{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b7-c4","title":{"source":"IV. Кана Галилейская","translated":"Cana of Galilee"},"section":"Book VII — Alyosha","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b7-c4","lines":84},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b7-c3","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b8-c1","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b7-c4-s1","source":"Было уже очень поздно по-монастырскому, когда Алеша пришел в скит; его пропустил привратник особым путем.","translation":"It was already very late by monastery hours when Alyosha came to the hermitage; the gatekeeper let him in by a special way.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по-монастырскому","title":"«по-монастырскому» — by monastery reckoning","body":"The adverbial «по-» + adjective stem in -ому means 'in the … manner / by the … standard' (по-русски, по-нашему). «По-монастырскому» means 'by monastery hours', i.e. late by the early-to-bed rhythm of the cloister, where nine o'clock is already deep night."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его пропустил привратник","title":"Object-first word order","body":"Russian's free word order lets the object «его» (him) lead the clause, since the case ending already marks it as object, not subject. Fronting the pronoun keeps Alyosha as the continuing topic while «привратник» (the gatekeeper) arrives as the new information at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to поздно","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поздно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поздно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"поздно","lemma":"поздно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the adverbial phrase по-монастырскому, modifies поздно","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"монастырскому","lemma":"монастырский","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular (adverbial)","role":"object of по, modifies поздно","gloss":"monastery time","note":"\"по-монастырскому\" is one idiom meaning \"by the monastery clock/reckoning\", split here across two tokens."},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause, modifies поздно","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скит","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"скит","lemma":"скит","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"the hermitage"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пропустил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пропустил","lemma":"пропустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"let through"},{"surface":"привратник","lemma":"привратник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пропустил","gloss":"the gatekeeper"},{"surface":"особым","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies путем","gloss":"a special"},{"surface":"путем","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пропустил","gloss":"way"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b7-c4-s2","source":"Пробило уже девять часов — час общего отдыха и покоя после столь тревожного для всех дня.","translation":"Nine o'clock had already struck — the hour of general rest and quiet after a day so distressing for everyone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пробило уже девять часов","title":"Impersonal «пробило» for the striking clock","body":"«Пробило» (it struck) is a neuter, subjectless past form: there is no grammatical subject, only the impersonal event of the clock striking. «Девять часов» follows the numeral rule — five and above take the genitive plural «часов»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"столь тревожного","title":"«столь» — bookish 'so'","body":"«Столь» is the elevated, literary equivalent of the everyday «так(ого)» ('so, such'), pairing here with the genitive «тревожного … дня». It belongs to the 19th-century bookish register that colours Dostoevsky's narrative voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пробило","lemma":"пробить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it struck"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Пробило","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"девять","lemma":"девять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies часов","gloss":"nine"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Пробило","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to девять часов","gloss":"the hour"},{"surface":"общего","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отдыха","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"отдыха","lemma":"отдых","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"покоя","lemma":"покой","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отдыха","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тревожного","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"тревожного","lemma":"тревожный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"distressing"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of для","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of после, modifies час","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b7-c4-s3","source":"Алеша робко отворил дверь и вступил в келью старца, в которой теперь стоял гроб его.","translation":"Alyosha timidly opened the door and stepped into the elder's cell, in which his coffin now stood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в которой теперь стоял гроб","title":"Relative «который» in the prepositional","body":"«В которой» agrees in gender and number with its antecedent «келью» (feminine), but takes the prepositional case demanded by «в» for location: 'in which now stood his coffin'. The comma sets off the relative clause as usual."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отворил","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"робко","lemma":"робко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отворил","gloss":"timidly"},{"surface":"отворил","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворил","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вступил","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отворил","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келью","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"келью","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступил","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies келью","gloss":"the elder's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоял","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on келью","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гроб","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b7-c4-s4","source":"Кроме отца Паисия, уединенно читавшего над гробом Евангелие, и юноши послушника Порфирия, утомленного вчерашнею ночною беседой и сегодняшнею суетой и спавшего в другой комнате на полу своим крепким молодым сном, в келье никого не было.","translation":"Apart from Father Paissy, who was reading the Gospel in solitude over the coffin, and the young novice Porfiry, worn out by the conversation of the previous night and by the day's bustle and sleeping his sound young sleep on the floor of the other room, there was no one in the cell.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уединенно читавшего над гробом Евангелие","title":"Past active participle replacing a clause","body":"«Читавшего» is a past active participle from imperfective «читать» (-вш- + adjective endings), agreeing with «отца Паисия» in the genitive: 'who was reading'. The imperfective stem gives an ongoing-in-the-past sense, condensing a «который»-clause into a single dense modifier — the hallmark of literary description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"утомленного … и спавшего","title":"Stacked participles around Porfiry","body":"The novice is wrapped in a chain of participles: passive «утомлённого» (worn out) and active «спавшего» (sleeping), both in the genitive to agree with «послушника Порфирия». Packing several participles into one sentence is a signature of 19th-century literary syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в келье никого не было","title":"Genitive of negation in an absence clause","body":"A negated existential takes «не было» plus the genitive: «никого не было» = 'there was no one'. The pronoun «никого» is itself the genitive of «никто», and the negative concord («ни…» + «не») is obligatory in Russian — two negatives, one meaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"apart from"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисия","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"уединенно","lemma":"уединенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies читавшего","gloss":"in solitude"},{"surface":"читавшего","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Паисия","gloss":"reading"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гробом","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"гробом","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of читавшего","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"Евангелие","lemma":"евангелие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of читавшего","gloss":"the Gospel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"юноши","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with отца, oblique complement of было","gloss":"the youth"},{"surface":"послушника","lemma":"послушник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies юноши","gloss":"the novice"},{"surface":"Порфирия","lemma":"порфирий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to послушника","gloss":"Porfiry"},{"surface":"утомленного","lemma":"утомить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying юноши","gloss":"worn out"},{"surface":"вчерашнею","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies беседой","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"ночною","lemma":"ночной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies беседой","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"беседой","lemma":"беседа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of утомленного","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сегодняшнею","lemma":"сегодняшний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies суетой","gloss":"today's"},{"surface":"суетой","lemma":"суета","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with беседой, oblique complement of утомленного","gloss":"bustle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спавшего","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with утомленного, modifies юноши","gloss":"sleeping"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спавшего","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спавшего","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сном","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"крепким","lemma":"крепкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сном","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"молодым","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сном","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"сном","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спавшего","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of было","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b7-c4-s5","source":"Отец Паисий, хоть и слышал, что вошел Алеша, но даже и не посмотрел в его сторону.","translation":"Father Paissy, though he heard that Alyosha had come in, did not so much as glance in his direction.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и слышал … но даже и не посмотрел","title":"Concessive «хоть… но» with paired «и»","body":"«Хоть (и) … но» is a concessive frame, 'although … (yet)'; Russian keeps the «но» that English would drop. The particle «и» before the verbs ('did even') and «даже и не» ('did not so much as') stack emphasis on the refusal to look."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слышал and посмотрел","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Отец","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the хоть-clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слышал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the хоть-clause","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вошел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of слышал","gloss":"had come in"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сторону","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"direction"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b7-c4-s6","source":"Алеша повернул вправо от двери в угол, стал на колени и начал молиться.","translation":"Alyosha turned to the right of the door into the corner, knelt down, and began to pray.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повернул … стал … начал молиться","title":"Perfective chain moving the action forward","body":"Three perfective past verbs in a row — «повернул» (turned), «стал» (knelt), «начал» (began) — narrate the scene as a sequence of completed, point-by-point events, the perfective's job against an imperfective background."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стал на колени","title":"«стать на колени» — to kneel","body":"Literally 'to stand onto the knees', the fixed idiom for kneeling. «Колени» (knees) is in the accusative after «на» because it expresses motion into a position, not rest in one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернул","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"повернул","lemma":"повернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"вправо","lemma":"вправо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернул","gloss":"to the right"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двери","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вправо","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угол","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"угол","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернул","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повернул","gloss":"got down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колени","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"колени","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"his knees"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повернул","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"молиться","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to pray"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b7-c4-s7","source":"Душа его была переполнена, но как-то смутно, и ни одно ощущение не выделялось, слишком сказываясь, напротив, одно вытесняло другое в каком-то тихом, ровном коловращении.","translation":"His soul was brimming over, but somehow vaguely, and not a single sensation stood out, asserting itself too sharply; on the contrary, one displaced the next in a kind of quiet, even revolving.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни одно ощущение не выделялось","title":"Negative concord with «ни… не»","body":"«Ни одно … не выделялось» = 'not a single sensation stood out'. «Ни» intensifies the negation ('not one'), but the verb still carries «не»; Russian requires both. The reflexive «-ся» on «выделялось» makes it intransitive ('stood out of itself')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слишком сказываясь","title":"Imperfective gerund «сказываясь»","body":"«Сказываясь» is an imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) in -ясь, the reflexive form of «сказываться» ('to make itself felt'). It expresses a simultaneous, attendant circumstance — 'asserting itself (too sharply)' — sharing the subject of the main clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коловращении","title":"«коловращение» — a revolving, a circling","body":"A bookish, slightly archaic noun from «коло» (an old word for 'circle, wheel') + «вращение» (turning): a slow circular motion, here the gentle revolving of feelings in Alyosha's soul. The elevated coinage suits the contemplative, almost liturgical mood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive переполнена","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Душа","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of переполнена","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"переполнена","lemma":"переполнить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brimming over"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of как-то, modifies смутно","gloss":"somehow","note":"как-то (\"somehow\") is one word split across two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of как-то, modifies смутно","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"смутно","lemma":"смутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переполнена","gloss":"vaguely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"not (a)"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies ощущение","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"ощущение","lemma":"ощущение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выделялось","gloss":"sensation"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выделялось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выделялось","lemma":"выделяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with переполнена","gloss":"stood out"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказываясь","gloss":"too sharply"},{"surface":"сказываясь","lemma":"сказываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on выделялось","gloss":"asserting itself"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker introducing вытесняло","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вытесняло","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"вытесняло","lemma":"вытеснять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выделялось","gloss":"displaced"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вытесняло","gloss":"the next"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коловращении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of какой-то, determiner of коловращении","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of какой-то, determiner of коловращении","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"тихом","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies коловращении","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"ровном","lemma":"ровный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with тихом","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"коловращении","lemma":"коловращение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытесняло","gloss":"revolving"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b7-c4-s8","source":"Но сердцу было сладко, и, странно, Алеша не удивлялся тому.","translation":"But his heart felt sweet, and, strangely, Alyosha did not wonder at it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сердцу было сладко","title":"Dative experiencer + neuter «было» for states","body":"Russian expresses inner states impersonally: the experiencer goes in the dative («сердцу», to the heart) and the predicate is a neuter adverb with «было» («было сладко», it was sweet). There is no grammatical subject; literally 'to the heart it-was sweet'. Compare «мне холодно» (I am cold), «ему было страшно» (he was afraid)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не удивлялся тому","title":"«удивляться» governs the dative","body":"The reflexive verb «удивляться» (to wonder at) takes its complement in the dative, here «тому» ('at it / at that'). The imperfective «удивлялся» frames the non-wondering as a sustained state rather than a single event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сердцу","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative experiencer of сладко","gloss":"his heart"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to сладко","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сладко","lemma":"сладкий","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies the clause","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удивлялся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удивлялся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"удивлялся","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"was surprised"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of удивлялся","gloss":"at that"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b7-c4-s9","source":"Опять видел он пред собою этот гроб, этого закрытого кругом драгоценного ему мертвеца, но плачущей, ноющей, мучительной жалости не было в душе его, как давеча утром.","translation":"Again he saw before him that coffin, that precious dead man shut up all around in it, yet there was no weeping, aching, tormenting pity in his soul, as there had been earlier in the morning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"жалости не было в душе его","title":"Genitive of negation with «не было»","body":"The negated existential «не было» forces its subject into the genitive: «жалости … не было» = 'there was no pity'. The whole heaped phrase «плачущей, ноющей, мучительной жалости» stands in the genitive, its participial and adjectival modifiers all agreeing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"плачущей, ноющей","title":"Present active participles as adjectives","body":"«Плачущей» (weeping) and «ноющей» (aching) are present active participles in -щ-, declined here into the genitive to modify «жалости». They function exactly like adjectives, giving the pity a vivid, ongoing quality."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — a while ago, earlier","body":"A colloquial-archaic adverb meaning 'earlier today, a little while ago'. Now distinctly old-fashioned, it recurs through this chapter («давешней тоски», 'the anguish of earlier'), anchoring Alyosha's thoughts to the events of that same dreadful morning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of гроб","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"coffin"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мертвеца","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"закрытого","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying мертвеца","gloss":"shut up"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закрытого","gloss":"all around"},{"surface":"драгоценного","lemma":"драгоценный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мертвеца","gloss":"precious"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of драгоценного","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"мертвеца","lemma":"мертвец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with гроб","gloss":"dead man"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"плачущей","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies жалости","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"ноющей","lemma":"ныть","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with плачущей","gloss":"aching"},{"surface":"мучительной","lemma":"мучительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жалости","gloss":"tormenting"},{"surface":"жалости","lemma":"жалость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"pity"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of давеча","gloss":"in the morning"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b7-c4-s10","source":"Пред гробом, сейчас войдя, он пал как пред святыней, но радость, радость сияла в уме его и в сердце его.","translation":"Before the coffin, on coming in just now, he had fallen down as before a holy thing, yet joy, joy shone in his mind and in his heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сейчас войдя, он пал","title":"Perfective gerund «войдя» for a prior action","body":"«Войдя» is a perfective past gerund (деепричастие) in -я from «войти» ('having entered'). It marks a completed action just before the main verb «пал» (he fell down), sharing its subject: 'on coming in just now, he fell…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пал как пред святыней","title":"«пал» and «пред» — elevated diction","body":"«Пал» (fell down) is the higher, more solemn perfective beside everyday «упал», and «пред» is the bookish/Church-Slavonic form of «перед» (before). Together they lend the prostration a reverent, liturgical weight; «святыня» is a holy object or relic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"радость, радость сияла","title":"Rhetorical repetition for emphasis","body":"The doubled «радость, радость» (joy, joy) is expressive repetition, a device Dostoevsky uses constantly to render the rising emotional pitch of inner speech. The verb «сияла» (shone) follows its repeated subject in topic-comment flow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гробом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"гробом","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Пред","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies войдя","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"войдя","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пал","gloss":"having come in"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пал","lemma":"пасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell down"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"oblique complement of пал","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"святыней","lemma":"святыня","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of пред","gloss":"a holy thing"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сияла","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"repeated in apposition, subject of сияла","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"сияла","lemma":"сиять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сияла","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сияла","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b7-c4-s11","source":"Одно окно кельи было отперто, воздух стоял свежий и холодноватый — «значит, дух стал еще сильнее, коли решились отворить окно», — подумал Алеша.","translation":"One window of the cell stood open, the air was fresh and somewhat cool — \"so the smell has grown still stronger, since they decided to open the window,\" thought Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"окно … было отперто","title":"Periphrastic passive: short participle + «было»","body":"«Было отперто» is the past passive: the short-form neuter participle «отперто» (from «отпереть», to unlock/open) joined to «было», stating the resulting state — 'the window was open / had been opened'. The short participle agrees in gender and number with «окно»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коли","title":"«коли» — folksy 'if / since'","body":"«Коли» is a colloquial, slightly archaic conjunction for «если» / «раз» ('if, since'), here 'since they decided to open the window'. It marks Alyosha's interior speech as plain and homely, against the elevated Slavonic of the Gospel being read aloud."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies окно","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of отперто","gloss":"window"},{"surface":"кельи","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies окно","gloss":"of the cell"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to отперто","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"отперто","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short-form, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"воздух","lemma":"воздух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"the air"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отперто","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"свежий","lemma":"свежий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стоял","gloss":"fresh"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"холодноватый","lemma":"холодноватый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with свежий","gloss":"somewhat cool"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"the smell"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"has become"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сильнее","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"сильнее","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"stronger"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of решились","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"решились","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the коли-clause","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"отворить","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решились","gloss":"to open"},{"surface":"окно»,","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отворить","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quoted thought","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b7-c4-s12","source":"Но и эта мысль о тлетворном духе, казавшаяся ему еще только давеча столь ужасною и бесславною, не подняла теперь в нем давешней тоски и давешнего негодования.","translation":"But even this thought of the corrupting smell, which only a short while before had seemed to him so dreadful and disgraceful, did not now rouse in him the anguish and indignation he had felt earlier.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"казавшаяся ему … столь ужасною","title":"Participle with dative experiencer and instrumental predicate","body":"«Казавшаяся» is a past active participle ('which had seemed'), agreeing with «мысль» (fem.). «Казаться» takes the experiencer in the dative («ему», to him) and its predicate in the instrumental — «ужасною … и бесславною» (dreadful and disgraceful), here in the archaic -ою ending."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ужасною и бесславною","title":"Archaic instrumental ending -ою","body":"The feminine instrumental singular here is «-ою» rather than the modern «-ой» («ужасною» = «ужасной»). This longer ending is a 19th-century literary variant, common in Dostoevsky and lending the prose its period cadence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тлетворном духе","title":"«тлетворный» — putrefying, corrupting","body":"A bookish compound from «тлен» (decay, corruption) + «творить» (to make): 'productive of decay'. «Тлетворный дух» is the 'odour of corruption' — the loaded phrase at the heart of the scandal over Zossima's too-quickly-decaying body."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies эта мысль, emphatic","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подняла","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking духе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"тлетворном","lemma":"тлетворный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies духе","gloss":"corrupting"},{"surface":"духе","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"smell"},{"surface":"казавшаяся","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying мысль","gloss":"which had seemed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of казавшаяся","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давеча","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давеча","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies казавшаяся","gloss":"a short while before"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ужасною","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ужасною","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of казавшаяся","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бесславною","lemma":"бесславный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ужасною","gloss":"disgraceful"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подняла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подняла","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"roused"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подняла","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подняла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"давешней","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тоски","gloss":"the earlier"},{"surface":"тоски","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подняла","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"давешнего","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies негодования","gloss":"the earlier"},{"surface":"негодования","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with тоски, direct object of подняла","gloss":"indignation"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b7-c4-s13","source":"Он тихо начал молиться, но вскоре сам почувствовал, что молится почти машинально.","translation":"He began quietly to pray, but soon felt himself that he was praying almost mechanically.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почувствовал, что молится","title":"Aspect contrast: «почувствовал» vs «молится»","body":"Perfective «почувствовал» (felt — a single completed realization) is set against the present-tense imperfective «молится» (is praying) inside the reported clause. The «что»-clause reports a fact; its present tense reads as simultaneous with the moment of feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"молиться","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to pray"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вскоре","lemma":"вскоре","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of молится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"молится","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of почувствовал","gloss":"he was praying"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies машинально","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"машинально","lemma":"машинально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молится","gloss":"mechanically"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b7-c4-s14","source":"Обрывки мыслей мелькали в душе его, загорались, как звездочки, и тут же гасли, сменяясь другими, но зато царило в душе что-то целое, твердое, утоляющее, и он сознавал это сам.","translation":"Fragments of thoughts flickered in his soul, kindling like little stars and going out again at once, giving way to others, yet over his soul there reigned something whole, firm, consoling, and he was aware of it himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мелькали … загорались … гасли","title":"Imperfective chain for flickering process","body":"A string of imperfective past verbs — «мелькали» (flickered), «загорались» (kindled), «гасли» (went out) — paints a repeated, ongoing process rather than single events, exactly the imperfective's background-and-iteration role."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сменяясь другими","title":"Gerund «сменяясь» of attendant action","body":"«Сменяясь» is an imperfective reflexive gerund ('giving way / being replaced'), describing a simultaneous circumstance of the flickering thoughts: they go out 'giving way to others'. «Другими» is the instrumental complement of «сменяться»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"звездочки","title":"«звёздочки» — little stars (diminutive)","body":"The diminutive of «звезда» (star), formed with -очк-. Here it adds tenderness and smallness to the image of thoughts kindling 'like little stars' — Russian's expressive suffixes carry feeling, not just size."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обрывки","lemma":"обрывок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of мелькали","gloss":"fragments"},{"surface":"мыслей","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies Обрывки","gloss":"of thoughts"},{"surface":"мелькали","lemma":"мелькать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flickered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькали","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"загорались","lemma":"загораться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мелькали","gloss":"kindled"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking звездочки","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"звездочки","lemma":"звёздочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of загорались","gloss":"little stars"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of тут же, modifies гасли","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of тут же, modifies гасли","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"гасли","lemma":"гаснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with загорались","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"сменяясь","lemma":"сменяться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on гасли","gloss":"giving way"},{"surface":"другими","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of сменяясь","gloss":"to others"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the clause, modifies царило","gloss":"on the other hand"},{"surface":"царило","lemma":"царить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мелькали","gloss":"reigned"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of царило","gloss":"his soul"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"subject of царило","gloss":"something","note":"что-то (\"something\") is one word split across two tokens."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"subject of царило","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"целое","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of царило","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"твердое","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with целое","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"утоляющее","lemma":"утолять","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with целое","gloss":"consoling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сознавал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сознавал","lemma":"сознавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мелькали","gloss":"was aware of"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сознавал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying он","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b7-c4-s15","source":"Иногда он пламенно начинал молитву, ему так хотелось благодарить и любить…","translation":"Now and then he began a prayer ardently, he so longed to give thanks and to love…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему так хотелось благодарить и любить","title":"Dative-subject «хотелось»","body":"«Хотелось» is the impersonal reflexive of «хотеть»: the wanter stands in the dative («ему», to him) and the verb is fixed neuter — 'he so longed to…'. This dative-experiencer frame, common in Dostoevsky's inner life, presents desire as something that comes over a person rather than something they actively do."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинал","gloss":"now and then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начинал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пламенно","lemma":"пламенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинал","gloss":"ardently"},{"surface":"начинал","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"молитву","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of начинал","gloss":"a prayer"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of хотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начинал","gloss":"longed"},{"surface":"благодарить","lemma":"благодарить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to give thanks"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with благодарить","gloss":"to love"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b7-c4-s16","source":"Но, начав молитву, переходил вдруг на что-нибудь другое, задумывался, забывал и молитву, и то, чем прервал ее.","translation":"But, having begun the prayer, he would suddenly pass to something else, fall to musing, and forget both the prayer and the thing that had broken it off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начав молитву, переходил вдруг","title":"Perfective gerund framing an imperfective habit","body":"«Начав» is a perfective gerund ('having begun'), naming a completed prior act; the main verb «переходил» (would pass over) is imperfective past, here iterative — describing what he would repeatedly do. The pairing reads 'having begun…, he would (each time) suddenly pass to…'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то, чем прервал ее","title":"Correlative «то, чем…» with instrumental","body":"«То, чем прервал её» = 'the thing with which he had broken it off'. The correlative «то» (that thing) is picked up by the relative «чем», the instrumental of «что», because «прервать» is interrupted 'by means of' that something."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"начав","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on переходил","gloss":"having begun"},{"surface":"молитву","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of начав","gloss":"the prayer"},{"surface":"переходил","lemma":"переходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would pass"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переходил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что-нибудь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of переходил","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"attaches to что, forms 'something'","gloss":"-ever (indefinite)"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-нибудь","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"задумывался","lemma":"задумываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with переходил","gloss":"fall to musing"},{"surface":"забывал","lemma":"забывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with переходил","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination (both...and)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"молитву","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of забывал","gloss":"the prayer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with молитву, direct object of забывал","gloss":"the thing"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прервал","gloss":"that had"},{"surface":"прервал","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on то","gloss":"broken off"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прервал","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b7-c4-s17","source":"Стал было слушать, что читал отец Паисий, но, утомленный очень, мало-помалу начал дремать…","translation":"He began to listen to what Father Paissy was reading, but, being very tired, little by little he started to doze…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стал было слушать","title":"The particle «было» of an interrupted start","body":"«Было» here is not the past of 'to be' but the special particle marking an action begun and then broken off or reversed: «стал было слушать» = 'he started to listen (but…)'. It signals an intention thwarted by what follows — he grew too tired and dozed instead."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мало-помалу","title":"«мало-помалу» — little by little","body":"A fixed reduplicative adverb, 'little by little, gradually'. The folksy, repetitive shape matches the drowsy, slow slide into sleep that «начал дремать» (began to doze) completes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks an action begun but interrupted, modifies Стал","gloss":"[started to]"},{"surface":"слушать","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Стал","gloss":"to listen"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of читал, object of читал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"читал","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of слушать","gloss":"was reading"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of читал","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отец","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"утомленный","lemma":"утомить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies the implicit subject (he), adverbial on начал","gloss":"being tired"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утомленный","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of мало-помалу, modifies начал","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"помалу","lemma":"помалу","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of мало-помалу, modifies начал","gloss":"by little"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started"},{"surface":"дремать","lemma":"дремать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to doze"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b7-c4-s18","source":"''«И в третий день брак бысть в Кане Галилейстей,'' — читал отец Паисий, — ''и бе мати Иисусова ту. Зван же бысть Иисус и ученицы его на брак».''","translation":"\"''And the third day there was a marriage in Cana of Galilee,''\" read Father Paissy, \"''and the mother of Jesus was there. And both Jesus was called, and his disciples, to the marriage.''\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бысть … бе … зван бысть","title":"Aorist and imperfect of Church Slavonic","body":"These are old past tenses lost in modern Russian: «бысть» is the aorist 'was/became', «бе» the imperfect 'was'. «Зван бысть» is a Slavonic passive ('was invited'). Modern Russian collapsed all of these into the single -л past, so these forms instantly mark the speech as sacred and ancient."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в Кане Галилейстей","title":"Slavonic locative «Галилейстей»","body":"«Галилейстей» is the Church-Slavonic feminine prepositional/locative ending where modern Russian would have «Галилейской». Such -ей/-стей locatives survive only in liturgical citation, one more sign that this register stands apart from the living language."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"третий","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бысть (time expression)","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"брак","lemma":"брак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бысть","gloss":"a marriage"},{"surface":"бысть","lemma":"быти","morphology":"verb, past (aorist), indicative, third, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was","note":"Church Slavonic aorist of быть, quoting the Gospel of John (2:1)."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Кане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Кане","lemma":"кана","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бысть","gloss":"Cana"},{"surface":"Галилейстей,''","lemma":"галилейский","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Кане","gloss":"of Galilee"},{"surface":"читал","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to бысть","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of читал","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисий,","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of читал","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бе","lemma":"быти","morphology":"verb, past (imperfect), indicative, third, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"мати","lemma":"мати","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бе","gloss":"the mother"},{"surface":"Иисусова","lemma":"иисусов","morphology":"possessive adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мати","gloss":"of Jesus"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"ту","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бе","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"Зван","lemma":"званый","morphology":"participle, passive, short form, masculine, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence (passive)","gloss":"was called"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Зван","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бысть","lemma":"быти","morphology":"verb, past (aorist), indicative, third, singular, auxiliary","role":"auxiliary of Зван","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Иисус","lemma":"иисус","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Зван","gloss":"Jesus"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ученицы","lemma":"ученик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Иисус","gloss":"disciples"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ученицы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брак","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"брак","lemma":"брак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Зван","gloss":"the marriage"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b7-c4-s19","source":"«Брак? Что это… брак… — неслось, как вихрь, в уме Алеши, — у ней тоже счастье… поехала на пир… Нет, она не взяла ножа, не взяла ножа… Это было только „жалкое“ слово… Ну… жалкие слова надо прощать, непременно.","translation":"\"Marriage? What is this… marriage…\" raced like a whirlwind through Alyosha's mind, \"she too has happiness… she has gone off to a feast… No, she did not take a knife, she did not take a knife… That was only a 'pitiful' word… Well… pitiful words must be forgiven, without fail.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"неслось, как вихрь, в уме Алеши","title":"Reflexive «нестись» — to rush, of itself","body":"«Неслось» is the neuter past of reflexive «нестись» ('to rush, tear along'), here impersonal — the swirl of words 'raced like a whirlwind' through his mind, with «-ся» marking the motion as happening of its own accord, not done to an object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она не взяла ножа, не взяла ножа","title":"Genitive of negation with «не взяла»","body":"The negated object shifts from accusative to genitive: «не взяла ножа» (did not take a knife) rather than «нож». The repetition is expressive, mirroring the agitated, circling rhythm of Alyosha's half-dreaming thought."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жалкое слово","title":"«жалкое слово» — a pitiful word","body":"«Жалкий» means 'pitiful, pathetic, wretched'. A «жалкое слово» is a word spoken out of pain or self-pity — Grushenka's earlier outburst. Alyosha resolves such words 'must be forgiven', a theme the passage turns over tenderly; «непременно» = 'without fail'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брак","lemma":"брак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Marriage?"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Что","gloss":"is this"},{"surface":"брак","lemma":"брак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with это","gloss":"marriage"},{"surface":"неслось","lemma":"нестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Что","gloss":"raced"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with вихрь","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"вихрь","lemma":"вихрь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"a whirlwind"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of неслось","gloss":"the mind"},{"surface":"Алеши,","lemma":"алеша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"marks the possessor in у ней тоже счастье","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies счастье","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"счастье","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun in the possessive construction with ней","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"поехала","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she went off"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пир","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"пир","lemma":"пир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поехала","gloss":"a feast"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to взяла","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of взяла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взяла","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"взяла","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"ножа","lemma":"нож","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взяла","gloss":"a knife"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взяла","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"взяла","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взяла","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"ножа","lemma":"нож","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взяла","gloss":"a knife"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of слово","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to слово","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"жалкое","lemma":"жалкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"pitiful"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"жалкие","lemma":"жалкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"pitiful"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of надо","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"прощать","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прощать","gloss":"without fail"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b7-c4-s20","source":"Жалкие слова тешат душу… без них горе было бы слишком тяжело у людей.","translation":"Pitiful words comfort the soul… without them grief would lie too heavy upon people.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"без них горе было бы слишком тяжело","title":"Conditional «было бы» — the unreal","body":"«Было бы тяжело» is the conditional/subjunctive: past-tense «было» plus the particle «бы» yields the hypothetical 'would be'. With «без них» (without them) it states an unreal condition — grief 'would lie too heavy' if pitiful words did not exist."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тешат душу","title":"«тешить» — to comfort, gladden","body":"«Тешить» is a warm, somewhat folksy verb meaning 'to console, amuse, gladden'. «Жалкие слова тешат душу» — pitiful words 'comfort the soul'; the homely verb suits the gentle, consoling drift of Alyosha's reverie."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жалкие","lemma":"жалкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"Pitiful"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of тешат","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"тешат","lemma":"тешить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comfort"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of тешат","gloss":"the soul"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of без","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of тяжело","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to тяжело","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of тяжело","gloss":"[conditional]"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тяжело","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"тяжело","lemma":"тяжёлый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of тяжело","gloss":"people"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b7-c4-s21","source":"Ракитин ушел в переулок.","translation":"Rakitin has gone off into a side-lane.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ушел в переулок","title":"«переулок» — a side-lane, literal and figurative","body":"A «переулок» is a narrow side-street or alley. Here it works as a metaphor running through the passage: Rakitin, brooding on his grievances, 'goes off into a side-lane', away from the broad, bright «дорога» (road) of true life that Alyosha sees ahead."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ушел","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переулок","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"переулок","lemma":"переулок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ушел","gloss":"a side-lane"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b7-c4-s22","source":"Пока Ракитин будет думать о своих обидах, он будет всегда уходить в переулок… А дорога… дорога-то большая, прямая, светлая, хрустальная, и солнце в конце ее… А?.. что читают?»","translation":"As long as Rakitin broods over his grievances, he will always be going off into a side-lane… But the road… the road is broad, straight, bright, crystalline, and the sun is at the end of it… Eh?.. what are they reading?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пока Ракитин будет думать … он будет уходить","title":"Compound future with «будет» + imperfective","body":"Both clauses use the imperfective compound future: «будет думать» (will brood), «будет уходить» (will keep going off). The conjunction «пока» ('as long as, while') with this ongoing future frames a lasting, habitual condition, not a single act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дорога-то большая","title":"The emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» in «дорога-то» is an emphasizing particle that highlights a known topic — 'the road, now, (is) broad…'. It is distinct from the indefinite «что-то»; here it gently spotlights 'the road' as Alyosha's mind seizes on it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of думать","gloss":"as long as"},{"surface":"Ракитин","lemma":"ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думать","gloss":"Rakitin"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of думать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on уходить","gloss":"brood"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обидах","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of обидах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"обидах","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of думать","gloss":"grievances"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уходить","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of уходить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уходить","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"уходить","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be going off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переулок","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"переулок","lemma":"переулок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уходить","gloss":"a side-lane"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"дорога","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"дорога","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of большая","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic particle attached to дорога","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"большая","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"прямая","lemma":"прямой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with большая","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"светлая","lemma":"светлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with большая","gloss":"bright"},{"surface":"хрустальная","lemma":"хрустальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with большая","gloss":"crystalline"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"солнце","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of new clause, coordinated with дорога's clause","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конце","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"конце","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement, location of солнце","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies конце","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Eh"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of читают","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"читают","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are they reading"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b7-c4-s23","source":"''«…И не доставшу вину, глагола мати Иисусова к нему: вина не имут…»'' — слышалось Алеше.","translation":"\"''…And when they wanted wine, the mother of Jesus saith unto him: They have no wine…''\" — came to Alyosha's ears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И не доставшу вину","title":"Slavonic dative absolute «не доставшу вину»","body":"This is a Church-Slavonic dative absolute: «вину» and the participle «доставшу» both in the dative, meaning 'the wine having run short / when wine was lacking'. The construction, modelled on Greek, has no equivalent in modern Russian and instantly marks the liturgical register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"глагола … вина не имут","title":"Slavonic «глагола» and «не имут»","body":"«Глагола» is the Slavonic aorist 'said/saith' (from «глаголати», to speak); «не имут» is the archaic 3rd-plural 'they have not' (modern «не имеют» / «у них нет»). 'They have no wine' in the old idiom — the verb «иметь» used where modern Russian prefers «у… есть»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слышалось Алеше","title":"Impersonal «слышалось» + dative","body":"«Слышалось» is the reflexive impersonal 'it could be heard / came to the ears', with the perceiver in the dative («Алеше», to Alyosha). The construction puts Alyosha as the passive recipient of the sound, dissolving as he drifts toward sleep."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and","note":"Church Slavonic (Gospel of John 2:3), quoted verbatim, not modern Russian."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доставшу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"доставшу","lemma":"достати","morphology":"verb, participle (dative absolute), perfective","role":"main verb of the dative-absolute clause","gloss":"having run short"},{"surface":"вину","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative subject of доставшу (dative absolute)","gloss":"of wine"},{"surface":"глагола","lemma":"глаголати","morphology":"verb, past (aorist), indicative, third, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saith"},{"surface":"мати","lemma":"мати","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of глагола","gloss":"the mother"},{"surface":"Иисусова","lemma":"иисусов","morphology":"possessive adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мати","gloss":"of Jesus"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"unto"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement (indirect object) of глагола","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вина","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имут","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имут","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"имут","lemma":"имети","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"they have"},{"surface":"слышалось","lemma":"слышаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алеша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of слышалось","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b7-c4-s24","source":"«Ах да, я тут пропустил, а не хотел пропускать, я это место люблю: это Кана Галилейская, первое чудо… Ах, это чудо, ах, это милое чудо!","translation":"\"Ah yes, I skipped a bit there, and I did not mean to skip it, I love this passage: it is Cana of Galilee, the first miracle… Ah, that miracle, ah, that dear miracle!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"это место люблю","title":"«место» — a passage in a text","body":"Besides 'place', «место» commonly means a 'passage, spot' in a book or piece of music. «Это место люблю» = 'I love this passage' — Alyosha's intimate, possessive love for the Cana story in the Gospel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to пропустил","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to пропустил","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пропустил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пропустил","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"пропустил","lemma":"пропустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"skipped"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пропустил","gloss":"mean to"},{"surface":"пропускать","lemma":"пропускать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"skip it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of место","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"passage"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with пропустил","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Кана","gloss":"it is"},{"surface":"Кана","lemma":"кана","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"parallel clause to люблю","gloss":"Cana"},{"surface":"Галилейская","lemma":"галилейский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Кана","gloss":"of Galilee"},{"surface":"первое","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чудо","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"чудо","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Кана","gloss":"miracle"},{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to чудо","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of чудо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чудо","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"miracle"},{"surface":"ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to чудо","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of чудо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"милое","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чудо","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"чудо","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with чудо","gloss":"miracle"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b7-c4-s25","source":"Не горе, а радость людскую посетил Христос, в первый раз сотворяя чудо, радости людской помог… „Кто любит людей, тот и радость их любит…“ Это повторял покойник поминутно, это одна из главнейших мыслей его была… Без радости жить нельзя, говорит Митя… Да, Митя… Всё, что истинно и прекрасно, всегда полно всепрощения — это опять-таки он говорил…»","translation":"It was not grief but human joy that Christ visited when he worked his first miracle, he helped human gladness… 'He who loves people loves their joy as well…' The dead man kept repeating this, it was one of his foremost thoughts… One cannot live without joy, says Mitya… Yes, Mitya… Everything that is true and beautiful is always full of all-forgiveness — that, again, was something he used to say…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сотворяя чудо","title":"Imperfective gerund «сотворяя»","body":"«Сотворяя» is an imperfective present gerund ('working/while working'), naming the circumstance simultaneous with «посетил» (visited): 'Christ visited human joy when, in working his first miracle…'. «Сотворить/творить» is the elevated verb for 'to create, work (a wonder)'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто любит людей, тот и радость их любит","title":"Correlative «кто… тот»","body":"A proverbial correlative frame: «кто…, тот…» = 'whoever…, that one…'. The relative «кто» opens the condition and the demonstrative «тот» answers it — 'He who loves people loves their joy as well'. The particle «и» adds 'as well, too'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"покойник","title":"«покойник» — the departed","body":"«Покойник» means 'the deceased, the dead man', from «покой» (rest, peace) — literally 'the one at rest'. Alyosha uses it for the just-dead Zossima, here lovingly: 'это повторял покойник' — 'the dead man kept repeating this'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всепрощения","title":"«всепрощение» — all-forgiveness","body":"A compound of «все-» (all) + «прощение» (forgiveness): total, universal forgiveness. The bookish abstract noun in -ение carries the lofty theological weight of Zossima's teaching that 'everything true and beautiful is full of all-forgiveness'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies горе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"contrasted with радость, direct object of посетил","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of посетил","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"людскую","lemma":"людской","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies радость","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"посетил","lemma":"посетить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"visited"},{"surface":"Христос","lemma":"христос","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посетил","gloss":"Christ"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сотворяя","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"сотворяя","lemma":"сотворять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on посетил","gloss":"working"},{"surface":"чудо","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сотворяя","gloss":"a miracle"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect (dative) object of помог","gloss":"gladness"},{"surface":"людской","lemma":"людской","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies радости","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"помог","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of second clause, coordinated with посетил","gloss":"helped"},{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"He who"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"the joy"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies радость","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of повторял","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"повторял","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept repeating"},{"surface":"покойник","lemma":"покойник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторял","gloss":"the dead man"},{"surface":"поминутно","lemma":"поминутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторял","gloss":"constantly"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of одна","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, parallel to повторял","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мыслей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"главнейших","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural, superlative","role":"modifies мыслей","gloss":"foremost"},{"surface":"мыслей","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies одна","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мыслей","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to одна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радости","gloss":"Without"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нельзя","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one cannot"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to нельзя","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to Митя","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of полно","gloss":"Everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of истинно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"истинно","lemma":"истинный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"relative clause on Всё","gloss":"is true"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прекрасно","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"coordinated with истинно","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полно","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"полно","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"is full"},{"surface":"всепрощения","lemma":"всепрощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of полно","gloss":"of all-forgiveness"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"topic marker, expletive with говорил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил, part of опять-таки","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"used to say"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b7-c4-s26","source":"''«…Глагола ей Иисус: что есть мне и тебе, жено; не у прииде час мой. Глагола мати его слугам: еже аще глаголет вам, сотворите».''","translation":"\"''…Jesus saith unto her: Woman, what have I to do with thee? mine hour is not yet come. His mother saith unto the servants: Whatsoever he saith unto you, do it.''\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что есть мне и тебе, жено","title":"Slavonic vocative «жено» and the Hebraism","body":"«Жено» is the Church-Slavonic vocative of «жена» (woman), used in direct address: 'O woman'. «Что есть мне и тебе» renders a Semitic idiom literally — 'what is there to me and to thee', i.e. 'what have I to do with thee'. Both mark the verse as ancient, set-apart speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не у прииде час мой","title":"Slavonic «не у прииде» — not yet come","body":"«Не у» is the Slavonic for 'not yet' (modern «ещё не»), and «прииде» is the aorist 'came' (modern «пришёл»). 'Mine hour is not yet come' — the archaic negative-temporal idiom and the aorist together place the line firmly in the liturgical register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глагола","lemma":"глаголати","morphology":"verb, past (aorist), indicative, third, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saith","note":"Church Slavonic (Gospel of John 2:4-5), quoted verbatim, not modern Russian."},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of Глагола","gloss":"unto her"},{"surface":"Иисус","lemma":"иисус","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Глагола","gloss":"Jesus"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third, singular","role":"parallel clause to Глагола","gloss":"have I to do"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of есть","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"coordinated with мне","gloss":"thee"},{"surface":"жено","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address to Mary, not part of the clause","gloss":"Woman"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прииде, forms 'not yet' with у","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прииде, forms 'not yet' with не","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"прииде","lemma":"приити","morphology":"verb, past (aorist), indicative, third, singular","role":"main verb of second clause","gloss":"has come"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прииде","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of час","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Глагола","lemma":"глаголати","morphology":"verb, past (aorist), indicative, third, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saith"},{"surface":"мати","lemma":"мати","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Глагола","gloss":"the mother"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мати","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"слугам","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of Глагола","gloss":"unto the servants"},{"surface":"еже","lemma":"иже","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сотворите, introduces relative clause","gloss":"whatsoever"},{"surface":"аще","lemma":"аще","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of глаголет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"глаголет","lemma":"глаголати","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular","role":"relative clause modifying еже","gloss":"he saith"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of глаголет","gloss":"unto you"},{"surface":"сотворите","lemma":"сотворить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do it"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b7-c4-s27","source":"«Сотворите… Радость, радость каких-нибудь бедных, очень бедных людей… Уж конечно, бедных, коли даже на свадьбу вина недостало…","translation":"\"Do it… The joy, the joy of some poor folk, very poor folk… Poor, of course, since at the wedding they did not even have wine enough…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли даже на свадьбу вина недостало","title":"Genitive subject of «недостало»","body":"«Недостать» (to fall short, run out) takes its noun in the genitive: «вина недостало» = 'there was not wine enough'. This is the genitive of an absent/insufficient quantity, kin to the genitive of negation. «Коли» again gives the homely 'since'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уж конечно, бедных","title":"The particle «уж»","body":"«Уж» here is an intensifying modal particle (not «уже», 'already') reinforcing the assertion: 'poor, of course, to be sure'. Such particles carry the speaker's conviction and colour the texture of Alyosha's eager inner voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сотворите","lemma":"сотворить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Do it"},{"surface":"Радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"The joy"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Радость","gloss":"the joy"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of бедных","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"attaches to каких, forms 'some'","gloss":"-ever (indefinite)"},{"surface":"бедных","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бедных","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"бедных","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with бедных","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies радость","gloss":"folk"},{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the implied predicate (бедных), parenthetical","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"бедных","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with конечно","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of недостало","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies недостало (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свадьбу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"свадьбу","lemma":"свадьба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of недостало","gloss":"the wedding"},{"surface":"вина","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of недостало","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"недостало","lemma":"недостать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the coли-clause","gloss":"was not enough"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b7-c4-s28","source":"Вон пишут историки, что около озера Генисаретского и во всех тех местах расселено было тогда самое беднейшее население, какое только можно вообразить…","translation":"Look, the historians write that around Lake Gennesaret and in all those parts there lived in those days the very poorest population one could possibly imagine…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"расселено было … самое беднейшее население","title":"Periphrastic passive «расселено было»","body":"«Расселено было» is the past passive: short neuter participle «расселено» (from «расселить», to settle/spread) + «было» — 'was settled / there lived'. «Самое беднейшее» piles the superlative particle «самое» onto an already-superlative «беднейшее» for maximal emphasis: 'the very poorest'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle drawing attention (\"look\"), modifies пишут","gloss":"Look","note":"Colloquial deictic particle, not a noun/direct object."},{"surface":"пишут","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"историки","lemma":"историк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of пишут","gloss":"historians"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of расселено","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking озера","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"озера","lemma":"озеро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of расселено","gloss":"lake"},{"surface":"Генисаретского","lemma":"Генисаретский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies озера","gloss":"of Gennesaret"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking местах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of местах","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of местах","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"местах","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of расселено","gloss":"parts"},{"surface":"расселено","lemma":"расселить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause (with было)","gloss":"was settled"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of расселено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расселено","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"intensifies беднейшее","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"беднейшее","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies население","gloss":"poorest"},{"surface":"население","lemma":"население","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive расселено","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вообразить (relative, referring to население)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"possibly"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"predicate of the relative clause on население","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"вообразить","lemma":"вообразить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"imagine"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b7-c4-s29","source":"И знало же другое великое сердце другого великого существа, бывшего тут же, матери его, что не для одного лишь великого страшного подвига своего сошел он тогда, а что доступно сердцу его и простодушное немудрое веселие каких-нибудь темных, темных и нехитрых существ, ласково позвавших его на убогий брак их.","translation":"And the other great heart of another great being, who was there as well — his mother — knew that he had come down then not for the sake of his great and dreadful deed alone, but that his heart could also be reached by the simple-hearted, unsophisticated merrymaking of certain obscure, obscure and artless creatures, who had tenderly called him to their humble wedding.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И знало же другое великое сердце","title":"Inversion + emphatic «же»","body":"The verb «знало» is fronted before its subject «сердце» for rhetorical weight, and the particle «же» drives the emphasis home — 'And the other great heart did know…'. This solemn inversion suits the swelling, almost liturgical cadence of the passage."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бывшего тут же","title":"Past active participle «бывшего»","body":"«Бывшего» is the past active participle of «быть» ('who was, being present'), in the genitive to agree with «существа» — 'of another great being, who was there as well'. It folds a whole relative clause into one word, the dense participial style of the chapter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ласково позвавших его","title":"Participle «позвавших» governing its own object","body":"«Позвавших» is a past active participle (perfective, 'who had called'), genitive plural agreeing with «существ» (creatures). Like a finite verb it takes its own object «его» (him) and adverb «ласково» (tenderly) — a participle running a small clause of its own."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"простодушное немудрое веселие … нехитрых существ","title":"Bookish lexis of simplicity","body":"A cluster of elevated words for plainness: «простодушное» (simple-hearted), «немудрое» (unwise/unsophisticated), «нехитрых» (artless, guileless), and «веселие», the Slavonic-flavoured form of «веселье» (merriment). The diction ennobles the humble villagers' joy."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"знало","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знало","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"великое","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of знало","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существа","gloss":"of another"},{"surface":"великого","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существа","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"существа","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"бывшего","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective/participle, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существа","gloss":"who was"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывшего","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to существа","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"modifies матери","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сошел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates одного лишь ... подвига","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подвига","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies подвига","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"великого","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подвига","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"страшного","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подвига","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"подвига","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошел","gloss":"deed"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of подвига","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сошел","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знало","gloss":"came down"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of доступно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"доступно","lemma":"доступный","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the second что-clause","gloss":"was accessible"},{"surface":"сердцу","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative complement of доступно","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"modifies сердцу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доступно (also/too)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"простодушное","lemma":"простодушный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies веселие","gloss":"simple-hearted"},{"surface":"немудрое","lemma":"немудрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies веселие","gloss":"unsophisticated"},{"surface":"веселие","lemma":"веселие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of доступно","gloss":"merrymaking"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of существ (part of каких-нибудь)","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"indefinite particle, genitive, plural","role":"indefinite marker completing каких (каких-нибудь)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"темных","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies существ","gloss":"obscure"},{"surface":"темных","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with темных (repetition for emphasis)","gloss":"obscure"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нехитрых","lemma":"нехитрый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with темных","gloss":"artless"},{"surface":"существ","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies веселие","gloss":"creatures"},{"surface":"ласково","lemma":"ласково","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позвавших","gloss":"tenderly"},{"surface":"позвавших","lemma":"позвать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, genitive, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying существ","gloss":"who had called"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of позвавших","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брак","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"убогий","lemma":"убогий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брак","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"брак","lemma":"брак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of позвавших","gloss":"wedding"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural (possessive)","role":"modifies брак","gloss":"their"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b7-c4-s30","source":"„Не пришел еще час мой“, — он говорит с тихою улыбкой (непременно улыбнулся ей кротко)…","translation":"'Mine hour is not yet come,' he says with a gentle smile (he surely smiled at her meekly)…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он говорит … (непременно улыбнулся)","title":"Historic present beside perfective past","body":"Alyosha narrates the dream-scene in the vivid present «говорит» (he says), then slips into the perfective past «улыбнулся» (he smiled) for the imagined completed gesture. The shift between present immediacy and past completion mirrors his mind reconstructing the scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"улыбнулся ей кротко","title":"«улыбнуться» + dative","body":"The perfective «улыбнуться» (to smile) takes the person smiled-at in the dative: «улыбнулся ей» — 'smiled at her'. The adverb «кротко» (meekly, gently) is one of the book's keynote words for the spirit of Christ and of Zossima."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"мой“,","lemma":"мой","morphology":"possessive pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тихою","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорит","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause parallel to говорит","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of улыбнулся","gloss":"at her"},{"surface":"кротко","lemma":"кротко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"meekly"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b7-c4-s31","source":"В самом деле, неужто для того, чтоб умножать вино на бедных свадьбах, сошел он на землю?","translation":"Was it really to multiply wine at poor weddings that he came down to earth?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"неужто … сошел он на землю?","title":"Rhetorical particle «неужто»","body":"«Неужто» (variant of «неужели») introduces an incredulous rhetorical question — 'was it really…?', expecting the answer 'no'. The slightly archaic «неужто» colours Alyosha's astonished wonder that Christ would come down merely to multiply wine."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб умножать вино","title":"Purpose clause «чтоб(ы)» + infinitive","body":"«Чтоб» (clipped «чтобы») expresses purpose: 'in order to multiply wine'. With a single subject it takes the bare infinitive «умножать». The imperfective infinitive suggests a repeated/ongoing action — wine multiplied again and again at poor weddings."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле (idiom в самом деле)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"idiomatic adverbial phrase modifying сошел (indeed)","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сошел (interrogative: can it really be)","gloss":"can it be"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сошел (для того чтоб = in order that)","gloss":"the purpose"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умножать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"умножать","lemma":"умножать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause depending on того","gloss":"multiply"},{"surface":"вино","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of умножать","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свадьбах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"бедных","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies свадьбах","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"свадьбах","lemma":"свадьба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of умножать","gloss":"weddings"},{"surface":"сошел","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came down"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошел","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b7-c4-s32","source":"А вот пошел же и сделал же по ее просьбе… Ах, он опять читает».","translation":"And yet he went and did it, at her request… Ah, he is reading again.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А вот пошел же и сделал же","title":"Concessive «а … же»","body":"The contrastive conjunction «а» plus the repeated emphatic particle «же» make a strong 'and yet he did go and do it after all'. «Вот» adds pointing emphasis. This stacking of little particles is exactly the spoken texture Dostoevsky builds his inner monologue from."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And yet"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he went"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"did it"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking просьбе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner (possessive)","role":"determiner of просьбе","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"просьбе","lemma":"просьба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделал","gloss":"request"},{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation preceding он опять читает","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of читает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies читает","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"читает","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is reading"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b7-c4-s33","source":"''«…Глагола им Иисус: наполните водоносы воды, и наполниша их до верха. И глагола им: почерпите ныне и принесите архитриклинови, и принесоша. Якоже вкуси архитриклин вина бывшаго от воды, и не ведяше, откуду есть: слуги же ведяху почерпшии воду: пригласи жениха архитриклин. И глагола ему: всяк человек прежде доброе вино полагает, и егда упиются, тогда хуждшее: ты же соблюл ecu доброе вино доселе».''","translation":"\"''…Jesus saith unto them: Fill the waterpots with water. And they filled them up to the brim. And he saith unto them: Draw out now, and bear unto the governor of the feast. And they bare it. When the ruler of the feast had tasted the wine that was made of water, and knew not whence it was — but the servants which drew the water knew — the governor of the feast called the bridegroom. And saith unto him: Every man at the beginning doth set forth good wine; and when men have well drunk, then that which is worse: but thou hast kept the good wine until now.''\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"наполниша … принесоша … ведяху","title":"Slavonic aorist and imperfect plurals","body":"These are old Slavonic past tenses: aorist plurals «наполниша» (they filled) and «принесоша» (they bore), set beside imperfects «ведяше / ведяху» (knew); «почерпшии» ('those who had drawn') is a nominative-plural past active participle, not a finite aorist. Modern Russian replaced this whole array with one -л past, so the verbs alone announce the sacred text."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вина бывшаго от воды","title":"Slavonic participle «бывшаго»","body":"«Бывшаго» is the Church-Slavonic genitive of the past active participle of «быть» ('having been'), with the old -аго ending where modern Russian writes «-его» («бывшего»). 'The wine that had been made from water' — the antique participial form and spelling mark the verse."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"архитриклин","title":"«архитриклин» — the governor of the feast","body":"A Greek loanword (ἀρχιτρίκλινος, 'master of the three-couch dining room') preserved from the Slavonic Gospel: the steward or master of ceremonies at the wedding. Alyosha will fasten on the «премудрый архитриклин» ('the all-wise governor of the feast') as the dream unfolds."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"соблюл еси","title":"Slavonic perfect «соблюл еси»","body":"«Соблюл еси» is the old compound perfect: participle «соблюл» + the 2nd-person auxiliary «еси» ('thou hast kept'). Modern Russian dropped the auxiliary, leaving just «соблюл». The surviving «еси» is a pure marker of the liturgical-archaic register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глагола","lemma":"глаголати","morphology":"verb, aorist, active, third, singular (Church Slavonic)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saith","note":"Church Slavonic aorist of глаголати ('to say'), not the modern noun глагол."},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of Глагола","gloss":"unto them"},{"surface":"Иисус","lemma":"Иисус","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Глагола","gloss":"Jesus"},{"surface":"наполните","lemma":"наполнити","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective (Church Slavonic)","role":"quoted imperative clause of Глагола","gloss":"fill"},{"surface":"водоносы","lemma":"водонос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of наполните","gloss":"waterpots"},{"surface":"воды","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of наполните (with water)","gloss":"with water"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наполниша","lemma":"наполнити","morphology":"verb, aorist, active, third, plural (Church Slavonic)","role":"coordinated with наполните (they filled)","gloss":"they filled","note":"Church Slavonic aorist plural ending -ша."},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of наполниша","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking верха","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"верха","lemma":"верх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наполниша","gloss":"the brim"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"глагола","lemma":"глаголати","morphology":"verb, aorist, active, third, singular (Church Slavonic)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saith"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of глагола","gloss":"unto them"},{"surface":"почерпите","lemma":"почерпити","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective (Church Slavonic)","role":"quoted imperative clause of глагола","gloss":"draw out"},{"surface":"ныне","lemma":"ныне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почерпите","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"принесите","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with почерпите","gloss":"bear"},{"surface":"архитриклинови","lemma":"архитриклин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular (archaic -ови ending)","role":"indirect object of принесите","gloss":"unto the governor of the feast","note":"Archaic Church Slavonic dative ending -ови."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"принесоша","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, aorist, active, third, plural (Church Slavonic)","role":"coordinated with принесите (they bare it)","gloss":"they bare it"},{"surface":"Якоже","lemma":"якоже","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (Church Slavonic)","role":"introduces the clause of вкуси","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вкуси","lemma":"вкусити","morphology":"verb, aorist, active, third, singular (Church Slavonic)","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"had tasted"},{"surface":"архитриклин","lemma":"архитриклин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вкуси","gloss":"the ruler of the feast"},{"surface":"вина","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular (partitive)","role":"genitive object of вкуси","gloss":"the wine"},{"surface":"бывшаго","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"participle, past, active, genitive, neuter, singular (Church Slavonic)","role":"modifies вина","gloss":"that was made"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воды","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"воды","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывшаго","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ведяше","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ведяше","lemma":"ведети","morphology":"verb, imperfect, active, third, singular (Church Slavonic)","role":"coordinated with вкуси","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"откуду","lemma":"откуду","morphology":"adverb (Church Slavonic)","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"whence"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third, singular (Church Slavonic copula)","role":"predicate of the indirect question (откуду есть)","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"слуги","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of ведяху","gloss":"the servants"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle modifying the clause (but/however)","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведяху","lemma":"ведети","morphology":"verb, imperfect, active, third, plural (Church Slavonic)","role":"parenthetical clause interrupting the sentence (the servants knew)","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"почерпшии","lemma":"почерпший","morphology":"participle, past, active, nominative, masculine, plural (Church Slavonic)","role":"modifies слуги (who had drawn)","gloss":"which drew"},{"surface":"воду","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of почерпшии","gloss":"the water"},{"surface":"пригласи","lemma":"пригласити","morphology":"verb, aorist, active, third, singular (Church Slavonic)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"жениха","lemma":"жених","morphology":"noun, accusative (animate), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пригласи","gloss":"the bridegroom"},{"surface":"архитриклин","lemma":"архитриклин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пригласи","gloss":"the governor of the feast"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"глагола","lemma":"глаголати","morphology":"verb, aorist, active, third, singular (Church Slavonic)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saith"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of глагола","gloss":"unto him"},{"surface":"всяк","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of полагает","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полагает","gloss":"at the beginning"},{"surface":"доброе","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вино","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"вино","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of полагает","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"полагает","lemma":"полагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause introduced by глагола","gloss":"doth set forth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"егда","lemma":"егда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (Church Slavonic)","role":"introduces the clause of упиются","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"упиются","lemma":"упитися","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, third, plural, perfective (Church Slavonic)","role":"coordinated with полагает","gloss":"have well drunk"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хуждшее (elliptical: then [he sets forth])","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"хуждшее","lemma":"хуждший","morphology":"adjective (comparative), accusative, neuter, singular (Church Slavonic)","role":"elliptical direct object of the implied полагает, coordinated with вино","gloss":"that which is worse","note":"Church Slavonic comparative of худой/плохой ('worse')."},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of соблюл","gloss":"thou"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"соблюл","lemma":"соблюсти","morphology":"participle, past, active, masculine, singular, perfective (Church Slavonic)","role":"main verb of the sentence (with auxiliary ecu)","gloss":"hast kept"},{"surface":"ecu","lemma":"быти","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second, singular (Church Slavonic)","role":"auxiliary of соблюл","gloss":"hast","note":"Church Slavonic perfect: participle соблюл + auxiliary ecu ('thou hast kept')."},{"surface":"доброе","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вино","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"вино","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of соблюл","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"доселе","lemma":"доселе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соблюл","gloss":"until now"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b7-c4-s34","source":"«Но что это, что это? Почему раздвигается комната… Ах да… ведь это брак, свадьба… да, конечно.","translation":"\"But what is this, what is this? Why is the room widening out… Ah yes… for this is a marriage, a wedding… yes, of course.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Почему раздвигается комната","title":"Reflexive «раздвигаться» — opening of itself","body":"«Раздвигается» is the imperfective reflexive of «раздвигать» (to push apart): with «-ся» it is intransitive, 'the room is widening out / spreading apart' on its own. The present tense gives the dream its eerie, unfolding immediacy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь это брак","title":"The appeal-particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared, suddenly-recalled knowledge — 'for, you see, after all'. Here Alyosha reassures himself in the dream: «ведь это брак» — 'for this is a marriage, after all'. The particle carries the very texture of Dostoevsky's interior voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement, subject это","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement, repeated (что это)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздвигается","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"раздвигается","lemma":"раздвигаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is widening"},{"surface":"комната","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of раздвигается","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"in apposition to Ах","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause (indeed/for)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of брак","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"брак","lemma":"брак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of это","gloss":"a marriage"},{"surface":"свадьба","lemma":"свадьба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with брак","gloss":"a wedding"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamation","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on да","gloss":"of course"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b7-c4-s35","source":"Вот и гости, вот и молодые сидят, и веселая толпа и… где же премудрый архитриклин?","translation":"Here are the guests, here sit the bride and groom, and the merry crowd, and… where, then, is the all-wise governor of the feast?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот и гости, вот и молодые сидят","title":"Presentative «вот и…»","body":"«Вот и» is the presentative 'here are / there now are', pointing out each thing as it appears in the vision: «вот и гости, вот и молодые…». The repeated «вот и» builds the dream's mounting wonder as the wedding materialises before Alyosha."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молодые … премудрый","title":"«молодые» and «премудрый»","body":"«Молодые» (lit. 'the young ones') is the standard word for the bride and groom, the newlyweds. «Премудрый» ('all-wise, most wise'), with the intensive prefix «пре-», is a half-ironic, bookish epithet for the «архитриклин», the wine-steward who marvels at the miraculous vintage."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где же премудрый архитриклин?","title":"Emphatic «же» in a question","body":"In a wh-question, «же» adds urgency and engagement — «где же…?» = 'where, then, is…?'. It conveys Alyosha's eager searching of the dream-scene for the wine-steward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гости","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гости","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"гости","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сидят","gloss":"the guests"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies молодые","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молодые","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), nominative, plural","role":"subject of сидят","gloss":"the young couple"},{"surface":"сидят","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"веселая","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies толпа","gloss":"merry"},{"surface":"толпа","lemma":"толпа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject coordinated with гости/молодые (of сидят)","gloss":"crowd"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies архитриклин (predicate: where is X)","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"премудрый","lemma":"премудрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies архитриклин","gloss":"all-wise"},{"surface":"архитриклин","lemma":"архитриклин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of implied verb (где... архитриклин?)","gloss":"the governor of the feast"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b7-c4-s36","source":"Но кто это? Кто? Опять раздвинулась комната… Кто встает там из-за большого стола?","translation":"But who is that? Who? Again the room has widened out… Who is rising there from behind the great table?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто встает там из-за большого стола?","title":"«вставать из-за стола» + genitive","body":"«Из-за» ('from behind') governs the genitive «(большого) стола» — rising 'from behind the great table'. The present «встаёт» keeps the dream in the urgent now as the mysterious figure stands up."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"predicate complement, subject это","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кто","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"elliptical question (Who?)","gloss":"Who"},{"surface":"Опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздвинулась","gloss":"Again"},{"surface":"раздвинулась","lemma":"раздвинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has widened"},{"surface":"комната","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of раздвинулась","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of встает","gloss":"Who"},{"surface":"встает","lemma":"вставать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is rising"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встает","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part of из-за)","role":"preposition marking стола","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part of из-за)","role":"preposition marking стола","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"большого","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стола","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"стола","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встает","gloss":"table"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b7-c4-s37","source":"Как… И он здесь? Да ведь он во гробе… Но он и здесь… встал, увидал меня, идет сюда… Господи!..","translation":"What… is he here too? But he is in the coffin… Yet he is here too… he has stood up, he has seen me, he is coming this way… Lord!..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь он во гробе","title":"«да ведь» and Slavonic «во гробе»","body":"«Да ведь» pairs the affirmative «да» with appeal-particle «ведь»: 'but he is, after all, in the coffin'. «Во гробе» uses the Slavonic-flavoured «во» (for «в») and prepositional «гробе» for location — a faintly solemn touch fitting the holy dread of the moment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"встал, увидал, идет","title":"Perfective bursts into the present","body":"Two perfective pasts — «встал» (has stood up), «увидал» (has seen) — register completed shocks, then the imperfective present «идёт» (is coming) holds the terrifying ongoing approach. The aspect shifts dramatise Alyosha's rising awe, sealed by «Господи!» (Lord!)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle/interjection (exclamatory)","role":"exclamation introducing the question","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of здесь","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"predicate (is here)","gloss":"is here"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the clause (он во гробе)","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of гробе","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гробе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"гробе","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate location (he is in the coffin)","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Yet"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"predicate, coordinated with он (he is here too)","gloss":"is here"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has stood up"},{"surface":"увидал","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"has seen"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of увидал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"is coming"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идет","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Lord"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b7-c4-s38","source":"Да, к нему, к нему подошел он, сухенький старичок, с мелкими морщинками на лице, радостный и тихо смеющийся.","translation":"Yes, it was to him, to him that he came over, the dried-up little old man, with fine little wrinkles on his face, joyful and softly laughing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к нему, к нему подошел он","title":"Prefixed motion verb «подойти» + «к» + dative","body":"«Подошёл» (perfective of «подходить/подойти», to approach) governs «к» plus the dative «нему» — 'came over to him'. The fronted, repeated «к нему» throws the emphasis onto its goal: it was to Alyosha that the elder came."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сухенький старичок … морщинками","title":"A cluster of tender diminutives","body":"Three diminutives in a breath: «сухенький» (-еньк-, 'dried-up, frail little'), «старичок» (-ок, 'little old man'), «морщинками» (-к-, 'fine little wrinkles'). The suffixes flood the image of the dead Zossima with affection and tenderness — Russian's emotional shorthand."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тихо смеющийся","title":"Present active participle «смеющийся»","body":"«Смеющийся» is the present active participle of reflexive «смеяться» (to laugh), keeping its «-ся» — 'softly laughing'. Used predicatively alongside «радостный» (joyful), it pictures the elder in continuous, gentle laughter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to подошел","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came over"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сухенький","lemma":"сухенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старичок","gloss":"dried-up little"},{"surface":"старичок","lemma":"старичок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking морщинками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мелкими","lemma":"мелкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies морщинками","gloss":"fine little"},{"surface":"морщинками","lemma":"морщинка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies старичок (descriptive attribute)","gloss":"wrinkles"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies морщинками","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"радостный","lemma":"радостный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старичок (descriptive apposition)","gloss":"joyful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеющийся","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"смеющийся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies старичок (descriptive apposition)","gloss":"laughing"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b7-c4-s39","source":"Гроба уж нет, и он в той же одежде, как и вчера сидел с ними, когда собрались к нему гости.","translation":"There was no coffin now, and he was in the same robe in which he had sat with them yesterday, when the guests had gathered to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Гроба уж нет","title":"Genitive with «нет»","body":"Present-tense absence uses «нет» plus the genitive: «гроба … нет» = 'there is no coffin (now)'. «Уж» (=уже) adds 'now, already'. The coffin's grammatical absence enacts its vanishing from the dream."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в той же одежде, как … сидел","title":"«тот же» — the same","body":"«Тот же» means 'the very same', the demonstrative «тот» plus identity-particle «же»: «в той же одежде» — 'in the same robe'. The relative «как» ('as, in which') opens the comparison to how he had sat with them the day before."}],"words":[{"surface":"Гроба","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of нет (negative existential)","gloss":"coffin"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative particle (negative existential)","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"there was no"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одежде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of одежде","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies той (той же = the very same)","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"одежде","lemma":"одежда","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of implied был (he was in that robe)","gloss":"robe"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сидел (as/in which)","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вчера","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying одежде (in which he had sat)","gloss":"had sat"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of собрались","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"собрались","lemma":"собраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сидел","gloss":"had gathered"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of собрались","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"гости","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of собрались","gloss":"the guests"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b7-c4-s40","source":"Лицо всё открытое, глаза сияют.","translation":"His whole face was open, his eyes were shining.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лицо всё открытое, глаза сияют","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"Both clauses omit the verb 'to be', as Russian does in the present: «лицо всё открытое» ('his whole face [is] open'), «глаза сияют» ('his eyes shine'). The bare nominatives and present verb give a vivid, snapshot immediacy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of implied было (predicate открытое)","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Лицо","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"открытое","lemma":"открытый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective of Лицо","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сияют","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"сияют","lemma":"сиять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were shining"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b7-c4-s41","source":"Как же это, он, стало быть, тоже на пире, тоже званный на брак в Кане Галилейской…","translation":"How can this be — he too, then, is at the feast, he too has been bidden to the marriage in Cana of Galilee…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он, стало быть, тоже на пире","title":"Zero copula + parenthetical «стало быть»","body":"«Он … тоже на пире» needs no verb — 'he too [is] at the feast' in the copula-less present. «Стало быть» ('so, then, that means') is a fixed parenthetical inference, threading Alyosha's wondering logic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тоже званный на брак","title":"Past passive participle «званный»","body":"«Званный» is the past passive participle of «звать» (to call/invite) — 'invited, bidden'. Used predicatively, 'he too has been bidden to the marriage'. It echoes the Gospel's «зван бысть Иисус», binding Zossima's fate to Christ's wedding-feast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb (exclamatory)","role":"modifies это (exclamatory: how is this)","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Как","gloss":"can this be"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (он ... тоже на пире)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective (fixed expression стало быть)","role":"parenthetical (it turns out)","gloss":"it turns out"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало (fixed expression)","gloss":"turns out"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the predicate на пире (also at the feast)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пире","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"пире","lemma":"пир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate location of он","gloss":"the feast"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies званный","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"званный","lemma":"званый","morphology":"adjective/participle (past passive), nominative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"second predicate of он, coordinated with на пире","gloss":"bidden"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брак","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"брак","lemma":"брак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of званный","gloss":"the marriage"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Кане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Кане","lemma":"Кана","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies брак","gloss":"Cana"},{"surface":"Галилейской","lemma":"галилейский","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Кане","gloss":"of Galilee"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b7-c4-s42","source":"— Тоже, милый, тоже зван, зван и призван, — раздается над ним тихий голос. — Зачем сюда схоронился, что не видать тебя… пойдем и ты к нам.","translation":"\"Yes, my dear, you too have been bidden, bidden and called,\" sounds a quiet voice above him. \"Why have you hidden yourself away here, where you cannot be seen… come and join us as well.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зван и призван","title":"«зван и призван» — bidden and called","body":"A deliberate wordplay on the root «-зв-»: «зван» (invited, from «звать») beside the loftier «призван» (called, summoned, with a vocational ring, from «призвать»). The pairing fuses the literal wedding-invitation with a spiritual calling — invited to the feast and called to a vocation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"раздается над ним тихий голос","title":"Reflexive «раздаваться» + inverted order","body":"«Раздаётся» (imperfective reflexive, 'rings out, sounds') is intransitive through «-ся». The subject «тихий голос» comes last, after «над ним» (above him): a quiet voice 'sounds above him'. End-weight delivers the voice as the new, arresting information."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"схоронился … что не видать тебя","title":"«схорониться» and «не видать»","body":"«Схорониться» is a folksy perfective 'to hide oneself away' (from the root of «хоронить», to bury — a quiet resonance by the coffin). «Что не видать тебя» = 'so that you are not to be seen', the impersonal «(не) видать» meaning 'one can(not) see'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зван (w4)","gloss":"yes, too"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular, vocative use","role":"vocative address describing him","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зван (w4)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"зван","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, past passive participle (short form), masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the sentence (subject 'you' implied)","gloss":"bidden"},{"surface":"зван","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, past passive participle (short form), masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with зван (w4)","gloss":"bidden"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links зван (w5) and призван","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"призван,","lemma":"призвать","morphology":"verb, past passive participle (short form), masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with зван","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"раздается","lemma":"раздаваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sounds"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздается","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тихий","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голос","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"голос.","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздается","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схоронился","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схоронился","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"схоронился","lemma":"схорониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have you hidden yourself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видать","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, impersonal, imperfective","role":"impersonal predicate of the clause introduced by что","gloss":"to be seen","note":"Impersonal colloquial 'видать' = 'one can see', here negated."},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"object of видать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пойдем","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (hortative)","gloss":"let's go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты (also/too)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойдем","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of пойдем","gloss":"us"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b7-c4-s43","source":"Голос его, голос старца Зосимы… Да и как же не он, коль зовет?","translation":"His voice, the voice of the elder Zossima… And how could it not be he, when he is calling?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как же не он, коль зовет","title":"«как же не он» — rhetorical certainty","body":"An elliptical rhetorical question: «(да) как же не он?» = 'how could it not be he?'. «Же» drives the insistence and «коль» (clipped «коли», 'since/if') gives the homely ground — 'when/since he is calling'. Together they affirm with full conviction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"possessive determiner of Голос","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Голос","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голос","gloss":"of the elder"},{"surface":"Зосимы","lemma":"зосима","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старца","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle with как (да и как же)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the exclamation, modifies не он","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes как","gloss":"indeed (emphatic, with как)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of implied copula (не он = it is not he)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"коль","lemma":"коль","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause with зовет","gloss":"when","note":"Archaic/poetic conjunction meaning 'when, since'."},{"surface":"зовет","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause introduced by коль","gloss":"is calling"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b7-c4-s44","source":"Старец приподнял Алешу рукой, тот поднялся с колен.","translation":"The elder raised Alyosha up with his hand, and he rose from his knees.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот поднялся с колен","title":"Demonstrative «тот» as 'the latter / he'","body":"Here «тот» stands alone as a pronoun, 'he, the latter (Alyosha)', neatly distinguishing him from the elder who is the subject of the first clause. Russian uses «тот» this way to track which of two people is meant. «Поднялся» is reflexive 'rose'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старец","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приподнял","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"приподнял","lemma":"приподнять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised up"},{"surface":"Алешу","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приподнял","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приподнял","gloss":"with his hand"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поднялся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приподнял","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колен","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"колен","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of поднялся","gloss":"his knees"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b7-c4-s45","source":"— Веселимся, — продолжает сухенький старичок, — пьем вино новое, вино радости новой, великой; видишь, сколько гостей?","translation":"\"Let us make merry,\" the dried-up little old man goes on, \"let us drink new wine, the wine of a new and great gladness; do you see how many guests there are?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Веселимся … пьем вино новое","title":"1st-person plural present as exhortation","body":"«Веселимся» and «пьём» are present-tense 1st-plural forms used hortatively — 'let us make merry, let us drink' — a common Russian way to urge joint action without «давайте». «Веселиться» is the reflexive 'to make merry'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вино новое, вино радости новой","title":"Adjective after noun + genitive of quality","body":"«Вино новое» places the adjective after the noun for solemn, Scripture-like weight ('wine new'). Then «вино радости новой» layers a genitive of quality — 'the wine of a new … gladness', «радости новой» itself in the genitive. The 'new wine' alludes to the Gospel and the joy of the Kingdom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Веселимся,","lemma":"веселиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"let us make merry"},{"surface":"продолжает","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narrative frame","gloss":"goes on"},{"surface":"сухенький","lemma":"сухенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старичок","gloss":"dried-up little"},{"surface":"старичок,","lemma":"старичок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжает","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"пьем","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Веселимся","gloss":"let us drink"},{"surface":"вино","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пьем","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"новое","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вино","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"вино","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to вино (w6)","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вино (w8)","gloss":"of gladness"},{"surface":"новой","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies радости","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"великой","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with новой, modifies радости","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you see"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies гостей","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"гостей","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of сколько, object of видишь","gloss":"guests"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b7-c4-s46","source":"Вот и жених и невеста, вот и премудрый архитриклин, вино новое пробует.","translation":"Here are the bridegroom and the bride, here is the all-wise governor of the feast, tasting the new wine.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вино новое пробует","title":"Object-fronting before «пробует»","body":"The object «вино новое» (the new wine) precedes its verb «пробует» (is tasting), throwing focus on what the steward marvels at. The free word order, licensed by the case system, lets the new wine sit in the spotlight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces жених (here is)","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle with Вот","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жених","lemma":"жених","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the bridegroom"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links жених and невеста","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"невеста","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with жених","gloss":"the bride"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces архитриклин (here is)","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle with вот","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"премудрый","lemma":"премудрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies архитриклин","gloss":"all-wise"},{"surface":"архитриклин","lemma":"архитриклин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with жених","gloss":"master of the feast","note":"Church Slavonic loanword for the governor/steward of a wedding feast."},{"surface":"вино","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пробует","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"новое","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вино","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"пробует","lemma":"пробовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, predicate of архитриклин","gloss":"tastes"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b7-c4-s47","source":"Чего дивишься на меня? Я луковку подал, вот и я здесь.","translation":"Why do you marvel at me? I gave an onion, and so here I am too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"луковку подал","title":"'An onion' — the diminutive and the legend","body":"«Луковка» is the affectionate diminutive of «лук/луковица» (onion). It refers to the folk legend told earlier in the book (Book VII, ch. 3): a wicked woman is nearly pulled out of hell by the single onion she once gave to a beggar. To «подать луковку» here means a tiny act of charity that can save a soul. Russian loves such diminutives (-к-, -очк-) to add warmth and tenderness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего дивишься на меня?","title":"Genitive object «чего» with «дивиться»","body":"«Дивиться» (to marvel, an elevated near-synonym of «удивляться») here takes «на» + accusative for the thing wondered at, while «чего» is the genitive 'at what / why' — colloquially 'what are you marvelling at me for?'. The verb «дивиться» lends an old-fashioned, folk-tale tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular, used adverbially","role":"adverbial modifier of дивишься (why)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"дивишься","lemma":"дивиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you marvel"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of дивишься","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"луковку","lemma":"луковка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подал","gloss":"an onion"},{"surface":"подал","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces я (here)","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я (too)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject (implied copula) of здесь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverb, main predicate of the clause","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b7-c4-s48","source":"И многие здесь только по луковке подали, по одной только маленькой луковке… Что наши дела?","translation":"And many here gave only an onion, only one little onion apiece… What are our deeds?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только по луковке … по одной только маленькой луковке","title":"Distributive «по» + dative/accusative","body":"Distributive «по» means 'one apiece, each': «по луковке» = 'an onion each'. With the singular «луковка» it governs the accusative/dative-shaped «луковке» — everyone gave just one onion apiece. The repetition «по одной только маленькой луковке» heaps on the pathos of how little each gave."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что наши дела?","title":"Copula-less rhetorical question","body":"«Что наши дела?» — 'what are our deeds?' — has no verb, the present copula being zero. The bare nominative question turns Zossima's teaching humbly inward: our works count for so little, yet even an onion can save."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многий","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of подали","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подали","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies луковке","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking луковке","gloss":"apiece"},{"surface":"луковке","lemma":"луковка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подали","gloss":"an onion"},{"surface":"подали","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одной/луковке","gloss":"apiece"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies луковке (w12)","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies маленькой","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"маленькой","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies луковке (w12)","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"луковке","lemma":"луковка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to луковке (w6), elaborating","gloss":"onion"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular, interrogative","role":"predicate, asks about дела","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"наши","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of дела","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of the predicate Что","gloss":"deeds"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b7-c4-s49","source":"И ты, тихий, и ты, кроткий мой мальчик, и ты сегодня луковку сумел подать алчущей.","translation":"And you, gentle one, and you, my meek boy, you too today managed to give an onion to one who hungered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты, тихий, и ты, кроткий мой мальчик","title":"Direct address with appositive adjectives","body":"The elder addresses Alyosha in a tender vocative-like apposition: «ты, тихий … ты, кроткий мой мальчик» — 'you, gentle one … you, my meek boy'. Modern Russian uses the nominative for such address; the heaped epithets «тихий», «кроткий» are the book's keywords for the Christlike spirit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"луковку сумел подать алчущей","title":"Present active participle «алчущей» as a noun","body":"«Алчущей» is the dative of the present active participle of «алкать» (to hunger), used substantively — 'to one who hungers'. Bookish and biblical in flavour, it echoes the Beatitude 'those who hunger'; «подать … алчущей» = 'give to one hungering'. «Сумел подать» = 'managed to give'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"addressed, modified by тихий","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тихий","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular, vocative use","role":"vocative address describing ты","gloss":"gentle one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"addressed, in apposition with мальчик","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кроткий","lemma":"кроткий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"meek"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчик","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ты, describing the addressee","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сумел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сумел","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"луковку","lemma":"луковка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подать","gloss":"an onion"},{"surface":"сумел","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"подать","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумел","gloss":"to give"},{"surface":"алчущей","lemma":"алкать","morphology":"verb, present active participle, feminine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"indirect object of подать","gloss":"to one who hungered","note":"Church Slavonic-style participle 'the hungering one', dative."}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b7-c4-s50","source":"Начинай, милый, начинай, кроткий, дело свое!.. А видишь ли солнце наше, видишь ли ты его?","translation":"Begin, dear one, begin, meek one, your work!.. And do you see our sun, do you see it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Начинай, милый, начинай … дело свое","title":"Imperfective imperative + reflexive possessive «свое»","body":"«Начинай» is the imperfective imperative ('begin, set about'), its repetition urging Alyosha on. «Дело своё» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» — 'your own work', referring back to the addressee — the calling Zossima now lays upon him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"видишь ли солнце наше","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«Видишь ли…?» is a yes/no question formed with the enclitic «ли» after the fronted verb — 'do you see…?'. More literary than mere intonation, «ли» lends the elder's question a solemn, searching quality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Начинай","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular, vocative use","role":"vocative address","gloss":"dear one"},{"surface":"начинай","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with Начинай","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"кроткий","lemma":"кроткий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular, vocative use","role":"vocative address","gloss":"meek one"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Начинай","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle, modifies видишь","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"солнце","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of видишь","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies солнце","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated question, parallel to видишь (w8)","gloss":"do you see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle, modifies видишь","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видишь (w12)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видишь (w12)","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b7-c4-s51","source":"— Боюсь… не смею глядеть… — прошептал Алеша.","translation":"\"I am afraid… I dare not look…\" whispered Alyosha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Боюсь… не смею глядеть","title":"Dropped subject; «бояться» as a -ся verb","body":"Both verbs drop the pronoun «я», since the 1st-singular endings already show it: «боюсь» (I fear), «не смею глядеть» (I dare not look). «Бояться» exists only in the reflexive «-ся» form — there is no «бою» without it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I am afraid"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смею","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смею","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I dare"},{"surface":"глядеть","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смею","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"прошептал","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative frame","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошептал","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b7-c4-s52","source":"— Не бойся его.","translation":"\"Do not be afraid of him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не бойся его","title":"Negated imperfective imperative + genitive","body":"«Не бойся» is the negated imperative of reflexive «бояться» — 'do not be afraid'. Russian standardly uses the imperfective for negative commands. «Бояться» governs the genitive of what is feared, here «его» (of him): 'do not be afraid of him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бойся","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"бойся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be afraid"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of бойся","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b7-c4-s53","source":"Страшен величием пред нами, ужасен высотою своею, но милостив бесконечно, нам из любви уподобился и веселится с нами, воду в вино превращает, чтобы не пресекалась радость гостей, новых гостей ждет, новых беспрерывно зовет и уже на веки веков.","translation":"Terrible is he in his greatness before us, awesome in his loftiness, yet boundlessly merciful, out of love he has made himself like unto us and makes merry with us, turning water into wine that the guests' joy may not be cut short, awaiting new guests, ceaselessly calling new ones, and now for ever and ever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Страшен величием … ужасен высотою","title":"Short adjectives with instrumental of respect","body":"«Страшен» and «ужасен» are short-form predicate adjectives ('[he is] terrible / awesome'), the bookish form for an absolute state. Each pairs with an instrumental telling in what respect — «величием» (in his greatness), «высотою» (in his loftiness, archaic -ою) — the instrumental of measure or respect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нам … уподобился","title":"«уподобиться» + dative","body":"«Уподобиться» (perfective, 'to make oneself like, become like') governs the dative of what one is likened to: «нам уподобился» — 'he made himself like unto us'. The reflexive «-ся» and the elevated verb carry the theology of the Incarnation: God become like man out of love."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не пресекалась радость","title":"Purpose «чтобы» with reflexive verb","body":"«Чтобы не пресекалась радость» = 'so that the joy might not be cut short'. «Чтобы» takes a past-form irrealis here folded into the reflexive «пресекалась» (from «пресекаться», to break off), whose «-ся» makes it intransitive — the joy ceasing of itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Страшен","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"величием","lemma":"величие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Страшен","gloss":"in greatness"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies Страшен (before us)","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"ужасен","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Страшен","gloss":"awesome"},{"surface":"высотою","lemma":"высота","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ужасен","gloss":"loftiness"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies высотою","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"милостив","lemma":"милостивый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Страшен","gloss":"merciful"},{"surface":"бесконечно","lemma":"бесконечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies милостив","gloss":"infinitely"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of уподобился","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любви","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уподобился","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"уподобился","lemma":"уподобиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made himself like"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"веселится","lemma":"веселиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уподобился","gloss":"makes merry"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of веселится","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"воду","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of превращает","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вино","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"вино","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of превращает (goal)","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"превращает","lemma":"превращать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уподобился","gloss":"turns"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of пресекалась","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пресекалась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пресекалась","lemma":"пресекаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the purpose clause introduced by чтобы","gloss":"may not be cut short","note":"Past-tense form used in the чтобы-clause per Russian subjunctive/purpose syntax; meaning is present/future."},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пресекалась","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"гостей","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies радость","gloss":"of the guests"},{"surface":"новых","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies гостей (w29)","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"гостей","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of ждет","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"ждет","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пресекалась","gloss":"awaits"},{"surface":"новых","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural, substantival use","role":"direct object of зовет","gloss":"new ones"},{"surface":"беспрерывно","lemma":"беспрерывно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зовет","gloss":"ceaselessly"},{"surface":"зовет","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пресекалась","gloss":"calls"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the implied predicate (now, henceforth)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веки","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"веки","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement, idiom 'на веки веков'","gloss":"ages"},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies веки (idiomatic intensifier)","gloss":"of ages"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b7-c4-s54","source":"Вон и вино несут новое, видишь, сосуды несут…»","translation":"There, they are bringing the new wine, do you see, they are bringing the vessels…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вино несут новое … сосуды несут","title":"Subjectless «несут» — the indefinite 'they'","body":"«Несут» is 3rd-plural with no stated subject, the Russian indefinite 'they bring / are bringing' (cf. English 'they say'). Twice repeated, it conjures unseen servants bearing the new wine and the vessels; «вино … новое» is again split for solemn weight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сосуды","title":"«сосуд» — a vessel","body":"«Сосуд» is the elevated word for a vessel or container, recalling the Gospel's «водоносы» (waterpots) of Cana. In Orthodox and biblical resonance a «сосуд» can also figure a human soul as a vessel of grace, fitting the dream's sacramental glow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несут (there, look)","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вино (even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вино","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of несут","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"несут","lemma":"нести","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they are bringing"},{"surface":"новое","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вино","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"do you see"},{"surface":"сосуды","lemma":"сосуд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of несут (w8)","gloss":"vessels"},{"surface":"несут","lemma":"нести","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with несут (w4)","gloss":"they are bringing"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b7-c4-s55","source":"Что-то горело в сердце Алеши, что-то наполнило его вдруг до боли, слезы восторга рвались из души его…","translation":"Something was burning in Alyosha's heart, something suddenly filled him to the point of pain, tears of rapture were tearing themselves from his soul…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что-то горело … что-то наполнило","title":"Indefinite «что-то» and aspect contrast","body":"«Что-то» = 'something' (specific but unidentified), the indefinite particle «-то» attached to «что». Note the aspect: imperfective «горело» (was burning, ongoing) gives way to perfective «наполнило» (suddenly filled, a completed surge) — process turning into sudden event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слезы … рвались из души","title":"Reflexive «рваться» — tearing themselves","body":"«Рвались» is the imperfective reflexive of «рвать» (to tear): with «-ся» the tears 'tore themselves / burst' from his soul, intransitive and self-propelled. The middle voice renders the overwhelming, involuntary force of his rapture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, nominative, part 1 of compound","role":"subject of горело","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, nominative, part 2 of compound","role":"subject of горело","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"горело","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was burning"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of горело","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, nominative, part 1 of compound","role":"subject of наполнило","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, nominative, part 2 of compound","role":"subject of наполнило","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"наполнило","lemma":"наполнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to горело","gloss":"filled"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of наполнило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наполнило","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боли","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"боли","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наполнило","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of рвались","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"восторга","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слезы","gloss":"of rapture"},{"surface":"рвались","lemma":"рваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with горело","gloss":"were tearing themselves"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking души","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рвались","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies души","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b7-c4-s56","source":"Он простер руки, вскрикнул и проснулся…","translation":"He stretched out his arms, cried aloud, and woke…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"простер руки, вскрикнул и проснулся","title":"Three perfectives sealing the awakening","body":"A chain of perfective pasts — «простёр» (stretched out), «вскрикнул» (cried out), «проснулся» (woke) — clicks the climax shut as three completed events. «Простёр» is the elevated, archaic perfective beside everyday «протянул», fitting the visionary register; «проснулся» is reflexive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of простер","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"простер","lemma":"простереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stretched out"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of простер","gloss":"his arms"},{"surface":"вскрикнул","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with простер","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проснулся","lemma":"проснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with простер","gloss":"woke up"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b7-c4-s57","source":"Опять гроб, отворенное окно и тихое, важное, раздельное чтение Евангелия.","translation":"Again the coffin, the open window, and the quiet, solemn, measured reading of the Gospel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тихое, важное, раздельное чтение","title":"Stacked agreeing adjectives + verbal noun","body":"Three neuter adjectives — «тихое, важное, раздельное» (quiet, solemn, measured) — agree with the abstract verbal noun «чтение» (the reading, from «читать»). Such -ение nouns let Russian name an action as a thing; the asyndetic list (no «и») gives a hushed, ceremonial rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the whole enumerated scene","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"отворенное","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past passive participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies окно","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with гроб","gloss":"window"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тихое","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чтение","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"важное","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with тихое","gloss":"solemn"},{"surface":"раздельное","lemma":"раздельный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with тихое","gloss":"measured"},{"surface":"чтение","lemma":"чтение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with гроб","gloss":"reading"},{"surface":"Евангелия","lemma":"евангелие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чтение","gloss":"of the Gospel"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b7-c4-s58","source":"Но Алеша уже не слушал, что читают.","translation":"But Alyosha was no longer listening to what was being read.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже не слушал, что читают","title":"«уже не» + subjectless «читают»","body":"«Уже не слушал» = 'was no longer listening', the imperfective for an ongoing (non-)state. The subordinate «что читают» again uses subjectless 3rd-plural «читают» — 'what they were reading / was being read', the indefinite 'they'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слушал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушал","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слушал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was listening"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of читают, introduces the clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"читают","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded clause, complement of слушал","gloss":"was being read"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b7-c4-s59","source":"Странно, он заснул на коленях, а теперь стоял на ногах, и вдруг, точно сорвавшись с места, тремя твердыми скорыми шагами подошел вплоть ко гробу.","translation":"Strangely, he had fallen asleep on his knees, and now he was standing on his feet, and suddenly, as though torn from the spot, with three firm, swift steps he went right up to the coffin.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он заснул на коленях, а теперь стоял","title":"Contrastive «а» marking the shift","body":"«А» is the mild contrastive conjunction hinging two states — 'he had fallen asleep on his knees, and yet/while now he stood on his feet'. Not full opposition like «но», «а» simply marks the surprising shift the narrator points out with «странно» (strangely)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно сорвавшись с места","title":"Perfective gerund «сорвавшись» with «точно»","body":"«Сорвавшись» is a perfective past gerund of reflexive «сорваться» ('having torn loose'), and «точно» ('as if') frames it as a simile — 'as though torn from the spot'. The gerund compresses the manner of his sudden movement into a single phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тремя твердыми скорыми шагами","title":"Numeral «три» + genitive singular, all instrumental","body":"«Три» governs the genitive singular «шага», but the whole phrase here stands in the instrumental of manner — «тремя … шагами» ('with three … steps') — so numeral and noun re-decline together, the adjectives «твёрдыми, скорыми» agreeing in instrumental plural."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вплоть ко гробу","title":"«вплоть к» — right up to","body":"«Вплоть к» means 'right up close to, all the way to'. With the Slavonic-tinged «ко гробу» (dative, 'to the coffin'), it marks Alyosha's sudden, decisive approach to the dead elder — the dream resolving into resolute action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies the whole sentence","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заснул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"заснул","lemma":"заснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had fallen asleep"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"коленях","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of заснул","gloss":"his knees"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоял","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заснул","gloss":"was standing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ногах","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"his feet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подошел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сорвавшись","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"сорвавшись","lemma":"сорваться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on подошел","gloss":"torn from the spot"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сорвавшись","gloss":"the spot"},{"surface":"тремя","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies шагами","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"твердыми","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies шагами","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"скорыми","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with твердыми, modifies шагами","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"шагами","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"steps"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"вплоть","lemma":"вплоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies к (right up to)","gloss":"right up"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гробу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"гробу","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"the coffin"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b7-c4-s60","source":"Даже задел плечом отца Паисия и не заметил того.","translation":"He even brushed Father Paissy's shoulder and did not notice it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"задел плечом отца Паисия","title":"Instrumental of the body part «плечом»","body":"«Задел плечом» — 'brushed with his shoulder'. The body part doing the touching goes in the instrumental «плечом» (the means), while the person touched, «отца Паисия», is the animate accusative (= genitive). So lost in feeling is Alyosha that «не заметил того» — he did not notice it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies задел","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"задел","lemma":"задеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brushed"},{"surface":"плечом","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of задел (instrument)","gloss":"shoulder"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive (=accusative, animate), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of задел","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Паисия","lemma":"паисий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive (=accusative, animate), masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Paissy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with задел","gloss":"did not notice"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b7-c4-s61","source":"Тот на мгновение поднял было на него глаза от книги, но тотчас же отвел их опять, поняв, что с юношей что-то случилось странное.","translation":"For a moment the latter raised his eyes to him from the book, but at once turned them away again, perceiving that something strange had happened to the young man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поднял было","title":"The «было» particle of the interrupted act","body":"Placed after a perfective past, the particle «было» marks an action just begun or attempted and then at once undone or reversed — he started to raise his eyes «but at once turned them away». It is a distinctively Russian aspectual nuance, an action cancelled almost in the same breath."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Тот","title":"«Тот» = 'the latter, that one'","body":"Here the demonstrative «тот» (literally 'that one, the far one') tracks the other person in the room — Paissy, who had been reading — without naming him. Russian leans on «тот / этот» to keep two referents apart where English would repeat a name or say 'the latter'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поняв","title":"Perfective gerund «поняв» — 'having perceived'","body":"«Поняв» is a perfective past «деепричастие» (from «понять»), the indeclinable verb-adverb meaning 'having understood/perceived'. It compresses a prior, completed action sharing the main subject — he turned his eyes away, having grasped that something was wrong — a hallmark of literary narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднял","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поднял (marks a momentary, soon-reversed action)","gloss":"briefly","note":"The particle 'было' after a past-tense verb signals an action begun and then interrupted."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking книги","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"книги","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"the book"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвел","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes тотчас","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"отвел","lemma":"отвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"turned away"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of отвел","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"поняв","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отвел","gloss":"perceiving"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of случилось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking юношей","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"юношей","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случилось","gloss":"the young man"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, nominative, part 1 of compound","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, nominative, part 2 of compound","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, complement of поняв","gloss":"had happened"},{"surface":"странное","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то (predicate adjective)","gloss":"strange"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b7-c4-s62","source":"Алеша глядел с полминуты на гроб, на закрытого, недвижимого, протянутого в гробу мертвеца, с иконой на груди и с куколем с восьмиконечным крестом на голове.","translation":"For half a minute Alyosha gazed at the coffin, at the shrouded, motionless dead man stretched out within it, with an icon on his breast and the cowl with its eight-pointed cross upon his head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"закрытого, недвижимого, протянутого","title":"A chain of past passive participles","body":"Three participles in the accusative pile onto «мертвеца» (the dead man): «закрытого» (covered/shrouded), «недвижимого» (motionless — a bookish form), «протянутого» (stretched out). «закрытого» and «протянутого» are past passive participles, but «недвижимого» is an adjective (from the present-passive «движимый», suffix -им-, 'immovable'), not a past passive participle; all are declined to agree with the animate masculine object, a dense participial layering typical of Dostoevsky's prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мертвеца","title":"Animate accusative = genitive","body":"«Гляде́л на… мертвеца́»: the animate masculine noun takes an accusative identical to the genitive («мертвец» → «мертвеца»), so the corpse is still grammatically 'animate'. The whole train of preceding participles copies that ending, which is how Russian keeps the object marked across a long phrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гроб","title":"«Гроб» — coffin, not grave","body":"A false friend for English ears: «гроб» is the coffin (the box), not the grave; the grave is «моги́ла». Alyosha gazes into the open coffin where Zosima lies in the cell before burial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полминуты","gloss":"for about"},{"surface":"полминуты","lemma":"полминуты","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"half a minute"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гроб","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"гроб","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мертвеца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"закрытого","lemma":"закрытый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мертвеца","gloss":"shrouded"},{"surface":"недвижимого","lemma":"недвижимый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with закрытого","gloss":"motionless"},{"surface":"протянутого","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with закрытого","gloss":"stretched out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гробу","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"гробу","lemma":"гроб","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of протянутого","gloss":"the coffin"},{"surface":"мертвеца","lemma":"мертвец","morphology":"noun, accusative (animate, genitive form), masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел (object of на)","gloss":"dead man"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иконой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"иконой","lemma":"икона","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мертвеца","gloss":"an icon"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies иконой","gloss":"his breast"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking куколем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"куколем","lemma":"куколь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with иконой","gloss":"the cowl"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крестом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"восьмиконечным","lemma":"восьмиконечный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крестом","gloss":"eight-pointed"},{"surface":"крестом","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies куколем","gloss":"cross"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies куколем","gloss":"his head"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b7-c4-s63","source":"Сейчас только он слышал голос его, и голос этот еще раздавался в его ушах.","translation":"Only just now he had heard his voice, and that voice was still ringing in his ears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"голос этот","title":"Noun before demonstrative for emphasis","body":"«Голос этот» inverts the usual «этот голос», placing the demonstrative after its noun. The order picks up the just-mentioned voice as the topic and gives it weight — 'that voice of his' — a rhythmic, slightly emphatic turn that Russian's free word order allows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"раздавался","title":"Imperfective «раздавался» — the lingering sound","body":"The imperfective past «раздавался» (was resounding) views the ringing as an ongoing process still filling his ears, against the just-bounded perception «сейчас только… слышал» ('had just heard'); both «слышал» and «раздавался» are imperfective (the perfective of «слышать» is «услышать»). Imperfective aspect supplies all such durative, background description."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышал","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слышал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had heard"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слышал","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голос","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздавался","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голос","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздавался","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"раздавался","lemma":"раздаваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слышал","gloss":"was ringing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ушах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ушах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ушах","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of раздавался","gloss":"ears"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b7-c4-s64","source":"Он еще прислушивался, он ждал еще звуков… но вдруг, круто повернувшись, вышел из кельи.","translation":"He listened still, he waited still for the sounds… but suddenly, turning sharply, he went out of the cell.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повернувшись","title":"Gerund «повернувшись» — 'having turned'","body":"«Кру́то поверну́вшись» is a perfective gerund with the reflexive «-сь»: 'having turned sharply'. It packs the attendant, prior action into one adverbial phrase before the main verb «вышел», so the turn and the exit read as one swift motion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вышел из кельи","title":"Prefixed motion verb «вышел»","body":"«Вы́шел» is the perfective of «выходить/выйти», the prefix «вы-» (out) added to the motion root, governing «из» + genitive «из ке́льи» — 'out of the cell'. The prefix both fixes the direction and makes the verb a clean perfective of completed motion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кельи","title":"«Келья» — the monk's cell","body":"A «ке́лья» is a monk's small private room in the monastery; here the elder Zosima's cell, where his body lies. The word, like much monastic vocabulary, is a Greek borrowing (from κελλίον)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прислушивался","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прислушивался","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"прислушивался","lemma":"прислушиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ждал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прислушивался","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies звуков","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"звуков","lemma":"звук","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of ждал","gloss":"sounds"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"круто","lemma":"круто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернувшись","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"повернувшись","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вышел","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кельи","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"кельи","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"the cell"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b7-c4-s65","source":"Он не остановился и на крылечке, но быстро сошел вниз.","translation":"He did not stop even on the little porch, but went quickly down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и на крылечке","title":"«И» as 'even'","body":"Here «и» is not 'and' but the focusing particle 'even': «не останови́лся и на крыле́чке» — 'he did not stop even on the little porch'. The same small word coordinates clauses elsewhere but, before a stressed element, throws emphasis onto it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"крылечке","title":"«Крылечко» — the dear little porch","body":"«Крыле́чко» is the affectionate diminutive of «крыльцо́» (the porch/front steps of a Russian house or monastery building). The «-ечк-» suffix softens and warms the word, in keeping with the tender mood of the scene rather than implying mere smallness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stop"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies крылечке","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крылечке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"крылечке","lemma":"крылечко","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановился","gloss":"the little porch"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошел","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"сошел","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"went down"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошел","gloss":"down"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b7-c4-s66","source":"Полная восторгом душа его жаждала свободы, места, широты.","translation":"His soul, brimming with rapture, craved freedom, space, openness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"свободы, места, широты","title":"Genitive after «жаждала»","body":"The verb «жа́ждать» (to thirst for, crave) governs the genitive of its object: «жа́ждала свобо́ды, ме́ста, широты́» — craved freedom, space, openness. This object-genitive belongs to a class of verbs of desiring and seeking that demand the genitive rather than the accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Полная восторгом душа его","title":"Instrumental of fullness, framing the subject","body":"The phrase «по́лная восто́ргом» — 'full of rapture' — uses the instrumental «восто́ргом» to name what fills, the standard complement of «полный» and 'to fill'. Fronted before its noun «душа́», the adjective phrase wraps the soul in rapture before we even reach the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Полная","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душа","gloss":"brimming"},{"surface":"восторгом","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Полная","gloss":"with rapture"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of жаждала","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душа","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"жаждала","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"craved"},{"surface":"свободы","lemma":"свобода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of жаждала","gloss":"freedom"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with свободы","gloss":"space"},{"surface":"широты","lemma":"широта","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with свободы","gloss":"openness"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b7-c4-s67","source":"Над ним широко, необозримо опрокинулся небесный купол, полный тихих сияющих звезд.","translation":"Above him the vault of heaven stretched wide and immeasurable, full of quiet, shining stars.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Над ним широко, необозримо опрокинулся небесный купол","title":"Subject held to the end for effect","body":"The sentence opens with the place «над ним» and the adverbs, delaying the grammatical subject «небе́сный ку́пол» (the vault of heaven) to the very end. This inversion lets the image unfurl — over him, wide, immeasurable, there arched… the dome of the sky — exploiting Russian's freedom to order by emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"опрокинулся","title":"Reflexive «-ся» of change of state","body":"«Опроки́нулся» carries the middle/intransitive «-ся»: the vault 'turned/tipped over' of itself, with no external agent — the sky inverts itself like an overturned bowl above him. The reflexive here marks a self-contained change of state rather than a true reflexive action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опрокинулся","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"широко","lemma":"широко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опрокинулся","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"необозримо","lemma":"необозримый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опрокинулся","gloss":"immeasurably"},{"surface":"опрокинулся","lemma":"опрокинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stretched"},{"surface":"небесный","lemma":"небесный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies купол","gloss":"heavenly"},{"surface":"купол","lemma":"купол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опрокинулся","gloss":"vault"},{"surface":"полный","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies купол","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"тихих","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies звезд","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"сияющих","lemma":"сиять","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies звезд","gloss":"shining"},{"surface":"звезд","lemma":"звезда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"complement of полный","gloss":"stars"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b7-c4-s68","source":"С зенита до горизонта двоился еще неясный Млечный Путь.","translation":"From the zenith to the horizon the still-faint Milky Way ran in its double band.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С зенита до горизонта двоился","title":"«С… до…» framing, verb before subject","body":"The paired prepositions «с… до…» (both governing the genitive: «с зени́та до горизо́нта») span the sky from zenith to horizon, and the verb «двои́лся» again precedes its subject «Мле́чный Путь» for descriptive flow. The «-ся» gives a reflexive 'doubled itself / ran in a double band'."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зенита","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"зенита","lemma":"зенит","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of двоился","gloss":"the zenith"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горизонта","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"горизонта","lemma":"горизонт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of двоился","gloss":"the horizon"},{"surface":"двоился","lemma":"двоиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran double"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неясный","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"неясный","lemma":"неясный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Путь","gloss":"faint"},{"surface":"Млечный","lemma":"млечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Путь","gloss":"Milky"},{"surface":"Путь","lemma":"путь","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of двоился","gloss":"Way"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b7-c4-s69","source":"Свежая и тихая до неподвижности ночь облегла землю.","translation":"A night fresh and still to the point of motionlessness had enfolded the earth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Свежая и тихая до неподвижности ночь облегла землю","title":"Long adjectives front-loaded onto «ночь»","body":"The two long-form adjectives «све́жая и ти́хая» (fresh and still) lead the sentence, agreeing with feminine «ночь» in nominative; the verb «облегла́» (enfolded) and object «зе́млю» follow. The expressive intensifier «до неподви́жности» — 'to the point of motionlessness' — uses «до» + genitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"облегла","title":"«Облечь / облегла» — to enfold, lie about","body":"«Обле́чь» (here past «облегла́») is a bookish, elevated verb meaning to wrap, clothe, or lie all around — the night 'enfolded' the earth. It belongs to the same solemn register as «облачи́ть» (to vest) and lifts the description above plain «покры́ла» (covered)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Свежая","lemma":"свежий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"fresh"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тихая","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Свежая","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неподвижности","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"неподвижности","lemma":"неподвижность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тихая","gloss":"motionlessness"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of облегла","gloss":"a night"},{"surface":"облегла","lemma":"облечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"enfolded"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of облегла","gloss":"the earth"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b7-c4-s70","source":"Белые башни и золотые главы собора сверкали на яхонтовом небе.","translation":"The white towers and golden domes of the cathedral sparkled against the sapphire sky.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"главы собора","title":"«Главы» — the cupolas (and a Slavonic doublet)","body":"«Гла́вы» here means the domes/cupolas of the cathedral — a church 'head'. The word «глава́» is the Church-Slavonic non-pleophonic doublet of everyday «голова́» (head), surviving in elevated senses like cupola, chapter, and chief; its sacred ring suits the cathedral."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"яхонтовом","title":"«Яхонтовый» — sapphire-blue","body":"«Я́хонт» is an archaic, poetic word for a precious stone — sapphire or ruby — so «я́хонтовое не́бо» is a 'sapphire sky'. The term is bookish and old, lending the night a jewel-like, folktale colour against which the white towers and golden domes gleam."}],"words":[{"surface":"Белые","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies башни","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"башни","lemma":"башня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of сверкали","gloss":"towers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"золотые","lemma":"золотой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies главы","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"главы","lemma":"глава","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with башни","gloss":"domes"},{"surface":"собора","lemma":"собор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies главы","gloss":"of the cathedral"},{"surface":"сверкали","lemma":"сверкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sparkled"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небе","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"яхонтовом","lemma":"яхонтовый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies небе","gloss":"sapphire"},{"surface":"небе","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сверкали","gloss":"sky"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b7-c4-s71","source":"Осенние роскошные цветы в клумбах около дома заснули до утра.","translation":"The lush autumn flowers in the beds around the house had fallen asleep until morning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заснули до утра","title":"Perfective «заснули» — the flowers fell asleep","body":"«Засну́ли» is perfective (the inceptive prefix «за-» + 'sleep'), naming a single completed event: the flowers 'fell asleep' (closed). With «до утра́» ('until morning', «до» + genitive) it frames the result as lasting through the night — a quiet personification of the closing autumn blooms."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в клумбах около дома","title":"Two prepositions, two cases","body":"«В клу́мбах» uses «в» + prepositional for location (in the beds), while «о́коло до́ма» uses «о́коло» + genitive for 'near the house'. The pair shows how each preposition fixes its own case, locating the flowers precisely in the monastery garden."}],"words":[{"surface":"Осенние","lemma":"осенний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies цветы","gloss":"autumn"},{"surface":"роскошные","lemma":"роскошный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies цветы","gloss":"lush"},{"surface":"цветы","lemma":"цветок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of заснули","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking клумбах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"клумбах","lemma":"клумба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies цветы","gloss":"the beds"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дома","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies клумбах","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"заснули","lemma":"заснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had fallen asleep"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утра","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заснули","gloss":"morning"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b7-c4-s72","source":"Тишина земная как бы сливалась с небесною, тайна земная соприкасалась со звездною… Алеша стоял, смотрел и вдруг как подкошенный повергся на землю.","translation":"The stillness of the earth seemed to merge with the stillness of the heavens, the mystery of the earth touched the mystery of the stars… Alyosha stood, gazed, and suddenly, as though cut down, threw himself upon the earth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы сливалась","title":"«Как бы» — 'as it were' softening","body":"«Как бы» (literally 'as if') hedges the verb: the earthly stillness 'seemed, as it were, to merge' with the heavenly. This «как бы» recurs throughout the passage, marking Alyosha's vision as something felt on the edge of words — a key tonal device of the whole mystical scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с небесною… со звездною","title":"Instrumental of accompaniment after «с»","body":"«Слива́лась с небе́сною», «соприкаса́лась со звёздною» — the preposition «с» (with) governs the instrumental, here on substantivised adjectives ('with the heavenly [stillness]', 'with the starry [mystery]'). The noun is dropped and understood from the parallel clause, a compact poetic ellipsis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как подкошенный","title":"«Как подкошенный» — as if cut down","body":"A set comparison from «подкоси́ть» (to mow/scythe down): «как подко́шенный» means to fall suddenly and helplessly, 'as though mown down', the legs giving way. Alyosha throws himself to the earth as if scythed — the idiom carries both collapse and the harvest imagery suited to this fertile, life-affirming moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тишина","lemma":"тишина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сливалась","gloss":"the stillness"},{"surface":"земная","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Тишина","gloss":"of the earth"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сливалась","gloss":"as if","note":"как бы together soften the verb: \"seemed to merge\"."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"сливалась","lemma":"сливаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed to merge"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небесною","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"небесною","lemma":"небесный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сливалась","gloss":"heavenly","note":"Elliptical: stands for \"[тишиною] небесною\", the stillness of the heavens."},{"surface":"тайна","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of соприкасалась","gloss":"the mystery"},{"surface":"земная","lemma":"земной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тайна","gloss":"of the earth"},{"surface":"соприкасалась","lemma":"соприкасаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сливалась","gloss":"touched"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking звездною","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"звездною","lemma":"звёздный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соприкасалась","gloss":"of the stars","note":"Elliptical: stands for \"[тайною] звездною\", the mystery of the stars."},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повергся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause on повергся","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"подкошенный","lemma":"подкошенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Алеша (comparative)","gloss":"cut down"},{"surface":"повергся","lemma":"повергнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"threw himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повергся","gloss":"the earth"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b7-c4-s73","source":"Он не знал, для чего обнимал ее, он не давал себе отчета, почему ему так неудержимо хотелось целовать ее, целовать ее всю, но он целовал ее плача, рыдая и обливая своими слезами, и исступленно клялся любить ее, любить во веки веков.","translation":"He did not know why he was embracing it, he could give himself no account of why he so irresistibly longed to kiss it, to kiss the whole of it, but he kissed it weeping, sobbing, and drenching it with his tears, and in a frenzy he vowed to love it, to love it for ever and ever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему так неудержимо хотелось целовать","title":"Dative-experiencer «ему хотелось»","body":"«Ему́… хоте́лось целова́ть» is the impersonal experiencer construction: no nominative subject, the person in the dative «ему́» and the reflexive «хоте́лось» ('it was wanted to him' = he longed). This dative-subject frame, so unlike English, is exactly how Dostoevsky renders an urge welling up beyond the self's control."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не давал себе отчета","title":"Reflexive «себе» in the idiom","body":"«Не дава́л себе́ отчёта» — 'gave himself no account', i.e. could not explain to himself. The reflexive pronoun «себе́» (dative) points back to the subject, distinct from the verbal «-ся»; the set phrase «дава́ть себе́ отчёт» means to be consciously aware."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"плача, рыдая и обливая","title":"A triple chain of present gerunds","body":"Three imperfective present «деепричастия» — «пла́ча» (weeping), «рыда́я» (sobbing), «облива́я… слеза́ми» (drenching with tears) — all hang off the main verb «целова́л», each a simultaneous attendant action. The accumulation enacts the overflowing, breathless emotion of the moment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"во веки веков","title":"«Во веки веков» — for ever and ever","body":"A liturgical formula, 'unto the ages of ages', the standard close of Orthodox prayer (Slavonic «во ве́ки веко́в»). Its appearance in Alyosha's vow gives his earthly love the cadence and absoluteness of a doxology."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обнимал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"обнимал","lemma":"обнимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"he was embracing"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обнимал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of давал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"давал","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обнимал","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of давал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"отчета","lemma":"отчёт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of давал","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of хотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неудержимо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"неудержимо","lemma":"неудержимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"irresistibly"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обнимал","gloss":"longed"},{"surface":"целовать","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to kiss"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of целовать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"целовать","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with целовать","gloss":"to kiss"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of целовать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ее","gloss":"the whole of"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of целовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"целовал","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обнимал","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of целовал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"плача","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on целовал","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"рыдая","lemma":"рыдать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with плача","gloss":"sobbing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обливая","lemma":"обливать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рыдая","gloss":"drenching"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of слезами","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обливая","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"исступленно","lemma":"исступлённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies клялся","gloss":"in a frenzy"},{"surface":"клялся","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обнимал","gloss":"vowed"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of клялся","gloss":"to love"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любить","gloss":"to love"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веки","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"веки","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"part of the phrase во","gloss":"ages"},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of любить","gloss":"of ages","note":"\"во веки веков\" = \"for ever and ever\", a fixed liturgical idiom."}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b7-c4-s74","source":"«Облей землю слезами радости твоея и люби сии слезы твои…» — прозвенело в душе его.","translation":"\"Water the earth with the tears of your joy, and love those tears of yours…\" rang out in his soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Облей… и люби","title":"Two imperatives: «облей», «люби»","body":"The remembered words come as commands: «обле́й» (water/drench! — perfective imperative of «обли́ть») and «люби́» (love! — imperfective of «люби́ть»). The aspect split is telling: «облей» asks for the one decisive act, «люби» for the ongoing, lifelong disposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слезами радости твоея… сии слезы твои","title":"Archaic «твоея» and «сии»","body":"«Твоея́» is the old Church-Slavonic feminine genitive of «твой» (modern «твое́й»), and «сии́» is the archaic demonstrative 'these' (modern «э́ти»). Both mark the sentence as scriptural-solemn speech — the elder Zosima's teaching echoing in a sacred register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прозвенело","title":"«Прозвенело» — it rang out","body":"«Прозвене́ло» (perfective of «звене́ть», to ring/chime, + «про-» of a sound passing through) is used impersonally: the words 'rang out' in his soul. Dostoevsky returns to this verb as a refrain (again at s78), figuring Zosima's teaching as a bell sounding within Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Облей","lemma":"облить","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Облей","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Облей","gloss":"with the tears"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слезами","gloss":"of joy"},{"surface":"твоея","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies радости","gloss":"your","note":"Church Slavonic archaic form of \"твоей\" (thy)."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"люби","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Облей","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"сии","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies слезы","gloss":"these","note":"Church Slavonic/archaic form of \"эти\"."},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of люби","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies слезы","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"прозвенело","lemma":"прозвенеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Облей","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прозвенело","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душе","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b7-c4-s75","source":"О чем плакал он?","translation":"What was he weeping over?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"О чем плакал он?","title":"«О чём» + prepositional, and inverted subject","body":"The interrogative «что» appears as «о чём» — «о» (about) governing the prepositional case — meaning 'about/over what'. Placing «он» after the verb «пла́кал» gives the short question a falling, reflective close: 'What was he weeping over?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of плакал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"плакал","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was weeping"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of плакал","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b7-c4-s76","source":"О, он плакал в восторге своем даже и об этих звездах, которые сияли ему из бездны, и «не стыдился исступления сего».","translation":"Oh, in his rapture he was weeping even over those stars that shone down on him out of the abyss, and \"he was not ashamed of this frenzy.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"об этих звездах, которые сияли","title":"Relative «которые» and «об» before a vowel","body":"The relative pronoun «кото́рые» opens the clause 'which shone', agreeing with plural «звёзды» but taking nominative as the clause's own subject. Note «об э́тих» — the preposition «о» becomes «об» before the vowel of «э́тих» — governing the prepositional 'about/over these stars'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"исступления сего","title":"Archaic «сего» — 'of this'","body":"«Сего́» is the genitive of the bookish demonstrative «сей» ('this'), placed after its noun: «исступле́ния сего́» = 'of this frenzy'. The phrase is in quotation marks because it echoes Zosima's own solemn diction; «сей» is pure 19th-century-and-scriptural register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из бездны","title":"«Бездна» — the abyss","body":"«Бе́здна» is the abyss or bottomless deep, with biblical resonance (the «бе́здна» of Genesis and the Psalms). The stars shining 'out of the abyss' set Alyosha's small earthly act against cosmic, even divine, depths."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to плакал","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of плакал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"плакал","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was weeping"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"восторге","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of плакал","gloss":"his rapture"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies восторге","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies звездах","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies звездах","gloss":"even","note":"\"даже и\" is a doubled emphatic particle meaning simply \"even\"."},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking звездах","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"modifies звездах","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"звездах","lemma":"звезда","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of плакал","gloss":"stars"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сияли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сияли","lemma":"сиять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on звездах","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сияли","gloss":"on him"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бездны","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"бездны","lemma":"бездна","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сияли","gloss":"the abyss"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стыдился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стыдился","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with плакал","gloss":"was ashamed"},{"surface":"исступления","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of стыдился","gloss":"the frenzy"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies исступления","gloss":"this","note":"Archaic genitive of \"сей\" (this)."}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b7-c4-s77","source":"Как будто нити ото всех этих бесчисленных миров божиих сошлись разом в душе его, и она вся трепетала, «соприкасаясь мирам иным».","translation":"It was as though threads from all those countless worlds of God came together at once in his soul, and it trembled all over, \"touching other worlds.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как будто нити… сошлись","title":"«Как будто» + perfective «сошлись»","body":"«Как бу́дто» ('as though') introduces the simile, and the perfective «сошли́сь» (came together, from «сойти́сь», with reflexive «-ся») names the single completed convergence of the threads. The reflexive here is reciprocal — the threads meet one another."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"соприкасаясь мирам иным","title":"Gerund «соприкасаясь» with archaic case","body":"«Соприкаса́ясь» is a present gerund ('touching, being in contact'). In modern Russian «соприкаса́ться» takes «с» + instrumental, but the quoted phrase «соприкаса́ясь мира́м ины́м» uses a bare dative — an archaic, scriptural-sounding government that, with post-posed «ины́м» ('other'), marks Zosima's elevated speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сошлись","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"нити","lemma":"нить","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of сошлись","gloss":"threads"},{"surface":"ото","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миров","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of миров","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of миров","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"бесчисленных","lemma":"бесчисленный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies миров","gloss":"countless"},{"surface":"миров","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies нити","gloss":"worlds"},{"surface":"божиих","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies миров","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"сошлись","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came together"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошлись","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошлись","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of трепетала","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies она","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"трепетала","lemma":"трепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сошлись","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"соприкасаясь","lemma":"соприкасаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on трепетала","gloss":"touching"},{"surface":"мирам","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of соприкасаясь","gloss":"worlds"},{"surface":"иным","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies мирам","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b7-c4-s78","source":"Простить хотелось ему всех и за всё и просить прощения, о! не себе, а за всех, за всё и за вся, а «за меня и другие просят», — прозвенело опять в душе его.","translation":"He longed to forgive everyone for everything and to beg forgiveness — oh, not for himself, but for everyone, for everything and for all, while \"others are begging it for me,\" rang out again in his soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Простить хотелось ему","title":"Fronted infinitive, dative experiencer","body":"The infinitive «прости́ть» is thrown to the very front, before the impersonal «хоте́лось ему́» ('he longed'): 'To forgive everyone… he longed.' The dative-experiencer frame returns, and the inversion makes the act of forgiving the emotional headline of the sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за всех, за всё и за вся","title":"Archaic «вся» in the triad","body":"After «за всех» (for all people) and «за всё» (for everything) comes «за вся» — an archaic, Church-Slavonic accusative meaning 'for all things'. Modern Russian would not use «вся» so; the old form crowns the triad with a liturgical, all-encompassing sweep."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за меня и другие просят","title":"«И» as 'also / others too'","body":"In the quoted «за меня́ и други́е про́сят», «и» again means 'also/too': 'others too are praying for me.' It is the Orthodox idea, central to Zosima, of mutual intercession — each soul answerable for all, and prayed for by all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to forgive"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he longed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of хотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Простить","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всё","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Простить","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to beg"},{"surface":"прощения","lemma":"прощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of просить","gloss":"forgiveness"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to хотелось","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies себе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"complement of Простить (elliptical)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of Простить (elliptical)","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всё","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Простить (elliptical)","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вся","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of Простить (elliptical)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of просят","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural (used as noun)","role":"subject of просят","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"просят»,","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"are begging","note":"Trailing quotation mark and comma are part of the tokenized surface; the word itself is \"просят\"."},{"surface":"прозвенело","lemma":"прозвенеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прозвенело","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прозвенело","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душе","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b7-c4-s79","source":"Но с каждым мгновением он чувствовал явно и как бы осязательно, как что-то твердое и незыблемое, как этот свод небесный, сходило в душу его.","translation":"But with each passing moment he felt clearly and as it were palpably how something firm and unshakable, like this vault of heaven, was descending into his soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то твердое и незыблемое… сходило","title":"Imperfective «сходило» — the slow descent","body":"The imperfective past «сходи́ло» (was descending, from «сходи́ть») renders a gradual, ongoing process — something firm 'was coming down' into his soul moment by moment, matched by «с ка́ждым мгнове́нием» ('with every instant'). Imperfective aspect is what makes the descent feel continuous rather than a single drop."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы осязательно","title":"«Как бы» hedging an adverb","body":"Again «как бы» softens — here the adverb «осяза́тельно» ('palpably, tangibly'): he felt it 'clearly and, as it were, palpably'. The hedge keeps the experience just shy of the literal, fitting for a mystical certainty that is felt more than seen."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"незыблемое","title":"«Незыблемый» — unshakable","body":"«Незы́блемый» (from «зы́бать», to rock/sway, + negative «не-») means immovable, unshakable — that which cannot be made to waver. A bookish, weighty adjective, it names the new, granite certainty settling into Alyosha against the swaying of his grief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каждым","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мгновением","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"мгновением","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of чувствовал","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"явно","lemma":"явно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствовал","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осязательно","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"осязательно","lemma":"осязательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствовал","gloss":"palpably"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сходило","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular (first part of compound)","role":"part of compound pronoun что-то, subject of сходило","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular (second part of compound)","role":"part of compound pronoun что-то, subject of сходило","gloss":"-thing","note":"что and то together form the single indefinite pronoun \"что-то\" (something); the tagger split it into two tokens."},{"surface":"твердое","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"незыблемое","lemma":"незыблемый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with твердое","gloss":"unshakable"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a comparison modifying сходило","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of свод","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"свод","lemma":"свод","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of comparative phrase modifying сходило","gloss":"vault"},{"surface":"небесный","lemma":"небесный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свод","gloss":"heavenly"},{"surface":"сходило","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of чувствовал","gloss":"was descending"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходило","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душу","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b7-c4-s80","source":"Какая-то как бы идея воцарялась в уме его — и уже на всю жизнь и на веки веков.","translation":"Some kind of idea, as it were, was taking dominion in his mind — and now for his whole life and for ever and ever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какая-то как бы идея","title":"«Какая-то» — 'some kind of'","body":"«Кака́я-то» is «какой» + the indefinite clitic «-то», marking a specific but unnamed thing: 'some (particular) idea', one Alyosha cannot yet name. Stacked with «как бы», the phrase keeps the dawning conviction deliberately vague — an idea he feels taking hold before he can define it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"воцарялась в уме его","title":"Imperfective «воцарялась» — was taking dominion","body":"«Воцаря́лась» (imperfective of «воцари́ться», to begin to reign) is reflexive «-ся» and durative: the idea 'was enthroning itself, taking dominion' in his mind — a slow, regal settling. The royal metaphor (from «царь») dignifies the new conviction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase какая-то, determiner of идея","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какая-то","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies идея","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"it were"},{"surface":"идея","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воцарялась","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"воцарялась","lemma":"воцаряться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was taking dominion"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воцарялась","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, invariant","role":"determiner of уме","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the implied continuation of воцарялась","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воцарялась","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веки","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"веки","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with жизнь","gloss":"ever","note":"Idiomatic invariant plural in the fixed phrase «на веки веков» (ever and ever), not the ordinary word for 'eyelids'."},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies веки","gloss":"and ever"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b7-c4-s81","source":"Пал он на землю слабым юношей, а встал твердым на всю жизнь бойцом и сознал и почувствовал это вдруг, в ту же минуту своего восторга.","translation":"He had fallen upon the earth a weak youth, but rose up a fighter, firm for his whole life, and he knew it and felt it suddenly, in that very moment of his rapture.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пал он на землю слабым юношей, а встал… бойцом","title":"Instrumental of the predicate: «юношей», «бойцом»","body":"«Пал… ю́ношей» / «встал… бойцо́м» — the instrumentals «слабым юношей» (a weak youth) and «твёрдым… бойцо́м» (a firm fighter) are predicate instrumentals after verbs of motion/becoming, naming the state in which he fell and rose. The case frames each role as one assumed at that moment: he fell as a weakling, rose as a fighter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пал он… а встал","title":"Contrastive «а» and fronted verbs","body":"The pivot of the sentence is the contrastive conjunction «а», setting the falling against the rising. Both verbs «пал» and «встал» (perfective, completed) are fronted before their subject, giving the antithesis a terse, almost epigrammatic balance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Пал","title":"«Пал» — the elevated 'fell'","body":"«Пал» is the perfective of «пасть», a higher, more solemn doublet of everyday «упа́л» (from «упа́сть»). Its archaic, almost biblical tone ('he fell to earth') matches the gravity of Alyosha's transformation, well above neutral narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пал","lemma":"пасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had fallen"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Пал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Пал","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"слабым","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies юношей","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"юношей","lemma":"юноша","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Пал","gloss":"a youth"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Пал","gloss":"rose up"},{"surface":"твердым","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бойцом","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies твердым","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"бойцом","lemma":"боец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of встал","gloss":"a fighter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сознал","lemma":"сознать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сознал","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сознал and почувствовал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of почувствовал","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of восторга","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"восторга","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"rapture"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b7-c4-s82","source":"И никогда, никогда не мог забыть Алеша во всю жизнь свою потом этой минуты.","translation":"And never, never afterward, in all his life, could Alyosha forget that moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда, никогда не мог забыть","title":"Negative concord: «никогда… не»","body":"The negative adverb «никогда́» ('never') still requires the verbal «не»: «никогда́… не мог забы́ть». Russian uses negative concord, so the doubled (here tripled, with the repetition) negation reinforces rather than cancels — 'never, never could he forget'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мог забыть Алеша во всю жизнь свою","title":"Reflexive «свою» and weight-bearing inversion","body":"The subject «Алёша» sits inside the predicate, after «не мог забы́ть», and «жизнь свою́» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» ('his own life'), pointing back to Alyosha himself. The inversion suspends his name amid the emphatic 'never, never… in all his life'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыть","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыть","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b7-c4-s83","source":"«Кто-то посетил мою душу в тот час», — говорил он потом с твердою верой в слова свои…","translation":"\"Someone visited my soul in that hour,\" he would say afterward, with firm faith in his words…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто-то посетил мою душу","title":"«Кто-то» — a definite, unnamed someone","body":"«Кто-то» is «кто» + the clitic «-то»: a specific but unidentified person — 'someone (in particular)'. Alyosha deliberately leaves the visitant unnamed; the «-то» (not «-нибудь») insists it was a real Someone, not just anybody, who touched his soul."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорил он потом","title":"Imperfective «говорил» — 'he would say'","body":"The imperfective past «говори́л» here is iterative: not 'he said once' but 'he would say, used to say' afterward, over the years. Imperfective aspect carries this habitual, repeated retelling — the moment became something Alyosha returned to again and again."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с твердою верой","title":"Archaic adjective ending «-ою»","body":"«С твёрдою ве́рой» uses the older feminine instrumental ending «-ою» (modern «-ой»: «твёрдой»). Common in 19th-century literary prose and verse, the longer form lends a deliberate, rounded solemnity — 'with firm faith' — fitting Alyosha's settled conviction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the phrase кто-то, subject of посетил","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase кто-то","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"посетил","lemma":"посетить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"visited"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of посетил","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час»,","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of час»,","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"час»,","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посетил","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to посетил","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking верой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"твердою","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies верой","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"верой","lemma":"вера","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слова","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies верой","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"his own"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b7-c4-s84","source":"Через три дня он вышел из монастыря, что согласовалось и со словом покойного старца его, повелевшего ему «пребывать в миру».","translation":"Three days later he left the monastery, which accorded too with the word of his dead elder, who had bidden him to \"dwell in the world.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повелевшего ему «пребывать в миру»","title":"Past active participle «повелевшего»","body":"«Повеле́вшего» is a past active participle (from «повеле́ть», to command), in the genitive agreeing with «ста́рца»: 'the elder, who had bidden him…'. It condenses a «который»-clause into one modifier and governs the dative «ему́» — a dense, bookish construction typical of the narrator's voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в миру","title":"Locative «в миру́» — 'in the world'","body":"«Мир» here means the secular world outside the monastery, and it takes the special stressed locative ending «-у́»: «в миру́» (not «в ми́ре»). This idiomatic locative is reserved precisely for the monastic sense — 'to live in the world', among ordinary people — exactly Zosima's charge to Alyosha."}],"words":[{"surface":"Через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыря","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"монастыря","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of согласовалось","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"согласовалось","lemma":"согласоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to вышел","gloss":"accorded"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies словом","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of согласовалось","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"покойного","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старца","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies словом","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, invariant","role":"determiner of старца","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"повелевшего","lemma":"повелеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying старца","gloss":"who had bidden"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of повелевшего","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пребывать","lemma":"пребывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of повелевшего","gloss":"to dwell"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миру","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"миру","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пребывать","gloss":"the world"}]}]}