» + infinitive: 'if only'","body":"«только бы» + infinitive expresses a straining wish — 'if only I could just see him'. The particle «бы» carries the irrealis longing; «увидеть» and «встретить» are perfective infinitives of the single, longed-for meeting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"He's laughing"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying Смеется (\"no doubt\")","gloss":"no doubt"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom должно быть","gloss":"must be"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"другою","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Смеется","gloss":"another woman"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of надо","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"topic anticipating the только бы увидеть clause","gloss":"let me"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"anticipates the object of увидеть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel clause to увидеть","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies увидеть (\"only/if only\")","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только бы","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"увидеть","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement in the только бы clause","gloss":"set eyes on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увидеть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"встретить","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with увидеть","gloss":"meet"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретить","gloss":"sometime"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the clause of отплачу","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отплачу","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отплачу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отплачу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"отплачу","lemma":"отплатить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the то-clause","gloss":"I'll pay back"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отплачу","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отплачу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отплачу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"отплачу","lemma":"отплатить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отплачу (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"I'll pay back"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b7-c3-s218","source":"Ночью в темноте рыдаю в подушку и всё это передумаю, сердце мое раздираю нарочно, злобой его утоляю: «Уж я ж ему, уж я ж ему отплачу!»","translation":"At night, in the dark, I'd sob into my pillow and turn it all over again, tearing at my own heart on purpose, soothing it with spite: \"I'll pay him, oh, I'll surely pay him back!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рыдаю… передумаю… раздираю… утоляю","title":"A chain of imperfective presents for habit","body":"Four imperfective presents — 'I sob, I turn it over, I tear at, I soothe' — continue the past-habitual vision summoned by «бывало», presenting recurring nighttime anguish as if happening now. Imperfective aspect carries the repetition and duration throughout."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сердце мое раздираю нарочно","title":"«раздираю… нарочно»: tearing the heart on purpose","body":"«раздирать» is to rend, tear apart; «нарочно» means 'on purpose, deliberately'. The deliberate self-laceration — soothing pain with more spite («злобой… утоляю») — is the masochistic logic Dostoevsky gives Grushenka's wounded pride."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рыдаю","gloss":"At night"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"темноте","lemma":"темнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рыдаю","gloss":"the dark"},{"surface":"рыдаю","lemma":"рыдать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'd sob"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"подушку","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рыдаю","gloss":"my pillow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of передумаю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"передумаю","lemma":"передумать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рыдаю","gloss":"turn over again"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of раздираю","gloss":"my heart"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"раздираю","lemma":"раздирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рыдаю","gloss":"tearing at"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздираю","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"злобой","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of утоляю","gloss":"with spite"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of утоляю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"утоляю","lemma":"утолять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рыдаю","gloss":"soothing"},{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отплачу (elided)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отплачу (elided repeat)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отплачу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отплачу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"отплачу","lemma":"отплатить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I'll pay back"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b7-c3-s219","source":"Так, бывало, и закричу в темноте.","translation":"And so I'd cry out into the dark.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так, бывало, и закричу","title":"«бывало» + perfective for a recurring snap","body":"Here «бывало» pairs with a perfective «закричу» ('I'd cry out') — the inceptive «за-» marking the sudden bursting-out, repeated habitually. The combination 'used to + sudden act' is a peculiarly Russian way to narrate a recurring single event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закричу","gloss":"And so"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"habitual marker modifying закричу","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"закричу","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cry out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темноте","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"темноте","lemma":"темнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закричу","gloss":"the dark"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b7-c3-s220","source":"Да как вспомню вдруг, что ничего-то я ему не сделаю, а он-то надо мной смеется теперь, а может, и совсем забыл и не помнит, так кинусь с постели на пол, зальюсь бессильною слезой и трясусь-трясусь до рассвета.","translation":"And then, remembering all at once that I could do nothing at all to him, while he was laughing at me now — or maybe had quite forgotten me and didn't think of me — I'd throw myself from the bed onto the floor, dissolve into helpless tears, and shake and shake until dawn.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да как вспомню вдруg… так кинусь","title":"«как… так»: 'as soon as… then'","body":"The correlative «как… так» with perfective futures sets up a habitual trigger-and-response — 'as soon as I'd remember… I'd throw myself'. «вспомню» and «кинусь» are perfective futures standing for repeated past acts, the sequence vivid and sudden."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего-то я ему не сделаю","title":"Negative concord with future «не сделаю»","body":"«ничего… не сделаю» — 'I won't do anything to him' — joins negative «ничего» with verbal «не», the obligatory double negation, in the perfective future. The «-то» on «ничего» adds rueful emphasis: nothing at all could she really do."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зальюсь бессильною слезой и трясусь-трясусь","title":"Reflexive verbs and emphatic reduplication","body":"«зальюсь (слезой)» ('I'd dissolve in tears', lit. 'pour myself over with a tear') and «трясусь» ('I shake') are reflexive «-ся» verbs of bodily emotion. The doubling «трясусь-трясусь» intensifies — shaking and shaking; «бессильною» is the archaic instrumental of «бессильная» (helpless)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вспомню","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вспомню","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"I'd remember"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспомню","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сделаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of сделаю","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"attached to ничего (\"ничего-то\")","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сделаю","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сделаю","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of что","gloss":"could do"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смеется","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"attached to он (\"он-то\")","gloss":"for his part"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеется","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сделаю","gloss":"was laughing"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеется","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying забыл clause","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смеется","gloss":"had forgotten"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помнит","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"помнит","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with забыл","gloss":"remembers"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кинусь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"кинусь","lemma":"кинуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"I'd throw myself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постели","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"постели","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кинусь","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пол","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кинусь","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"зальюсь","lemma":"залиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with кинусь","gloss":"dissolve"},{"surface":"бессильною","lemma":"бессильный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слезой","gloss":"helpless"},{"surface":"слезой","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зальюсь","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"трясусь","lemma":"трястись","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with зальюсь","gloss":"shake"},{"surface":"трясусь","lemma":"трястись","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"reduplicated repeat of трясусь","gloss":"shake"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассвета","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"рассвета","lemma":"рассвет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of трясусь","gloss":"dawn"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b7-c3-s221","source":"Поутру встану злее собаки, рада весь свет проглотить.","translation":"In the morning I'd get up fiercer than a dog, ready to swallow the whole world.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встану злее собаки","title":"Comparative «злее» + genitive of comparison","body":"«злее» is the comparative of «злой» ('fiercer, more vicious'), and the thing compared takes the genitive without «чем»: «злее собаки» — 'fiercer than a dog'. This bare-genitive comparative is the tighter, more idiomatic Russian construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рада весь свет проглотить","title":"Short adjective «рада» + infinitive","body":"«рада» is the short-form feminine of «рад» ('glad, ready'), used only predicatively and taking an infinitive — 'ready to swallow the whole world'. «весь свет» ('the whole world') is the accusative object of «проглотить»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поутру","lemma":"поутру","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встану","gloss":"In the morning"},{"surface":"встану","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'd get up"},{"surface":"злее","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate adjective describing я, modifies встану","gloss":"fiercer than"},{"surface":"собаки","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of злее (comparison)","gloss":"a dog"},{"surface":"рада","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with встану","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свет","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of проглотить","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"проглотить","lemma":"проглотить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of рада","gloss":"to swallow"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b7-c3-s222","source":"Потом, что ж ты думаешь: стала я капитал копить, без жалости сделалась, растолстела — поумнела, ты думаешь, а?","translation":"And then, what do you think: I set to amassing capital, grew pitiless, put on weight — grew wiser, do you suppose, eh?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ж ты думаешь","title":"Particle «ж» in a rhetorical appeal","body":"«что ж ты думаешь» ('and what do you think, eh') uses «ж» (the reduced «же») to turn the question into a confiding, rhetorical appeal to the listener. It draws Alyosha in, inviting him to guess wrong before she undercuts him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стала… копить… сделалась, растолстела","title":"Inceptive «стала» + reflexive change-of-state verbs","body":"«стала копить» ('I set to amassing') uses «стать» + imperfective infinitive for the beginning of an ongoing activity. «сделалась» (became), «растолстела» (grew fat), «поумнела» (grew wiser) are perfective verbs of change of state, charting her hardening."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"капитал копить","title":"«капитал копить»: amassing capital","body":"«копить капитал» is to save up, accumulate wealth — the bourgeois ambition Grushenka pursued as a moneylender's protégée. The phrase, set against «без жалости» ('pitilessly'), marks her drift from broken girl to hard, calculating woman."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаешь","gloss":"And then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of думаешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with думаешь, introduces the list","gloss":"I set to"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"капитал","lemma":"капитал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of копить","gloss":"capital"},{"surface":"копить","lemma":"копить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стала","gloss":"amassing"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жалости","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"жалости","lemma":"жалость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделалась","gloss":"pity"},{"surface":"сделалась","lemma":"сделаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стала","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"растолстела","lemma":"растолстеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сделалась","gloss":"put on weight"},{"surface":"поумнела","lemma":"поумнеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with растолстела","gloss":"grew wiser"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, coordinated with поумнела","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"tag-question discourse marker","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b7-c3-s223","source":"Так вот нет же, никто того не видит и не знает во всей вселенной, а как сойдет мрак ночной, всё так же, как и девчонкой, пять лет тому, лежу иной раз, скрежещу зубами и всю ночь плачу: «Уж я ж ему, да уж я ж ему, думаю!»","translation":"Well, no: no one sees it or knows it in the whole wide world, but when the dark of night comes down, it's all just the same as when I was a girl, five years ago — sometimes I lie there grinding my teeth and weep the whole night through: \"I'll pay him, oh, I'll surely pay him back, I think!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так вот нет же","title":"Emphatic «нет же»: 'well, no!'","body":"«нет же» throws the insistent particle «же» behind the negation — 'but no!', 'on the contrary'. It contradicts the expected answer to s222 (no, she did not really grow wiser), pivoting the confession back to her unhealed inner self."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто того не видит и не знает","title":"Negative concord across two verbs","body":"«никто… не видит и не знает» spreads one negation over two verbs — 'no one sees it or knows it' — the «не» repeated on each, agreeing with negative «никто». «того» is the genitive object 'of it', and «во всей вселенной» heightens to cosmic scale."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как сойдёт мрак ночной","title":"«как» + perfective future = 'when, once'","body":"«как сойдёт мрак» uses «как» temporally with a perfective future — 'when the night's dark comes down'. «сойти» is a prefixed motion verb (с- 'down' + идти). Inverted «мрак ночной» (the bookish post-noun adjective) heightens the poetic tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"девчонкой… скрежещу зубами","title":"«девчонкой» and «скрежетать зубами»","body":"«девчонкой» is the instrumental of «девчонка», a diminutive (a little/young girl), here 'as a girl'. «скрежетать зубами» ('to grind one's teeth') is a vivid idiom of impotent rage — Biblical in echo (the gnashing of teeth), apt to her torment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вот нет","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"negative predicative particle","role":"main predicate of the sentence (\"no\")","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of видит","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видит","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видит","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вселенной","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of вселенной","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"вселенной","lemma":"вселенная","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знает","gloss":"wide world"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сойдет","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"сойдет","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"comes down"},{"surface":"мрак","lemma":"мрак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сойдет","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"ночной","lemma":"ночной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мрак","gloss":"of night"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the result clause","gloss":"just the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause of девчонкой","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies девчонкой","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"девчонкой","lemma":"девчонка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of так (comparison, \"as a girl\")","gloss":"I was a girl"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of пять","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom пять лет тому (\"ago\")","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"лежу","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нет (main clause)","gloss":"I lie there"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежу (\"иной раз\" = sometimes)","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"скрежещу","lemma":"скрежетать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лежу","gloss":"grinding"},{"surface":"зубами","lemma":"зуб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of скрежещу","gloss":"my teeth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of плачу","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"плачу","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with скрежещу","gloss":"weep"},{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отплачу (elided)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отплачу (elided repeat)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ему (elided отплачу)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ему","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical closing the quotation","gloss":"I think"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b7-c3-s224","source":"Слышал ты это всё? Ну так как же ты теперь понимаешь меня: месяц тому приходит ко мне вдруг это самое письмо: едет он, овдовел, со мной повидаться хочет.","translation":"Did you hear all that? Well, so now how do you understand me: a month ago this very letter suddenly comes to me — he's coming, he's widowed, he wants to see me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так как же ты теперь понимаешь меня","title":"«как же»: insistent 'how, then'","body":"«как же» combines the interrogative «как» ('how') with insistent «же» — 'so how, then, do you understand me?'. The particle presses Alyosha for a reckoning after the long confession."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"месяц тому… приходит… едет он, овдовел","title":"Historical present and perfective «овдовел»","body":"«приходит» (comes) and «едет» (is coming) are imperfective presents used as a vivid 'historical present' for a past event — the letter's arrival a month ago. «овдовел» ('he was widowed') is a perfective past, the single fact that reopens everything."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Did you hear"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Слышал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Слышал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимаешь","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимаешь","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимаешь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of понимаешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom месяц тому (\"a month ago\")","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom месяц тому (\"ago\")","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"приходит","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходит","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of приходит","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"едет","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause, coordinated with овдовел and хочет","gloss":"he's coming"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of едет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"овдовел","lemma":"овдоветь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with едет","gloss":"he's widowed"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of повидаться","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"повидаться","lemma":"повидаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with едет","gloss":"wants"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b7-c3-s225","source":"Дух у меня тогда весь захватило, господи, да вдруг и подумала: а приедет да свистнет мне, позовет меня, так я как собачонка к нему поползу битая, виноватая!","translation":"My breath caught right then, Lord, and suddenly I thought: what if he comes and whistles for me, calls me — then I'll crawl to him like a beaten dog, like a guilty puppy!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дух у меня… весь захватило","title":"Impersonal «дух захватило»","body":"«дух захватило» is an impersonal idiom — 'my breath was taken away', literally 'it caught the breath', with no nominative subject and the neuter verb «захватило». «у меня» marks whose breath; the construction renders a wave of feeling that simply happens to one."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а приедет да свистнет… так я… поползу","title":"Conditional-by-juxtaposition with perfective futures","body":"With no «если», the strung perfective futures 'he'll come and whistle… then I'll crawl' form an implied conditional. «приедет» (prefixed motion, will arrive), «свистнет» (one whistle, -ну-), «поползу» (I'll crawl) chain cause and surrender."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как собачонка… битая, виноватая","title":"«собачонка»: a cringing little dog","body":"«собачонка» is a pejorative-diminutive of «собака» — a wretched little dog, a cur. With «битая» (beaten) and «виноватая» (guilty), the image is of a cowering, whipped puppy crawling back to its master — Grushenka's terror of her own submissiveness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of the impersonal захватило","gloss":"My breath"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of захватило","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захватило","gloss":"right then"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Дух","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"захватило","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, neuter, perfective, impersonal","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"interjection","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумала","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подумала","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with захватило","gloss":"I thought"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the hypothetical clause","gloss":"what if"},{"surface":"приедет","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause, coordinated with свистнет","gloss":"he comes"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links приедет and свистнет","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"свистнет","lemma":"свистнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приедет","gloss":"whistles"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of свистнет","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"позовет","lemma":"позвать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with свистнет","gloss":"calls"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of позовет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поползу","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поползу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause of собачонка","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"собачонка","lemma":"собачонка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the comparison clause with я","gloss":"a little dog"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поползу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"поползу","lemma":"поползти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"I'll crawl"},{"surface":"битая","lemma":"битый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing я","gloss":"beaten"},{"surface":"виноватая","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with битая","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b7-c3-s226","source":"Думаю это я и сама себе не верю: «Подлая я аль не подлая, побегу я к нему аль не побегу?»","translation":"I think it and don't believe my own self: \"Am I vile or not vile — will I run to him or won't I?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сама себе не верю","title":"Reflexive «себе» with «верить»","body":"«верить себе» ('to believe oneself') takes the dative reflexive «себе», intensified by «сама» — 'I don't believe my own self'. Her self-doubt is grammatically a failure of trust turned inward."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Подлая я аль не подлая","title":"«подлая» and folk «аль»","body":"«подлый» means base, vile, contemptible. «аль» is a folksy, dialectal contraction of «или ли / или» ('or'), giving the agonized either/or — 'am I vile or not vile, will I run to him or won't I?'. The colloquial «аль» roots her self-interrogation in peasant speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to верю","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Думаю","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Думаю clause and верю clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies я","gloss":"my own self"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of верю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"Подлая","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing я","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Подлая","gloss":"am I"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links подлая and не подлая (\"or\")","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подлая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подлая","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Подлая","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"побегу","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"will I run"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of побегу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побегу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links побегу and не побегу (\"or\")","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies побегу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"побегу","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with побегу","gloss":"won't I"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b7-c3-s227","source":"И такая меня злость взяла теперь на самое себя во весь этот месяц, что хуже еще, чем пять лет тому.","translation":"And such fury took hold of me, at my own self, this whole month, that it's even worse than five years ago.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"такая меня злость взяла… на самое себя","title":"«злость взяла» + reflexive «самое себя»","body":"Again the idiom «злость взяла кого» — 'fury seized me' — with «меня» accusative. «на самое себя» ('at my very own self') is the reflexive «себя» with the intensifier «самое», directing the rage inward: she is furious at herself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хуже ещё, чем пять лет тому","title":"Comparative «хуже» with «чем»","body":"«хуже» is the suppletive comparative of «плохой» ('worse'). Here it takes «чем» + the compared phrase — 'even worse than five years ago' — the alternative to the bare-genitive comparative, used when comparing to a whole phrase. «пять лет тому (назад)» = 'five years ago'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of злость","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of взяла","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"злость","lemma":"злость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of взяла","gloss":"fury"},{"surface":"взяла","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took hold"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взяла","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular (intensifier)","role":"modifies себя","gloss":"my very"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of взяла","gloss":"myself","note":"«самое себя» is an intensified reflexive idiom, \"my own very self.\""},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of месяц","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of месяц","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взяла","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хуже","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хуже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лет","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of хуже","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пять лет (\"ago\")","gloss":"ago","note":"«тому» here is the colloquial short form of «тому назад», \"ago.\""}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b7-c3-s228","source":"Видишь ли теперь, Алеша, какая я неистовая, какая я яростная, всю тебе правду выразила! Митей забавлялась, чтобы к тому не бежать.","translation":"Do you see now, Alyosha, what a wild creature I am, how full of rage — I've laid out the whole truth to you! I was toying with Mitya so as not to run to that other one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Видишь ли теперь… какая я неистовая","title":"Particle «ли» and exclamatory «какая»","body":"«Видишь ли» fronts the verb with «ли», softening into an appeal — 'do you see, now…'. The twin «какая я неистовая, какая я яростная» use exclamatory «какая» ('what a…') to wonder at degree, both adjectives feminine to agree with 'I'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неистовая… яростная","title":"«неистовая, яростная»: frenzied, raging","body":"«неистовый» means frantic, frenzied, unbridled (lit. 'not-standing', uncontainable); «яростный» means furious, raging (from «ярость», fury). The pair piles intensity on intensity — Grushenka naming the wild, ungoverned passion she has just laid bare."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митей забавлялась, чтобы к тому не бежать","title":"Instrumental object «Митей» + purpose «чтобы»","body":"«забавляться кем» ('to amuse oneself with someone') takes the instrumental, here «Митей» (the diminutive of Дмитрий, Mitya). «чтобы… не бежать» gives the purpose with an infinitive — 'so as not to run to that other one' (к тому)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Видишь","gloss":"[question marker]"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Видишь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, exclamative, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"exclamative modifier of неистовая","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of неистовая","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"неистовая","lemma":"неистовый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the exclamation with я","gloss":"wild creature"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, exclamative, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"exclamative modifier of яростная","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of яростная","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"яростная","lemma":"яростный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the exclamation with я","gloss":"full of rage"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правду","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of выразила","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выразила","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"выразила","lemma":"выразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laid out"},{"surface":"Митей","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забавлялась","gloss":"with Mitya"},{"surface":"забавлялась","lemma":"забавляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was toying"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бежать","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бежать","gloss":"that other one","note":"«тому» refers to Grushenka's former Polish lover, not to Mitya."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бежать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бежать","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on забавлялась","gloss":"run"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b7-c3-s229","source":"Молчи, Ракитка, не тебе меня судить, не тебе говорила.","translation":"Be quiet, Rakitka, it's not for you to judge me; I wasn't speaking to you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не тебе меня судить, не тебе говорила","title":"Dative-subject «не тебе»: 'not yours to'","body":"«не тебе судить» is a dative-subject infinitive — 'it is not for you to judge'. The dative «тебе» names the one denied the right, with the infinitive «судить» as the deed. The parallel «не тебе говорила» reuses the dative addressee: 'I wasn't speaking to you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be quiet"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of судить (dative-infinitive construction)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of судить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"судить","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"predicate of the не тебе... clause","gloss":"to judge","note":"«не тебе судить» is an impersonal dative + infinitive construction: \"it's not your place to judge.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорила","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"was speaking"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b7-c3-s230","source":"Я теперь до вашего прихода лежала здесь, ждала, думала, судьбу мою всю разрешала, и никогда вам не узнать, что у меня в сердце было.","translation":"Until you came in I was lying here, waiting, thinking, working out my whole fate, and you'll never know what was in my heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лежала… ждала, думала… разрешала","title":"Imperfective pasts: a held interval of waiting","body":"«лежала, ждала, думала, разрешала» are imperfective pasts that stretch out the interval before they came in — lying, waiting, thinking, working her fate out. The aspect keeps these as ongoing, unbounded processes filling that time."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда вам не узнать","title":"Dative + infinitive of impossibility","body":"«вам не узнать» is a dative-subject infinitive of impossibility — 'you will never (be able to) know'. The dative «вам» names those who cannot; «никогда… не» adds negative concord. The construction gives fate's flat verdict: this is closed to you."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of лежала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежала","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прихода","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of прихода","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"прихода","lemma":"приход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежала","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"лежала","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was lying"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежала","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ждала","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лежала","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"думала","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лежала","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"судьбу","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of разрешала","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of судьбу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of судьбу","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"разрешала","lemma":"разрешать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лежала","gloss":"working out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнать","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"logical subject of узнать (dative-infinitive construction)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"predicate of the вам... clause","gloss":"will know","note":"«вам не узнать» is an impersonal dative + infinitive construction: \"you will never know.\""},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b7-c3-s231","source":"Нет, Алеша, скажи своей барышне, чтоб она за третьеводнишнее не сердилась!.. И не знает никто во всем свете, каково мне теперь, да и не может знать… Потому я, может быть, сегодня туда с собой нож возьму, я еще того не решила…","translation":"No, Alyosha, tell your young lady not to be angry about the other day!.. And no one in all the world knows how it is for me now, nor can they know… Because maybe today I'll take a knife with me there — I haven't decided yet…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"за третьеводнишнее","title":"«третьеводнишнее»: 'the day-before-yesterday business'","body":"«третьеводни(сь)» is a folk word for 'the day before yesterday'; the adjective «третьеводнишнее» substantivized means 'the affair of the other day'. Grushenka asks that Katerina not be angry «за третьеводнишнее» — a colloquial, time-worn turn marking her plain speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каково мне теперь","title":"«каково мне»: dative of feeling","body":"«каково мне» ('how it is for me') pairs the predicative «каково» (neuter 'how, what it's like') with a dative experiencer «мне» — the impersonal frame for an inner state. 'No one knows how it is for me now' renders a feeling no one can share."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"того не решила","title":"Genitive of negation «того не решила»","body":"Under negation the object shifts to genitive: «того не решила» — 'I haven't decided that'. «того» is the genitive of «то». Spoken of taking a knife, the half-genitive vagueness leaves the dreadful possibility hanging unresolved."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamation, precedes скажи","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of барышне","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"барышне","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of скажи","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сердилась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сердилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking третьеводнишнее","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"третьеводнишнее","lemma":"третьеводнишний","morphology":"adjective (substantive), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сердилась","gloss":"the other day's business","note":"colloquial for \"the day before yesterday,\" used loosely for \"the other day.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердилась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сердилась","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the чтоб-clause","gloss":"be angry"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свете","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знает","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"каково","lemma":"каково","morphology":"adjective (predicative), neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the subordinate clause, object of знает","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of каково","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies каково","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знает","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возьму","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of возьму","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical \"maybe\", modifies возьму","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical \"maybe\", modifies возьму","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возьму","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возьму","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of возьму","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"нож","lemma":"нож","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возьму","gloss":"knife"},{"surface":"возьму","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will take"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of решила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решила","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of решила (genitive of negation)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"решила","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"decided"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b7-c3-s232","source":"И вымолвив это «жалкое» слово, Грушенька вдруг не выдержала, не докончила, закрыла лицо руками, бросилась на диван в подушки и зарыдала как малое дитя.","translation":"And having uttered this \"pitiful\" word, Grushenka suddenly broke down, did not finish, hid her face in her hands, threw herself onto the sofa into the cushions, and wept like a little child.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И вымолвив это «жалкое» слово","title":"Perfective gerund «вымолвив»","body":"«вымолвив» is a perfective past gerund (-в) from «вымолвить» ('to utter') — 'having uttered this word'. It marks a completed prior action that precedes the main clause, sharing the subject Grushenka. Such gerunds are the engine of Dostoevsky's compressed narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не выдержала… закрыла… бросилась… зарыдала","title":"Cascade of perfective pasts: the breakdown","body":"A rush of perfective pasts — broke down, did not finish, hid, threw herself, burst out sobbing — each a single completed act, tumbling one after another to stage the sudden collapse. «бросилась» and «зарыдала» carry reflexive «-ся» and inceptive «за-»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зарыдала как малое дитя","title":"«дитя»: an archaic neuter for 'child'","body":"«дитя» ('child') is an old neuter noun, more poetic and tender than «ребёнок», declining oddly (gen. «дитяти»). «малое дитя» ('a little child') — note neuter «малое» — gives the simile a soft, almost scriptural cadence as Grushenka dissolves into childlike weeping."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вымолвив","lemma":"вымолвить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on выдержала","gloss":"having uttered"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"жалкое","lemma":"жалкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"pitiful"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вымолвив","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выдержала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выдержала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выдержала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выдержала","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke down"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies докончила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"докончила","lemma":"докончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выдержала","gloss":"finish"},{"surface":"закрыла","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выдержала","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of закрыла","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of закрыла","gloss":"with her hands"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выдержала","gloss":"threw herself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диван","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"диван","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"sofa"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушки","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"подушки","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"cushions"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зарыдала","lemma":"зарыдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выдержала","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison дитя","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"малое","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дитя","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"дитя","lemma":"дитя","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of зарыдала","gloss":"child"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b7-c3-s233","source":"Алеша встал с места и подошел к Ракитину.","translation":"Alyosha rose from his place and went over to Rakitin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встал с места и подошёл","title":"Prefixed motion «подошёл»","body":"«подошёл» is a prefixed verb of motion — под- ('up to, toward') + шёл — 'approached, came up to'. Paired with «встал» ('rose'), two crisp perfectives move Alyosha across the room to Rakitin, action by action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of встал","gloss":"his seat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"went over"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ракитину","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ракитину","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"Rakitin"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b7-c3-s234","source":"— Миша, — проговорил он, — не сердись. Ты обижен ею, но не сердись. Слышал ты ее сейчас? Нельзя с души человека столько спрашивать, надо быть милосерднее..","translation":"— Misha — he said — don't be angry. She has wronged you, but don't be angry. Did you hear her just now? You can't demand so much of a person's soul — you must be more merciful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты обижен ею","title":"Short passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«обижен» is a short-form past passive participle ('wronged, offended'), predicating a state — 'you have been wronged'. Its agent stands in the instrumental: «ею» ('by her'). This is the textbook periphrastic passive in miniature."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нельзя с души… столько спрашивать, надо быть милосерднее","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» / «надо» + comparative","body":"«нельзя… спрашивать» ('one must not demand') and «надо быть» ('one must be') are impersonal modal constructions with no subject, the infinitive carrying the deed. «милосерднее» is the comparative of «милосердный» ('more merciful') — Alyosha's plea."}],"words":[{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (quotative frame)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он,","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердись","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"сердись","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted command","gloss":"be angry"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обижен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обижен","lemma":"обиженный","morphology":"participle (passive, short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"wronged"},{"surface":"ею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обижен","gloss":"by her"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердись","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"сердись","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"repeats the command, coordinated with the first не сердись","gloss":"be angry"},{"surface":"Слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you hear"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Слышал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Слышал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Слышал","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"Нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one cannot"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking души","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивать","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies души","gloss":"a person's"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрашивать","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"спрашивать","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on Нельзя","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"coordinated with Нельзя","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to милосерднее","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"милосерднее","lemma":"милосердный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"more merciful"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b7-c3-s235","source":"Алеша проговорил это в неудержимом порыве сердца.","translation":"Alyosha said this in an irrepressible outpouring of the heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в неудержимом порыве сердца","title":"«порыв»: a surge, impulse","body":"«порыв» is a gust, a surge, an irrepressible impulse (from «рвать», to tear/burst); «неудержимый» means unrestrainable. 'In an irrepressible surge of the heart' — the bookish phrasing marks the narrator's voice characterizing Alyosha's overflowing feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of проговорил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порыве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"неудержимом","lemma":"неудержимый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies порыве","gloss":"irrepressible"},{"surface":"порыве","lemma":"порыв","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"outburst"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies порыве","gloss":"of the heart"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b7-c3-s236","source":"Ему надо было высказаться, и он обратился к Ракитину. Если б не было Ракитина, он стал бы восклицать один.","translation":"He had to speak his feeling out, and he turned to Rakitin. Had Rakitin not been there, he would have cried it out aloud, alone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему надо было высказаться","title":"Dative-subject necessity «ему надо было»","body":"«Ему надо было высказаться» frames an inner need impersonally: dative experiencer «ему» ('to him'), modal «надо», past «было», and the reflexive infinitive «высказаться» ('to speak oneself out'). 'He had to pour his feeling out' — the soul's necessity, not a chosen act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если б не было Ракитина, он стал бы восклицать","title":"Past counterfactual: «если б… не было… стал бы»","body":"A full irrealis conditional: «если б… не было» ('had Rakitin not been there') with «бы» + past, and the main clause «стал бы восклицать» ('he would have started crying out'), also «бы» + past. «не было Ракитина» is the genitive-of-negation absence construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of надо","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"высказаться","lemma":"высказаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"speak out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with надо","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ракитину","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ракитину","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle (conditional)","role":"conditional particle, modifies было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on стал","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle (conditional)","role":"conditional auxiliary of стал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"восклицать","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective (predicative), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate modifier \"alone\", modifies он","gloss":"alone"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b7-c3-s237","source":"Но Ракитин поглядел насмешливо, и Алеша вдруг остановился.","translation":"But Rakitin looked at him mockingly, and Alyosha suddenly stopped.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поглядел насмешливо… вдруг остановился","title":"Perfective pasts and «вдруг»","body":"«поглядел» (glanced) and «остановился» (stopped short) are perfective pasts marking two quick, completed turns; «вдруг» ('suddenly') heightens the abruptness of Alyosha's checking himself under Rakitin's mocking look. «остановился» carries reflexive «-ся»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поглядел","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"поглядел","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"насмешливо","lemma":"насмешливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядел","gloss":"mockingly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поглядел","gloss":"stopped"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b7-c3-s238","source":"— Это тебя твоим старцем давеча зарядили, и теперь ты своим старцем в меня и выпалил, Алешенька, божий человечек, — с ненавистною улыбкой проговорил Ракитин.","translation":"— They primed you with your elder just now, and now you've let fly at me with your elder, Alyoshenka, little man of God — Rakitin said with a hateful smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча»: 'a while ago, just now'","body":"«давеча» is a folksy, archaic adverb meaning 'a little while ago, earlier today'. It tints Rakitin's jeer with a homely, colloquial edge as he mocks how the elder 'primed' Alyosha not long before."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зарядили… выпалил","title":"A gun metaphor across two perfectives","body":"Rakitin's sneer runs on a firearm image: «зарядили» ('they loaded/primed you', agentless 3rd-plural) and «выпалил» ('you let fly, fired off'). Both perfective, they cast Alyosha as a gun charged with the elder's teaching and discharged at Rakitin."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic/subject of the sentence","gloss":"this","note":"Anticipatory «это»: \"this is how they loaded you up.\""},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of зарядили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"твоим","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старцем","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"старцем","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зарядили","gloss":"with your elder"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зарядили","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"зарядили","lemma":"зарядить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loaded you up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выпалил","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выпалил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старцем","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"старцем","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выпалил","gloss":"with your own elder"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of выпалил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle before выпалил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"выпалил","lemma":"выпалить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"fired"},{"surface":"Алешенька","lemma":"алешенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshenka"},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человечек","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"человечек,","lemma":"человечек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Алешенька","gloss":"little man"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ненавистною","lemma":"ненавистный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"hateful"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (quotative frame)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Rakitin"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b7-c3-s239","source":"— Не смейся, Ракитин, не усмехайся, не говори про покойника: он выше всех, кто был на земле! — с плачем в голосе прокричал Алеша.","translation":"— Don't laugh, Rakitin, don't sneer, don't speak of the departed: he stood higher than anyone who ever walked the earth! — Alyosha cried with tears in his voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не смейся… не усмехайся, не говори","title":"Three negated imperfective imperatives","body":"Alyosha's plea stacks negated imperfective imperatives — «не смейся» (don't laugh), «не усмехайся» (don't sneer), «не говори» (don't speak). The imperfective is the norm in prohibitions; the first two carry reflexive «-ся». The rhythm of three drives his urgency."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он выше всех, кто был на земле","title":"Comparative «выше» + genitive «всех»","body":"«выше всех» ('higher than all') is the comparative «выше» (from «высокий») governing the genitive «всех» — the bare-genitive comparison, here lifted to a superlative sense. The relative «кто был на земле» ('who was on earth') completes the absolute claim."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смейся","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"смейся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies усмехайся","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"усмехайся","lemma":"усмехаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смейся","gloss":"sneer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говори","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking покойника","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"покойника","lemma":"покойник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говори","gloss":"the departed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выше","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"выше","lemma":"высоко","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"stood higher"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of выше","gloss":"than all"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of был","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле!","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, prepositional, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плачем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"плачем","lemma":"плач","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокричал","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голосе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голосе","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокричал","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (quotative frame)","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b7-c3-s240","source":"— Я не как судья тебе встал говорить, а сам как последний из подсудимых. Кто я пред нею?","translation":"— I didn't stand up to speak to you as a judge, but myself as the lowest of the accused. What am I before her?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не как судья… а сам как последний из подсудимых","title":"Comparative framing «не… а»: judge vs accused","body":"The contrastive «не… а» ('not… but') opposes two roles: «как судья» ('as a judge') against «как последний из подсудимых» ('as the lowest of the accused'). «из подсудимых» is genitive plural after 'the last of'; «сам» ('myself') drives the humility home."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто я пред нею?","title":"Zero-copula question + bookish «пред»","body":"«Кто я пред нею?» ('What am I before her?') has no copula — the present 'to be' is simply absent, as Russian normally leaves it. «пред нею» uses the elevated «пред» ('before') + instrumental «нею», lending Alyosha's self-abasement a solemn, almost liturgical weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies судья","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking судья","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"судья","lemma":"судья","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicative complement of встал (manner, via как)","gloss":"a judge"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорить","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of встал","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of последний","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying сам","gloss":"the lowest"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подсудимых","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"подсудимых","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies последний","gloss":"the accused"},{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"predicate nominative, linked to я","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (copula omitted)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement, modifies Кто я","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b7-c3-s241","source":"Я шел сюда, чтобы погибнуть, и говорил: «Пусть, пусть!» — и это из-за моего малодушия, а она через пять лет муки, только что кто-то первый пришел и ей искреннее слово сказал, — всё простила, всё забыла и плачет!","translation":"I came here to ruin myself, and I kept saying, 'So be it, so be it!' — and all of that out of my own cowardice; while she, after five years of torment, the moment someone first came and spoke a sincere word to her, forgave it all, forgot it all, and weeps!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы погибнуть","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«чтобы» introduces a purpose clause; when the subject of the purpose is the same as the main clause, it takes a bare infinitive («чтобы погибнуть» — in order to perish/ruin myself) rather than the past-form irrealis. The perfective «погибнуть» frames the ruin as a single, completed outcome he was courting."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть, пусть!","title":"«Пусть» as resignation","body":"«пусть» is the third-person imperative/hortative particle ('let it be', 'so be it'). Doubled here it becomes a cry of fatalistic surrender — let whatever comes, come. Note the contrast with the conditional/wished-for mood elsewhere in the speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"малодушие","title":"«малодушие» — faint-heartedness","body":"A bookish compound, literally 'small-soul-ness' (мало + душа), meaning cowardice or pusillanimity of spirit. It is a moral, not merely physical, failing — exactly the self-accusation Alyosha levels at himself against Grushenka's largeness of heart."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а она через пять лет муки","title":"Contrastive «а» pivoting the antithesis","body":"«а» is the mild contrastive conjunction that hinges a shift of subject and viewpoint: 'whereas she…'. It sets Alyosha's cowardice against Grushenka's forgiveness without the flat opposition of «но». «муки» here is genitive singular ('of torment') after «пять лет»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of шел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шел","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of погибнуть","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"погибнуть","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on шел","gloss":"ruin myself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with шел","gloss":"kept saying"},{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"quoted exclamation reported by говорил","gloss":"so be it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of an elided было ('this was...')","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition из-за","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition из-за","gloss":"(out of)"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of малодушия","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"малодушия","lemma":"малодушие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of из-за","gloss":"cowardice"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"topic subject, resumed by простила/забыла/плачет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of через","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"муки","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"of torment"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"forms idiom только что ('the moment that'), modifies пришел","gloss":"just","note":"только что is idiomatic for 'the moment that, as soon as'."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of пришел, forms indefinite pronoun with то","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"enclitic forming the indefinite pronoun кто-то","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кто-то","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links пришел and сказал","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"искреннее","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"sincere"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of простила","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"простила","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb coordinated with забыла and плачет, describing она","gloss":"forgave"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of забыла","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"забыла","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with простила","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"плачет","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with простила/забыла","gloss":"weeps"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b7-c3-s242","source":"Обидчик ее воротился, зовет ее, и она всё прощает ему, и спешит к нему в радости, и не возьмет ножа, не возьмет!","translation":"The man who wronged her has come back, he calls to her, and she forgives him everything, and runs to him in joy, and will not take up the knife, she will not!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Обидчик","title":"«обидчик» — the one who wronged her","body":"From «обидеть» (to wrong, offend, hurt), «обидчик» is the agent noun: the man who did her the injury. The word recurs throughout the scene (cf. «обиду мою» — my hurt), keeping the wound and its author in view as Grushenka weighs forgiveness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не возьмет ножа, не возьмет","title":"Genitive of negation: «ножа»","body":"The negated direct object «нож» shifts from accusative to genitive «ножа» — the genitive of negation, common with a sweeping or categorical denial. The repetition «не возьмет, не возьмет» (perfective future, 'will not take up') drives home the certainty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спешит к нему в радости","title":"«к» + dative of direction","body":"The preposition «к» governs the dative «нему» to express motion toward a person ('to him'). «в радости» is the prepositional case after «в», here marking a state ('in joy') rather than a location."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обидчик","lemma":"обидчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воротился","gloss":"her wrongdoer"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of Обидчик","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came back"},{"surface":"зовет","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with воротился","gloss":"calls"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of зовет","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прощает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прощает","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"прощает","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with воротился","gloss":"forgives"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прощает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спешит","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with воротился","gloss":"hurries"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спешит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спешит","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возьмет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"возьмет","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with воротился","gloss":"will take"},{"surface":"ножа","lemma":"нож","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возьмет (genitive under negation)","gloss":"the knife"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возьмет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"возьмет","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with воротился","gloss":"will take"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b7-c3-s243","source":"Нет, я не таков. Я не знаю, таков ли ты, Миша, но я не таков! Я сегодня, сейчас этот урок получил… Она выше любовью, чем мы…","translation":"No, I am not like that. I do not know whether you are like that, Misha, but I am not! I have today, this very moment, learned this lesson… She stands higher in love than we do…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не таков","title":"Short-form «таков»","body":"«таков» is the predicative short form of «такой» ('such, like that'), used only as a predicate: 'I am not like that'. The short form lends a categorical, declarative force suited to Alyosha's moral self-definition against Grushenka."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"таков ли ты, Миша","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"The enclitic «ли» turns the clause into an embedded yes/no question — 'whether you are like that' — by fronting the focused word «таков». It is more literary than plain question intonation and frequent in Dostoevsky's reflective speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она выше любовью, чем мы","title":"Comparative «выше» + instrumental of respect","body":"«выше» is the (irregular, consonant-mutating к→ш) comparative of «высокий» ('higher'), not suppletive, and «любовью» is the instrumental marking the respect in which she is higher — 'higher in love'. «чем мы» supplies the standard of comparison ('than we')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to таков","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of таков","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таков","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"таков","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, predicative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"таков","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, predicative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of ты in the ли-clause","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таков","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of таков","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Миша","lemma":"миша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Misha"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of таков","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таков","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"таков","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, predicative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with таков","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of получил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получил","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получил","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of урок","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"урок","lemma":"урок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of получил","gloss":"lesson"},{"surface":"получил","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выше","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"выше","lemma":"высоко","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"любовью","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выше","gloss":"in love"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мы","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"oblique complement of выше","gloss":"we are"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b7-c3-s244","source":"Слышал ли ты от нее прежде то, что она рассказала теперь? Нет, не слышал; если бы слышал, то давно бы всё понял… и другая, обиженная третьего дня, и та пусть простит ее! И простит, коль узнает… и узнает…","translation":"Have you ever heard from her before what she has just told us? No, you have not; if you had, you would long ago have understood everything… And the other one too, the woman she wronged the day before yesterday — let her be forgiven as well! And she will be forgiven, once she comes to know… and she will come to know…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы слышал, то давно бы всё понял","title":"Counterfactual «если бы… то… бы»","body":"A classic past-counterfactual: «если бы» + past-form verb in the protasis, and the irrealis particle «бы» again in the apodosis ('if you had heard, you would long ago have understood'). Note how «бы» migrates to lean on «давно», the first stressed word, rather than the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и та пусть простит ее","title":"«пусть» + perfective = third-person command","body":"«пусть» plus a conjugated perfective verb forms a third-person imperative: 'let her forgive her'. The perfective «простит» presents the forgiving as a single accomplished act, willed into being by the speaker."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"третьего дня","title":"«третьего дня» — the day before yesterday","body":"A set adverbial genitive phrase, literally 'of the third day', meaning 'the day before yesterday'. It is a slightly old-fashioned, idiomatic way of dating an event, common in 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коль узнает","title":"Archaic conditional «коль»","body":"«коль» (also «коли») is a folksy, archaic variant of «если» ('if, once'). It governs an ordinary indicative («узнает», perfective future, 'once she comes to know') and gives the speech a popular, almost biblical cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"turns the clause into a yes/no question","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Слышал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Слышал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Слышал","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Слышал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause modifying то","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of рассказала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"рассказала","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказала","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to слышал","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слышал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject elided)","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional protasis","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks слышал as conditional","gloss":"(would)","note":"бы marks the conditional/subjunctive mood, not a separate auxiliary verb."},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, conditional, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause (protasis)","gloss":"had heard"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the apodosis ('then')","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks понял as conditional","gloss":"(would)"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понял","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, conditional, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis","gloss":"would have understood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другая","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"topic, resumed by та","gloss":"the other woman"},{"surface":"обиженная","lemma":"обиженный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with другая","gloss":"wronged"},{"surface":"третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"with дня forms idiom 'the day before yesterday'","gloss":"the day before"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"with третьего forms adverbial phrase modifying обиженная","gloss":"yesterday","note":"третьего дня is idiomatic for 'the day before yesterday'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of простит, resumes другая","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простит","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"простит","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of простит","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"простит","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will forgive"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies узнает","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"узнает","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with простит","gloss":"finds out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"узнает","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with простит","gloss":"will find out"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b7-c3-s245","source":"Эта душа еще не примиренная, надо щадить ее… в душе этой может быть сокровище…","translation":"This soul is not yet reconciled, it must be spared… in that soul there may be a treasure…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Эта душа еще не примиренная","title":"Past passive participle «примиренная»","body":"«примиренная» is the past passive participle of «примирить» (to reconcile), here in its long form as a predicate adjective: 'this soul is not yet reconciled'. The participle condenses 'has not yet been reconciled' into a single agreeing word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо щадить ее","title":"Impersonal «надо» + infinitive","body":"«надо» ('it is necessary') heads a subjectless impersonal construction taking a bare infinitive: 'one must spare her'. There is no nominative subject; the obligation hangs over the action itself. The imperfective «щадить» frames the sparing as an ongoing duty."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сокровище","title":"«сокровище» — treasure","body":"A solemn, slightly elevated word for 'treasure', with strong Gospel resonance ('where your treasure is, there your heart will be also'). Applied to a sinner's soul, it carries the chapter's redemptive theology."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душа","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of примиренная","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies примиренная","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies примиренная","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"примиренная","lemma":"примирённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"reconciled"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (modal predicative)","role":"predicate of the clause, governs щадить","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"щадить","lemma":"щадить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"spare"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of щадить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of может","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душе","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to сокровище","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"сокровище","lemma":"сокровище","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of может быть","gloss":"a treasure"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b7-c3-s246","source":"Алеша замолк, потому что ему пересекло дыхание.","translation":"Alyosha fell silent, because his breath gave out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему пересекло дыхание","title":"Impersonal: dative experiencer + neuter verb","body":"A subjectless impersonal: «дыхание» (breath) is the grammatical subject but the affected person «ему» stands in the dative, and «пересекло» is neuter. The construction lets the breath 'give out on him' as something happening to Alyosha, not done by him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"замолк","title":"Inceptive perfective «замолк»","body":"The prefix «за-» on «молкнуть» gives an inceptive perfective 'fell silent / became silent' — the onset of a state as a single event. Compare «замолчал» elsewhere; both mark the entry into silence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замолк","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"замолк","lemma":"замолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of пересекло, part of потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of пересекло","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пересекло","lemma":"пересечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the потому что clause","gloss":"gave out"},{"surface":"дыхание","lemma":"дыхание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пересекло","gloss":"breath"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b7-c3-s247","source":"Ракитин, несмотря на всю свою злость, глядел с удивлением. Никогда не ожидал он от тихого Алеши такой тирады.","translation":"Rakitin, for all his spite, looked on in astonishment. Never had he expected such a tirade from the gentle Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря на всю свою злость","title":"Reflexive possessive «свою»","body":"«свой» refers back to the subject of its own clause — here Rakitin: 'all his (own) spite'. Using «его» instead would point to someone else's spite. The concessive «несмотря на» ('despite') governs the accusative «всю… злость»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никогда не ожидал он","title":"Negative concord + fronting","body":"«никогда… не» is obligatory double negation ('never… not'): the verb keeps «не» even with the negative adverb «никогда». Fronting «Никогда» before the verb throws emphatic weight onto 'never', the news of the sentence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тирада","title":"«тирада» — a tirade","body":"A borrowing (from French tirade) meaning a long, impassioned outpouring of speech. Rakitin's use of so literary a word, applied to the 'gentle' («тихого») Alyosha, is faintly mocking — he is appraising the performance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of compound preposition несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря на","gloss":"(despite)","note":"несмотря на is a compound preposition, 'despite/in spite of'."},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of злость","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of злость","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"злость","lemma":"злость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of несмотря на","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"Никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидал","gloss":"Never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ожидал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ожидал","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expected"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ожидал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тихого","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алеши","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ожидал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тирады","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"тирады","lemma":"тирада","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of ожидал (genitive under negation)","gloss":"tirade"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b7-c3-s248","source":"— Вот адвокат проявился! Да ты влюбился в нее, что ли? Аграфена Александровна, ведь постник-то наш и впрямь в тебя влюбился, победила! — прокричал он с наглым смехом.","translation":"\"Look, an advocate has sprung up! So you have fallen in love with her, have you? Agrafena Alexandrovna, our little fast-keeper really has fallen in love with you — you have conquered him!\" he cried out with an insolent laugh.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"адвокат проявился","title":"«адвокат» — 'an advocate has sprung up'","body":"«адвокат» means a lawyer/defense counsel; Rakitin sneers that Alyosha has turned into Grushenka's courtroom defender. «проявился» (perfective reflexive of «проявить») here means 'showed up, manifested himself' — sarcastically, as if out of nowhere."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"влюбился в нее, что ли?","title":"Tag question «что ли»","body":"«что ли» is a colloquial dubitative tag softening a guess into a half-incredulous question: 'you've fallen in love with her, have you?'. The perfective «влюбился» (в- 'into' + любить) marks falling in love as a completed event."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"постник-то наш","title":"«постник» — our little faster","body":"«постник» is one who keeps the fasts, an ascetic — a jab at Alyosha the novice. The clitic «-то» singles him out as the known topic ('that faster of ours'), and the whole phrase drips mock-reverence. Our rendering 'fast-keeper' preserves the monastic dig."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"Look"},{"surface":"адвокат","lemma":"адвокат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проявился","gloss":"a lawyer"},{"surface":"проявился","lemma":"проявиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has appeared"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies влюбился","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of влюбился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"влюбился","lemma":"влюбиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have fallen in love"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влюбился","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of tag-question idiom что ли","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что ли","gloss":"what","note":"что ли is a colloquial tag, roughly 'or what?/is that so?'."},{"surface":"Аграфена","lemma":"аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровна","lemma":"александровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Аграфена","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying влюбился","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"постник","lemma":"постник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of влюбился","gloss":"our fast-keeper"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic enclitic attached to постник","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"the enclitic -то here adds emphasis, like 'that fast-keeper of ours'."},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies постник","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase и впрямь","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"впрямь","lemma":"впрямь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влюбился, forms phrase и впрямь","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of влюбился","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"влюбился","lemma":"влюбиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause about постник","gloss":"has fallen in love"},{"surface":"победила!","lemma":"победить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"exclamation addressed to Аграфена","gloss":"you've won!"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смехом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"наглым","lemma":"наглый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смехом","gloss":"insolent"},{"surface":"смехом","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокричал","gloss":"laugh"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b7-c3-s249","source":"Грушенька подняла с подушки голову и поглядела на Алешу с умиленною улыбкой, засиявшею на ее как-то вдруг распухшем от сейчашних слез лице.","translation":"Grushenka lifted her head from the pillow and gazed at Alyosha with a tender smile that broke out over her face, somehow suddenly swollen with the tears she had just shed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с умиленною улыбкой, засиявшею","title":"Past active participle + archaic instr. ending","body":"«засиявшею» is the past active participle of «засиять» ('having begun to shine'), agreeing with «улыбкой» in the instrumental. The ending «-ею» (for modern «-ей») is the older bookish instrumental, lending the description period elevation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"распухшем от сейчашних слез лице","title":"Participle embedded before its noun","body":"The past active participle «распухшем» ('swollen') and its complement «от… слез» ('from… tears') are packed between «вдруг» and the noun «лице» — a dense, bookish modifier built into the noun phrase, characteristic of literary Russian. «слез» is genitive plural after «от»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умиленною","title":"«умиление» — tender emotion","body":"«умиление» (here the adjectival «умиленная») names a soft, melting tenderness of heart, often with a spiritual or pious coloring — the very feeling the scene keeps invoking. It recurs as «умиленно» of Alyosha's own smile."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подняла","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"подняла","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lifted"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"подушки","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подняла","gloss":"the pillow"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подняла","gloss":"her head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поглядела","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подняла","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядела","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"умиленною","lemma":"умилённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядела","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"засиявшею","lemma":"засиять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, instrumental, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"participle modifying улыбкой ('that shone out')","gloss":"that shone out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of лице","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"enclitic forming как-то","gloss":"(enclitic)"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies распухшем","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"распухшем","lemma":"распухнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, locative, perfective","role":"modifies лице","gloss":"swollen"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слез","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сейчашних","lemma":"сейчашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слез","gloss":"just-shed"},{"surface":"слез","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of от","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition на, where the smile shone","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b7-c3-s250","source":"— Оставь ты его, Алеша, херувим ты мой, видишь он какой, нашел кому говорить.","translation":"\"Leave him be, Alyosha, my cherub — you can see what he is like; you have found someone worth talking to.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Оставь ты его","title":"Imperative «оставь» with emphatic «ты»","body":"«оставь» is the perfective imperative ('leave him', drop him). The pronoun «ты», though redundant with the verb's command form, is added for warm, insistent emphasis — a coaxing intimacy directed at Alyosha."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"херувим ты мой","title":"«херувим» — my cherub","body":"«херувим» (cherub) is a tender religious endearment for the angelic Alyosha. The inverted, vocative-flavored «херувим ты мой» ('cherub of mine') is an affectionate address pattern; Grushenka returns to it again below."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нашел кому говорить","title":"Idiomatic dative in «нашел кому говорить»","body":"An ironic fixed turn: «нашёл кому…» ('you found a fine one to…'), here with dative «кому» governed by «говорить'. It means the opposite of its surface — there's no point talking to Rakitin. The 2nd-person sense is carried without any pronoun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оставь","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Leave"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"emphatic subject of Оставь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Оставь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"херувим","lemma":"херувим","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition to Алеша","gloss":"cherub","note":"'херувим ты мой' is an affectionate archaic form for 'my cherub'."},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"with мой forms possessive 'my'","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies херувим (with ты, 'my')","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb introducing the видишь-clause","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of какой","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of он, complement clause of видишь","gloss":"what he's like"},{"surface":"нашел","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have found"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of говорить","gloss":"someone to"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of нашел","gloss":"talk"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b7-c3-s251","source":"Я, Михаил Осипович, — обратилась она к Ракитину, — хотела было у тебя прощения попросить за то, что обругала тебя, да теперь опять не хочу.","translation":"I had meant, Mikhail Osipovich,\" she said, turning to Rakitin, \"I had meant to ask your pardon for cursing at you, but now I have no wish to again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотела было… попросить","title":"The frustrative particle «было»","body":"«было» after a past-tense verb marks an action begun or intended but then abandoned or reversed — the 'frustrative': 'I had meant to ask… but now I don't want to'. It precisely captures Grushenka's withdrawn apology."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прощения попросить","title":"Genitive object «прощения»","body":"«просить/попросить» governs the genitive of the thing requested — «прощения» ('forgiveness'), a partitive-flavored genitive typical of asking for something. The perfective «попросить» frames the intended apology as a single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Михаил","lemma":"михаил","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"Осипович,","lemma":"осипович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, coordinated with Михаил","gloss":"Osipovich"},{"surface":"обратилась","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical verb of the narration","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of обратилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ракитину","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ракитину,","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратилась","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had meant"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks хотела as an unfulfilled intention","gloss":"(intended)","note":"хотела было = 'was about to, had meant to' — marks an intention that was not carried out."},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотела","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прощения","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of попросить","gloss":"pardon"},{"surface":"попросить","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of попросить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"обругала","lemma":"обругать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"cursed"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обругала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, contrasted with хотела","gloss":"want"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b7-c3-s252","source":"Алеша, поди ко мне, сядь сюда, — манила она его с радостною улыбкой, — вот так, вот садись сюда, скажи ты мне (она взяла его за руку и заглядывала ему, улыбаясь, в лицо), — скажи ты мне: люблю я того или нет?","translation":"Alyosha, come to me, sit down here,\" she beckoned to him with a joyful smile, \"there, like that, sit down here, and tell me\" (she took him by the hand and, smiling, peered into his face), \"tell me: do I love that man or not?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поди ко мне, сядь сюда","title":"Folksy imperatives «поди», «сядь»","body":"«поди» is a colloquial/archaic imperative of «пойти» ('come here'), warmer and more popular than «иди»; «сядь» is the perfective imperative 'sit down'. The string of short commands gives her coaxing speech its tender, homey rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"взяла его за руку","title":"«взять за руку» — accusative of the body part","body":"In this idiom the person is the object («его») and the body part takes «за» + accusative («за руку», 'by the hand'). Russian regularly construes seizing/leading by a limb this way rather than with a possessive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заглядывала ему… в лицо","title":"Imperfective «заглядывала» for lingering action","body":"The imperfective past «заглядывала» ('kept peering / was peering') views the gazing as a drawn-out process, set against the perfective «взяла» that frames the single act of taking his hand. «ему… в лицо» again uses the dative of the person plus «в» + accusative for the part looked into."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"люблю я того или нет?","title":"Animate accusative=genitive «того»","body":"«того» (that man) is the accusative object of «люблю», but for an animate masculine the accusative borrows the genitive form — hence «того», not «тот». Word order «люблю я того» fronts the verb for emotional urgency."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"поди","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"imperative verb addressed to Алеша","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of поди","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сядь","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated imperative with поди","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"сюда,","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сядь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"манила","lemma":"манить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"beckoned"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of манила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of манила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"радостною","lemma":"радостный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"joyful"},{"surface":"улыбкой,","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of манила","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"forms exclamation вот так","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms phrase вот так","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies садись","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"садись","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"imperative, coordinated with манила's quoted speech","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies садись","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with садись","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"emphatic subject of скажи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажи","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of взяла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"взяла","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical verb of the narration","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взяла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взяла","gloss":"the hand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заглядывала","lemma":"заглядывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взяла","gloss":"peered"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative possessor, whose face is peered into","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"улыбаясь","lemma":"улыбаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заглядывала","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"лицо),","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted speech, resuming скажи","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"emphatic subject of скажи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажи","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"do I love"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive/accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"that man"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with люблю","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"b7-c3-s253","source":"Обидчика-то моего, люблю или нет? Лежала я до вас здесь в темноте, всё допрашивала сердце: люблю я того или нет?","translation":"The man who wronged me — do I love him or not? I lay here in the dark before you came, questioning my heart over and over: do I love him or not?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Обидчика-то моего","title":"Topic-marking clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «обидчика» flags an already-known topic she now zeroes in on ('that wronger of mine'). «обидчика» is animate accusative (= genitive form), the object of the implied 'do I love'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лежала я до вас здесь… всё допрашивала","title":"Imperfectives for ongoing self-interrogation","body":"Both «лежала» (was lying) and «допрашивала» (kept questioning) are imperfective pasts depicting prolonged, repeated action through the dark. «всё» here is the adverbial 'all the while, continually', reinforcing the durative reading."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"допрашивала сердце","title":"«допрашивать» — to interrogate","body":"«допрашивать» is the verb for interrogating a suspect or witness (a legal/judicial term). Turning it on her own «сердце» ('questioning my heart') gives the line a vivid, almost forensic intensity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обидчика","lemma":"обидчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю (fronted)","gloss":"the wrongdoer"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic particle on Обидчика","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Обидчика","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do I love"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with люблю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Лежала","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I lay"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Лежала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of до, modifies Лежала (temporal)","gloss":"you came"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Лежала","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"темноте","lemma":"темнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Лежала","gloss":"the dark"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies допрашивала (continuously)","gloss":"kept on"},{"surface":"допрашивала","lemma":"допрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Лежала","gloss":"questioned"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of допрашивала","gloss":"my heart"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"do I love"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative (animate), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with люблю","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"b7-c3-s254","source":"Разреши ты меня, Алеша, время пришло; что положишь, так и будет. Простить мне его или нет?","translation":"Settle it for me, Alyosha, the hour has come; whatever you decide, so it shall be. Am I to forgive him or not?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Разреши ты меня","title":"Imperative «разреши» — decide it for me","body":"«разреши» is the perfective imperative of «разрешить», here in its older sense 'resolve/settle (the matter) for me'. The emphatic «ты» again colors the command with appeal. She makes Alyosha her judge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что положишь, так и будет","title":"Correlative «что… так и…»","body":"A correlative construction: 'whatever you lay down, just so it will be'. «положишь» is perfective future ('you will decide'), and «так и будет» echoes it — her fate bound to his verdict. «положить» here means 'to determine, ordain'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Простить мне его или нет?","title":"Dative subject of an infinitive","body":"An impersonal deliberative: the bare infinitive «простить» with the dative «мне» asks 'am I to forgive…?'. Russian frames such modal deliberations with a dative experiencer and no nominative subject — the choice presented as something falling to her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разреши","lemma":"разрешить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"settle"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Разреши","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Разреши","gloss":"it for me"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пришло","gloss":"the hour"},{"surface":"пришло","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has come"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of положишь, introduces the clause","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"положишь","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"you decide"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlate of что, modifies будет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"part of the phrase так и будет","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the так-clause","gloss":"shall be"},{"surface":"Простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am I to forgive"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of the infinitive Простить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Простить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Простить","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"b7-c3-s255","source":"— Да ведь уж простила, — улыбаясь проговорил Алеша.","translation":"\"But you have already forgiven him,\" Alyosha said with a smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь уж простила","title":"Particle cluster «да ведь уж»","body":"Three particles stack to soften and warm Alyosha's gentle correction: «да» (continuative 'but, why'), «ведь» (appealing to shared knowledge, 'after all'), «уж» (emphatic 'already'). Together: 'But you have already forgiven him, you know.' This particle texture is the heartbeat of Dostoevsky's dialogue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"улыбаясь проговорил","title":"Imperfective gerund «улыбаясь»","body":"«улыбаясь» is the present (imperfective) adverbial participle of «улыбаться», expressing action simultaneous with the main verb: 'smiling, he said'. It must share the subject (Alyosha) and is a staple of narrative attribution."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle, discourse","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простила","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простила","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"простила,","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have forgiven"},{"surface":"улыбаясь","lemma":"улыбаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting verb)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":256,"label":"256","id":"b7-c3-s256","source":"— А и впрямь простила, — вдумчиво произнесла Грушенька. — Экое ведь подлое сердце! За подлое сердце мое! — схватила она вдруг со стола бокал, разом выпила, подняла его и с размаха бросила на пол.","translation":"\"Why, so I have forgiven him,\" Grushenka said thoughtfully. \"What a base heart it is! Here's to my base heart!\" — she suddenly snatched a glass from the table, drained it at a gulp, raised it, and flung it hard to the floor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Экое… подлое сердце","title":"Exclamatory «экое»","body":"«экое» (variant «экой/эко») is a colloquial exclamatory determiner, 'what a…!', expressing astonished appraisal: 'what a base heart!'. It belongs to lively, emotional speech and recurs in the chapter («Экое плотоядие!»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватила… выпила, подняла… бросила","title":"Chain of perfectives advancing the action","body":"A rapid string of perfective pasts — «схватила, выпила, подняла, бросила» — moves the narrative forward event by event: snatched, drained, raised, flung. The perfective's single-completed-whole reading gives the gesture its abrupt, staccato violence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с размаха","title":"«с размаху» — with a full swing","body":"An adverbial idiom, 'with a sweep/swing of the arm', conveying force and abandon — she hurls the glass hard. The variant «с размаху» is the more common spoken form."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle, discourse","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies впрямь","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"впрямь","lemma":"впрямь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простила","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"простила,","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have forgiven"},{"surface":"вдумчиво","lemma":"вдумчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнесла","gloss":"thoughtfully"},{"surface":"произнесла","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting verb)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Грушенька.","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of произнесла","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"Экое","lemma":"экий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular, exclamatory","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the exclamation Экое...сердце","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"подлое","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце (toast)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"подлое","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition За","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"мое!","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"схватила","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"snatched"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of схватила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стола","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стола","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition со, modifies схватила","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"бокал","lemma":"бокал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватила","gloss":"a glass"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"разом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выпила","gloss":"at a gulp"},{"surface":"выпила","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватила","gloss":"drained"},{"surface":"подняла","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватила","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подняла","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking размаха","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"размаха","lemma":"размах","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросила","gloss":"hard (a swing)"},{"surface":"бросила","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватила","gloss":"flung"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пол","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросила","gloss":"the floor"}]},{"number":257,"label":"257","id":"b7-c3-s257","source":"Бокал разбился и зазвенел. Какая-то жестокая черточка мелькнула в ее улыбке.","translation":"The glass shattered and rang out. Some cruel little line flickered across her smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"черточка","title":"Diminutive «черточка» — a little line","body":"«черта» ('line, feature, trait') with the diminutive «-очка» gives «черточка», a tiny line or flicker — here a faint cruel twist in her smile. The diminutive makes the cruelty momentary and fine, almost subliminal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мелькнула в ее улыбке","title":"Semelfactive perfective «мелькнула»","body":"«мелькнуть», with the «-ну-» suffix, is a semelfactive perfective — a single instantaneous flash ('flickered, flashed for an instant'). It captures the cruelty appearing and vanishing in one beat, against the calmer imperfective surrounding narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бокал","lemma":"бокал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разбился","gloss":"the glass"},{"surface":"разбился","lemma":"разбиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shattered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зазвенел","lemma":"зазвенеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with разбился","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"Какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of черточка (part of какая-то)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"part of the phrase Какая-то","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"жестокая","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies черточка","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"черточка","lemma":"чёрточка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of мелькнула","gloss":"little line"},{"surface":"мелькнула","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flickered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбке","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of улыбке","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"улыбке","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнула","gloss":"smile"}]},{"number":258,"label":"258","id":"b7-c3-s258","source":"— А ведь, может, еще и не простила, — как-то грозно проговорила она, опустив глаза в землю, как будто одна сама с собой говорила. — Может, еще только собирается сердце простить.","translation":"\"But then again, perhaps I have not forgiven him after all,\" she said, somehow menacingly, lowering her eyes to the ground, as though she were speaking to herself alone. \"Perhaps my heart is only just preparing to forgive.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ведь, может, еще и не простила","title":"Hedging particle stack «а ведь, может»","body":"Particles pile up to reverse herself: «а» (contrastive turn), «ведь» (appeal, 'after all'), «может» (parenthetical 'perhaps'), then «еще и не» ('not even yet'). The cluster perfectly renders a mind recoiling from its own previous claim."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"опустив глаза в землю","title":"Perfective gerund «опустив»","body":"«опустив» is the past (perfective) adverbial participle of «опустить» — 'having lowered her eyes', an action completed just before or as she speaks. «в землю» ('to the ground') uses «в» + accusative for direction of the gaze."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто одна сама с собой говорила","title":"Reflexive «сама с собой»","body":"«с собой» uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» (instrumental «собой») referring back to the subject: 'with herself'. Reinforced by the intensifier «сама» ('she herself, alone'), it paints her drifting into private soliloquy."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle, discourse","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простила","gloss":"then again"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies простила","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простила","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies простила","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"простила,","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have forgiven"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как-то, modifies проговорила","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"грозно","lemma":"грозно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"menacingly"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting verb)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"опустив","lemma":"опустить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорила","gloss":"lowering"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of опустив","gloss":"her eyes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опустив","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the как будто clause, part of as though","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicative modifier of the elided subject of говорила (she, alone), not the grammatical subject","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies одна/subject, emphatic","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of сама","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"говорила.","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the как будто clause","gloss":"was speaking"},{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies собирается","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies только","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies собирается","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"собирается","lemma":"собираться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is preparing"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of собирается","gloss":"my heart"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of собирается","gloss":"to forgive"}]},{"number":259,"label":"259","id":"b7-c3-s259","source":"Поборюсь еще с сердцем-то. Я, видишь, Алеша, слезы мои пятилетние страх полюбила… Я, может, только обиду мою и полюбила, а не его вовсе!","translation":"I'll wrestle with my heart yet. You see, Alyosha, I have come to love my five years of tears terribly… Perhaps it is only my hurt that I have come to love, and not him at all!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поборюсь еще с сердцем-то","title":"Perfective future + clitic «-то»","body":"«поборюсь» is the perfective future of the reflexive «побороться» ('I'll have a bout, I'll wrestle a while'); the prefix «по-» adds a sense of 'for a time'. The clitic «-то» on «сердцем» marks the heart as the known topic of the struggle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слезы мои пятилетние страх полюбила","title":"Inceptive «полюбила» + adverbial «страх»","body":"«полюбила» (perfective of «любить» with «по-») means 'came to love, grew to love' — the onset of a feeling as a completed event. «страх» here is the colloquial adverb 'terribly, awfully' (not the noun 'fear'), intensifying how fiercely she loves her own tears."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только обиду мою и полюбила, а не его вовсе","title":"Focus «только… и» with contrastive «а»","body":"The frame «только… и» ('it is only X that…') narrows the focus to «обиду мою» (my hurt), and «а не его» pivots with contrastive «а» to deny the alternative. «обиду» is feminine accusative, the object of «полюбила»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поборюсь","lemma":"побороться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll wrestle"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Поборюсь","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердцем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Поборюсь","gloss":"my heart"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"part of the phrase сердцем-то","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of полюбила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (you see)","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of полюбила","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of слезы","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"пятилетние","lemma":"пятилетний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies слезы","gloss":"five-year"},{"surface":"страх","lemma":"страх","morphology":"adverb, colloquial intensifier","role":"modifies полюбила","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"полюбила","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have come to love"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of полюбила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies полюбила","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обиду","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"обиду","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of полюбила","gloss":"my hurt"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of обиду","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"полюбила","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"repeats полюбила, main verb","gloss":"have come to love"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies его","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"second object of полюбила (negated)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies его","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":260,"label":"260","id":"b7-c3-s260","source":"— Ну не хотел бы я быть в его коже! — прошипел Ракитин.","translation":"\"Well, I shouldn't want to be in his skin!\" Rakitin hissed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну не хотел бы я быть в его коже","title":"Conditional «бы» of polite/hypothetical wish","body":"«не хотел бы» is the irrealis: past-form verb + «бы» yielding 'I shouldn't want / wouldn't like'. It softens the statement into a hypothetical recoil. «быть в его коже» is the idiom 'to be in his skin' (= in his shoes)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прошипел","title":"«прошипеть» — to hiss out","body":"An expressive speech-verb (от «шипеть», to hiss) marking the malice in Rakitin's delivery. Dostoevsky's dialogue tags — «прошипел», «промычал», «проворчал», «прокричала» — each fix the speaker's tone, and we keep that color in English."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle, discourse","role":"discourse marker, introduces the clause","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would want"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of хотел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to коже","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коже","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of коже","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"коже!","lemma":"кожа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотел","gloss":"skin"},{"surface":"прошипел","lemma":"прошипеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting verb)","gloss":"hissed"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошипел","gloss":"Rakitin"}]},{"number":261,"label":"261","id":"b7-c3-s261","source":"— И не будешь, Ракитка, никогда в его коже не будешь. Ты мне башмаки будешь шить, Ракитка, вот я тебя на какое дело употреблю, а такой, как я, тебе никогда не видать… Да и ему, может, не увидать…","translation":"\"And you never will be, Rakitka, you will never be in his skin. You'll be sewing shoes for me, Rakitka — that's the use I'll put you to — but a woman like me you will never have… And perhaps he won't have her either…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ракитка","title":"Belittling form «Ракитка»","body":"From the surname «Ракитин», the suffix «-ка» produces a familiar, here contemptuous nickname, 'Rakitka'. Grushenka uses it repeatedly to put him in his place — a deliberate drop from the formal «Михаил Осипович» she used moments earlier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты мне башмаки будешь шить","title":"Compound imperfective future «будешь шить»","body":"«будешь шить» is the analytic imperfective future (future of «быть» + imperfective infinitive), naming an ongoing, habitual future occupation: 'you will be sewing shoes for me'. The dative «мне» marks the beneficiary."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе никогда не видать… ему… не увидать","title":"Dative + infinitive «не видать»","body":"«(тебе) не видать (такой, как я)» is an impersonal dative-plus-infinitive of impossibility: 'one such as me you'll never get to see / never have'. The dative names who is denied, and the bare infinitive «видать/увидать» states the fated impossibility — a forceful, fatalistic idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будешь (second)","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коже","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of коже","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"коже","lemma":"кожа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of будешь","gloss":"skin"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будешь (second)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"repeats будешь, main verb","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of шить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of шить","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"башмаки","lemma":"башмак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of шить","gloss":"shoes"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of шить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"шить","lemma":"шить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sewing"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause, modifies употреблю","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of употреблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of употреблю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дело","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of употреблю","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"употреблю","lemma":"употребить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"I'll put you to"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видать (genitive of negation, referring to a woman)","gloss":"someone like this"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison, modifies такой","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"complement of как (comparison)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of видать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видать","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видать","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will you see"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of увидать","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies увидать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"увидать","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will see"}]},{"number":262,"label":"262","id":"b7-c3-s262","source":"— Ему-то? А нарядилась-то зачем? — ехидно поддразнил Ракитин.","translation":"\"Won't he, though? Then why did you dress yourself up?\" Rakitin needled her spitefully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему-то?","title":"Dative «ему» with sceptical «-то»","body":"An elliptical retort: dative «ему» ('to him?'), echoing her «ему… не увидать», with the clitic «-то» giving a needling, sceptical emphasis — 'Him, you say?'. The whole exchange runs on understood verbs, carried by case and particle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А нарядилась-то зачем?","title":"Reflexive «нарядилась» (dress oneself up)","body":"«нарядиться» is a reflexive «-ся» verb of self-directed action: 'to dress oneself up, doll oneself up'. The perfective past «нарядилась» marks the completed act of getting decked out. «-то» again adds a teasing edge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ехидно поддразнил","title":"«ехидно» — venomously, slyly","body":"«ехидный» (from «ехидна», viper/echidna) means malicious in a sly, needling way. With «поддразнил» ('teased, needled') it precisely renders Rakitin's snide goading. A vivid lexical signal of his character."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"topic of the elliptical question (won't he?)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"part of the phrase Ему-то","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"нарядилась","lemma":"нарядиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you dress up"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"part of the phrase нарядилась-то","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"зачем?","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies нарядилась","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ехидно","lemma":"ехидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поддразнил","gloss":"spitefully"},{"surface":"поддразнил","lemma":"поддразнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting verb)","gloss":"needled"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поддразнил","gloss":"Rakitin"}]},{"number":263,"label":"263","id":"b7-c3-s263","source":"— Не кори меня нарядом, Ракитка, не знаешь еще ты всего моего сердца! Захочу, и сорву наряд, сейчас сорву, сию минуту, — звонко прокричала она.","translation":"\"Don't reproach me with my finery, Rakitka, you don't yet know all that's in my heart! If I choose, I'll tear off this dress, I'll tear it off this minute, this very second,\" she cried out ringingly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не кори меня нарядом","title":"Negative imperative + instrumental of cause","body":"«не кори» is the negative imperative of «корить» ('reproach'), normally taking imperfective aspect for a prohibition. The thing reproached with stands in the instrumental: «нарядом» ('with my finery') — the instrumental of the cause/means of reproach."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Захочу, и сорву наряд","title":"Conditional-by-juxtaposition: two perfective futures","body":"«захочу… и сорву» — two perfective futures set side by side — carry an implicit conditional: 'if I want to, I'll tear it off'. Russian often expresses 'if X then Y' simply by chaining perfective futures, with «и» as the hinge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сию минуту","title":"«сию минуту» — this very minute","body":"A set phrase using the archaic demonstrative «сей» (feminine accusative «сию»), 'this very minute, right now'. «сей» is otherwise bookish/archaic but survives in fixed expressions like «сию минуту», «сей час» (whence «сейчас»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кори","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"кори","lemma":"корить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reproach"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of кори","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"нарядом","lemma":"наряд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кори","gloss":"with my finery"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаешь","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"Захочу","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"if I choose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сорву","lemma":"сорвать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Захочу","gloss":"I'll tear off"},{"surface":"наряд","lemma":"наряд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сорву","gloss":"the dress"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сорву (second)","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"сорву","lemma":"сорвать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"repeats сорву, coordinated with Захочу","gloss":"I'll tear it off"},{"surface":"сию","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту,","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сорву (temporal)","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"звонко","lemma":"звонко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокричала","gloss":"ringingly"},{"surface":"прокричала","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting verb)","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прокричала","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":264,"label":"264","id":"b7-c3-s264","source":"Не знаешь ты, для чего этот наряд, Ракитка! Может, выйду к нему и скажу: «Видал ты меня такую аль нет еще?»","translation":"You don't know what this finery is for, Rakitka! Perhaps I'll go out to him and say, 'Have you ever seen me look like this, or not yet?'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Может, выйду к нему","title":"Prefixed motion verb «выйду»","body":"«выйду» is the perfective future of «выйти» (вы- 'out' + идти), 'I'll go out'. The directional prefix «вы-» turns a motion verb into an ordinary perfective and fixes the direction (out, then 'к нему' toward him)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аль","title":"Folk variant «аль» — 'or'","body":"«аль» (also «али») is a colloquial, folk-poetic variant of «или» ('or'). In the imagined taunt «Видал ты меня такую аль нет?» it gives Grushenka's speech a rustic, ballad-like ring suited to her peasant roots."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Видал ты меня такую","title":"Iterative «видал» + agreeing «такую»","body":"«видал» is the multiple/iterative imperfective of «видеть» ('have you ever seen'), implying repeated or general experience. «такую» (feminine accusative) agrees with «меня», a predicative-attributive 'me [being] like this'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of наряд","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"наряд","lemma":"наряд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic of the для чего clause","gloss":"finery"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies выйду","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"выйду","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll go out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйду","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выйду","gloss":"I'll say"},{"surface":"Видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"have you seen"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Видал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Видал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction, dialectal","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Видал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"yet"}]},{"number":265,"label":"265","id":"b7-c3-s265","source":"Ведь он меня семнадцатилетнюю, тоненькую, чахоточную плаксу оставил.","translation":"Why, he left me a seventeen-year-old, thin, consumptive little crybaby.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"семнадцатилетнюю, тоненькую, чахоточную плаксу","title":"Stacked accusative adjectives + animate noun","body":"Three feminine accusative adjectives pile onto «плаксу» (the object he 'left'): «семнадцатилетнюю» (seventeen-year-old), «тоненькую» (very thin), «чахоточную» (consumptive). They all agree in gender, number, and case with the noun — the case repeated four times."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тоненькую","title":"Diminutive «тоненькая» — thin little","body":"«тонкая» ('thin') with the expressive suffix «-еньк-» becomes «тоненькая», 'thin little, slender little' — pity-laden affection for her younger self. The suffix conveys not size but tenderness toward the frail girl she was."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставил","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of оставил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"семнадцатилетнюю","lemma":"семнадцатилетний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies плаксу","gloss":"seventeen-year-old"},{"surface":"тоненькую","lemma":"тоненький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with семнадцатилетнюю","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"чахоточную","lemma":"чахоточный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with семнадцатилетнюю","gloss":"consumptive"},{"surface":"плаксу","lemma":"плакса","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оставил","gloss":"little crybaby"},{"surface":"оставил","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"}]},{"number":266,"label":"266","id":"b7-c3-s266","source":"Да подсяду к нему, да обольщу, да разожгу его: «Видал ты, какова я теперь, скажу, ну так и оставайся при том, милостивый государь, по усам текло, а в рот не попало!» — вот ведь к чему, может, этот наряд, Ракитка, — закончила Грушенька со злобным смешком.","translation":"I might sit down beside him, lead him on, set him on fire: 'Take a look at the woman I am now,' I'll say, 'well, and there you stay with that, my dear sir — it ran down your moustache but never reached your mouth!' — so that, perhaps, is what this finery is for, Rakitka,\" Grushenka finished with a malicious little laugh.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да подсяду к нему, да обольщу, да разожгу","title":"Anaphoric «да» chaining perfective futures","body":"Colloquial «да» ('and then') links a quickening chain of perfective futures — «подсяду» (sit down beside), «обольщу» (seduce/lead on), «разожгу» (set ablaze). The repetition builds momentum, each verb a single planned act of her revenge fantasy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"милостивый государь","title":"«милостивый государь» — 'my dear sir'","body":"A formal, old-fashioned mode of polite address ('gracious sir'), used in letters and ceremonious speech. Hurled mockingly at the officer, the courtesy turns to scorn — she dresses contempt in the language of deference."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по усам текло, а в рот не попало","title":"Proverb: ran down the moustache but missed the mouth","body":"This folk saying, «по усам текло, а в рот не попало» ('it trickled down the moustache but never got into the mouth'), is the traditional close of Russian fairy tales and means the prize was tantalizingly near but never actually had. Grushenka throws it at the officer: he may look, but he will get nothing. We render it close to the Russian image — 'it ran down your moustache but never reached your mouth' — rather than swapping in a stock English idiom, so the fairy-tale flavor survives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подсяду","lemma":"подсесть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll sit down beside"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подсяду","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обольщу","lemma":"обольстить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подсяду","gloss":"I'll beguile"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разожгу","lemma":"разжечь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подсяду","gloss":"I'll set aflame"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разожгу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb introducing the imagined quote","gloss":"take a look"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Видал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"какова","lemma":"каков","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the clause какова я","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of какова","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies какова","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical (I'll say)","gloss":"I'll say"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle, discourse","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставайся","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"оставайся","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставайся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"милостивый","lemma":"милостивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies государь","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"государь","lemma":"государь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking усам","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"усам","lemma":"ус","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of текло","gloss":"the moustache"},{"surface":"текло","lemma":"течь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the proverb clause","gloss":"ran down"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рот","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"рот","lemma":"рот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided verb (попало)","gloss":"the mouth"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies elided verb (never reached)","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the concluding clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чему","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the concluding clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies наряд","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of наряд","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"наряд","lemma":"наряд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the concluding clause","gloss":"finery"},{"surface":"Ракитка,","lemma":"ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"закончила","lemma":"закончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting verb)","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of закончила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смешком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"злобным","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смешком","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"смешком","lemma":"смешок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закончила","gloss":"little laugh"}]},{"number":267,"label":"267","id":"b7-c3-s267","source":"Неистовая я, Алеша, яростная. Сорву я мой наряд, изувечу я себя, мою красоту, обожгу себе лицо и разрежу ножом, пойду милостыню просить.","translation":"I'm a wild thing, Alyosha, a furious thing. I'll tear off my finery, I'll maim myself, my beauty, I'll burn my face and slash it with a knife, I'll go out begging for alms.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Неистовая… яростная","title":"«неистовая, яростная» — frenzied, furious","body":"Two strong adjectives of uncontrolled passion: «неистовый» (frenzied, raging, unrestrained — with an old religious flavor of one possessed) and «яростный» (furious). Self-applied, they announce the wild, self-destructive Grushenka the chapter keeps uncovering."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сорву… изувечу… обожгу… разрежу… пойду","title":"Cascade of perfective futures","body":"A torrent of perfective futures — tear off, maim, burn, slash, go — each a single resolved act, piling up her threats of self-mutilation. The perfective's completed-whole sense makes every clause a finished gesture, heightening the violence of the vow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неистовая","lemma":"неистовый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing я","gloss":"a wild thing"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алеша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"яростная","lemma":"яростный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing я","gloss":"a furious thing"},{"surface":"Сорву","lemma":"сорвать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"I'll tear off"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Сорву","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of наряд","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"наряд","lemma":"наряд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Сорву","gloss":"finery"},{"surface":"изувечу","lemma":"изувечить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сорву","gloss":"I'll maim"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of изувечу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of изувечу","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of красоту","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"красоту","lemma":"красота","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to себя","gloss":"my beauty"},{"surface":"обожгу","lemma":"обжечь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with изувечу","gloss":"I'll burn"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of обожгу","gloss":"my (own)"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of обожгу","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разрежу","lemma":"разрезать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обожгу","gloss":"I'll slash it"},{"surface":"ножом","lemma":"нож","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrument of разрежу","gloss":"with a knife"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сорву","gloss":"I'll go"},{"surface":"милостыню","lemma":"милостыня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of просить","gloss":"alms"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пойду","gloss":"to beg"}]},{"number":268,"label":"268","id":"b7-c3-s268","source":"Захочу, и не пойду я теперь никуда и ни к кому, захочу — завтра же отошлю Кузьме всё, что он мне подарил, и все деньги его, а сама на всю жизнь работницей поденной пойду!..","translation":"If I choose, I won't go anywhere now, not to anyone; if I choose, tomorrow I'll send Kuzma back everything he ever gave me, and all his money too, and go off myself to a lifetime of day labor!..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Захочу, и не пойду я… ни к кому","title":"Negative concord «не… никуда… ни к кому»","body":"Multiple negatives stack with no cancellation: «не пойду… никуда и ни к кому» ('won't go anywhere, to anyone'). The verb keeps «не» while «никуда» and «ни к кому» pile on — obligatory Russian negative concord, here heaped up for vehemence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Захочу","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying пойду","gloss":"if I choose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пойду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"I'll go"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойду","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"никуда","lemma":"никуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойду","gloss":"nowhere"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кому","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"coordinated with никуда, modifies пойду","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"захочу","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying отошлю","gloss":"if I choose"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отошлю","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завтра","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"отошлю","lemma":"отослать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"I'll send back"},{"surface":"Кузьме","lemma":"Кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отошлю","gloss":"to Kuzma"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отошлю","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подарил, relative clause on всё","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подарил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of подарил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"подарил","lemma":"подарить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on всё","gloss":"ever gave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of отошлю, coordinated with всё","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сама","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of the implied subject я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойду","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"работницей","lemma":"работница","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of пойду","gloss":"as a worker"},{"surface":"поденной","lemma":"подённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies работницей","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with отошлю","gloss":"I'll go off"}]},{"number":269,"label":"269","id":"b7-c3-s269","source":"Думаешь, не сделаю я того, Ракитка, не посмею сделать? Сделаю, сделаю, сейчас могу сделать, не раздражайте только меня… а того прогоню, тому шиш покажу, тому меня не видать!","translation":"Do you think I won't do it, Rakitka, that I won't dare? I will, I will, I can do it this minute — only don't provoke me… and that other man I'll drive off, I'll thumb my nose at him, he'll never have me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не сделаю я того… не посмею","title":"Genitive of negation «того»","body":"Under negation the object of «сделаю» appears as genitive «того» ('won't do that'). «не посмею» ('won't dare') governs the same understood object. Fronting the verbs «не сделаю я» throws the defiance forward."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не раздражайте только меня","title":"Plural imperative «раздражайте» — switch to «вы»","body":"«раздражайте» is the plural/polite imperative ('don't provoke me'), addressing the group (all of them) rather than just Rakitin — a sudden widening from singular «ты» a clause earlier. The imperfective negative imperative is the normal form for a warning/prohibition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тому шиш покажу","title":"Idiom «шиш показать» — to thumb one's nose","body":"«шиш» (also «кукиш», «фига») is the rude fist-gesture with the thumb thrust between two fingers; «показать шиш» means to give someone the finger / thumb one's nose — a contemptuous 'you'll get nothing'. «тому» is the dative of the recipient of the gesture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you think"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сделаю","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"complement clause of Думаешь","gloss":"I won't do"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сделаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"Ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посмею","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"посмею","lemma":"посметь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"complement clause of Думаешь, coordinated with сделаю","gloss":"I won't dare"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of посмею","gloss":"to do it"},{"surface":"Сделаю","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will"},{"surface":"сделаю","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сделаю","gloss":"I will"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Сделаю","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"do it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раздражайте","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"раздражайте","lemma":"раздражать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Сделаю","gloss":"provoke"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of раздражайте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прогоню","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"прогоню","lemma":"прогнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with раздражайте","gloss":"I'll drive off"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of покажу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"шиш","lemma":"шиш","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of покажу","gloss":"a thumbed nose","note":"Idiom: показать шиш = to make a rude dismissive gesture at someone, like thumbing one's nose."},{"surface":"покажу","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прогоню","gloss":"I'll show"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of видать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of видать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видать","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will [never] see"}]},{"number":270,"label":"270","id":"b7-c3-s270","source":"Последние слова она истерически прокричала, но не выдержала опять, закрыла руками лицо, бросилась в подушку и опять затряслась от рыданий.","translation":"These last words she shrieked out hysterically, but again she could not hold herself in, covered her face with her hands, threw herself into the pillow, and was once more shaken with sobbing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прокричала… закрыла… бросилась… затряслась","title":"Perfective chain of sudden collapse","body":"A sequence of perfective pasts narrates her breakdown as discrete completed events: shrieked, covered, threw herself, was shaken. The perfective «затряслась» (inceptive «за-») marks the onset of sobbing as a single seized-upon moment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросилась в подушку… затряслась от рыданий","title":"Reflexive «-ся» verbs of self-affecting action","body":"«бросилась» (threw herself) and «затряслась» (was shaken / began to shake) are «-ся» verbs: the first reflexive (she flings her own body), the second a middle/change-of-state ('came to be shaking'). «от рыданий» gives the cause, genitive plural after «от»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of прокричала","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прокричала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"истерически","lemma":"истерически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокричала","gloss":"hysterically"},{"surface":"прокричала","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shrieked"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выдержала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выдержала","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прокричала","gloss":"could hold up"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выдержала","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"закрыла","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прокричала","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrument of закрыла","gloss":"with her hands"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of закрыла","gloss":"her face"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прокричала","gloss":"threw herself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"подушку","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"the pillow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies затряслась","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"затряслась","lemma":"затрястись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прокричала","gloss":"was shaken"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рыданий","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"рыданий","lemma":"рыдание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of затряслась","gloss":"sobbing"}]},{"number":271,"label":"271","id":"b7-c3-s271","source":"Ракитин встал с места.","translation":"Rakitin rose from his seat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встал с места","title":"Genitive after «с» (away from)","body":"«с» in the sense 'off, away from' governs the genitive: «с места» ('from his place/seat'). The perfective «встал» marks the single completed act of rising. The same «с» + genitive recurs in «вскочила с места» and «сошли… с крыльца»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of встал","gloss":"his seat"}]},{"number":272,"label":"272","id":"b7-c3-s272","source":"— Пора, — сказал он, — поздно, в монастырь не пропустят.","translation":"\"It's time,\" he said, \"it's late, they won't let us into the monastery.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пора… поздно","title":"Impersonal predicatives «пора», «поздно»","body":"«пора» ('it's time') and «поздно» ('it's late') are impersonal predicatives heading subjectless constructions — no nominative, the state simply asserted. «Пора» often takes a dative experiencer and an infinitive ('it's time [for us] to go'), both left implicit here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в монастырь не пропустят","title":"Impersonal 3rd-pl. «не пропустят»","body":"«не пропустят» is a subjectless third-person-plural ('they won't let [us] in') — Russian's standard way of saying 'one won't be admitted' without naming an agent. «в монастырь» uses «в» + accusative for motion toward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пора,","lemma":"пора","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"it's time"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting clause","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"он,","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поздно","lemma":"поздно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the parallel clause","gloss":"it's late"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пропустят","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пропустят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пропустят","lemma":"пропустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the parallel clause","gloss":"they'll let [us] in"}]},{"number":273,"label":"273","id":"b7-c3-s273","source":"Грушенька так и вскочила с места.","translation":"Grushenka fairly sprang up from her place.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так и вскочила","title":"Emphatic «так и» — fairly leapt up","body":"«так и» before a verb of sudden action means 'just, fairly, simply did it on the spot' — an intensifier of abruptness: 'fairly sprang up'. «вскочила» is the perfective (вс- 'up' + скочить), a single explosive movement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскочила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочила","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"вскочила","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочила","gloss":"her seat"}]},{"number":274,"label":"274","id":"b7-c3-s274","source":"— Да неужто ж ты уходить, Алеша, хочешь! — воскликнула она в горестном изумлении, — да что ж ты надо мной теперь делаешь: всю воззвал, истерзал, и опять теперь эта ночь, опять мне одной оставаться!","translation":"\"You don't mean you want to go, Alyosha!\" she exclaimed in grieving amazement. \"What are you doing to me now: you have stirred me all up, torn me to pieces, and now this night again, again I'm left alone!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да неужто ж ты уходить… хочешь!","title":"Particles «неужто ж» of incredulity","body":"«неужто» (folksy variant of «неужели») expresses astonished disbelief — 'surely you don't…?!' — and the emphatic «ж» (= «же») sharpens it. «уходить хочешь» pairs the imperfective infinitive of leaving with «хочешь», the want framing his intent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всю воззвал, истерзал","title":"Perfective «воззвал, истерзал»","body":"Two perfective pasts of disturbance: «воззвал» (here 'roused, stirred [me] up all over' — «вз-/воз-» of stirring up) and «истерзал» (tore to pieces, «из-» of thoroughness). «всю» ('all of me') is the feminine accusative object she applies to herself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"опять мне одной оставаться","title":"Dative «мне» + infinitive of fated state","body":"Dative «мне» with the bare infinitive «оставаться» expresses a state imposed on her: 'I'm [left] to remain alone again'. «одной» is the feminine dative agreeing with «мне» ('alone'). The construction frames loneliness as her lot, not her choice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the rhetorical question, modifies хочешь","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неужто","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уходить","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочешь","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алеша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"хочешь!","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"do you want"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting clause","gloss":"she exclaimed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking изумлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"горестном","lemma":"горестный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies изумлении","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"изумлении,","lemma":"изумление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнула","gloss":"amazement"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делаешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of делаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of делаешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делаешь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"делаешь","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are you doing"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of воззвал (elliptical)","gloss":"all of me"},{"surface":"воззвал","lemma":"воззвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with делаешь","gloss":"you have stirred up"},{"surface":"истерзал","lemma":"истерзать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with воззвал","gloss":"torn to pieces"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with воззвал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the implied predicate","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставаться","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of оставаться","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of оставаться","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with воззвал","gloss":"am left"}]},{"number":275,"label":"275","id":"b7-c3-s275","source":"— Не ночевать же ему у тебя? А коли хочет — пусть! Я и один уйду! — язвительно подшутил Ракитин.","translation":"\"He can hardly spend the night with you, can he? But if he wants to — let him! I'll go on my own!\" Rakitin jeered cuttingly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не ночевать же ему у тебя?","title":"Dative + infinitive rhetorical question","body":"Dative «ему» + infinitive «ночевать» frames a rhetorical 'he's surely not to spend the night at your place?'. The particle «же» loads it with incredulous insistence. «у тебя» is «у» + genitive, 'at your place'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А коли хочет — пусть!","title":"Archaic «коли» + elliptical «пусть»","body":"«коли» is the folk/archaic 'if' (= «если»), and «пусть» alone stands for 'let him (do it)', the third-person command with its verb left out. The clipped «пусть!» mimics careless dismissal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ночевать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ночевать","lemma":"ночевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main predicate of the rhetorical question","gloss":"spend the night"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ночевать","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of ночевать","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of ночевать","gloss":"your place"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"he wants"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"let him"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уйду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of я","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"уйду!","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll leave"},{"surface":"язвительно","lemma":"язвительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подшутил","gloss":"sarcastically"},{"surface":"подшутил","lemma":"подшутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"jeered"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подшутил","gloss":"Rakitin"}]},{"number":276,"label":"276","id":"b7-c3-s276","source":"— Молчи, злая душа, — яростно крикнула ему Грушенька, — никогда ты мне таких слов не говорил, какие он мне пришел сказать.","translation":"\"Be quiet, you wicked soul,\" Grushenka cried at him furiously. \"You never once spoke to me the kind of words he came to say.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Молчи, злая душа","title":"Imperative «молчи» + epithet of address","body":"«молчи» is the imperfective imperative 'be quiet, hush!'. «злая душа» ('wicked soul') is an address-epithet flung at Rakitin in the nominative — Russian uses the nominative for such vocative-style abuse since the old vocative case is lost."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда ты мне таких слов не говорил","title":"Genitive of negation «таких слов»","body":"Under the negated «не говорил», the object shifts to genitive «таких слов» ('such words'), reinforced by «никогда… не» negative concord. «какие он мне пришел сказать» is a relative clause; «какие» here functions like «которые»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"be quiet"},{"surface":"злая","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душа","gloss":"wicked"},{"surface":"душа,","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"яростно","lemma":"яростно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнула","gloss":"furiously"},{"surface":"крикнула","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of крикнула","gloss":"at him"},{"surface":"Грушенька,","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of крикнула","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of слов","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of говорил","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"relative determiner, nominative, plural","role":"relative determiner referring to слов","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying слов","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пришел","gloss":"to say"}]},{"number":277,"label":"277","id":"b7-c3-s277","source":"— Что он такое тебе сказал? — раздражительно проворчал Ракитин.","translation":"\"What on earth did he say to you?\" Rakitin grumbled irritably.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что он такое тебе сказал?","title":"Interrogative «что такое»","body":"«что такое» is an emphatic 'what (exactly)?', the «такое» intensifying the question with a note of irritation or disbelief. Word order «он такое тебе сказал» weaves the indirect object «тебе» (dative) into the verb's orbit."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"проворчал","title":"«проворчать» — to grumble out","body":"An expressive verb of speech (от «ворчать», to grumble/growl), 'muttered grumblingly'. With «раздражительно» ('irritably') it pins Rakitin's sulky tone. Note how each dialogue tag in this scene fixes a distinct vocal color."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что","gloss":"on earth"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"сказал?","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"did he say"},{"surface":"раздражительно","lemma":"раздражительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проворчал","gloss":"irritably"},{"surface":"проворчал","lemma":"проворчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"grumbled"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проворчал","gloss":"Rakitin"}]},{"number":278,"label":"278","id":"b7-c3-s278","source":"— Не знаю я, не ведаю, ничего не ведаю, что он мне такое сказал, сердцу сказалось, сердце он мне перевернул… Пожалел он меня первый, единый, вот что! Зачем ты, херувим, не приходил прежде, — упала вдруг она пред ним на колени, как бы в исступлении.","translation":"\"I don't know, I can't tell, I can't tell at all what it was he said to me; it spoke to my heart, he turned my heart over inside me… He took pity on me first, he alone — that's what! Why didn't you come before, my cherub?\" — and she suddenly fell to her knees before him, as if beside herself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не ведаю, ничего не ведаю","title":"Archaic «ведать» — to know","body":"«ведать» is the elevated, archaic/Church-Slavonic verb 'to know' (cf. «не ведают, что творят» — 'they know not what they do'). Beside ordinary «не знаю», its repetition lifts Grushenka's confession to an almost liturgical register of overwhelmed unknowing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сердцу сказалось","title":"Reflexive «-ся» + dative «сердцу»","body":"«сказалось» is the impersonal middle «-ся» form: not 'he said' but 'it spoke itself / made itself felt' to «сердцу» (dative, 'to the heart'). The «-ся» removes the agent, so the words seem to act on her heart of their own accord."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"упала вдруг она пред ним на колени","title":"Archaic «пред» + the gesture of kneeling","body":"«пред» is the bookish/archaic form of «перед» ('before'), governing the instrumental «ним». «упала… на колени» ('fell on her knees') uses «на» + accusative for the position assumed — the posture of penitence and supplication, charged here with religious feeling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в исступлении","title":"«исступление» — frenzy, ecstasy","body":"«исступление» denotes a state of being beside oneself — frenzy, transport, ecstatic rapture, often with a near-religious intensity. Dostoevsky reaches for it at peaks of emotion; here it marks Grushenka's self-abandonment as she kneels before Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ведаю","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ведаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"ведаю","lemma":"ведать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of ведаю","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ведаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"ведаю","lemma":"ведать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ведаю","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause, direct object of сказал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of ведаю","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"сердцу","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of сказалось","gloss":"to my heart"},{"surface":"сказалось","lemma":"сказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказал","gloss":"it spoke"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of перевернул","gloss":"my heart"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перевернул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative of possession with перевернул","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"перевернул","lemma":"перевернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказалось","gloss":"turned over"},{"surface":"Пожалел","lemma":"пожалеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he took pity"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Пожалел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Пожалел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"единый","lemma":"единый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with первый","gloss":"the only one"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Пожалел","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходил","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приходил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"херувим","lemma":"херувим","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"cherub"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приходил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приходил","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"did you come"},{"surface":"прежде,","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходил","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"упала","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"she fell"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of упала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"колени","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of упала","gloss":"her knees"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison, modifies исступлении","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"исступлении","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of упала","gloss":"a frenzy"}]},{"number":279,"label":"279","id":"b7-c3-s279","source":"Я всю жизнь такого, как ты, ждала, знала, что кто-то такой придет и меня простит. Верила, что и меня кто-то полюбит, гадкую, не за один только срам!..","translation":"All my life I have waited for someone like you, I knew that someone of that kind would come and forgive me. I believed that someone would love me too, vile as I am, and not for my shame alone!..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"знала, что кто-то такой придет","title":"Indefinite «кто-то» (specific-unknown)","body":"«кто-то» = 'someone' specific but unidentified — a real person she trusted would come, though she couldn't name him. Contrast «-нибудь» ('anyone at all'). «придет» is perfective future in reported speech ('would come')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня кто-то полюбит, гадкую","title":"Inceptive «полюбит» + agreeing «гадкую»","body":"«полюбит» (perfective future of «любить» + «по-») = 'will come to love'. «гадкую» ('vile, loathsome') is a feminine accusative adjective agreeing with «меня» — 'love me, vile as I am' — a participle-like attribute hung on the object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не за один только срам","title":"«срам» — shame, disgrace","body":"«срам» is a strong, somewhat archaic-popular word for shame/disgrace, often with a sexual edge (cf. «срамить» — to disgrace). Grushenka longs to be loved not merely for her 'shame' — her status as a fallen woman — but for herself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ждала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждала","gloss":"my life"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ждала","gloss":"someone like"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison, modifies такого","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"complement of the comparison","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ждала","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I waited for"},{"surface":"знала","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ждала","gloss":"I knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of придет, part of кто-то","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to кто","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кто-то","gloss":"of that kind"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знала","gloss":"would come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of простит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"простит","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with придет","gloss":"would forgive"},{"surface":"Верила","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I believed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of полюбит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of полюбит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of полюбит, part of кто-то","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to кто","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"полюбит","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Верила","gloss":"would love"},{"surface":"гадкую","lemma":"гадкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to меня","gloss":"vile as I am"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies срам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking срам","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies срам","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"срам","lemma":"срам","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition за, coordinated with полюбит","gloss":"shame"}]},{"number":280,"label":"280","id":"b7-c3-s280","source":"— Что я тебе такого сделал? — умиленно улыбаясь, отвечал Алеша, нагнувшись к ней и нежно взяв ее за руки, — луковку я тебе подал, одну самую малую луковку, только, только!..","translation":"\"What have I done for you?\" answered Alyosha, smiling tenderly, bending down to her and gently taking her by the hands. \"I gave you an onion, one tiny little onion, only that, only that!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"умиленно улыбаясь… нагнувшись… взяв","title":"Stacked gerunds, imperfective + perfective","body":"Three adverbial participles frame Alyosha's reply: «улыбаясь» (imperfective, simultaneous 'smiling'), and «нагнувшись», «взяв» (perfective, prior 'having bent down', 'having taken'). The mix of simultaneous and completed gerunds is a hallmark of Dostoevsky's layered narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"луковку… самую малую луковку","title":"Diminutive «луковка» — a little onion","body":"«луковка» is the diminutive of «луковица»/«лук» ('onion'), 'a little onion', echoing the chapter's title «Луковка». It alludes to the folk parable of the onion: a single small act of charity that can pull a soul from hell. «самую малую» ('the very smallest') stresses how slight the gift was."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сделал","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"сделал?","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"have I done"},{"surface":"умиленно","lemma":"умиленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбаясь","gloss":"tenderly"},{"surface":"улыбаясь","lemma":"улыбаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отвечал","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"отвечал","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алеша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отвечал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"нагнувшись","lemma":"нагнуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with улыбаясь, adverbial clause on отвечал","gloss":"bending down"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нагнувшись","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нежно","lemma":"нежно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взяв","gloss":"gently"},{"surface":"взяв","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with нагнувшись","gloss":"taking"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взяв","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"руки,","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of взяв","gloss":"the hands"},{"surface":"луковку","lemma":"луковка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подал","gloss":"an onion","note":"Callback to Grushenka's folk tale earlier in the book about a woman offered salvation for the one good deed of giving a beggar an onion."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of подал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подал","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies луковку","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"particle, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies малую","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"малую","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies луковку","gloss":"tiny"},{"surface":"луковку","lemma":"луковка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to луковку (w19)","gloss":"onion"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes подал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with only (w27)","gloss":"only"}]},{"number":281,"label":"281","id":"b7-c3-s281","source":"И, проговорив, сам заплакал.","translation":"And, having said it, he himself began to weep.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"проговорив, сам заплакал","title":"Perfective gerund «проговорив» + «сам»","body":"«проговорив» is the perfective past gerund 'having said (it)', a completed action prior to the main verb «заплакал» (inceptive perfective, 'began to weep'). The intensifier «сам» ('he himself') stresses the reversal — the comforter now in tears."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проговорив","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заплакал","gloss":"having said this"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of the subject of заплакал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"заплакал","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began to weep"}]},{"number":282,"label":"282","id":"b7-c3-s282","source":"В эту минуту в сенях вдруг раздался шум, кто-то вошел в переднюю; Грушенька вскочила как бы в страшном испуге.","translation":"At that moment a noise suddenly broke out in the entry; someone had come into the front room; Grushenka jumped up as if in terrible fright.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"раздался шум, кто-то вошел","title":"Perfectives of sudden onset","body":"«раздался» (rang out, broke out) and «вошел» (came in) are perfective pasts marking abrupt single events that snap the emotional scene. «раздался» is a «-ся» middle verb ('a noise made itself heard'), agentless by nature."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в сенях… в переднюю","title":"«сени» and «передняя» — entry rooms","body":"«сени» (plural-only) is the unheated entry passage of a traditional Russian house; «передняя» is the front hall/anteroom. The two locate the intrusion just outside the room — period domestic architecture quietly mapped by the vocabulary."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочила как бы в страшном испуге","title":"Hedging «как бы»","body":"«как бы» ('as if, as it were') hedges the narrator's reading of her motive — she sprang up 'as if in fright'. Dostoevsky's narration leans on «как бы» to keep inner states tentative and observed-from-outside; it recurs through the passage."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal complement of раздался","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сенях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сенях","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of раздался","gloss":"the entryway"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздался","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"раздался","lemma":"раздаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, masculine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke out"},{"surface":"шум","lemma":"шум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздался","gloss":"a noise"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of вошел (with -то = 'someone')","gloss":"someone","note":"кто-то is split into two tokens (кто + то); together they mean 'someone.'"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"enclitic forming кто-то with кто","gloss":"-one"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause (parallel to раздался)","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переднюю","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"переднюю","lemma":"передняя","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"the front room"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскочила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"вскочила","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"jumped up"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"part of fixed phrase как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы (as if)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking испуге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страшном","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies испуге","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"испуге","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочила","gloss":"fright"}]},{"number":283,"label":"283","id":"b7-c3-s283","source":"В комнату с шумом и криком вбежала Феня.","translation":"Fenya came running into the room with noise and shouting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В комнату с шумом и криком вбежала Феня","title":"Verb-before-subject for an entering character","body":"The subject «Феня» follows the verb «вбежала» — a typical Russian presentative order for introducing someone bursting onto the scene, with the new arrival as the comment/news. «вбежала» (в- 'in' + бежать) is the prefixed perfective 'came running in'."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вбежала","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шумом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"шумом","lemma":"шум","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вбежала (manner)","gloss":"noise"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"криком","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with шумом","gloss":"shouting"},{"surface":"вбежала","lemma":"вбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran in"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вбежала","gloss":"Fenya"}]},{"number":284,"label":"284","id":"b7-c3-s284","source":"— Барыня, голубушка, барыня, эстафет прискакал! — восклицала она весело и запыхавшись. — Тарантас из Мокрого за вами, Тимофей ямщик на тройке, сейчас новых лошадей переложат… Письмо, письмо, барыня, вот письмо!","translation":"\"Mistress, my darling, mistress, a courier has galloped up!\" she cried gaily and out of breath. \"A carriage has come from Mokroye for you, Timofey the driver with a troika, they're harnessing fresh horses this minute… A letter, a letter, mistress, here's a letter!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Барыня, голубушка","title":"«барыня» and «голубушка» — mistress, dear dove","body":"«барыня» is the term a servant uses for the lady of the house, 'mistress' (feminine of «барин»). «голубушка» (diminutive of «голубь», dove) is a tender endearment, 'my dear little dove' — the maid Fenya's breathless affection toward Grushenka."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"эстафет прискакал","title":"«эстафет» — a courier/express","body":"«эстафет» (from French estafette) is an express courier or relay messenger on horseback. «прискакал» (при- 'arrival' + скакать 'gallop') is the prefixed perfective 'galloped up' — the urgent arrival announcing Grushenka's summons."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"новых лошадей переложат","title":"Genitive plural object «лошадей»","body":"«лошадей» is the genitive/animate-accusative plural of «лошадь» (a 3rd-declension feminine in soft «-ь»), object of «переложат» here meaning 'they'll change/re-harness'. The 3rd-person plural «переложат» is again agentless ('they', the stable hands)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Барыня","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mistress"},{"surface":"голубушка","lemma":"голубушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address, coordinated with Барыня","gloss":"my darling"},{"surface":"барыня","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address, coordinated with Барыня","gloss":"mistress"},{"surface":"эстафет","lemma":"эстафет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прискакал","gloss":"a courier"},{"surface":"прискакал!","lemma":"прискакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, perfective","role":"main verb, predicate of эстафет","gloss":"has galloped up"},{"surface":"восклицала","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of восклицала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восклицала","gloss":"gaily"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"запыхавшись.","lemma":"запыхаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb (gerund), perfective","role":"coordinated with весело, modifies восклицала","gloss":"out of breath"},{"surface":"Тарантас","lemma":"тарантас","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of an implied verb ('has come')","gloss":"A carriage"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокрого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Мокрого","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Тарантас","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"object of preposition за, modifies the implied verb","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Тимофей","lemma":"Тимофей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of an implied verb, in apposition with ямщик","gloss":"Timofey"},{"surface":"ямщик","lemma":"ямщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Тимофей","gloss":"the driver"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тройке","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тройке","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the implied verb","gloss":"a troika"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переложат","gloss":"this minute"},{"surface":"новых","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies лошадей","gloss":"fresh"},{"surface":"лошадей","lemma":"лошадь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of переложат","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"переложат","lemma":"переложить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will harness"},{"surface":"Письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"A letter"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Письмо","gloss":"a letter"},{"surface":"барыня","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address, coordinated with Письмо","gloss":"mistress"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies письмо","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Письмо","gloss":"a letter"}]},{"number":285,"label":"285","id":"b7-c3-s285","source":"Письмо было в ее руке, и она всё время, пока кричала, махала им по воздуху.","translation":"The letter was in her hand, and all the while she shouted she waved it about in the air.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё время, пока кричала, махала им","title":"Imperfectives for parallel ongoing actions","body":"Both «кричала» (was shouting) and «махала» (was waving) are imperfective pasts running in parallel through «всё время» ('the whole time'). «им» (instrumental, 'with it') marks the instrument waved — «махать» governs the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"The letter"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, neuter, imperfective","role":"copula linking Письмо to the prepositional phrase в руке","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of руке","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"руке","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of махала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"temporal adjunct modifying махала","gloss":"the whole time"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кричала","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"кричала","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying время","gloss":"she shouted"},{"surface":"махала","lemma":"махать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, imperfective","role":"coordinated with было (main verb of second clause)","gloss":"waved"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement of махала (refers to письмо)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воздуху","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"воздуху","lemma":"воздух","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of махала","gloss":"the air"}]},{"number":286,"label":"286","id":"b7-c3-s286","source":"Грушенька выхватила от нее письмо и поднесла к свечке. Это была только записочка, несколько строк, в один миг она прочла ее.","translation":"Grushenka snatched the letter from her and held it up to the candle. It was only a note, a few lines; in an instant she had read it through.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"записочка","title":"Double diminutive «записочка»","body":"«записка» ('note') already carries a diminutive «-ка»; «записочка» layers on «-очка» for 'a tiny little note', stressing how few lines decide Grushenka's fate. The smallness of the slip is set against the enormity of its consequence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в один миг она прочла ее","title":"Perfective «прочла» for instant completion","body":"«прочла» (perfective of «прочесть/прочитать») presents the reading as done in a flash — completed in «один миг» ('a single instant'). The perfective is what lets the act register as whole and momentary rather than a process."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выхватила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"выхватила","lemma":"выхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"snatched"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выхватила","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выхватила","gloss":"the letter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поднесла","lemma":"поднести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"coordinated with выхватила","gloss":"held up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свечке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"свечке","lemma":"свечка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднесла","gloss":"the candle"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, imperfective","role":"copula linking to записочка","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies записочка","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"записочка","lemma":"записочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of была","gloss":"a note"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on строк","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"строк","lemma":"строка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to записочка","gloss":"lines"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies миг","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прочла","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прочла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"прочла","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"had read"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прочла","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":287,"label":"287","id":"b7-c3-s287","source":"— Кликнул! — прокричала она, вся бледная, с перекосившимся от болезненной улыбки лицом, — свистнул! Ползи, собачонка!","translation":"\"He has called!\" she cried, all pale, her face twisted with a pained smile. \"He has whistled! Crawl to him, little dog!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кликнул!… свистнул!","title":"Semelfactive perfectives «кликнул, свистнул»","body":"Both verbs use the «-ну-» semelfactive suffix for a single sharp act: «кликнул» (gave a call) and «свистнул» (gave a whistle). The clipped one-word exclamations land like blows — her lover has summoned her with a whistle, as one whistles for a dog."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ползи, собачонка!","title":"Imperative «ползи» + pejorative diminutive «собачонка»","body":"«ползи» is the imperative 'crawl!'; «собачонка» is «собака» with the belittling suffix «-онка», 'a wretched little dog, a cur'. Grushenka spits the self-image back at herself — summoned by a whistle, she crawls like a despised mongrel. The diminutive carries contempt, not affection."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кликнул!","lemma":"кликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, perfective","role":"predicate of the exclamation (subject omitted: он)","gloss":"He's called!"},{"surface":"прокричала","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of narration","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прокричала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of бледная","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"бледная","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"secondary predicate describing она","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"перекосившимся","lemma":"перекоситься","morphology":"verb, past, middle, participle, instrumental, masculine/neuter, singular, perfective","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"twisted"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"болезненной","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбки","gloss":"pained"},{"surface":"улыбки","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перекосившимся","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"лицом,","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of с, describing она","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"свистнул","lemma":"свистнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, perfective","role":"predicate of second exclamation (subject omitted: он)","gloss":"He's whistled!"},{"surface":"Ползи","lemma":"ползти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"Crawl"},{"surface":"собачонка","lemma":"собачонка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"little dog"}]},{"number":288,"label":"288","id":"b7-c3-s288","source":"Но только миг один простояла как бы в нерешимости; вдруг кровь бросилась в ее голову и залила ее щеки огнем.","translation":"But she stood for only an instant, as if in indecision; then suddenly the blood rushed to her head and flooded her cheeks with fire.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только миг один простояла","title":"Delimitative «про-» in «простояла»","body":"«простояла» (про- + стоять) is the delimitative perfective 'stood for a [bounded] while' — the prefix «про-» measures out a span of time. With «только миг один» ('only one instant') it marks the brief, suspended pause before she decides."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кровь бросилась в ее голову и залила ее щеки огнем","title":"Instrumental of means «огнём»","body":"«залила… огнём» — 'flooded with fire' — uses the instrumental «огнём» for the means/substance of the flooding. The pair of perfectives «бросилась… залила» stages the rush of blood as two swift completed surges."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies миг","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of простояла","gloss":"an instant"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies миг","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"простояла","lemma":"простоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"part of fixed phrase как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы (as if)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нерешимости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нерешимости","lemma":"нерешимость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простояла","gloss":"indecision"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросилась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бросилась","gloss":"the blood"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of голову","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"залила","lemma":"залить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросилась","gloss":"flooded"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner (indeclinable possessive)","role":"determiner of щеки","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"щеки","lemma":"щека","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of залила","gloss":"cheeks"},{"surface":"огнем","lemma":"огонь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of залила (means)","gloss":"with fire"}]},{"number":289,"label":"289","id":"b7-c3-s289","source":"— Еду! — воскликнула она вдруг. — Пять моих лет! Прощайте! Прощай, Алеша, решена судьба… Ступайте, ступайте, ступайте от меня теперь все, чтоб я уже вас не видала!..","translation":"\"I'm going!\" she exclaimed all at once. \"My five years! Farewell! Farewell, Alyosha, my fate is decided… Go, go, go away from me now, all of you, so that I never see you again!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Еду!","title":"Imperfective present «еду» of imminent action","body":"«еду» is the present tense of the unidirectional motion verb «ехать» ('I'm going [by vehicle]'), used here for an immediate resolve — 'I'm off!'. Russian regularly uses the imperfective present of motion verbs for a decided, imminent departure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"решена судьба","title":"Short-form passive participle «решена»","body":"«решена» is the short-form past passive participle of «решить», a predicate: 'my fate is decided/settled'. The short passive participle + (implied) «быть» is the standard way to state a completed result — her fate now sealed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ступайте… от меня… чтоб я уже вас не видала","title":"Purpose «чтоб» + irrealis past «не видала»","body":"«чтоб» (clipped «чтобы») introduces a purpose clause and demands the past-form irrealis: «(чтоб) я не видала» ('so that I not see you'). «ступайте» is the slightly elevated/archaic imperative 'go, depart'. The negated «не видала» fuses purpose with banishment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еду!","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation (subject omitted: я)","gloss":"I'm going!"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of narration","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг.","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнула","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"Пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"Five"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of лет","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"years!"},{"surface":"Прощайте","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"farewell exclamation","gloss":"Farewell!"},{"surface":"Прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"farewell exclamation, addressed to Алеша","gloss":"Farewell"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"решена","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate (passive) of судьба","gloss":"is decided"},{"surface":"судьба","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive решена","gloss":"my fate"},{"surface":"Ступайте","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Go"},{"surface":"ступайте","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Ступайте","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"ступайте","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Ступайте","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of ступайте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ступайте","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to the implied subject (вы), meaning 'all of you'","gloss":"all of you"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видала","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видала (with не = 'no longer')","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of видала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видала","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ступайте","gloss":"see"}]},{"number":290,"label":"290","id":"b7-c3-s290","source":"Полетела Грушенька в новую жизнь… Не поминай меня лихом и ты, Ракитка. Может, на смерть иду! Ух! Словно пьяная!","translation":"Grushenka has flown off into a new life… Don't you remember me unkindly either, Rakitka. Perhaps I'm going to my death! Ugh! As though I were drunk!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Полетела Грушенька в новую жизнь","title":"Verb-first, perfective «полетела»","body":"Fronting the perfective verb «полетела» ('flew off', inceptive «по-» + лететь) before the subject gives the line a sweeping, almost announced finality — she is launched. «в новую жизнь» uses «в» + accusative for the figurative destination."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Не поминай меня лихом","title":"Idiom «поминать лихом» — remember unkindly","body":"«поминать лихом» is a fixed folk farewell, literally 'remember with ill/evil', i.e. 'don't think badly of me when I'm gone'. «лихом» is the instrumental of the archaic «лихо» ('evil, misfortune'). The phrase recurs as her parting message to Mitya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на смерть иду","title":"Imperfective present «иду» of resolved going","body":"«иду» (present of unidirectional «идти») here means 'I'm going [to my death]' as a settled act now underway — the imperfective present staging an imminent, fated departure. «на смерть» («на» + accusative) marks the goal she imagines."}],"words":[{"surface":"Полетела","lemma":"полететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has flown off"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Полетела","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"новую","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"a new"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Полетела","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поминай","gloss":"Don't"},{"surface":"поминай","lemma":"поминать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поминай","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"лихом","lemma":"лихо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"manner complement of поминай (idiom: remember unkindly)","gloss":"unkindly","note":"поминать лихом is a set idiom meaning 'to remember someone unkindly.'"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the implied repeated imperative, addressed to Ракитка","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Ракитка","lemma":"Ракитка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ты (vocative address)","gloss":"Rakitka"},{"surface":"Может","lemma":"может","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies иду","gloss":"Perhaps"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерть","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"смерть","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of иду","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"иду","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm going"},{"surface":"Ух","lemma":"ух","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ugh"},{"surface":"Словно","lemma":"словно","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies пьяная","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"пьяная","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (predicate, implied subject я)","gloss":"drunk"}]},{"number":291,"label":"291","id":"b7-c3-s291","source":"Она вдруг бросила их и побежала в свою спальню.","translation":"She suddenly left them and ran into her bedroom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросила их и побежала","title":"Perfectives «бросила… побежала»","body":"«бросила» ('left, abandoned them') and «побежала» (inceptive «по-» + бежать, 'set off running') are two perfective pasts narrating her sudden flight as completed events. «их» is the animate accusative plural object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бросила","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"бросила","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of бросила","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"побежала","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросила","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спальню","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of спальню","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"спальню","lemma":"спальня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежала","gloss":"bedroom"}]},{"number":292,"label":"292","id":"b7-c3-s292","source":"— Ну, ей теперь не до нас! — проворчал Ракитин. — Идем, а то, пожалуй, опять этот бабий крик пойдет, надоели уж мне эти слезные крики…","translation":"\"Well, she has no time for us now!\" Rakitin grumbled. \"Let's go, or that womanish wailing will likely start up again — I've had enough of these tearful cries…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ей теперь не до нас","title":"Idiom «не до» + dative + genitive","body":"«(кому) не до (чего)» means 'someone has no time/mind for something': «ей не до нас» = 'she can't be bothered with us now'. The person is dative «ей», the thing dismissed is genitive «нас» (after «до»). A compact, very idiomatic impersonal turn."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"этот бабий крик… слезные крики","title":"«бабий» — womanish (dismissive)","body":"«бабий» is the adjective from «баба» (a peasant woman, often dismissive/coarse), so «бабий крик» is 'womanish wailing' with a sneer. Rakitin's contempt for female emotion is built right into the word choice — we keep its scornful edge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the exclamation","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative experiencer (ей не до нас = she has no time for us)","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the predicate не до нас","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies до нас","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас (idiom: не до = no time for)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нас!","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of до, predicate of ей","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"проворчал","lemma":"проворчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, perfective","role":"main verb of narration","gloss":"grumbled"},{"surface":"Ракитин.","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проворчал","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"Идем","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exhortation ('let's go')","gloss":"Let's go"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed phrase а то (otherwise)","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies пойдет","gloss":"likely"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдет","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of крик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"бабий","lemma":"бабий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крик","gloss":"womanish"},{"surface":"крик","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пойдет","gloss":"wailing"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the а-то clause","gloss":"will start up"},{"surface":"надоели","lemma":"надоесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"have wearied"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надоели","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of надоели","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of крики","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"слезные","lemma":"слёзный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies крики","gloss":"tearful"},{"surface":"крики","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of надоели","gloss":"cries"}]},{"number":293,"label":"293","id":"b7-c3-s293","source":"Алеша дал себя машинально вывести. На дворе стоял тарантас, выпрягали лошадей, ходили с фонарем, суетились. В отворенные ворота вводили свежую тройку.","translation":"Alyosha let himself be led out mechanically. In the yard stood the carriage; they were unharnessing the horses, moving about with a lantern, bustling. Through the opened gates a fresh troika was being led in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дал себя машинально вывести","title":"«дать» + себя + infinitive (let oneself be…)","body":"«дать себя вывести» is the causative-permissive 'to let oneself be led out': «дать» + reflexive object «себя» + perfective infinitive. It conveys Alyosha's passivity — he doesn't act, he merely allows. «машинально» ('mechanically') underscores his daze."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выпрягали… ходили… суетились","title":"Imperfectives painting the bustling yard","body":"A trio of imperfective pasts — «выпрягали» (were unharnessing), «ходили» (were going about), «суетились» (were bustling) — sets a continuous background scene, against which the single perfective acts of the scene stand out. «суетились» is a «-ся» verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"В отворенные ворота вводили свежую тройку","title":"Past passive participle «отворенные»","body":"«отворенные» is the long-form past passive participle of «отворить» (to open), modifying «ворота»: 'the opened gates'. «вводили» (imperfective, 'were leading in') keeps the action in process. «через» is implied by «в… ворота» (в + accusative, motion through)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"машинально","lemma":"машинально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вывести","gloss":"mechanically"},{"surface":"вывести","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дал","gloss":"be led out"},{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворе","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"дворе","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"тарантас","lemma":"тарантас","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"the carriage"},{"surface":"выпрягали","lemma":"выпрягать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"were unharnessing"},{"surface":"лошадей","lemma":"лошадь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of выпрягали","gloss":"the horses"},{"surface":"ходили","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"were moving about"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фонарем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"фонарем","lemma":"фонарь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходили","gloss":"a lantern"},{"surface":"суетились","lemma":"суетиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"were bustling"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ворота","gloss":"Through"},{"surface":"отворенные","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies ворота","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"ворота","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of вводили","gloss":"the gates"},{"surface":"вводили","lemma":"вводить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were leading in"},{"surface":"свежую","lemma":"свежий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тройку","gloss":"a fresh"},{"surface":"тройку","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вводили","gloss":"troika"}]},{"number":294,"label":"294","id":"b7-c3-s294","source":"Но только что сошли Алеша и Ракитин с крыльца, как вдруг отворилось окно из спальни Грушеньки, и она звонким голосом прокричала вслед Алеше:","translation":"But no sooner had Alyosha and Rakitin come down from the porch than suddenly the window of Grushenka's bedroom flew open, and in a ringing voice she called out after Alyosha:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но только что сошли… как вдруг отворилось окно","title":"Correlative «только что… как…»","body":"«только что… как…» is the 'no sooner had X than Y' frame: 'no sooner had they come down… than the window flew open'. Both verbs are perfective («сошли», «отворилось»), staging two events in tight succession. «отворилось» is the «-ся» middle 'opened (by itself)'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прокричала вслед Алеше","title":"Dative after «вслед»","body":"«вслед» ('after, in the wake of') governs the dative «Алеше»: 'called out after Alyosha'. It pictures her voice chasing him as he departs. «прокричала» is perfective, the single completed cry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что (no sooner)","gloss":"no sooner"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"сошли","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"had come down"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сошли","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Алеша","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крыльца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"крыльца","lemma":"крыльцо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошли","gloss":"the porch"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlate of только что, introduces the clause of отворилось","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отворилось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"отворилось","lemma":"отвориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, neuter, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause (adverbial clause on сошли)","gloss":"flew open"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of отворилось","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спальни","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"спальни","lemma":"спальня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies окно","gloss":"the bedroom"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of спальни","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прокричала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"звонким","lemma":"звонкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"ringing"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокричала","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"прокричала","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"coordinated with отворилось (main clause)","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокричала","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прокричала","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":295,"label":"295","id":"b7-c3-s295","source":"— Алешечка, поклонись своему братцу Митеньке, да скажи ему, чтобы не поминал меня, злодейку свою, лихом.","translation":"\"Alyoshechka, bow for me to your brother Mitenka, and tell him not to remember me, his wicked one, unkindly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Алешечка… братцу Митеньке","title":"Tender diminutives «Алешечка», «Митенька»","body":"Grushenka's farewell is steeped in affectionate diminutives: «Алешечка» (caressing form of Alyosha), «братцу» (от «брат» + «-ец», 'dear brother'), «Митеньке» (Mitya → Mitenka, tender form of Dmitri). The pile-up of endearments softens the cruelty of her parting verdict."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поклонись своему братцу","title":"Imperative «поклонись» + dative + «свой»","body":"«поклонись» is the reflexive «-ся» imperative 'bow (to), give my regards to', governing the dative «братцу» ('to your brother'). «своему» is the reflexive possessive, pointing back to the addressee Alyosha ('your own brother')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не поминал… злодейку свою","title":"Indirect command «чтобы» + past-form","body":"«скажи… чтобы не поминал» is an indirect/willed command: «чтобы» + past-form «поминал» after a verb of telling ('tell him not to remember'). «злодейку свою» ('his wicked one') is the feminine accusative with reflexive «свою» referring to Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алешечка","lemma":"Алешечка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Alyoshechka"},{"surface":"поклонись","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of братцу","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"братцу","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поклонись","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Митеньке","lemma":"Митенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to братцу","gloss":"Mitenka"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поклонись","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of скажи","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поминал","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поминал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поминал","lemma":"поминать","morphology":"verb, past (subjunctive use), indicative, active, singular, masculine, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on скажи","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поминал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"злодейку","lemma":"злодейка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to меня","gloss":"his wicked one"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of злодейку","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"лихом","lemma":"лихо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"manner complement of поминал (idiom)","gloss":"unkindly"}]},{"number":296,"label":"296","id":"b7-c3-s296","source":"Да передай ему тоже моими словами: «Подлецу досталась Грушенька, а не тебе, благородному!»","translation":"And pass on to him, too, in my own words: 'Grushenka has fallen to a scoundrel, and not to you, the noble one!'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да передай ему тоже моими словами","title":"Imperative «передай» + instrumental «словами»","body":"«передай» is the perfective imperative 'pass on, convey'. «моими словами» (instrumental, 'in my words / by my own words') marks the manner/means of the message — she dictates the exact wording Alyosha is to relay."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подлецу досталась Грушенька, а не тебе, благородному","title":"Dative of the recipient + «достаться»","body":"«достаться» ('to fall to, end up with') takes a dative for the one who gets the thing: «подлецу досталась» ('fell to a scoundrel'), set by contrastive «а не тебе» against «тебе, благородному» ('to you, the noble one'). «благородному» is dative in apposition to «тебе»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Подлецу… благородному","title":"«подлец» vs «благородный»","body":"«подлец» is a scoundrel/villain, a man of base character; «благородный» means 'noble' both morally and by birth (gentry). Grushenka frames the contrast between her Polish officer and Mitya as scoundrel against gentleman — a sting wrapped in apparent flattery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"передай","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pass on"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of передай","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передай","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"моими","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of словами","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"словами","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of передай","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"Подлецу","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of досталась","gloss":"to a scoundrel"},{"surface":"досталась","lemma":"достаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"has fallen"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of досталась","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тебе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"coordinated with Подлецу (dative, contrasted)","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"благородному","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to тебе","gloss":"the noble one"}]},{"number":297,"label":"297","id":"b7-c3-s297","source":"Да прибавь ему тоже, что любила его Грушенька один часок времени, только один часок всего и любила — так чтоб он этот часок всю жизнь свою отселева помнил, так, дескать, Грушенька на всю жизнь тебе заказала!..","translation":"And add this for him as well, that Grushenka loved him for one little hour, only one little hour she loved him in all — so let him remember that one hour all his life from this day on, tell him that's the order Grushenka lays on you for the rest of your days!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"один часок… только один часок","title":"Diminutive «часок» — a little hour","body":"«час» ('hour') with «-ок» gives «часок», 'a little hour, a brief hour'. The diminutive makes the span feel small and precious, while the repetition 'only one little hour' turns it into the keepsake she orders Mitya to treasure for life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так чтоб он этот часок… помнил","title":"Result/purpose «так чтоб… помнил»","body":"«так чтоб… помнил» couples the resultative «так» with «чтоб» + past-form «помнил» — 'so let him remember that hour'. The irrealis past after «чтоб» casts her wish as a command laid on him, the imperfective «помнил» making the remembering a lifelong duty."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отселева… дескать","title":"Archaic «отселева» and reportative «дескать»","body":"«отселева» is a folk-archaic form of «отсюда»/«отселе» ('from here, from now on'), and «дескать» is the reportative particle marking quoted/relayed speech ('so to say, mind you'). Both deepen the rustic, oral-formula flavor of Grushenka's parting decree."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на всю жизнь тебе заказала","title":"«заказать» — to lay an order/ban on","body":"Here «заказать» carries its older sense 'to enjoin, lay a binding order (or interdiction) upon someone' rather than modern 'to order goods'. «Грушенька… тебе заказала» = 'Grushenka has laid this on you for life' — a solemn, almost ritual injunction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибавь","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прибавь","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"add"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прибавь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавь","gloss":"as well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"любила","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of прибавь","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies часок","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"часок","lemma":"часок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"duration complement of любила","gloss":"little hour"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies часок","gloss":"of time"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies часок","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"часок","lemma":"часок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with часок (w10)","gloss":"little hour"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies часок","gloss":"in all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes любила","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"любила","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любила (w6), repeated for emphasis","gloss":"she loved"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with чтоб, introducing the purpose clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помнил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помнил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of часок","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"часок","lemma":"часок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of помнил","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"duration complement of помнил","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"отселева","lemma":"отселева","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помнил","gloss":"from this day on"},{"surface":"помнил","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the чтоб-clause","gloss":"would remember"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the reported speech with заказала","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, marks reported speech","role":"marks the quoted clause with заказала","gloss":"so to speak","note":"Colloquial particle flagging that the words that follow are someone else's speech being relayed, not the narrator's own."},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заказала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заказала","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of заказала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"заказала","lemma":"заказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"has ordered"}]},{"number":298,"label":"298","id":"b7-c3-s298","source":"Она закончила голосом, полным рыданий. Окно захлопнулось.","translation":"She finished in a voice full of sobs. The window slammed shut.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"голосом, полным рыданий","title":"Instrumental of manner + «полный» + genitive","body":"«голосом» (instrumental) marks the manner 'in a voice'; the short/long adjective «полным» ('full') governs the genitive «рыданий» ('full of sobs', genitive plural). 'Full of X' regularly takes the genitive in Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Окно захлопнулось","title":"Reflexive «-ся» middle «захлопнулось»","body":"«захлопнулось» is a «-ся» middle verb: the window 'slammed shut' of itself, no agent named. The inceptive/semelfactive «за-…-ну-» gives the abrupt final bang that closes the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of закончила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"закончила","lemma":"закончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закончила","gloss":"in a voice"},{"surface":"полным","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"full of"},{"surface":"рыданий","lemma":"рыдание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"complement of полным","gloss":"sobs"},{"surface":"Окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of захлопнулось","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"захлопнулось","lemma":"захлопнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slammed shut"}]},{"number":299,"label":"299","id":"b7-c3-s299","source":"— Гм, гм! — промычал Ракитин, смеясь, — зарезала братца Митеньку, да еще велит на всю жизнь свою помнить. Экое плотоядие!","translation":"\"Hm, hm!\" Rakitin mumbled, laughing. \"She's done in her brother Mitenka, and on top of it orders him to remember her all his life. What a carnivorous creature!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"промычал","title":"«промычать» — to mumble/low","body":"«промычать» (от «мычать», to moo/low like cattle) is an expressive speech-verb for an inarticulate, mumbled 'hm, hm'. It paints Rakitin's reaction as half-animal, a sardonic grunt — Dostoevsky's tags keep coloring his coarseness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зарезала братца Митеньку","title":"«зарезать» — to knife/finish off (figurative)","body":"«зарезать» literally means to slaughter or cut someone's throat; figuratively 'to do for, ruin, finish off'. Rakitin says Grushenka has metaphorically 'knifed' Mitya with her message — grimly ironic given the literal knife-talk earlier in the scene."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Экое плотоядие!","title":"«плотоядие» — carnivorousness","body":"«плотоядие» (плоть 'flesh' + ясти 'to eat', a bookish/Church-Slavonic compound) means 'flesh-eating, carnivorousness', here figurative for predatory, devouring sensuality. With exclamatory «экое» Rakitin brands Grushenka a man-eater — a vivid, learned sneer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Гм","lemma":"гм","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"hm"},{"surface":"гм!","lemma":"гм","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with Гм","gloss":"hm"},{"surface":"промычал","lemma":"промычать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mumbled"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of промычал","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"смеясь,","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, converb (gerund), present, middle, imperfective","role":"adverbial modifier of промычал","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"зарезала","lemma":"зарезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"she's done in"},{"surface":"братца","lemma":"братец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of зарезала","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Митеньку","lemma":"Митенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to братца","gloss":"Mitenka"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies велит","gloss":"on top of it"},{"surface":"велит","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with зарезала","gloss":"orders"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"duration complement of помнить","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"помнить","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of велит","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"Экое","lemma":"экий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies плотоядие","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"плотоядие","lemma":"плотоядие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"carnivorous creature"}]},{"number":300,"label":"300","id":"b7-c3-s300","source":"Алеша ничего не ответил, точно и не слыхал; он шел подле Ракитина скоро, как бы ужасно спеша; он был как бы в забытьи, шел машинально.","translation":"Alyosha made no answer, just as if he had not heard; he walked quickly at Rakitin's side, as though in a dreadful hurry; he was as if in a daze, walking mechanically.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно и не слыхал","title":"Comparative «точно» + iterative «слыхал»","body":"«точно» here means 'just as if' (introducing a simile of his absent-mindedness). «слыхал» is the iterative/colloquial imperfective of «слышать» ('as if he hadn't even heard') — the «-ыва-/-а-» variant common in spoken and 19th-c. narrative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы в забытьи, шел машинально","title":"Hedging «как бы» + «в забытьи»","body":"«как бы» ('as if') again hedges the description of Alyosha's daze. «в забытьи» (prepositional of «забытьё», a swoon/oblivion) names the trance-like state; «машинально» ('mechanically') closes the chapter on his stunned automatism after the shattering scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of ответил","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слыхал","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase точно, emphasizes не слыхал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слыхал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слыхал","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ответил","gloss":"had heard"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to ответил","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ракитина","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подле","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шел","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"introduces как бы with спеша","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спеша","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"спеша","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, converb (gerund), present, active, imperfective","role":"adverbial modifier of шел","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking он to забытьи","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"modifies забытьи","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забытьи","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"забытьи","lemma":"забытьё","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"a daze"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"машинально","lemma":"машинально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шел","gloss":"mechanically"}]},{"number":301,"label":"301","id":"b7-c3-s301","source":"Ракитина вдруг что-то укололо, точно ранку его свежую тронули пальцем. Совсем не того ждал он давеча, когда сводил Грушеньку с Алешей; совсем иное случилось, а не то, чего бы ему очень хотелось.","translation":"Something suddenly pricked at Rakitin, as if a finger had touched a fresh little wound of his. This was not at all what he had been expecting earlier, when he had brought Grushenka and Alyosha together; something quite different had happened, and not what he would very much have liked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ракитина вдруг что-то укололо","title":"Impersonal accusative: «что-то укололо Ракитина»","body":"The neuter «что-то» is the grammatical subject and «Ракитина» is its accusative object (animate masculine, so genitive-shaped): literally 'something pricked Rakitin'. Russian loves to render an inner stab as an impersonal force acting on the experiencer rather than as something he feels."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ранку","title":"«ранка» — a little wound","body":"The diminutive of «рана» (wound). The «-к-» suffix here is not literally 'small' but tender and intimate, matching «свежую» (fresh) to dramatize how raw and vulnerable the spot is — exactly the affective shade Dostoevsky wants."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — a little while ago","body":"A colloquial, slightly old-fashioned adverb meaning 'earlier today / a short while back'. It belongs to spoken and 19th-century narrative texture and recurs in this chapter (cf. «давешние» below)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего бы ему очень хотелось","title":"Conditional «бы» + dative experiencer","body":"«бы» with the past-form «хотелось» makes this irrealis — 'what he would have liked'. Note the impersonal «-ся» verb «хотелось» with no nominative subject: the wisher «ему» stands in the dative, the classic Russian way of framing desire as something that happens to a person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of укололо","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies укололо","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of укололо","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of что-то with что","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"укололо","lemma":"уколоть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pricked"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тронули","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"ранку","lemma":"ранка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of тронули","gloss":"wound"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ранку (along with свежую)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"свежую","lemma":"свежий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ранку","gloss":"fresh"},{"surface":"тронули","lemma":"тронуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the точно-clause","gloss":"had touched"},{"surface":"пальцем","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on тронули","gloss":"with a finger"},{"surface":"Совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"not at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ждал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was expecting"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ждал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сводил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"сводил","lemma":"сводить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"temporal clause modifying ждал","gloss":"was bringing together"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сводил","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сводил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иное","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"иное","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"something different"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ждал","gloss":"had happened"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with случилось, elliptical antecedent of чего","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хотелось","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of хотелось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of хотелось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on то","gloss":"would have liked"}]},{"number":302,"label":"302","id":"b7-c3-s302","source":"— Поляк он, ее офицер этот, — заговорил он опять, сдерживаясь, — да и не офицер он вовсе теперь, он в таможне чиновником в Сибири служил где-то там на китайской границе, должно быть, какой полячоночек мозглявенький.","translation":"\"He's a Pole, that officer of hers,\" he began again, restraining himself, \"and he's not even an officer at all now; he served as a customs clerk in Siberia, somewhere out there on the Chinese frontier — some puny little Polack, I should think.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поляк он, ее офицер этот","title":"Zero copula + fronting for emphasis","body":"Present-tense 'to be' is unexpressed: «Поляк он» = 'he [is] a Pole', the predicate noun thrown to the front for contemptuous emphasis. The afterthought «ее офицер этот» ('that officer of hers') trails the pronoun, mimicking the looseness of sneering speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в таможне чиновником ... служил","title":"Instrumental of the role: «служил чиновником»","body":"«служить» ('to serve, hold a post') takes its predicate role in the instrumental: «чиновником» = 'as a clerk'. The instrumental frames the office as a capacity one occupies, the standard pattern with служить, быть, стать."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"какой полячоночек мозглявенький","title":"Contemptuous diminutives: «полячоночек мозглявенький»","body":"Both words are loaded diminutives dripping scorn, not affection. «полячоночек» belittles 'Pole' into 'some wretched little Polack', and «мозглявенький» ('puny, sickly, runtish') adds the endearing-sounding «-еньк-» suffix purely to mock. Rakitin's contempt is carried almost entirely by morphology."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поляк","lemma":"поляк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominative (он — Поляк)","gloss":"a Pole"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the copular clause with Поляк","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies офицер","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"офицер","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"officer"},{"surface":"этот,","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies офицер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"began to speak"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"сдерживаясь,","lemma":"сдерживаться","morphology":"verb, converb (gerund), present, middle, imperfective","role":"adverbial modifier of заговорил","gloss":"restraining himself"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да, emphasizes не офицер","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies офицер","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"офицер","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of он (implied copula)","gloss":"an officer"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the не офицер clause","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies офицер","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of служил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking таможне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таможне","lemma":"таможня","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of служил","gloss":"customs"},{"surface":"чиновником","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of служил","gloss":"as a clerk"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сибири","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Сибири","lemma":"Сибирь","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of служил","gloss":"Siberia"},{"surface":"служил","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заговорил","gloss":"served"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies служил","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"где-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of где-то with где","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies служил","gloss":"out there"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking границе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"китайской","lemma":"китайский","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies границе","gloss":"Chinese"},{"surface":"границе","lemma":"граница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of служил","gloss":"frontier"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно быть","morphology":"predicate adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical modifying полячоночек clause","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"должно быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of полячоночек","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"полячоночек","lemma":"полячоночек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominative describing он","gloss":"little Pole"},{"surface":"мозглявенький","lemma":"мозглявенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies полячоночек","gloss":"puny"}]},{"number":303,"label":"303","id":"b7-c3-s303","source":"Место, говорят, потерял. Прослышал теперь, что у Грушеньки капитал завелся, вот и вернулся — в том и все чудеса.","translation":"Lost his post, they say. Now he's heard that Grushenka has come into some capital, and so he's come back — that's the whole of the wonder.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Место, говорят, потерял.","title":"Dropped subject and parenthetical «говорят»","body":"No pronoun: the perfective past «потерял» (gender-marked masculine) carries 'he' on its own. «говорят» ('they say / it's said') is an impersonal parenthetical inserting hearsay, a favourite device for spreading rumour with no named source."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"капитал завелся","title":"«завестись» — to come into being / turn up","body":"The «-ся» verb «завестись» means money 'got started up / appeared' for her — an intransitive, almost spontaneous arrival of capital, as if it bred of itself. Rakitin implies the Pole returned the moment her «капитал» materialized."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в том и все чудеса","title":"«в том и все чудеса» — that's the whole miracle","body":"An idiomatic dismissal: 'and there's your whole wonder of it'. The sarcasm sets up his coming jeer at Alyosha's 'miracles' — for Rakitin everything reduces to money, no marvel at all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of потерял","gloss":"his post"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"потерял","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"Прослышал","lemma":"прослышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got wind"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Прослышал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of завелся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньки","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завелся (possessor)","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"капитал","lemma":"капитал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завелся","gloss":"capital"},{"surface":"завелся","lemma":"завестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Прослышал","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вернулся","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вернулся","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вернулся","lemma":"вернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with завелся","gloss":"came back"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of в, refers to the whole situation","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, links том and чудеса in the elliptical clause","gloss":"indeed (emphatic, not literally 'and')"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of чудеса","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"чудеса","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"predicate nominative in the elliptical clause with том","gloss":"the wonders"}]},{"number":304,"label":"304","id":"b7-c3-s304","source":"Алеша опять точно не слыхал.","translation":"Again Alyosha seemed not to hear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно не слыхал","title":"«точно» 'as if' + imperfective «слыхал»","body":"«точно» here means 'as though', softening the statement to a seeming. «слыхал» is the colloquial imperfective of 'hear', its imperfective aspect picturing Alyosha simply not registering the words — a state, not an event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слыхал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies точно","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слыхал","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слыхал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слыхал","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"}]},{"number":305,"label":"305","id":"b7-c3-s305","source":"Ракитин не выдержал:","translation":"Rakitin could not contain himself:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не выдержал","title":"«не выдержать» — to break, give way","body":"Perfective «выдержать» is 'to hold out, endure'; negated it means he could not hold himself in and finally broke. The clipped one-line sentence enacts the snapping point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выдержал","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выдержал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выдержал","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could not contain himself"}]},{"number":306,"label":"306","id":"b7-c3-s306","source":"— Что ж, обратил грешницу? — злобно засмеялся он Алеше. — Блудницу на путь истины обратил? Семь бесов изгнал, а? Вот они где, наши чудеса-то давешние, ожидаемые, совершились!","translation":"\"Well, have you converted the sinful woman?\" he laughed spitefully at Alyosha. \"Brought the harlot back to the path of truth? Cast out the seven devils, eh? So that's where they are, those much-awaited miracles of ours from earlier — they've come to pass!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ж, обратил грешницу?","title":"Particle «ж(е)» and dropped subject","body":"«Что ж» is «что же» reduced — the modal particle «же» adds a goading 'well then?' The verb «обратил» carries 'you' with no pronoun, the jeering question riding on intonation and the particle alone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"наши чудеса-то давешние","title":"The emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «чудеса-то» is the topic-highlighting particle (distinct from indefinite «кто-то»): 'those miracles of ours, you know the ones'. It sharpens the sarcasm, pointing back to a shared earlier expectation he now flings in Alyosha's face."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давешние","title":"«давешний» — that earlier, aforementioned","body":"An adjective from «давеча»: 'belonging to a short while ago, the one from earlier'. Colloquial and period-flavoured, it ties the jeer to the miracles they had discussed before."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот они где ... совершились!","title":"Perfective «-ся» passive «совершились»","body":"«совершиться» ('to be accomplished, come to pass') is a perfective «-ся» verb giving a middle/passive sense — the miracles 'were brought to pass', no agent named. The exclamatory «Вот они где» ('so that's where they are!') fronts the result for triumphant sarcasm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun","role":"head of the rhetorical phrase Что ж","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom Что ж","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"обратил","lemma":"обратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"did you convert"},{"surface":"грешницу?","lemma":"грешница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обратил","gloss":"the sinner"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялся","gloss":"spitefully"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Алеше.","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of засмеялся","gloss":"at Alyosha"},{"surface":"Блудницу","lemma":"блудница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обратил (w13)","gloss":"the harlot"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking путь","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"путь","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратил","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"истины","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies путь","gloss":"of truth"},{"surface":"обратил","lemma":"обратить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second question","gloss":"did you turn"},{"surface":"Семь","lemma":"семь","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on бесов","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"бесов","lemma":"бес","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of изгнал","gloss":"devils"},{"surface":"изгнал","lemma":"изгнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the third question","gloss":"cast out"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"tag-question particle after изгнал","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the exclamation, with где","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the exclamation","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the idiom вот они где","gloss":"where (idiom 'вот они где' = 'there they are')"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of чудеса","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"чудеса","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of совершились","gloss":"miracles"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"attached to чудеса for emphasis","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"давешние","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies чудеса","gloss":"from before, aforementioned"},{"surface":"ожидаемые","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies чудеса","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"совершились","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"have come to pass"}]},{"number":307,"label":"307","id":"b7-c3-s307","source":"— Перестань, Ракитин, — со страданием в душе отозвался Алеша.","translation":"\"Stop it, Rakitin,\" Alyosha responded with suffering in his soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Перестань","title":"Imperative «перестань» — stop it","body":"The singular imperative of perfective «перестать» ('to cease'). The bare «-нь» imperative and the «ты»-form mark the intimacy of two young men, even at the breaking point of the quarrel."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"со страданием в душе","title":"«страдание в душе» — suffering in the soul","body":"«страдание» (suffering) lodged «в душе» (in the soul) is core Dostoevskian register: pain is felt in the «душа», the moral-spiritual centre, not merely the heart or mind."}],"words":[{"surface":"Перестань","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb (imperative)","gloss":"stop it"},{"surface":"Ракитин,","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страданием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страданием","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отозвался","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies страданием","gloss":"his soul"},{"surface":"отозвался","lemma":"отозваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"responded"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отозвался","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":308,"label":"308","id":"b7-c3-s308","source":"— Это ты теперь за двадцать пять рублей меня давешних «презираешь»? Продал, дескать, истинного друга. Да ведь ты не Христос, а я не Иуда.","translation":"\"Is it that you 'despise' me now for those twenty-five rubles from earlier? Sold a true friend, you mean. But you're no Christ, and I'm no Judas.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за двадцать пять рублей","title":"«за» + accusative; numeral case","body":"«за» governs the accusative here in the sense 'in exchange / on account of' the twenty-five rubles. Within the phrase «двадцать пять» ends in «пять» (5+), which would take genitive plural «рублей» — visible in the form."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — reportative 'as if to say'","body":"A particle flagging reported or imputed speech: 'you mean to say', 'supposedly'. Rakitin uses it to throw Alyosha's unspoken accusation back at him — 'sold a true friend, is that it'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь ты не Христос, а я не Иуда","title":"Particle «ведь» and contrastive «а»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'after all, you know'. The conjunction «а» is the mild contrastive 'and/whereas', pairing the two negated clauses ('you're not X, and I'm not Y') in balanced opposition. Both are tiny words doing all the rhetorical work."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the question, anticipates презираешь","gloss":"is it that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of презираешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies презираешь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рублей","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on пять","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of презираешь","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of презираешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"давешних","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies рублей","gloss":"those earlier"},{"surface":"презираешь","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"despise"},{"surface":"Продал","lemma":"продать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted thought","gloss":"sold"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, marks reported speech","role":"marks the quoted thought","gloss":"so to speak"},{"surface":"истинного","lemma":"истинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies друга","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Продал","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the contrast, with ведь","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies the clause","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Христос","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Христос","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Христос","lemma":"Христос","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominative","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Иуда","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Иуда","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Иуда","lemma":"Иуда","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominative, coordinated with Христос","gloss":"Judas"}]},{"number":309,"label":"309","id":"b7-c3-s309","source":"— Ах, Ракитин, уверяю тебя, я и забыл об этом, — воскликнул Алеша, — сам ты сейчас напомнил…","translation":"\"Ah, Rakitin, I assure you, I'd even forgotten about that,\" exclaimed Alyosha, \"you've only just reminded me of it yourself…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я и забыл об этом","title":"Emphatic «и» 'even'","body":"Here «и» before the verb is not 'and' but the emphatic particle 'even, actually' — 'I had actually forgotten about it'. Russian «и» does double duty as conjunction and intensifier, the sense fixed by position."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам ты сейчас напомнил","title":"Intensifier «сам» — you yourself","body":"«сам» ('-self, in person') agrees with «ты» and stresses that it was Rakitin himself who reminded him. The perfective «напомнил» marks the single completed act of reminding, against Alyosha's prior state of having forgotten."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"уверяю","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"I assure"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of уверяю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had forgotten"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом,","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыл","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Алеша,","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of напомнил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напомнил","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"напомнил","lemma":"напомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"reminded"}]},{"number":310,"label":"310","id":"b7-c3-s310","source":"Но Ракитин озлился уже окончательно.","translation":"But by now Rakitin had grown thoroughly enraged.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"озлился уже окончательно","title":"Inceptive «-ся» perfective «озлиться»","body":"«озлиться» ('to grow embittered, fly into a rage') is a perfective «-ся» verb of change of state. With «уже окончательно» ('by now, finally / for good') it marks the completed tipping into fury — aspect and adverb together seal that the mood has fully turned."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of озлился","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"озлился","lemma":"озлиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had grown enraged"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окончательно","gloss":"by now"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies озлился","gloss":"thoroughly"}]},{"number":311,"label":"311","id":"b7-c3-s311","source":"— Да черт вас дери всех и каждого! — завопил он вдруг, — и зачем я, черт, с тобою связался! Знать я тебя не хочу больше отселева. Пошел один, вон твоя дорога!","translation":"\"The devil take the lot of you, every single one!\" he suddenly bawled. \"And why the devil did I ever get mixed up with you! I want nothing more to do with you from this day on. Go on alone, there's your road!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Да черт вас дери всех и каждого!","title":"«черт дери» — the devil take you","body":"A coarse curse: «дери» is the imperative of «драть» (to tear, thrash), so literally 'may the devil tear the lot of you'. «всех и каждого» ('each and every one') is a set intensifying pair. The whole outburst marks Rakitin's final loss of composure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зачем я, черт, с тобою связался","title":"Reciprocal «-ся»: «связаться с»","body":"«связаться с кем» ('to get mixed up / entangled with someone') is a «-ся» verb with reciprocal-middle force, governing «с» + instrumental «тобою» (a bookish variant of «тобой»). The inserted «черт» is an oath thrown into the middle of the clause, 'why the devil'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отселева","title":"«отселева» — from here / henceforth (archaic)","body":"A markedly archaic, dialectal-folk adverb for 'from here, from now on', against the modern «отсюда». It colours Rakitin's tirade with a rough, old-fashioned vehemence as he disowns Alyosha."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пошел один, вон твоя дорога!","title":"Past form «пошел» as a curt command","body":"The perfective past «пошел» ('off you go!') is used imperatively — a brusque, idiomatic way to order someone away, sharper than a true imperative. «вон» ('there / out') points him off: 'there's your road, be gone'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifying particle before черт","gloss":"why (intensifying exclamatory particle, not 'the')"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дери","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of дери","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дери","lemma":"драть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the idiom черт дери","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"in apposition to вас","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"каждого!","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with всех","gloss":"each one"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"bawled"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг,","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завопил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies связался","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of связался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"interjection, in apposition to я","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of связался","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"связался","lemma":"связаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got mixed up"},{"surface":"Знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Знать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"отселева","lemma":"отселева","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"from now on"},{"surface":"Пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the implied subject of Пошел","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дорога","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дорога","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"дорога","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (implied copula), not of Пошел","gloss":"road"}]},{"number":312,"label":"312","id":"b7-c3-s312","source":"И он круто повернул в другую улицу, оставив Алешу одного во мраке. Алеша вышел из города и пошел полем к монастырю.","translation":"And he turned off sharply into another street, leaving Alyosha alone in the dark. Alyosha walked out of the town and went across the fields toward the monastery.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставив Алешу одного во мраке","title":"Perfective gerund «оставив»","body":"«оставив» is the perfective past деепричастие of «оставить» ('having left'), an indeclinable verb-adverb sharing Rakitin's subject: he turned off, leaving Alyosha behind. Such gerunds, packing a second action into one clause, are a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пошел полем к монастырю","title":"Bare instrumental of route + «к» + dative","body":"«полем» is an instrumental of path — 'by way of / across the field' — needing no preposition. «к монастырю» uses «к» + dative for motion toward a goal. Two cases quietly map Alyosha's solitary route home."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"во мраке","title":"«мрак» — gloom, darkness","body":"A more literary, weighted word than plain «темнота» (darkness): «мрак» carries overtones of gloom and spiritual murk. Leaving Alyosha «во мраке» is both the literal night and the desolation Rakitin abandons him to."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"круто","lemma":"круто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернул","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"повернул","lemma":"повернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улицу","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"улицу","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернул","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"оставив","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on повернул","gloss":"leaving"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставив","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алешу","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мраке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мраке","lemma":"мрак","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставив","gloss":"the dark"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking города","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вышел","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"полем","lemma":"поле","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"across the fields"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырю","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"монастырю","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the monastery"}]}]}