{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b8-c1","title":{"source":"I. Кузьма Самсонов","translated":"Kuzma Samsonov"},"section":"Book VIII — Mitya","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b8-c1","lines":175},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b7-c4","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b8-c2","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b8-c1-s1","source":"А Дмитрий Федорович, которому Грушенька, улетая в новую жизнь, «велела» передать свой последний привет и заказала помнить навеки часок ее любви, был в эту минуту, ничего не ведая о происшедшем с нею, тоже в страшном смятении и хлопотах.","translation":"And Dmitri Fyodorovich, to whom Grushenka, as she flew off into her new life, had \"ordered\" her last greeting carried, charging him to remember forever the brief hour of her love — at that very moment, knowing nothing of what had befallen her, was likewise in a dreadful turmoil and bustle.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которому","title":"A relative clause in the dative","body":"«Дмитрий Федорович, которому… велела передать» — «который» agrees with its antecedent in masculine singular but takes the dative «которому» because within its own clause it is the person to whom the greeting is sent. The relative's case is set by its job in the subordinate clause, not by the noun it points back to."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"улетая в новую жизнь","title":"An imperfective gerund: «as she flew off»","body":"«улетая» is a present (imperfective) деепричастие in -я, naming an action simultaneous with the main verb and sharing its subject (Grushenka). It frames her flight into a new life as the attendant circumstance of her parting message — a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не ведая о происшедшем","title":"Negation plus the genitive of negation, in a gerund","body":"«ведая» (an archaic gerund of «ведать», to know) governs «ничего», the genitive of «ничто» under negation — the verb keeps «не» even with the ни-word. «о происшедшем» is a substantivized past participle, 'about what had happened.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"часок","title":"«часок» — the diminutive that aches","body":"Not just 'an hour' but a fond, fleeting little hour: «час» + the affectionate suffix -ок. The narrator (echoing Mitya) returns to this image of «часок её любви» — the brief, precious hour of her love — and the diminutive carries the whole pathos of how little she gave him."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of велела","gloss":"to whom"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of велела","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"улетая","lemma":"улетать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying Грушенька","gloss":"flying off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"новую","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of улетая","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"велела","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Дмитрий","gloss":"had ordered"},{"surface":"передать","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велела","gloss":"to carry"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of привет","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies привет","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"привет","lemma":"привет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of передать","gloss":"greeting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заказала","lemma":"заказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with велела","gloss":"charged"},{"surface":"помнить","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заказала","gloss":"to remember"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помнить","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"часок","lemma":"часок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of помнить","gloss":"the brief hour"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, invariant","role":"determiner of любви","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies часок","gloss":"of love"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, copula linking to смятении","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that very"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of ведая","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ведая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ведая","lemma":"ведать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on был","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking происшедшем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"происшедшем","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, locative, perfective","role":"oblique complement of ведая","gloss":"what had befallen"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of происшедшем","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смятении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страшном","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies смятении","gloss":"a dreadful"},{"surface":"смятении","lemma":"смятение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"turmoil"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хлопотах","lemma":"хлопоты","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with смятении","gloss":"bustle"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b8-c1-s2","source":"В последние два дня он был в таком невообразимом состоянии, что действительно мог заболеть воспалением в мозгу, как сам потом говорил.","translation":"These last two days he had been in such an unimaginable state that he might truly have fallen ill with brain fever, as he himself said afterward.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог заболеть","title":"Modal «мог» + perfective infinitive","body":"«мог заболеть» pairs the past of «мочь» with the perfective infinitive «заболеть» (to fall ill, a single completed onset). The perfective views the illness as a threatened event reached, not a process — 'might truly have come down with.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies два","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of состоянии","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"невообразимом","lemma":"невообразимый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"unimaginable"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"a state"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying состоянии","gloss":"he might"},{"surface":"заболеть","lemma":"заболеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"fall ill"},{"surface":"воспалением","lemma":"воспаление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заболеть","gloss":"with fever"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мозгу","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"мозгу","lemma":"мозг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воспалением","gloss":"the brain"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of говорил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on мог","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b8-c1-s3","source":"Алеша накануне не мог разыскать его утром, а брат Иван в тот же день не мог устроить с ним свидания в трактире.","translation":"Alyosha had been unable to track him down the previous morning, and his brother Ivan had been unable that same day to arrange a meeting with him at the tavern.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мог разыскать… не мог устроить","title":"Repeated «не мог» + perfective infinitive","body":"Both clauses use «не мог» with a perfective infinitive («разыскать» — to track down, «устроить» — to arrange), each naming a single intended result that failed to come off. The parallel structure underscores how everyone is failing to reach Mitya."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"трактир","title":"«трактир» — the tavern-inn","body":"A «трактир» is a cheap eating-house and tavern, often with rooms, where men of Mitya's set drink, eat, and transact business. It is the social stage for much of his frantic activity in these two days."}],"words":[{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"накануне","lemma":"накануне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"the day before"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been able"},{"surface":"разыскать","lemma":"разыскать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"to track down"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разыскать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of разыскать","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to брат","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"had been able"},{"surface":"устроить","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"to arrange"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устроить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"свидания","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of устроить","gloss":"a meeting","note":"Genitive under negation (не мог устроить свидания), not a plural."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактире","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"трактире","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устроить","gloss":"the tavern"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b8-c1-s4","source":"Хозяева квартирки, в которой он квартировал, скрыли по его приказу следы его.","translation":"The people who owned the little lodging where he stayed had, on his orders, concealed his whereabouts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"квартирки, в которой он квартировал","title":"Locative «в которой» and a figura etymologica","body":"«в которой» is the relative «который» in the prepositional after «в», marking location, 'in which.' Note the play of cognates: «квартирки» (lodging) and «квартировал» (lodged) share a root, a small stylistic echo lost in English."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"квартирки","title":"«квартирка» — a poor little flat","body":"The diminutive of «квартира» (flat, lodging) belittles the place — a mean little set of rooms, fitting Mitya's straitened, transient life."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хозяева","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of скрыли","gloss":"the owners"},{"surface":"квартирки","lemma":"квартирка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Хозяева","gloss":"of the lodging"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of квартировал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of квартировал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"квартировал","lemma":"квартировать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on квартирки","gloss":"lodged"},{"surface":"скрыли","lemma":"скрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"concealed"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приказу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, invariant","role":"determiner of приказу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"приказу","lemma":"приказ","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрыли","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"следы","lemma":"след","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of скрыли","gloss":"the traces"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies следы","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b8-c1-s5","source":"Он же в эти два дня буквально метался во все стороны, «борясь с своею судьбой и спасая себя», как он сам потом выразился, и даже на несколько часов слетал по одному горячему делу вон из города, несмотря на то, что страшно было ему уезжать, оставляя Грушеньку хоть на минутку без глаза над нею.","translation":"And he, during those two days, had literally dashed about in every direction, \"wrestling with his fate and saving himself,\" as he later put it, and even flew out of town for a few hours on one urgent matter, despite its being a terror to him to leave, abandoning Grushenka for even a minute without an eye upon her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он же","title":"Topic-shifting «же»","body":"Here «же» is not emphatic but the contrastive/topic particle: 'He, for his part…' It pivots from the others' failed efforts (previous sentences) back to Mitya himself, marking him as the resumed topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"борясь… спасая себя","title":"Paired imperfective gerunds","body":"«борясь» (struggling) and «спасая» (saving) are present imperfective деепричастия describing the manner of his dashing about. «спасая себя» uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» as a full object — saving himself, distinct from the verbal -ся."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря на то, что страшно было ему","title":"Dative-experiencer impersonal: «страшно было ему»","body":"«страшно было ему уезжать» is an impersonal construction with no nominative subject: the experiencer stands in the dative «ему» and the predicate is the invariable «страшно» — 'it was a terror to him to leave.' This dative-experiencer frame is one of Russian's signature ways of rendering inner states."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"без глаза над нею","title":"«без глаза» — without an eye on her","body":"An idiomatic genitive after «без»: to leave her «без глаза» is to leave her unwatched, with no one keeping an eye on her. «хоть на минутку» ('even for a little minute') adds the anxious diminutive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of метался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Он","gloss":"for his part"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of два","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of метался","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"буквально","lemma":"буквально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies метался","gloss":"literally"},{"surface":"метался","lemma":"метаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed about"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of метался","gloss":"direction"},{"surface":"борясь","lemma":"бороться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on метался","gloss":"wrestling"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судьбой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies судьбой","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"судьбой","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of борясь","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спасая","lemma":"спасать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with борясь","gloss":"saving"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of спасая","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выразился","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выразился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of выразился","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразился","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"выразился","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on метался","gloss":"put it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слетал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часов","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часов","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of слетал","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"слетал","lemma":"слетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with метался","gloss":"flew off"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies делу","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"горячему","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies делу","gloss":"urgent"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of слетал","gloss":"errand"},{"surface":"вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слетал","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking города","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слетал","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря на","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"resumed by the что-clause, oblique complement of несмотря на","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of страшно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to страшно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of уезжать","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"уезжать","lemma":"уезжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on страшно","gloss":"to go away"},{"surface":"оставляя","lemma":"оставлять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on уезжать","gloss":"leaving"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оставляя","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies минутку","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минутку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставляя","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies минутку","gloss":"an eye"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b8-c1-s6","source":"Всё это впоследствии выяснилось в самом подробном и документальном виде, но теперь мы наметим фактически лишь самое необходимое из истории этих ужасных двух дней в его жизни, предшествовавших страшной катастрофе, так внезапно разразившейся над судьбой его.","translation":"All of this came to light afterward in the most detailed and documented form, but for now we shall set down in fact only the most essential parts of the story of those two terrible days in his life, the days preceding the dreadful catastrophe that burst so suddenly over his destiny.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выяснилось","title":"Reflexive -ся as middle/passive","body":"«выяснилось» (it came to light, became clear) is a -ся verb in its middle sense: the matter clarified itself, with no agent named. Russian constantly prefers this intransitive middle where English reaches for a passive or 'came out.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"предшествовавших… разразившейся","title":"A chain of past active participles","body":"«предшествовавших» (preceding) and «разразившейся» (that burst) are past active participles in -вш-, each declined to agree with its noun (days; catastrophe). They compress two «который»-clauses into modifiers — the dense participial layering typical of Dostoevsky's narratorial sentences."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наметим","title":"«наметить» — to sketch out, mark down","body":"The perfective «наметить» means to outline or set down in rough — the narrator promises only the bare essentials. Paired with «фактически» and «документальном виде», it adopts the pose of a scrupulous chronicler assembling a case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выяснилось","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выяснилось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"впоследствии","lemma":"впоследствии","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выяснилось","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"выяснилось","lemma":"выясниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to light"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подробном","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"подробном","lemma":"подробный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"detailed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"документальном","lemma":"документальный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подробном","gloss":"documented"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выяснилось","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наметим","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of наметим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"наметим","lemma":"наметить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with выяснилось","gloss":"shall sketch"},{"surface":"фактически","lemma":"фактически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наметим","gloss":"in fact"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самое","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies необходимое","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"необходимое","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of наметим","gloss":"essential part"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking истории","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"истории","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies необходимое","gloss":"the story"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of дней","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"ужасных","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies дней","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies дней","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies истории","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, invariant","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дней","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"предшествовавших","lemma":"предшествовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying дней","gloss":"preceding"},{"surface":"страшной","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies катастрофе","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"катастрофе","lemma":"катастрофа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of предшествовавших","gloss":"catastrophe"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies внезапно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разразившейся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"разразившейся","lemma":"разразиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"clause modifying катастрофе","gloss":"that had broken"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судьбой","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"судьбой","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разразившейся","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, invariant","role":"determiner of судьбой","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b8-c1-s7","source":"Грушенька хоть и любила его часочек истинно и искренно, это правда, но и мучила же его в то же время иной раз действительно жестоко и беспощадно.","translation":"Grushenka, though she did love him truly and sincerely for a brief hour — that is the truth — yet at the very same time tormented him at moments quite cruelly and mercilessly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и любила… но и мучила же","title":"Concessive «хоть и… но» with insistent «же»","body":"The frame «хоть и + verb… но» means 'though she did X… yet.' The «же» in «мучила же» is the insistent particle, lending the contrast force: 'yet at the very same time she tormented him.' Both verbs are imperfective past, describing ongoing, habitual behaviour."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"часочек","title":"«часочек» — the doubly tender hour","body":"An even softer diminutive than «часок»: «час» with the stacked -очек. The piling of diminutive suffixes intensifies the tenderness — the fleeting little hour of true love, set against the cruelty that follows in the same breath."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies любила","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любила","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"любила","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"часочек","lemma":"часочек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любила","gloss":"for a brief hour"},{"surface":"истинно","lemma":"истинно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любила","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with истинно","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of правда","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"parallel clause to любила","gloss":"is true"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase но и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"мучила","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любила","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мучила","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of мучила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучила","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучила","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жестоко","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"жестоко","lemma":"жестоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучила","gloss":"cruelly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"беспощадно","lemma":"беспощадно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with жестоко","gloss":"mercilessly"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b8-c1-s8","source":"Главное в том, что ничего-то он не мог разгадать из ее намерений; выманить же лаской или силой не было тоже возможности: не далась бы ни за что, а только бы рассердилась и отвернулась от него вовсе, это он ясно тогда понимал.","translation":"The chief thing was that he could make out nothing whatever of her intentions; to coax it out of her by tenderness or by force was also impossible: she would yield to nothing, but would only grow angry and turn away from him altogether — this he clearly understood at the time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего-то он не мог разгадать","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» on «ничего»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» here is the emphatic topic clitic, not the indefinite suffix: «ничего-то» drives home 'nothing whatever.' Combined with «не мог» it is negative concord — «ничего… не» — 'he could make out nothing at all.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не далась бы… а только бы рассердилась","title":"The conditional «бы»: she would not yield","body":"«не далась бы», «рассердилась бы», «отвернулась бы» are all past-tense forms plus the irrealis particle «бы», projecting a hypothetical: were he to try, she would not give in but would only take offence. The mobile «бы» leans on the first stressed word of each clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не было возможности","title":"Genitive of negation with «не было»","body":"«выманить… не было тоже возможности» — under negated existential «не было», the subject «возможность» goes obligatorily into the genitive «возможности»: 'there was no possibility.' The neuter «было» agrees with nothing, as the impersonal default."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence (elided было)","gloss":"The chief thing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of preposition в","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying том","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of разгадать","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"emphatic suffix attached to ничего","gloss":"at all","note":"The colloquial suffix -то intensifies ничего into \"nothing whatever.\""},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"разгадать","lemma":"разгадать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"make out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking намерений","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of намерений","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"намерений","lemma":"намерение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of разгадать","gloss":"intentions"},{"surface":"выманить","lemma":"выманить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of возможности","gloss":"to coax it out"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выманить","gloss":"as for that"},{"surface":"лаской","lemma":"ласка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выманить","gloss":"by tenderness"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with лаской","gloss":"by force"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main existential verb of this clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"возможности","lemma":"возможность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"possibility"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies далась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"далась","lemma":"даться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"would yield"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks далась as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies за что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of preposition за","gloss":"anything","note":"Idiom ни за что = \"for nothing, no matter what.\""},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассердилась","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks рассердилась as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"рассердилась","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with далась","gloss":"would grow angry"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отвернулась","lemma":"отвернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with далась","gloss":"turn away"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвернулась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвернулась","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"at the time"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"understood"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b8-c1-s9","source":"Он подозревал тогда весьма верно, что она и сама находится в какой-то борьбе, в какой-то необычайной нерешительности, на что-то решается и всё решиться не может, а потому и не без основания предполагал, замирая сердцем, что минутами она должна была просто ненавидеть его с его страстью.","translation":"He suspected then, quite rightly, that she herself was caught in some struggle of her own, in some extraordinary indecision, that she was about to resolve on something and could never quite resolve it, and so, his heart sinking, he had grounds enough for supposing that at moments she must simply have hated him together with his passion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"решается… решиться не может","title":"Aspect pair in play: «решается» / «решиться»","body":"The imperfective «решается» (is in the act of resolving) is set against the perfective infinitive «решиться» (to reach a resolution) under «не может» — she keeps trying to decide but can never bring the decision to its completed point. The pair dramatizes her paralysis in two verbs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"замирая сердцем","title":"Gerund of accompanying state: «his heart sinking»","body":"«замирая сердцем» is an imperfective gerund (with «сердцем» an instrumental of respect — sinking 'in heart'), giving the inner condition under which Mitya supposed. It shares the main subject, 'he,' as the gerund requires."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"должна была… ненавидеть","title":"«должна была» + imperfective infinitive: inference","body":"«должна была ненавидеть» here is epistemic — 'she must have hated' — past of «должна» with the imperfective infinitive «ненавидеть» (a state-verb, no perfective). It expresses Mitya's reconstruction of her feeling, not an obligation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подозревал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"подозревал","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suspected"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подозревал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подозревал","gloss":"rightly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of находится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of находится","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сама","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies она","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"находится","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of подозревал","gloss":"is caught"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking борьбе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of борьбе","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"suffix of какой forming какой-то","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"борьбе","lemma":"борьба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of находится","gloss":"struggle"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нерешительности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of нерешительности","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"suffix of какой forming какой-то","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"необычайной","lemma":"необычайный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нерешительности","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"нерешительности","lemma":"нерешительность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with борьбе","gloss":"indecision"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of решается","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"suffix of что forming что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"решается","lemma":"решаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to находится","gloss":"was resolving"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"решиться","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"resolve"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with решается","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предполагал","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies основания","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking основания","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"основания","lemma":"основание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of предполагал","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"предполагал","lemma":"предполагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подозревал","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"замирая","lemma":"замирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on предполагал","gloss":"sinking"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of замирая","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of должна","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минутами","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of должна","gloss":"at moments"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of должна","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"должна","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of предполагал","gloss":"must have"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ненавидеть","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"ненавидеть","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должна","gloss":"hate"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ненавидеть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страстью","gloss":"together with"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of страстью","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"страстью","lemma":"страсть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ненавидеть","gloss":"passion"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b8-c1-s10","source":"Так, может быть, и было, но об чем именно тосковала Грушенька, того он все-таки не понимал.","translation":"Perhaps that was indeed so, but what exactly Grushenka was grieving over, he could not for all that understand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"об чем… того он… не понимал","title":"Correlative «о чём… того», fronted for emphasis","body":"The clause is reordered topic-first: the indirect question «об чём именно тосковала Грушенька» is set up front, then resumed by the correlative «того» (genitive of «то») as object of «не понимал». «об чём» is a colloquial/archaic variant of «о чём». This inversion throws the weight onto what he failed to grasp."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тосковала","title":"«тосковать» — the untranslatable ache","body":"«тоска» is the Russian word Nabokov called untranslatable: a deep spiritual anguish, yearning, melancholy without clear object. «о чём… тосковала» asks after what, exactly, Grushenka was pining for — a longing Mitya cannot name."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be","note":"Idiom может быть = \"perhaps.\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of тосковала","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"тосковала","lemma":"тосковать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the clause referred to by того","gloss":"was grieving"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of тосковала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of все-таки, modifies понимал","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of все-таки, modifies понимал","gloss":"all the same","note":"все-таки is a single idiom meaning \"nevertheless, all the same.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"understand"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b8-c1-s11","source":"Собственно для него весь вопрос, его мучивший, складывался лишь в два определения: «Или он, Митя, или Федор Павлович».","translation":"For him, in essence, the whole question that tormented him came down to just two terms: \"Either he, Mitya, or Fyodor Pavlovich.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вопрос, его мучивший","title":"A post-posed past active participle","body":"«его мучивший» (which tormented him) is a past active participle agreeing with «вопрос», placed after the noun for rhythmic weight — equivalent to «вопрос, который его мучил». Such participial modifiers are markedly bookish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Собственно","lemma":"собственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies складывался","gloss":"essentially"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of складывался","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of складывался","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of мучивший","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мучивший","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, nominative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"tormenting"},{"surface":"складывался","lemma":"складываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came down to"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies определения","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking определения","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter","role":"quantifies определения","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"определения","lemma":"определение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of складывался","gloss":"terms"},{"surface":"Или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"first term of the disjunction, restating определения","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with он","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b8-c1-s12","source":"Тут, кстати, нужно обозначить один твердый факт: он вполне был уверен, что Федор Павлович непременно предложит (если уж не предложил) Грушеньке законный брак, и не верил ни минуты, что старый сластолюбец надеется отделаться лишь тремя тысячами.","translation":"Here, by the way, one firm fact must be marked down: he was fully convinced that Fyodor Pavlovich would certainly offer Grushenka (if he had not already offered) lawful marriage, and he did not believe for a minute that the old voluptuary hoped to get off with a mere three thousand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"предложит (если уж не предложил)","title":"Perfective future vs perfective past","body":"«предложит» is the simple (perfective) future — a single completed offer he will make; the parenthetical «(если уж не предложил)» is the same verb in the perfective past — 'if he has not already made it.' One aspect pair spans both the anticipated and the possibly-accomplished act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не верил ни минуты","title":"«ни» intensifying the negation","body":"«не верил ни минуты» — 'did not believe for a single minute.' «ни» reinforces the «не» (negative concord), and «минуты» is a genitive of measure under negation, sharpening 'not for an instant.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сластолюбец","title":"«сластолюбец» — the old voluptuary","body":"A bookish compound, 'lover of sweet pleasures' (сласть + любить), meaning a sensualist or voluptuary. «старый сластолюбец» is Mitya's contemptuous label for his father — the moral keynote of Fyodor Pavlovich's character."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужно","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies нужно","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"it is necessary"},{"surface":"обозначить","lemma":"обозначить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нужно","gloss":"to mark down"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies факт","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"твердый","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies факт","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обозначить","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был уверен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверен","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to уверен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уверен","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of был","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предложит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предложит","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предложит","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"предложит","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверен","gloss":"would offer"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of предложил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предложил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предложил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"предложил","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel to предложит","gloss":"had offered","note":"Parenthetical concession: \"if he hadn't already.\""},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of предложил","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"законный","lemma":"законный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брак","gloss":"lawful"},{"surface":"брак","lemma":"брак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предложил","gloss":"marriage"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был (уверен)","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верил","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надеется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старый","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сластолюбец","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"сластолюбец","lemma":"сластолюбец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of надеется","gloss":"voluptuary"},{"surface":"надеется","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of верил","gloss":"hoped"},{"surface":"отделаться","lemma":"отделаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of надеется","gloss":"get off"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тремя","gloss":"with only"},{"surface":"тремя","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies тысячами","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячами","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отделаться","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b8-c1-s13","source":"Это вывел Митя, зная Грушеньку и ее характер.","translation":"This Mitya had deduced, knowing Grushenka and her character.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это вывел Митя","title":"Object-first word order","body":"Normal order would be «Митя вывел это»; fronting «Это» makes the just-stated conclusion the topic and throws the new information — that it was Mitya's own deduction — to the end. Free word order lets Russian foreground 'This' for cohesion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зная Грушеньку","title":"Gerund of grounds: «knowing Grushenka»","body":"«зная» is an imperfective gerund giving the basis of the deduction — he reasoned thus on the strength of knowing her and her character. It shares Mitya as subject of the main clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вывел","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вывел","lemma":"вывести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"deduced"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вывел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вывел","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of зная","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of характер","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Грушеньку","gloss":"character"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b8-c1-s14","source":"Вот почему ему и могло казаться временами, что вся мука Грушеньки и вся ее нерешимость происходит тоже лишь оттого, что она не знает, кого из них выбрать и кто из них будет ей выгоднее.","translation":"That is why it could at times seem to him that all Grushenka's torment and all her irresolution arose merely from her not knowing which of them to choose and which of them would be the more advantageous to her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему и могло казаться","title":"Impersonal «казаться» with dative experiencer","body":"«ему могло казаться» is an impersonal seeming-construction: the experiencer is dative «ему», there is no nominative subject, and the «и» here is an emphasizing particle ('that is precisely why it could seem to him')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кого из них выбрать… кто из них будет выгоднее","title":"Embedded questions: «кого» vs «кто»","body":"The interrogative «кто» appears in two cases: accusative-from-genitive «кого… выбрать» (whom to choose, animate) and nominative «кто… будет выгоднее» (who would be more advantageous). «выгоднее» is the predicative comparative of «выгодный»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of могло","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"казаться","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"seem"},{"surface":"временами","lemma":"временами","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of казаться","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of происходит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мука","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мука","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of происходит","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of мука","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of нерешимость","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of нерешимость","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"нерешимость","lemma":"нерешимость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мука","gloss":"irresolution"},{"surface":"происходит","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of казаться","gloss":"arose"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оттого","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оттого","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"оттого","lemma":"оттого","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходит","gloss":"from the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on происходит","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of выбрать","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of выбрать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"выбрать","lemma":"выбрать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of знает","gloss":"to choose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of выгоднее","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to выгоднее","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of выгоднее","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"выгоднее","lemma":"выгодный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with выбрать","gloss":"more advantageous"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b8-c1-s15","source":"О близком же возвращении «офицера», то есть того рокового человека в жизни Грушеньки, прибытия которого она ждала с таким волнением и страхом, он, странно это, в те дни даже и не думал думать.","translation":"As for the imminent return of the \"officer\" — that is, of that fateful man in Grushenka's life, whose arrival she awaited with such agitation and dread — he, strange to say, in those days did not even think to think about it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"того рокового человека… прибытия которого она ждала","title":"Genitive relative «которого» governed by the noun","body":"«прибытия которого она ждала» — «которого» is genitive because «ждать» governs the genitive of its object («ждать прибытия», to await the arrival). The relative agrees with «человека» in masculine singular but takes the case its own clause demands."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже и не думал думать","title":"Expressive figura: «didn't even think to think»","body":"«не думал думать» repeats the verb — the conjugated «думал» plus its own infinitive «думать» — to convey 'did not even bring himself to think of it.' «даже и» piles on emphasis. The doubling is a colloquial intensifier, deliberately odd in English too."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возвращении","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"близком","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies возвращении","gloss":"imminent"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies близком","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"возвращении","lemma":"возвращение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"офицера","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies возвращении","gloss":"officer's"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is","note":"то есть is the fixed idiom \"that is, i.e.\""},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человека","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"рокового","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"fateful"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to офицера","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"прибытия","lemma":"прибытие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ждала","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies прибытия","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ждала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ждала","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on человека","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of волнением","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"волнением","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждала","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страхом","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with волнением","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, modifies думал","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of странно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дни","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of думал","gloss":"to think"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b8-c1-s16","source":"Правда, что Грушенька с ним об этом в самые последние дни очень молчала.","translation":"True, in the very last days Grushenka had said very little to him about it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"очень молчала","title":"Imperfective «молчала» of habitual silence","body":"«молчать» (to keep silent) is an imperfective state-verb; «очень молчала об этом» means she was very silent / said very little on the subject over the last days. Russian can intensify even 'be silent' with «очень»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of молчала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of молчала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молчала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of молчала","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies последние","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies дни","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"дни","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of молчала","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчала","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"молчала","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Правда","gloss":"was silent"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b8-c1-s17","source":"Однако ему было вполне известно от нее же самой о письме, полученном тою месяц назад от этого бывшего ее обольстителя, было известно отчасти и содержание письма.","translation":"Yet he knew perfectly well, from her own lips, of the letter received a month before from this former seducer of hers, and he knew in part the contents of the letter as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"о письме, полученном… месяц назад","title":"Past passive participle as compact modifier","body":"«полученном» is a past passive participle (from perfective «получить») in the prepositional, agreeing with «письме»: 'the letter received a month ago.' It condenses 'the letter that had been received,' the patient-naming counterpart to the active participles elsewhere."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от неё же самой","title":"Intensifying «же» + «сама»","body":"«от неё же самой» stacks the particle «же» with the intensifier «сама» (her very self) to stress the source: 'from her own lips, from no one but her.' Both are emphatic devices reinforcing the same point."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обольстителя","title":"«обольститель» — the seducer","body":"A literary, faintly archaic word for a seducer or beguiler (from «обольстить», to beguile). «бывшего её обольстителя» — 'her former seducer' — names the officer's role in Grushenka's history in a single elevated noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer of известно","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to известно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of известно","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нее","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"сама","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нее","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking письме","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"письме","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of известно","gloss":"the letter"},{"surface":"полученном","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, locative, perfective","role":"clause modifying письме","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"тою","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent of полученном","gloss":"by her","note":"Archaic literary instrumental of та/тот, used as passive agent (\"received by her\")."},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полученном","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обольстителя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of обольстителя","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"бывшего","lemma":"бывший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обольстителя","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обольстителя","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"обольстителя","lemma":"обольститель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полученном","gloss":"seducer"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to известно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with известно","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"отчасти","lemma":"отчасти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"in part"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"содержание","lemma":"содержание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of известно","gloss":"the content"},{"surface":"письма","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies содержание","gloss":"of the letter"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b8-c1-s18","source":"Тогда, в одну злую минутку, Грушенька ему это письмо показала, но, к ее удивлению, письму этому он не придал почти никакой цены.","translation":"Then, in one spiteful moment, Grushenka had shown him that letter, but, to her surprise, he had attached almost no value to it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"письму этому он не придал… цены","title":"Dative object and genitive of negation, both fronted","body":"«придать цену чему-либо» (to attach value to) takes a dative; here «письму этому» is dative and fronted as topic, while under «не придал» the object «цену» shifts to genitive «никакой цены» — genitive of negation. Two cases at once, reordered for emphasis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"минутку","title":"«в одну злую минутку» — a spiteful little moment","body":"The diminutive «минутка» (from «минута») here is not tender but ironic, coloured by «злую» (spiteful): a nasty little moment in which Grushenka, half-maliciously, flashed the letter at him. The suffix lends an intimate, almost wheedling tone to the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показала","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минутку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies минутку","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"злую","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минутку","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показала","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of показала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показала","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письмо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of показала","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"показала","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлению","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of удивлению","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"удивлению","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical phrase modifying придал","gloss":"surprise"},{"surface":"письму","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of придал","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письму","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"придал","lemma":"придать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with показала","gloss":"attached"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никакой","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"никакой","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of цены","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"цены","lemma":"цена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of придал","gloss":"value"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b8-c1-s19","source":"И очень было бы трудно объяснить почему: может быть, просто потому, что сам, угнетенный всем безобразием и ужасом своей борьбы с родным отцом за эту женщину, он уже и предположить не мог для себя ничего страшнее и опаснее, по крайней мере в то время.","translation":"And it would be very difficult to explain why: perhaps simply because, oppressed as he was by the whole hideousness and horror of his struggle with his own father over this woman, he could no longer imagine for himself anything more terrible or more dangerous — at least at that time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"было бы… трудно объяснить","title":"Impersonal conditional: «it would be difficult»","body":"«очень было бы трудно объяснить» combines the impersonal predicate «трудно» (no nominative subject) with «бы» on past «было», forming a hypothetical: 'it would be hard to explain.' A subjectless, irrealis frame opening the narrator's speculation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"угнетённый всем безобразием","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental of cause","body":"«угнетённый» is a past passive participle ('oppressed'), and «всем безобразием и ужасом» is the instrumental naming what oppressed him — the instrumental of the agent/cause governed by the passive. 'Oppressed by the whole hideousness and horror.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего страшнее и опаснее","title":"Comparatives in the genitive of negation","body":"«не мог предположить… ничего страшнее и опаснее» — the predicative comparatives «страшнее», «опаснее» (more terrible, more dangerous) qualify «ничего», genitive under negation. He could imagine nothing worse — the comparison reaching for an absent superlative."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трудно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to трудно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks трудно as conditional/hypothetical","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"трудно","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"объяснить","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on трудно","gloss":"to explain"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объяснить","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, part of может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что, introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying он (understood)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"угнетенный","lemma":"угнетать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying сам","gloss":"oppressed"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of безобразием","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"безобразием","lemma":"безобразие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of угнетенный","gloss":"hideousness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ужасом","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with безобразием","gloss":"horror"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of борьбы","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"борьбы","lemma":"борьба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies безобразием/ужасом","gloss":"struggle"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"родным","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отцом","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of борьбы (via с)","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщину","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщину","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"женщину","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of борьбы (via за)","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предположить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"предположить","lemma":"предположить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the потому что clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of предположить","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"страшнее","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"more terrible"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опаснее","lemma":"опасный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with страшнее","gloss":"more dangerous"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial complement of мог (temporal)","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b8-c1-s20","source":"Жениху же, вдруг выскочившему откуда-то после пятилетнего исчезновения, он просто даже не верил, и особенно тому, что тот скоро приедет.","translation":"As for the suitor, who had suddenly popped up from somewhere after five years' disappearance, he simply did not believe in him at all, and least of all that the man would arrive soon.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Жениху же… не верил","title":"Dative object of «верить», fronted with «же»","body":"«верить» governs the dative, so «жениху» (the suitor) is dative; it is fronted as a contrastive topic marked by «же». «и особенно тому, что…» continues the dative with the correlative «тому» — 'and least of all in the fact that…'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выскочившему откуда-то","title":"Past active participle + indefinite «-то»","body":"«выскочившему» is a past active participle (from «выскочить», to pop out) in the dative, agreeing with «жениху»: 'who had suddenly popped up.' «откуда-то» uses the indefinite clitic «-то» — from somewhere unknown."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жениху","lemma":"жених","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"topic/oblique complement of верил (dative object)","gloss":"the suitor"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Жениху","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выскочившему","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"выскочившему","lemma":"выскочить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Жениху","gloss":"who had popped up"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выскочившему, part of откуда-то","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase откуда-то","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исчезновения","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"пятилетнего","lemma":"пятилетний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies исчезновения","gloss":"five years'"},{"surface":"исчезновения","lemma":"исчезновение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выскочившему","gloss":"disappearance"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of верил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верил","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Жениху as complement of верил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приедет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приедет","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приедет","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"приедет","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying тому","gloss":"would arrive"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b8-c1-s21","source":"Да и в самом этом первом письме «офицера», которое показали Митеньке, говорилось о приезде этого нового соперника весьма неопределенно: письмо было очень туманное, очень высокопарное и наполнено лишь чувствительностью.","translation":"Besides, in that very first letter from the \"officer\" that had been shown to Mitenka, the arrival of this new rival was spoken of most indefinitely: the letter was very vague, very high-flown, and filled with nothing but sentimentality.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорилось о приезде","title":"Impersonal -ся: «it was spoken of»","body":"«говорилось» is the reflexive -ся used as an impersonal passive — 'it was spoken of, mention was made,' with no agent. Russian routinely renders 'the text said / spoke of' with this subjectless middle."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"высокопарное","title":"«высокопарный» — high-flown","body":"A bookish adjective, lit. 'high-soaring' (высоко + парить, to soar), meaning bombastic, grandiloquent. With «туманное» (foggy, vague) and «чувствительностью» (sentimentality) it skewers the officer's letter as pompous romantic fog."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking письме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письме (emphatic: very)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of письме","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"первом","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies письме","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"письме","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорилось","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"офицера","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies письме","gloss":"the officer's"},{"surface":"которое","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of показали","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"показали","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on письме","gloss":"had been shown"},{"surface":"Митеньке","lemma":"Митенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показали","gloss":"Mitenka"},{"surface":"говорилось","lemma":"говориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was spoken"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приезде","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"приезде","lemma":"приезд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорилось","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of соперника","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"нового","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies соперника","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"соперника","lemma":"соперник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приезде","gloss":"rival"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неопределенно","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"неопределенно","lemma":"неопределённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорилось","gloss":"indefinitely"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of туманное","gloss":"the letter"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to туманное","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies туманное","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"туманное","lemma":"туманный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of письмо","gloss":"vague"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высокопарное","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"высокопарное","lemma":"высокопарный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with туманное","gloss":"high-flown"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наполнено","lemma":"наполнить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with туманное","gloss":"filled"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чувствительностью","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"чувствительностью","lemma":"чувствительность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наполнено","gloss":"sentimentality"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b8-c1-s22","source":"Надо заметить, что Грушенька в тот раз скрыла от него последние строчки письма, в которых говорилось несколько определеннее о возвращении.","translation":"It must be noted that Grushenka had on that occasion hidden from him the closing lines of the letter, in which the return was spoken of somewhat more definitely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"скрыла от него последние строчки","title":"Perfective «скрыть» of a single completed act","body":"«скрыла» is perfective past — one decisive act of concealment. «от него» (genitive after «от») marks from whom; «строчки» is the diminutive plural of «строка» (line), 'the little closing lines.' Note the narrator's care to flag what the reader earlier did not know."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в которых говорилось… определеннее","title":"Comparative «определённее» in the impersonal -ся","body":"Again the impersonal «говорилось» (it was spoken of), now with the predicative comparative «определённее» (more definitely) — the hidden lines spoke more plainly of the return. The comparative is the invariable -ее form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"заметить","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скрыла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of скрыла","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрыла","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"скрыла","lemma":"скрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of заметить","gloss":"had hidden"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрыла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies строчки","gloss":"closing"},{"surface":"строчки","lemma":"строчка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of скрыла","gloss":"lines"},{"surface":"письма","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies строчки","gloss":"of the letter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорилось","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"говорилось","lemma":"говориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on письма","gloss":"was spoken"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies определеннее","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"определеннее","lemma":"определённый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies говорилось","gloss":"more definitely"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возвращении","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"возвращении","lemma":"возвращение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of определеннее","gloss":"the return"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b8-c1-s23","source":"К тому же Митенька вспоминал потом, что в ту минуту уловил как бы некоторое невольное и гордое презрение к этому посланию из Сибири в лице самой Грушеньки.","translation":"Moreover, Mitenka recalled afterward that in that moment he had caught, as it were, a certain involuntary and proud contempt for this missive from Siberia in Grushenka's very face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы некоторое… презрение","title":"Hedging «как бы»: 'as it were'","body":"«как бы» softens and approximates — 'a kind of, as it were' — marking the narrator's (and Mitya's recollected) uncertainty about reading Grushenka's face. It is a pervasive Dostoevskian hedge, not a conditional «бы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase к тому же","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase к тому же","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase к тому же","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"Митенька","lemma":"Митенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспоминал","gloss":"Mitenka"},{"surface":"вспоминал","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспоминал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уловил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уловил","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"уловил","lemma":"уловить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вспоминал","gloss":"had caught"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies презрение","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of презрение","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"невольное","lemma":"невольный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies презрение","gloss":"involuntary"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гордое","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with невольное","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"презрение","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of уловил","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking посланию","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of посланию","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"посланию","lemma":"послание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of презрение (via к)","gloss":"missive"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сибири","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Сибири","lemma":"Сибирь","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies посланию","gloss":"Siberia"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial complement of уловил","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Грушеньки","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лице","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b8-c1-s24","source":"Затем Грушенька о всех дальнейших сношениях с этим новым соперником Митеньке уже ничего не сообщала.","translation":"After that Grushenka told Mitenka nothing further about any later dealings with this new rival.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже ничего не сообщала","title":"Negative concord with imperfective of habit","body":"«ничего… не сообщала» pairs the ни-word «ничего» with «не» (one negation), and the imperfective «сообщала» renders the ongoing state: from then on she told him nothing further. «уже» here marks the shift — 'no longer anything.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сношениях","title":"«сношения» — dealings, intercourse","body":"«сношения» means dealings, communications, relations (here «дальнейших сношениях» — further dealings). In 19th-century usage it is neutral; the modern reader should note its register has since narrowed and coloured. Here it simply means Grushenka's continued contact with the officer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщала","gloss":"after that"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сообщала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сношениях","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of сношениях","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"дальнейших","lemma":"дальнейший","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies сношениях","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"сношениях","lemma":"сношение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of сообщала","gloss":"dealings"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соперником","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of соперником","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"новым","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies соперником","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"соперником","lemma":"соперник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сношениях","gloss":"rival"},{"surface":"Митеньке","lemma":"Митенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сообщала","gloss":"Mitenka"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообщала","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of сообщала","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сообщала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сообщала","lemma":"сообщать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b8-c1-s25","source":"Таким образом и мало-помалу он совсем даже забыл об офицере.","translation":"And so, little by little, he forgot about the officer altogether.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем даже забыл","title":"Perfective result with piled emphasis","body":"«забыл» is perfective — the completed arrival at forgetting. «совсем даже… вовсе» stacks emphatic adverbs ('utterly, even, altogether') around it, a colloquial intensification of how thoroughly the officer slipped his mind."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мало-помалу","title":"«мало-помалу» — little by little","body":"A set reduplicative adverbial phrase, 'bit by bit, gradually' (lit. 'little-by-little'). Such paired, hyphenated expressions give Russian narration a folk, oral cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase таким образом","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase таким образом (thus)","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase мало-помалу, modifies забыл","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"помалу","lemma":"помалу","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase мало-помалу","gloss":"by little"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking офицере","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"офицере","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыл","gloss":"the officer"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b8-c1-s26","source":"Он думал только о том, что что бы там ни вышло и как бы дело ни обернулось, а надвигавшаяся окончательная сшибка его с Федором Павловичем слишком близка и должна разрешиться раньше всего другого.","translation":"He thought only of this: that whatever might come of it and however the matter might turn out, the looming, decisive collision between him and Fyodor Pavlovich was too near at hand and had to be settled before anything else.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что бы там ни вышло… как бы… ни обернулось","title":"Concessive «что бы ни / как бы ни»: 'whatever / however'","body":"The pattern «что бы ни + verb» and «как бы ни + verb» builds universal concessives — 'whatever might come of it, however the matter might turn out.' The «бы» is the irrealis particle and «ни» the concessive intensifier; the verbs are perfective past forms."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надвигавшаяся… сшибка","title":"Present-sense past active participle","body":"«надвигавшаяся» (from imperfective «надвигаться», to loom/advance) is a past active participle agreeing with «сшибка», giving the still-approaching collision an ongoing, menacing aspect — 'the looming clash.' «разрешиться» that follows is the perfective of resolution."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сшибка","title":"«сшибка» — a violent collision","body":"A vivid, slightly colloquial noun for a clash or smash-up (from «сшибить», to knock together). «окончательная сшибка» — the final collision with his father — is more physical and brutal than a neutral 'conflict,' priming the reader for violence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies том","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying том","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вышло","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the concessive phrase что бы... ни","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышло","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the concessive phrase что бы... ни вышло","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"came of it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the concessive phrase как бы... ни, modifies обернулось","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы... ни","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обернулось","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы... ни обернулось","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"обернулось","lemma":"обернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вышло","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"надвигавшаяся","lemma":"надвигаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying сшибка","gloss":"looming"},{"surface":"окончательная","lemma":"окончательный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сшибка","gloss":"decisive"},{"surface":"сшибка","lemma":"сшибка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of близка/должна","gloss":"collision"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сшибка (possessive: his)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Федором","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сшибка (via с)","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичем","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федором","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies близка","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"близка","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular, short form","role":"predicate of сшибка, coordinated with должна разрешиться","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"должна","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular, short form","role":"coordinated with близка","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"разрешиться","lemma":"разрешиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должна","gloss":"be settled"},{"surface":"раньше","lemma":"рано","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies разрешиться","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of раньше","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies всего","gloss":"else"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b8-c1-s27","source":"Замирая душой, он ежеминутно ждал решения Грушеньки и всё верил, что оно произойдет как бы внезапно, по вдохновению.","translation":"His soul sinking, he awaited Grushenka's decision every minute and kept on believing that it would come about, as it were, all at once, by inspiration.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Замирая душой","title":"Opening gerund: «his soul sinking»","body":"The sentence opens with the imperfective gerund «замирая» plus instrumental «душой» (sinking in soul) — the same image as «замирая сердцем» earlier, now with the soul. Fronting the gerund sets the emotional key before the main verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё верил, что оно произойдёт","title":"Imperfective «верил» vs perfective «произойдёт»","body":"«всё верил» — imperfective with «всё» ('kept on believing') — frames the durative state; the embedded «произойдёт» is the perfective future of a single event ('it would come about'). Aspect distinguishes the ongoing hope from the imagined sudden resolution."}],"words":[{"surface":"Замирая","lemma":"замирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ждал","gloss":"sinking"},{"surface":"душой","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Замирая","gloss":"in soul"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ждал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ежеминутно","lemma":"ежеминутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"every minute"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"решения","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ждал","gloss":"decision"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies решения","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верил","gloss":"kept on"},{"surface":"верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ждал","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of произойдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произойдет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"произойдет","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of верил","gloss":"would come about"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies внезапно","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произойдет","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вдохновению","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"вдохновению","lemma":"вдохновение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with внезапно, adverbial complement of произойдет","gloss":"inspiration"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b8-c1-s28","source":"Вдруг она скажет ему: «Возьми меня, я навеки твоя», — и всё кончится: он схватит ее и увезет на край света тотчас же.","translation":"Suddenly she would say to him: \"Take me, I am yours forever\" — and it would all be over: he would seize her and carry her off to the ends of the earth that very instant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"она скажет… он схватит и увезёт","title":"Perfective futures staging the daydream","body":"A chain of perfective simple futures — «скажет», «кончится», «схватит», «увезёт» — each a single completed act, conjures Mitya's fantasy as a swift sequence of decisive events. This is free indirect discourse: the narrator slips into Mitya's imagined future."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я навеки твоя","title":"Zero-copula nominative predicate","body":"«я… твоя» has no verb 'to be' — the present-tense copula is zero in Russian, and the predicate «твоя» (yours) stands in the nominative agreeing with «я». 'I am yours forever,' bare and absolute."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажет","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of скажет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of скажет","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Возьми","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"quoted clause, complement of скажет","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Возьми","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of твоя (implied copula)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies твоя","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of я (implied copula), parallel to Возьми","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кончится","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"кончится","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with скажет","gloss":"would be over"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"схватит","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with кончится","gloss":"would seize"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of схватит","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"увезет","lemma":"увезти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватит","gloss":"would carry off"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking край","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"край","lemma":"край","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увезет","gloss":"the ends"},{"surface":"света","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies край","gloss":"of the earth"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увезет","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"that very"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b8-c1-s29","source":"О, тотчас же увезет как можно, как можно дальше, если не на край света, то куда-нибудь на край России, женится там на ней и поселится с ней incognito, так чтоб уж никто не знал об них вовсе, ни здесь, ни там и нигде.","translation":"Oh, that very instant he would carry her away as far, as far as possible — if not to the ends of the earth, then somewhere to the ends of Russia, would marry her there and settle down with her incognito, so that no one at all should know of them, neither here, nor there, nor anywhere.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"incognito","title":"A Latin loanword","body":"Dostoevsky keeps the Latin word incognito (\"in secret, under a hidden identity\") in the Latin alphabet inside the Russian text; the original even footnotes it as тайно (\"secretly\"). Educated 19th-century Russians peppered their speech with such foreign tags, and Mitya's dream of vanishing 'incognito' marks the romantic, theatrical cast of his mind."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так чтоб уж никто не знал","title":"Purpose «чтоб(ы)» with past-form irrealis","body":"«так чтоб… не знал» is a purpose clause: «чтоб(ы)» (a clipped «чтобы») demands the past-tense form «знал» in its irrealis function — 'so that no one should know.' «никто… не» is negative concord; «ни здесь, ни там и нигде» piles on the ни-negators."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation preceding the main clause","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увезет","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"увезет","lemma":"увезти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would carry away"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как можно... дальше, modifies дальше","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как можно дальше","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как можно дальше (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как можно дальше","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies увезет","gloss":"farther"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause modifying дальше","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies край","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking край","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"край","lemma":"край","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увезет (conditional alternative)","gloss":"the ends"},{"surface":"света","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies край","gloss":"of the earth"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative with если, introduces the second alternative","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase куда-нибудь, modifies край","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase куда-нибудь","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking край","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"край","lemma":"край","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увезет","gloss":"the ends"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies край","gloss":"of Russia"},{"surface":"женится","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with увезет","gloss":"would marry"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies женится","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"(to)"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of женится","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поселится","lemma":"поселиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with женится","gloss":"would settle"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поселится","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"incognito","lemma":"incognito","morphology":"adverb (foreign loanword)","role":"modifies поселится","gloss":"incognito"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так чтоб (so that)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так чтоб, introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on поселится","gloss":"would know"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with там/нигде","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with здесь","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нигде","lemma":"нигде","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with здесь","gloss":"nowhere"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b8-c1-s30","source":"Тогда, о, тогда начнется тотчас же совсем новая жизнь!","translation":"Then, oh, then a completely new life would begin at once!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начнётся… новая жизнь","title":"Perfective future + reflexive inception","body":"«начнётся» is the perfective future of «начаться» (-ся middle): a new life 'will begin,' starting of itself. The exclamatory «о, тогда» and free indirect voice make it the climax of Mitya's reverie."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начнется","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation within the sentence","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начнется","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"начнется","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would begin"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начнется","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies новая","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"новая","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начнется","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b8-c1-s31","source":"Об этой другой, обновленной и уже «добродетельной» жизни («непременно, непременно добродетельной») он мечтал поминутно и исступленно.","translation":"Of this other, renewed, and now \"virtuous\" life (\"virtuous without fail, without fail\") he dreamed every minute and in a frenzy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Об этой… жизни… он мечтал","title":"Prepositional object fronted; «мечтать о»","body":"«мечтать» governs «о» + prepositional, so «об этой… жизни» is the prepositional object, fronted as topic before the verb «мечтал». The long string of agreeing modifiers («другой, обновлённой, добродетельной») all sit in the prepositional with the noun."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступленно","title":"«исступлённо» — in a frenzy","body":"From «исступление» (frenzy, ecstatic transport), this adverb means 'frenziedly, in a transport.' It is one of Dostoevsky's signature words for the overwrought, ecstatic-distracted state his characters fall into — Mitya dreams not calmly but «исступлённо»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"обновленной","lemma":"обновлённый","morphology":"adjective (past passive participle), locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with другой, modifies жизни","gloss":"renewed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies добродетельной","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"добродетельной","lemma":"добродетельный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with другой, modifies жизни","gloss":"virtuous"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative (prepositional), feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition Об, complement of мечтал","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies добродетельной (w11)","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies добродетельной (w11)","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"добродетельной","lemma":"добродетельный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"echoes добродетельной (w7), predicative repetition","gloss":"virtuous"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мечтал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мечтал","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dreamed"},{"surface":"поминутно","lemma":"поминутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мечтал","gloss":"every minute"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"исступленно","lemma":"исступлённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with поминутно","gloss":"in a frenzy"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b8-c1-s32","source":"Он жаждал этого воскресения и обновления.","translation":"He thirsted for this resurrection and renewal.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"жаждал этого воскресения","title":"«жаждать» + genitive object","body":"The bookish verb «жаждать» (to thirst for) governs the genitive: «жаждал… воскресения и обновления» — thirsted for resurrection and renewal. The genitive after verbs of desiring/seeking is the abstract-object pattern."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жаждал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"жаждал","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thirsted for"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of воскресения","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"воскресения","lemma":"воскресение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of жаждал","gloss":"resurrection"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обновления","lemma":"обновление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with воскресения","gloss":"renewal"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b8-c1-s33","source":"Гнусный омут, в котором он завяз сам своей волей, слишком тяготил его, и он, как и очень многие в таких случаях, всего более верил в перемену места: только бы не эти люди, только бы не эти обстоятельства, только бы улететь из этого проклятого места и — всё возродится, пойдет по-новому!","translation":"The vile mire into which he had sunk himself by his own will weighed on him too heavily, and, like very many men in such circumstances, he put his faith above all in a change of place: if only it were not these people, if only it were not these circumstances, if only he could fly away from this accursed spot — and everything would be reborn, would set off in a new way!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в котором он завяз","title":"Locative relative «в котором»","body":"«омут, в котором он завяз» — «в котором» is prepositional after «в», marking location within the relative clause: the mire in which he had got stuck. «завяз» is the perfective past of «завязнуть» (to get bogged down)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только бы не эти люди… только бы улететь","title":"Optative «только бы»: 'if only'","body":"The repeated «только бы» + (noun or infinitive) is the desiderative use of «бы»: 'if only it were not these people… if only he could fly away.' The particle alone, without a verb in the first phrases, carries the whole wish — a yearning anaphora."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"омут","title":"«омут» — the whirlpool, the mire","body":"An «омут» is a deep pool or whirlpool in a river; figuratively, a vortex one is sucked into. «гнусный омут» (vile whirlpool) names the moral morass Mitya feels himself drowning in — the proverbial «тихий омут» (still waters) lurking behind it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Гнусный","lemma":"гнусный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies омут","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"омут","lemma":"омут","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of тяготил","gloss":"mire"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завяз","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завяз","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"завяз","lemma":"завязнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on омут","gloss":"had sunk"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он (emphatic 'himself')","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of волей","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"волей","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завяз","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тяготил","gloss":"too heavily"},{"surface":"тяготил","lemma":"тяготить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with верил","gloss":"weighed on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of тяготил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of верил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with многие","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как и (comparative, 'like ... too')","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многие","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), nominative, plural","role":"compared to он (like many people)","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of случаях","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies многие (in such cases)","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"part of всего более (idiom, 'most of all')","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верил","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with тяготил","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking перемену","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"перемену","lemma":"перемена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верил","gloss":"a change"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies перемену","gloss":"of place"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of только бы (idiom, 'if only')","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of только бы","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the elliptical clause (эти люди)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of люди","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of elliptical clause (only if not these people)","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of только бы не (idiom, 'if only')","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of только бы","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the elliptical clause (эти обстоятельства)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of обстоятельства","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"обстоятельства","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with люди","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of только бы (idiom, 'if only')","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of только бы","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"улететь","lemma":"улететь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"wish-clause, parallel to эти люди/обстоятельства clauses","gloss":"to fly away"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of места","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"проклятого","lemma":"проклятый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies места","gloss":"accursed"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of улететь","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of возродится","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"возродится","lemma":"возродиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle (reflexive), third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойдет","gloss":"would be reborn"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with возродится, final main clause","gloss":"would go"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of по-новому (idiom), modifies пойдет","gloss":"in a"},{"surface":"новому","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of по-новому, modifies пойдет","gloss":"new way"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b8-c1-s34","source":"Вот во что он верил и по чем томился.","translation":"That was what he believed in and what he pined for.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"во что… по чём","title":"Prepositions splitting от their pronouns: «во что», «по чём»","body":"«верить во что» (believe in) takes «в» + accusative «что»; «томиться по чём» (pine for) takes «по» + an old prepositional «чём». The correlative interrogatives «что/чём» here function as relatives ('that which'). «по чём» is the archaic spelling of what is now «по чем»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of верил","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of верил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of томился","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"томился","lemma":"томиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with верил","gloss":"pined for"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b8-c1-s35","source":"Но это было лишь в случае первого, счастливого решения вопроса.","translation":"But this was only in the event of the first, the happy resolution of the question.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в случае первого… решения","title":"Genitive chain after «в случае»","body":"«в случае» (in the event of) governs the genitive, pulling the whole phrase «первого, счастливого решения вопроса» into the genitive, with «вопроса» a further genitive of 'of the question.' A tidy example of stacked genitives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, links это to случае","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в случае","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the event"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies решения","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"счастливого","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with первого","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"решения","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"resolution"},{"surface":"вопроса","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies решения","gloss":"of the question"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b8-c1-s36","source":"Было и другое решение, представлялся и другой, но ужасный уже исход.","translation":"There was another resolution too, another outcome presented itself — but a terrible one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"представлялся и другой… исход","title":"Reflexive -ся with subject-final word order","body":"«представлялся… исход» uses the -ся verb «представляться» (to present itself, appear) with the subject «исход» (outcome) held to the end — 'another outcome too presented itself.' The new, dreaded element lands last, in the stressed comment position."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies другое","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies решение","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"решение","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Было","gloss":"resolution"},{"surface":"представлялся","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Было","gloss":"presented itself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies другой","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of представлялся","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ужасный","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies исход","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исход","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"исход","lemma":"исход","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of представлялся (coordinated with другой, ужасный)","gloss":"outcome"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b8-c1-s37","source":"Вдруг она скажет ему: «Ступай, я порешила сейчас с Федором Павловичем и выхожу за него замуж, а тебя не надо», — и тогда… но тогда…","translation":"Suddenly she would say to him: \"Be off — I have just now settled things with Fyodor Pavlovich and am marrying him, and you are not wanted\" — and then… but then…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выхожу за него замуж","title":"Idiom «выходить замуж»: a woman's marrying","body":"«выходить/выйти замуж за кого» (lit. 'go out behind a husband for') is the fixed expression for a woman marrying a man; «за него» is «за» + accusative. Russian uses entirely separate idioms for a woman marrying («выйти замуж») and a man marrying («жениться»)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ступай","title":"«Ступай» — Be off, go","body":"«ступай» is the imperative of «ступать» (to step, go), a brusque, folksy 'go / be off with you.' In Grushenka's imagined dismissal it has a curt, dismissive snap that 'go' alone would miss. «тебя не надо» — 'you are not needed' — uses the impersonal «надо»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажет","gloss":"Suddenly"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of скажет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of скажет","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"first clause of quoted speech","gloss":"be off"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of порешила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"порешила","lemma":"порешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of скажет","gloss":"have decided"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies порешила","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Федором","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of порешила","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичем","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федором","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выхожу","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with порешила","gloss":"am marrying"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выхожу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"замуж","lemma":"замуж","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom выходить замуж (to marry)","gloss":"in marriage"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"complement of надо (impersonal: 'you are not needed')","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"coordinated with порешила","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical, trails off","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase, trails off","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b8-c1-s38","source":"Митя, впрочем, не знал, что будет тогда, до самого последнего часу не знал, в этом надо его оправдать.","translation":"Mitya, however, did not know what would happen then; right up to the very last hour he did not know — and in this he must be vindicated.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не знал, что будет тогда","title":"Embedded question with «что будет»","body":"«не знал, что будет тогда» — the future «будет» (of «быть») in an indirect question, 'did not know what would be / happen then.' The repetition «до самого последнего часу не знал» (note the old genitive «часу») hammers his ignorance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо его оправдать","title":"Impersonal «надо» + perfective infinitive","body":"«надо его оправдать» is the impersonal-necessity construction: invariable «надо» plus the perfective infinitive «оправдать» (to vindicate), with no nominative subject — 'in this he must be vindicated.' The narrator steps in to defend his hero."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of the sentence","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of будет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of subordinate clause (что будет тогда)","gloss":"would happen"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часу","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies последнего (intensifier)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies часу","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"часу","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of до, modifies знал (w13)","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал (w13)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated main verb (emphatic repetition of знал)","gloss":"did not know"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of надо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"predicate, governs оправдать","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оправдать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"оправдать","lemma":"оправдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"vindicate"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b8-c1-s39","source":"Намерений определенных у него не было, преступление обдумано не было.","translation":"He had no definite intentions; no crime had been thought out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Намерений… у него не было","title":"Genitive of negation with «не было»","body":"«определённых намерений… не было» — under «не было», the logical subject «намерения» (intentions) drops to genitive «намерений»: 'he had no definite intentions.' «у него» (genitive after «у») supplies the possessor. A textbook negated existential."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"преступление обдумано не было","title":"Short passive participle: «no crime had been thought out»","body":"«обдумано не было» is the short form of the past passive participle «обдуманный» joined to «было»: the periphrastic passive stating a result — 'the crime had not been thought out.' The short predicative form is the bookish, result-naming construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Намерений","lemma":"намерение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"subject (genitive of negation) of было","gloss":"intentions"},{"surface":"определенных","lemma":"определённый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies Намерений","gloss":"definite"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of у (у него = 'he had')","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"преступление","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive обдумано","gloss":"crime"},{"surface":"обдумано","lemma":"обдумать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"thought out"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обдумано","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of обдумано","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b8-c1-s40","source":"Он только следил, шпионил и мучился, но готовился все-таки лишь к первому, счастливому исходу судьбы своей.","translation":"He only watched, spied, and tormented himself, but for all that he was preparing only for the first, the happy turn of his fate.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"следил, шпионил и мучился","title":"Imperfective triad + reflexive «мучился»","body":"Three imperfectives in a row — «следил», «шпионил», «мучился» — paint the protracted, repeated activity of those days. «мучился» is the -ся form ('tormented himself / suffered'), the middle-reflexive counterpart of transitive «мучить»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"готовился… лишь к первому… исходу","title":"«готовиться к» + dative","body":"«готовиться к чему» (to prepare for) governs «к» + dative, so «к первому, счастливому исходу судьбы своей» sits in the dative. «своей» is the reflexive possessive — his own fate, referring back to the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of следил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies следил","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"следил","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"шпионил","lemma":"шпионить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with следил","gloss":"spied"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мучился","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with следил","gloss":"tormented himself"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"готовился","lemma":"готовиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with следил","gloss":"was preparing"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom все-таки (nevertheless)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom все-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies исходу","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исходу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первому","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies исходу","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"счастливому","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with первому","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"исходу","lemma":"исход","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of готовился","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"судьбы","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies исходу","gloss":"of fate"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of судьбы","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b8-c1-s41","source":"Даже отгонял всякую другую мысль.","translation":"He even drove off every other thought.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отгонял всякую другую мысль","title":"Imperfective of repeated effort","body":"«отгонял» (imperfective past of «отгонять», to drive off) renders the recurring, effortful act — he kept driving off every other thought. The accusative «всякую другую мысль» is the direct object; the imperfective signals the habitual struggle, not one act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отгонял","gloss":"He even"},{"surface":"отгонял","lemma":"отгонять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drove off"},{"surface":"всякую","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отгонял","gloss":"thought"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b8-c1-s42","source":"Но здесь уже начиналась совсем другая мука, вставало одно совсем новое и постороннее, но тоже роковое и неразрешимое обстоятельство.","translation":"But here a quite different torment began, here rose up something altogether new and extraneous, yet likewise fateful and insoluble.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начиналась… мука, вставало… обстоятельство","title":"Subject-final, verb-initial inversion","body":"Both clauses put the imperfective verb first and the subject last («начиналась мука», «вставало обстоятельство»). This presentational order — verb of appearing, then the new thing appearing — heightens the sense of something rising up unbidden before him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"новое и постороннее, но тоже роковое и неразрешимое","title":"A pile-up of neuter adjectives in agreement","body":"Four adjectives — «новое, постороннее, роковое, неразрешимое» — all take neuter singular endings to agree with «обстоятельство» (circumstance). The accumulation of qualifiers, balanced by «но тоже», is Dostoevsky's way of weighting the new dread."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начиналась","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начиналась","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"начиналась","lemma":"начинаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was beginning"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другая","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"другая","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мука","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"мука","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начиналась","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"вставало","lemma":"вставать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начиналась","gloss":"was arising"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies обстоятельство","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies новое","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"новое","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обстоятельство","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"постороннее","lemma":"посторонний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with новое","gloss":"extraneous"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies роковое","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"роковое","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with новое","gloss":"fateful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неразрешимое","lemma":"неразрешимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with новое","gloss":"insoluble"},{"surface":"обстоятельство","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вставало","gloss":"circumstance"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b8-c1-s43","source":"Именно, в случае если она скажет ему: «Я твоя, увези меня», то как он ее увезет?","translation":"Namely, in the event that she should say to him: \"I am yours, carry me off\" — then how was he to carry her off?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в случае если она скажет","title":"Conditional «в случае если» + perfective future","body":"«в случае если она скажет» frames a real conditional ('in the event that she should say'), with the perfective future «скажет» of a single act. «как он её увезёт?» follows with another perfective future — the practical question that ambushes his daydream."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"увези меня","title":"Perfective imperative «увези»","body":"«увези» is the imperative of perfective «увезти» (to carry off) — a single decisive command, 'carry me off.' Perfective imperatives urge one completed action; the answering «увезёт» echoes the same verb in the future."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажет","gloss":"Namely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom в случае если (in the event that)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase в случае","gloss":"the event"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase в случае если","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of скажет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"should say"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of скажет","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of твоя","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of Я (elliptical 'I am yours')","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"увези","lemma":"увезти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"second clause of quoted speech","gloss":"carry me off"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of увези","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увезет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увезет","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увезет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of увезет","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"увезет","lemma":"увезти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"would he carry off"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b8-c1-s44","source":"Где у него на то средства, деньги?","translation":"Where had he the means for it, the money?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Где у него… средства, деньги?","title":"Verbless possessive question","body":"«Где у него на то средства, деньги?» has no verb — the zero-copula present plus the «у него» possessive frame ('where had he the means?'). Russian readily drops 'to be' in such present-tense existential-possessive questions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Где (у него = 'he had')","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking средства","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of средства","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"средства","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of Где","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with средства","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b8-c1-s45","source":"У него как раз к этому сроку иссякли все до сих пор не прерывавшиеся в продолжение стольких лет его доходы от подачек Федора Павловича.","translation":"Just at this juncture all his income had run dry — the income from Fyodor Pavlovich's handouts that had not once been interrupted over so many years.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не прерывавшиеся… доходы","title":"Negated past active participle as modifier","body":"«не прерывавшиеся в продолжение стольких лет… доходы» — «прерывавшиеся» is a -ся past active participle ('that had not been interrupted'), negated by «не» and agreeing with «доходы». It packs a whole relative clause into one long pre-nominal modifier."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подачек","title":"«подачки» — handouts, doled-out scraps","body":"«подачка» (genitive plural «подачек») is a handout or sop — money tossed contemptuously, like a scrap to a dog. Calling Fyodor Pavlovich's payments «подачки» captures the humiliation of Mitya's dependence on his father."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of иссякли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom как раз (exactly)","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun (fossilized), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сроку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сроку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сроку","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of иссякли","gloss":"juncture"},{"surface":"иссякли","lemma":"иссякнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had run dry"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of доходы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom до сих пор (until now)","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прерывавшиеся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прерывавшиеся","lemma":"прерываться","morphology":"verb (past active participle), plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying доходы","gloss":"interrupted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom в продолжение (over the course of)","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"продолжение","lemma":"продолжение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прерывавшиеся","gloss":"the course of"},{"surface":"стольких","lemma":"столький","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies продолжение","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of доходы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"доходы","lemma":"доход","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of иссякли","gloss":"income"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подачек","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"подачек","lemma":"подачка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies доходы","gloss":"handouts"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подачек","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich's"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b8-c1-s46","source":"Конечно, у Грушеньки были деньги, но в Мите на этот счет вдруг оказалась страшная гордость: он хотел увезти ее сам и начать с ней новую жизнь на свои средства, а не на ее; он вообразить даже не мог, что возьмет у нее ее деньги, и страдал от этой мысли до мучительного отвращения.","translation":"Grushenka, of course, had money, but in Mitya there suddenly arose a fearful pride on this score: he wanted to carry her off himself and to begin a new life with her on his own means, not on hers; he could not even conceive of taking her money from her, and he suffered from the thought to the point of an agonizing revulsion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в Мите… оказалась… гордость","title":"Locative-of-person + subject-final reflexive","body":"«в Мите… оказалась страшная гордость» localizes the feeling inside the man («в Мите», prepositional) and holds the subject «гордость» to the end after the -ся verb «оказаться» (to turn out, prove). 'In Mitya there suddenly arose a fearful pride.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на свои средства, а не на её","title":"Reflexive «свои» vs the frozen «её»","body":"The contrast turns on possessives: «свои средства» (his own means, reflexive «свой» pointing to the subject) against «её» (hers, the invariable third-person form). Mitya's pride is exactly this distinction — his own money, not her money."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вообразить даже не мог, что возьмёт","title":"Perfective future inside reported thought","body":"«не мог вообразить… что возьмёт» embeds the perfective future «возьмёт» ('that he would take') under a verb of imagining — a single hypothetical act he recoils from. «страдал… до мучительного отвращения» then uses «до» + genitive to mark the extreme he suffered to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical (of course)","gloss":"Of course"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of были (у Грушеньки = 'Grushenka had')","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оказалась","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom на этот счет (on this score)","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of счет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"счет","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оказалась","gloss":"score"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказалась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"оказалась","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with были","gloss":"turned out to be"},{"surface":"страшная","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гордость","gloss":"fearful"},{"surface":"гордость","lemma":"гордость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оказалась","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of new sentence (after colon)","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"увезти","lemma":"увезти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to carry off"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of увезти","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он (emphatic 'himself')","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начать","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with увезти","gloss":"to begin"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"новую","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of начать","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking средства","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of средства","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"средства","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of начать (means)","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates на ее (contrast)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with средства","gloss":"hers"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вообразить","lemma":"вообразить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"to imagine"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of возьмет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"возьмет","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of мог","gloss":"would take"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возьмет","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of возьмет","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страдал","lemma":"страдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мысли","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of страдал","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отвращения","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"мучительного","lemma":"мучительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отвращения","gloss":"agonizing"},{"surface":"отвращения","lemma":"отвращение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"revulsion"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b8-c1-s47","source":"Не распространяюсь здесь об этом факте, не анализирую его, а лишь отмечаю: таков был склад души его в ту минуту.","translation":"I do not enlarge here upon this fact, nor analyze it, but merely note it: such was the cast of his soul at that moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не распространяюсь… не анализирую… отмечаю","title":"First-person present: the narrator steps forward","body":"A triad of first-person present-tense verbs — «распространяюсь» (-ся, 'I enlarge'), «анализирую», «отмечаю» — drops the pronoun «я» (the endings show person) and lets the chronicler-narrator address us directly. The present tense gives the aside its buttonholing immediacy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"склад души","title":"«склад души» — the cast of his soul","body":"«склад» is a make-up, cast, or bent; «склад души» (or «склад ума») means the inner constitution or disposition. 'Such was the cast of his soul at that moment' — a phrase reaching for the whole shape of Mitya's character in one stroke."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies распространяюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"распространяюсь","lemma":"распространяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do I enlarge"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies распространяюсь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking факте","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of факте","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"факте","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of об","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies анализирую","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"анализирую","lemma":"анализировать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with распространяюсь","gloss":"do I analyze"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of анализирую","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отмечаю","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"отмечаю","lemma":"отмечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with распространяюсь","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"таков","lemma":"таков","morphology":"predicative pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of был (with склад as subject)","gloss":"such","note":"Predicate-first word order: 'таков был склад' = 'such was the cast', not a proper noun."},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking склад and таков","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"склад","lemma":"склад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies склад","gloss":"of soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies души","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b8-c1-s48","source":"Могло всё это происходить косвенно и как бы бессознательно даже от тайных мук его совести за воровски присвоенные им деньги Катерины Ивановны: «Пред одной подлец и пред другой тотчас же выйду опять подлец, — думал он тогда, как сам потом признавался, — да Грушенька коли узнает, так и сама не захочет такого подлеца».","translation":"All this might come about indirectly and, as it were, even unconsciously, out of the secret pangs of his conscience over the money of Katerina Ivanovna's that he had thievishly appropriated: \"Before one woman I am a scoundrel, and before the other I shall at once turn out a scoundrel again,\" he thought then, as he himself afterward confessed, \"and besides, if Grushenka finds out, she will not herself want such a scoundrel.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"воровски присвоенные им деньги","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«присвоенные им деньги» — «присвоенные» is a past passive participle (from «присвоить», to appropriate) agreeing with «деньги», and «им» is the instrumental of the agent: 'the money appropriated by him.' «воровски» ('thievishly') is the damning adverb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред одной… пред другой… выйду подлец","title":"Archaic «пред» and predicate «подлец»","body":"«пред» is the bookish/elevated form of «перед» (before), governing the instrumental «одной»/«другой» (women understood). «выйду… подлец» uses «выйти» idiomatically ('I shall turn out [to be]') with a bare nominative «подлец» — he will prove a scoundrel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли узнает","title":"Folk conditional «коли»","body":"«коли» is a colloquial/folk conjunction for «если» (if): «да Грушенька коли узнает» — 'and besides, if Grushenka finds out.' Dostoevsky gives Mitya this homely 'if' in his self-tormenting inner monologue. «узнает» is the perfective future."}],"words":[{"surface":"Могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of происходить","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"происходить","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Могло","gloss":"come about"},{"surface":"косвенно","lemma":"косвенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходить","gloss":"indirectly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies бессознательно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"it were","note":"как бы = 'as it were'."},{"surface":"бессознательно","lemma":"бессознательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходить","gloss":"unconsciously"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мук","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мук","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тайных","lemma":"тайный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies мук","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"мук","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of от","gloss":"pangs"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of совести","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мук","gloss":"of conscience"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньги","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"воровски","lemma":"воровски","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies присвоенные","gloss":"thievishly"},{"surface":"присвоенные","lemma":"присвоить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying деньги","gloss":"appropriated"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of присвоенные","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"object of за","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"Katerina's"},{"surface":"Ивановны","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерины","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"Пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одной","gloss":"before","note":"Archaic/poetic form of перед."},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of Пред","gloss":"one (woman)"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause (I am a scoundrel)","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of пред","gloss":"the other (woman)"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйду","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"выйду","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I shall turn out"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйду","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of выйду","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"matrix verb introducing the quoted speech","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of признавался","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the subject of признавался (himself)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies признавался","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"признавался","lemma":"признаваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by как","gloss":"confessed"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and","note":"Here да means 'and, moreover,' not 'yes'."},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of узнает","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узнает","gloss":"if","note":"Colloquial/folk form of 'если' (if)."},{"surface":"узнает","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the коли-clause","gloss":"finds out"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"resumptive adverb pairing with коли (then)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of захочет (she herself)","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захочет","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"will want"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of подлеца","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"подлеца","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of захочет","gloss":"scoundrel"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b8-c1-s49","source":"Итак, где же взять средства, где взять эти роковые деньги?","translation":"And so, where was he to get the means, where was he to get this fateful money?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"где же взять… деньги?","title":"Infinitive question with insistent «же»","body":"«где же взять?» uses a bare infinitive «взять» (to get) in a deliberative question — 'where is one to get?' — with «же» adding exasperated insistence. The dative subject is unexpressed but understood (where is *he* to get); the repetition «где… где» drives the anguish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Итак","lemma":"итак","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"And so"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взять","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive verb of the clause","gloss":"to get"},{"surface":"средства","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"the means"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взять","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive verb of the second clause","gloss":"to get"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"роковые","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"fateful"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b8-c1-s50","source":"Иначе всё пропадет и ничего не состоится, «и единственно потому, что не хватило денег, о позор!»","translation":"Otherwise everything would be lost and nothing would come about, \"and solely because there was not money enough — oh, the shame of it!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё пропадёт… ничего не состоится","title":"Perfective futures of ruin","body":"«пропадёт» (will be lost) and «состоится» (will come off, -ся) are perfective simple futures, each a single irreversible outcome. «ничего не состоится» is negative concord — 'nothing will come about.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не хватило денег","title":"Impersonal «не хватило» + genitive","body":"«не хватило денег» is the impersonal 'there was not enough': the neuter «хватило» takes no nominative subject, and «денег» stands in the genitive (genitive of negation / partitive shortfall) — 'money was not enough.' A very common idiom of lack."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пропадет","gloss":"Otherwise"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пропадет","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"пропадет","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would be lost"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of состоится","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies состоится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"состоится","lemma":"состояться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пропадет","gloss":"would come about"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlate of the что-clause (because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хватило","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хватило","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хватило","lemma":"хватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on потому","gloss":"was enough"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"subject of хватило","gloss":"of money"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection preposition","role":"preposition marking позор (exclamation)","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation (oh, the shame!)","gloss":"shame"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b8-c1-s51","source":"Забегаю вперед: то-то и есть, что он, может быть, и знал, где достать эти деньги, знал, может быть, где и лежат они.","translation":"I run ahead of myself: the thing is precisely that he, perhaps, did know where to get this money, knew, perhaps, where it even lay.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"то-то и есть","title":"«то-то и есть» — 'that's just the thing'","body":"A set colloquial phrase meaning 'that's precisely the point / that's just it.' The narrator uses it to flag the crux. «Забегаю вперёд» ('I run ahead [of myself]') likewise signals the chronicler tipping his hand about what is to come."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"знал, где достать… где и лежат они","title":"Embedded «где» with aspect contrast","body":"«где достать» (perfective infinitive — where to get it, one act) sits beside «где… лежат они» (imperfective present — where they lie, an ongoing state). The hedging «может быть» repeated, and «и» before «лежат» ('where they even lie'), build the narrator's teasing suspense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Забегаю","lemma":"забегать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I run ahead"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Забегаю","gloss":"ahead"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть (part of idiom то-то)","gloss":"the point"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то-то","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (perhaps), modifies знал","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of есть","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достать","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"достать","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of знал","gloss":"to get"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of достать","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (perhaps), modifies лежат","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежат","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лежат","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"лежат","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the где-clause","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of лежат","gloss":"they"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b8-c1-s52","source":"Подробнее на этот раз ничего не скажу, ибо потом всё объяснится; но вот в чем состояла главная для него беда, и хотя неясно, но я это выскажу; чтобы взять эти лежащие где-то средства, чтобы иметь право взять их, надо было предварительно возвратить три тысячи Катерине Ивановне — иначе «я карманный вор, я подлец, а новую жизнь я не хочу начинать подлецом», — решил Митя, а потому решил перевернуть весь мир, если надо, но непременно эти три тысячи отдать Катерине Ивановне во что бы то ни стало и прежде всего.","translation":"I shall say nothing more about it this time, for it will all be explained later; but here is what his chief trouble consisted in, and though obscurely, I will speak it out: in order to take this money that lay somewhere, in order to have the right to take it, he had first to return the three thousand to Katerina Ivanovna — otherwise \"I am a pickpocket, I am a scoundrel, and I do not wish to begin a new life as a scoundrel,\" Mitya decided, and so he resolved to turn the whole world upside down if need be, but without fail to give these three thousand back to Katerina Ivanovna whatever it might cost, and before all else.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо потом всё объяснится","title":"Archaic «ибо» + reflexive future","body":"«ибо» is the bookish/archaic conjunction for «потому что / так как» (for, because), a marker of elevated 19th-century prose. «объяснится» is the -ся perfective future, 'it will be explained / will become clear' of itself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы взять… чтобы иметь право… надо было… возвратить","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + impersonal necessity","body":"Two parallel «чтобы» + infinitive purpose clauses ('in order to take… in order to have the right') feed into the impersonal «надо было… возвратить» (it was necessary to return). The whole logical scaffold of Mitya's resolve is built on purpose and necessity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"во что бы то ни стало","title":"The idiom «во что бы то ни стало»","body":"A frozen concessive idiom, lit. 'whatever it might come to,' meaning 'at all costs, come what may.' It preserves the irrealis «бы» and concessive «ни» fossilized into a single set phrase — Mitya will repay Katerina Ivanovna 'whatever it might cost.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Подробнее","lemma":"подробно","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"in detail"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of на","gloss":"time","note":"на этот раз = 'this time'."},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will say"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of объяснится","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объяснится","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of объяснится","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"объяснится","lemma":"объясниться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of скажу","gloss":"will be explained"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of состояла","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"состояла","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the new clause","gloss":"consisted"},{"surface":"главная","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies беда","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of для","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"беда","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of состояла","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies неясно","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"неясно","lemma":"неясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical clause (though obscurely)","gloss":"obscurely"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выскажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выскажу","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"выскажу","lemma":"высказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with скажу","gloss":"will speak out"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взять","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on выскажу","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of средства","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"лежащие","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies средства","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase где-то, modifies средства","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase где-то","gloss":"-ever","note":"где-то = 'somewhere'."},{"surface":"средства","lemma":"средство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of иметь","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"иметь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on взять","gloss":"to have"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of иметь","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies право","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of new clause (it was necessary)","gloss":"it was necessary"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"предварительно","lemma":"предварительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвратить","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"возвратить","lemma":"возвратить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to return"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возвратить","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of возвратить","gloss":"to Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вор","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"карманный","lemma":"карманный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вор","gloss":"pickpocket"},{"surface":"вор","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of quoted clause","gloss":"a thief"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подлец","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вор","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"новую","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of хочу","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"начинать","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to begin"},{"surface":"подлецом","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of начинать","gloss":"as a scoundrel"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"matrix verb introducing the quoted speech","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решил","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with решил","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"перевернуть","lemma":"перевернуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решил","gloss":"to turn upside down"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мир","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of перевернуть","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on перевернуть","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдать","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячи","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отдать","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with перевернуть","gloss":"to give back"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of отдать","gloss":"to Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom во что бы то ни стало","gloss":"whatever","note":"во что бы то ни стало = 'whatever it might cost/take'."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase во","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase во","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase во","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase во","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"oblique complement of отдать","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom прежде всего, modifies отдать","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase прежде","gloss":"all","note":"прежде всего = 'above all, first of all'."}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b8-c1-s53","source":"Окончательный процесс этого решения произошел с ним, так сказать, в самые последние часы его жизни, именно с последнего свидания с Алешей, два дня тому назад вечером, на дороге, после того как Грушенька оскорбила Катерину Ивановну, а Митя, выслушав рассказ о том от Алеши, сознался, что он подлец, и велел передать это Катерине Ивановне, «если это может сколько-нибудь ее облегчить».","translation":"The final working out of this decision came to him, so to speak, in the very last hours of his life — namely, from the time of his last meeting with Alyosha, two days before, in the evening, on the road, after Grushenka had insulted Katerina Ivanovna, and Mitya, having heard the account of it from Alyosha, confessed himself a scoundrel and bade him pass this on to Katerina Ivanovna, \"if it can ease her in any way.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выслушав рассказ","title":"Perfective past gerund «выслушав»: prior action","body":"«выслушав» (having heard out) is a perfective past gerund in -в, marking an action completed before the main verbs «сознался»/«велел» — the standard way Russian stacks 'having done X, he did Y.' It shares Mitya as subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"велел передать это","title":"«велеть» + infinitive: an order relayed","body":"«велел передать» — «велеть» (to bid, order) plus the perfective infinitive «передать» (to pass on): he bade [Alyosha] convey it. Subordinate «если это может… её облегчить» softens the command with a perfective infinitive of result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Окончательный","lemma":"окончательный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies процесс","gloss":"final"},{"surface":"процесс","lemma":"процесс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произошел","gloss":"process"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of решения","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"решения","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies процесс","gloss":"of the decision"},{"surface":"произошел","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took place"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of с","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical (so to speak)","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часы","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies последние","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies часы","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"часы","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of произошел","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies часы","gloss":"of his life"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свидания","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидания","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies свидания","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"свидания","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошел","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свидания","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошел","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom тому назад","gloss":"ago","note":"тому назад = 'ago' (literally 'back to that')."},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom тому назад","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"вечером","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies произошел","gloss":"in the evening"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"дороге","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошел","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of после, correlate of как-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оскорбила","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оскорбила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"оскорбила","lemma":"оскорбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"insulted"},{"surface":"Катерину","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оскорбила","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановну","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерину","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сознался","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"выслушав","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сознался","gloss":"having heard"},{"surface":"рассказ","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выслушав","gloss":"the account"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies рассказ","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алеши","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рассказ","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"сознался","lemma":"сознаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with произошел","gloss":"confessed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подлец","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подлец","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of сознался","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with произошел","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"передать","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"to convey"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of передать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of передать","gloss":"to Katerina"},{"surface":"Ивановне","lemma":"ивановна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Катерине","gloss":"Ivanovna"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on передать","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase сколько-нибудь, modifies облегчить","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase сколько-нибудь","gloss":"-ever","note":"сколько-нибудь = 'in any way, somewhat'."},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of облегчить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"облегчить","lemma":"облегчить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"ease"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b8-c1-s54","source":"Тогда же, в ту ночь, расставшись с братом, почувствовал он в исступлении своем, что лучше даже «убить и ограбить кого-нибудь, но долг Кате возвратить».","translation":"Then too, on that very night, having parted from his brother, he felt in his frenzy that it would be better even \"to kill and rob somebody, but to pay back the debt to Katya.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лучше… «убить и ограбить… но… возвратить»","title":"Comparative «лучше» framing the moral choice","body":"«лучше… убить… но… возвратить» — the predicative comparative «лучше» (better) governs a string of perfective infinitives: better to kill and rob than fail to repay. The aspect makes each a single imagined deed; the structure stages Mitya's terrible logic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Кате","title":"«Катя» — the intimate name","body":"Inside his frenzied thought Mitya shrinks the formal «Катерина Ивановна» to the bare diminutive «Катя» (dative «Кате»). The slide from full name-and-patronymic in the narration to «Катя» in his interior cry marks how close, and how guiltily, he holds her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Тогда","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of почувствовал","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"расставшись","lemma":"расстаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on почувствовал","gloss":"having parted"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братом","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"братом","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of с","gloss":"his brother"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"исступлении","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of в","gloss":"frenzy"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of исступлении","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of почувствовал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"clausal complement of почувствовал","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убить","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on лучше","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ограбить","lemma":"ограбить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with убить","gloss":"rob"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of убить and ограбить","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun кого-нибудь","gloss":"-body"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"долг","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возвратить","gloss":"the debt"},{"surface":"Кате","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of возвратить","gloss":"to Katya"},{"surface":"возвратить","lemma":"возвратить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with убить","gloss":"pay back"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b8-c1-s55","source":"«Пусть уж лучше я пред тем, убитым и ограбленным, убийцей и вором выйду и пред всеми людьми, и в Сибирь пойду, чем если Катя вправе будет сказать, что я ей изменил, и у нее же деньги украл, и на ее же деньги с Грушенькой убежал добродетельную жизнь начинать!","translation":"\"Let me rather stand before that man, killed and robbed, as a murderer and a thief, and before all people, and go off to Siberia, than that Katya should have the right to say that I betrayed her, and stole her money, and ran off on her own money with Grushenka to begin a virtuous life!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть уж лучше я… выйду… пойду… чем","title":"Hortative «пусть» + perfective future comparison","body":"«пусть… я… выйду… и… пойду… чем» — «пусть» ('let, may') introduces a third-person/first-person concession with perfective futures «выйду», «пойду», set against «чем» ('than'). 'Let me rather turn out a murderer… than that Katya should have the right…' — the whole self-sentencing built on let-X-rather-than-Y."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"убитым и ограбленным… убийцей и вором","title":"Past passive participles and predicate instrumentals","body":"«убитым и ограбленным» are past passive participles in the instrumental (qualifying «пред тем», the man), while «убийцей и вором» are predicate instrumentals after «выйду» — the roles Mitya would 'come out as.' Both leverage the instrumental: of state and of assumed role."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces optative clause with выйду","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies лучше","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies выйду (rather... than)","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выйду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of пред","gloss":"that man","note":"refers to the murdered man (his father)."},{"surface":"убитым","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ограбленным","lemma":"ограбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"coordinated with убитым","gloss":"robbed"},{"surface":"убийцей","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of выйду","gloss":"a murderer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вором","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with убийцей","gloss":"a thief"},{"surface":"выйду","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with пойду","gloss":"let me stand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людьми","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of людьми","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"людьми","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выйду","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сибирь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Сибирь","lemma":"сибирь","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойду","gloss":"Siberia"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выйду","gloss":"go off"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of будет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"Катя","lemma":"катя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"Katya"},{"surface":"вправе","lemma":"вправе","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of будет","gloss":"entitled"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"future auxiliary with вправе","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of вправе","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of изменил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of изменил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of изменил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"изменил","lemma":"изменить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказать","gloss":"betrayed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of украл","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нее","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of украл","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"украл","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with изменил","gloss":"stole"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньги","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ее","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of убежал","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушенькой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Грушенькой","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убежал","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"убежал","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with изменил","gloss":"ran off"},{"surface":"добродетельную","lemma":"добродетельный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"virtuous"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of начинать","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"начинать","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of убежал","gloss":"to begin"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b8-c1-s56","source":"Этого не могу!»","translation":"That I cannot do!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Этого не могу!","title":"Genitive of negation with a clipped verb","body":"«Этого не могу!» — the object «это» becomes genitive «этого» under the negated «не могу» (with «сделать», to do, understood). Genitive of negation plus the dropped infinitive give the line its abrupt, broken-off force: 'That I cannot [do]!'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of могу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I cannot"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b8-c1-s57","source":"Так со скрежетом зубов изрек Митя и действительно мог представить себе временами, что кончит воспалением в мозгу.","translation":"So Mitya pronounced, grinding his teeth, and at times he could indeed picture himself ending in brain fever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"со скрежетом зубов изрёк Митя","title":"Inversion and the Slavonic verb «изрёк»","body":"«изрёк» is an elevated, Church-Slavonic-flavoured verb 'pronounced, uttered' (cf. «речь», «рече»), lending Mitya's outburst a mock-scriptural solemnity. The verb-before-subject order «изрёк Митя» is the standard inversion after direct speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изрек","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скрежетом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"скрежетом","lemma":"скрежет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изрек","gloss":"a grinding"},{"surface":"зубов","lemma":"зуб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies скрежетом","gloss":"of teeth"},{"surface":"изрек","lemma":"изречь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изрек","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with изрек","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"picture"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представить","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"временами","lemma":"временами","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of представить","gloss":"at times"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кончит","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of представить","gloss":"he'd end"},{"surface":"воспалением","lemma":"воспаление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончит","gloss":"in inflammation"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мозгу","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"мозгу","lemma":"мозг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воспалением","gloss":"brain","note":"воспаление в мозгу = \"brain fever,\" rendered by our translation as that idiom."}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b8-c1-s58","source":"Но пока боролся…","translation":"But meanwhile he kept struggling…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пока боролся…","title":"«пока» + imperfective of ongoing struggle","body":"«пока боролся» — «пока» ('while, meanwhile') with the imperfective past «боролся» (was struggling, -ся) names the durative background. The trailing ellipsis leaves the struggle unresolved, suspended mid-action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боролся","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"боролся","lemma":"бороться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he struggled"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b8-c1-s59","source":"Странное дело: казалось бы, что тут при таком решении, кроме отчаяния, ничего уже более для него не оставалось; ибо где взять вдруг такие деньги, да еще такому голышу, как он?","translation":"A strange thing: one would have thought that, with such a decision, nothing was left for him but despair; for where was he suddenly to get such money, and a pauper like him at that?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"казалось бы","title":"«казалось бы» — 'one would have thought'","body":"«казалось бы» fuses the impersonal «казалось» (it seemed) with «бы», a fixed expression introducing an expectation about to be overturned: 'one would have thought…' It signals the narrator setting up a surprise (his persisting hope despite all reason)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где взять… да ещё такому голышу","title":"Infinitive question with dative subject","body":"«где взять… такому голышу, как он?» — the deliberative infinitive «взять» with its logical subject in the dative «такому голышу» (such a pauper). The dative-plus-infinitive is the classic frame for 'where is X to get?'; «да ещё» adds 'and on top of that.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голышу","title":"«голыш» — a stark pauper","body":"«голыш» (dative «голышу»), from «голый» (naked, bare), is a vivid colloquial word for a penniless, stripped-bare wretch. 'A pauper like him' — but more pungent: a man with literally nothing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Странное","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of казалось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оставалось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставалось","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking решении","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of решении","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"решении","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставалось","gloss":"a decision"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчаяния","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"отчаяния","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of оставалось","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставалось","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставалось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставалось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оставалось","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of казалось","gloss":"was left"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взять","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взять","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main predicate of the ибо-clause","gloss":"was he to get"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взять","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies такому","gloss":"what's more"},{"surface":"такому","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голышу","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"голышу","lemma":"голыш","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to него","gloss":"pauper"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison clause on голышу","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"elliptical subject of the как-clause","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b8-c1-s60","source":"А между тем он до конца всё то время надеялся, что достанет эти три тысячи, что они придут, слетят к нему как-нибудь сами, даже хоть с неба.","translation":"And yet, to the very end, all that time, he kept hoping that he would obtain these three thousand, that they would come, would fly down to him of themselves somehow, even from the sky.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надеялся, что достанет… что они придут, слетят","title":"Imperfective hope, perfective-future arrivals","body":"«надеялся» (imperfective, durative 'kept hoping') frames embedded perfective futures «достанет», «придут», «слетят» — the single hoped-for events. The aspectual play sets ongoing hope against imagined sudden windfall."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слетят к нему… сами","title":"Prefixed motion verb + intensifier «сами»","body":"«слетят» is a prefixed perfective of motion (с- + лететь, 'fly down'), giving precise direction; «к нему» is «к» + dative ('toward him'). «сами» ('of themselves') personifies the money, fluttering down on its own «даже хоть с неба» (even from the sky) — Mitya's magical thinking laid bare."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of надеялся","gloss":"meanwhile","note":"а между тем is a fixed phrase, \"and yet.\""},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of надеялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конца","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"конца","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надеялся","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of надеялся","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"надеялся","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept hoping"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of достанет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"достанет","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of надеялся","gloss":"he'd obtain"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of три","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of достанет","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of придут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"придут","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to достанет","gloss":"would come"},{"surface":"слетят","lemma":"слететь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with придут","gloss":"fly down"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слетят","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слетят (part of как-нибудь)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слетят (part of как-нибудь)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies они (via слетят)","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неба","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неба","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неба","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"неба","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of слетят","gloss":"the sky"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b8-c1-s61","source":"Но так именно бывает с теми, которые, как и Дмитрий Федорович, всю жизнь свою умеют лишь тратить и мотать доставшиеся по наследству деньги даром, а о том, как добываются деньги, не имеют никакого понятия.","translation":"But that is exactly how it is with those who, like Dmitri Fyodorovich, know all their lives only how to spend and squander money that has come down to them by inheritance, for nothing, and who have no notion at all of how money is got.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с теми, которые","title":"Correlative demonstrative + relative","body":"«с теми, которые…» pairs the demonstrative «тот» (here instrumental plural «теми» after «с») with the relative «который», meaning 'with those who…'. The demonstrative is the antecedent inside the main clause; «которые» then opens its own clause taking nominative because it is the subject of «умеют»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"доставшиеся по наследству деньги","title":"Past active participle as modifier","body":"«доставшиеся» is a past active participle from perfective «достаться» ('to fall to one's lot'), agreeing with «деньги» — literally 'the money that had come down [to them]'. Such a participle compresses a «который»-clause into one bookish adjective-like word, a hallmark of Dostoevsky's narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как добываются деньги","title":"-ся as imperfective passive","body":"«добываются» (from «добывать», 'to obtain, extract') carries the clitic «-ся» to form an impersonal/passive 'how money gets got'. The «-ся» passive is reserved for the imperfective and frames a general process with no named agent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не имеют никакого понятия","title":"Negative concord and genitive of negation","body":"The ни-word «никакого» reinforces the verbal «не» (negative concord — two negatives, one meaning), and the negated object «понятия» stands in the genitive, the genitive of negation. The idiom «не иметь понятия» means 'to have no idea'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывает","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"бывает","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it happens"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking теми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"теми","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of бывает","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of умеют","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical clause on которые","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Дмитрий","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"elliptical clause compared with которые","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умеют","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"умеют","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause on теми","gloss":"know only how"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тратить","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"тратить","lemma":"тратить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умеют","gloss":"spend"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мотать","lemma":"мотать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with тратить","gloss":"squander"},{"surface":"доставшиеся","lemma":"достаться","morphology":"verb, past, participle, plural, accusative, reflexive, perfective","role":"clause modifying деньги","gloss":"that came","note":"доставшийся: past participle of the reflexive perfective достаться, \"to fall to one's lot.\""},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наследству","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"наследству","lemma":"наследство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of доставшиеся","gloss":"inheritance"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of тратить/мотать","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"даром","lemma":"даром","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тратить","gloss":"for nothing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of имеют","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies добываются","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"добываются","lemma":"добывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"is gotten"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of добываются","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеют","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имеют","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with умеют","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of понятия","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"понятия","lemma":"понятие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеют","gloss":"idea"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b8-c1-s62","source":"Самый фантастический вихрь поднялся в голове его сейчас после того, как он третьего дня расстался с Алешей, и спутал все его мысли.","translation":"The most fantastic whirlwind rose up in his head right after he parted from Alyosha two days before, and tangled all his thoughts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фантастический вихрь","title":"A whirlwind of the mind","body":"«вихрь» is a whirlwind or vortex; paired with «фантастический» it figures the chaotic, fantastical swirl of Mitya's thoughts. «Фантастический» is a favourite Dostoevskian word for the wild, near-delirious, larger-than-life quality of his characters' inner states."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"третьего дня","title":"'The day before yesterday'","body":"«третьего дня» is a fixed genitive-of-time phrase meaning 'two days ago / the day before yesterday' (literally 'of the third day'). It is somewhat dated and literary, exactly the register of 1860s prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поднялся… и спутал","title":"Perfective pair moving the action","body":"Both verbs are perfective («подняться», «спутать»), narrating two single completed events — the whirlwind rose up and tangled his thoughts — that push the story forward against the imperfective background."}],"words":[{"surface":"Самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фантастический","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"фантастический","lemma":"фантастический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вихрь","gloss":"fantastic"},{"surface":"вихрь","lemma":"вихрь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднялся","gloss":"whirlwind"},{"surface":"поднялся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднялся","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голове","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднялся","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднялся","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of расстался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of расстался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"the day before"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расстался","gloss":"yesterday","note":"третьего дня is an idiom meaning \"the day before yesterday\"; our translation renders it as \"two days before.\""},{"surface":"расстался","lemma":"расстаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"parted"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расстался","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спутал","lemma":"спутать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднялся","gloss":"tangled"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of мысли","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of спутал","gloss":"thoughts"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b8-c1-s63","source":"Таким образом вышло, что начал он с самого дикого предприятия.","translation":"Thus it came about that he began with the wildest of undertakings.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вышло, что начал он","title":"Impersonal 'it came about that'","body":"«вышло, что…» is an impersonal neuter-past construction ('it turned out / came about that'), with no nominative subject, introducing a «что»-clause. Inside it the inverted order «начал он» (verb before pronoun) is normal narrative rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с самого дикого предприятия","title":"Genitive after с and superlative weight","body":"«с» here governs the genitive «дикого предприятия» ('with the wildest of undertakings'). «самого» is the intensifier 'the very' reinforcing the elative force of «дикого» — 'the wildest of all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышло","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it came about"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вышло","gloss":"he began"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предприятия","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дикого","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"дикого","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies предприятия","gloss":"wildest"},{"surface":"предприятия","lemma":"предприятие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of начал","gloss":"undertaking"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b8-c1-s64","source":"Да, может быть, именно в этаких положениях у этаких людей самые невозможные и фантастические предприятия представляются первыми возможнейшими.","translation":"Yes, perhaps it is precisely in such predicaments, and with such people, that the most impossible and fantastic undertakings present themselves as the first to seem the most feasible.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"этаких","title":"Colloquial 'such'","body":"«этакий» is a folksy, expressive variant of «такой» ('such, that sort of'). Repeated here («в этаких положениях у этаких людей») it lends the narrator a chatty, knowing tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"представляются первыми возможнейшими","title":"-ся middle + bookish superlative","body":"«представляются» ('present themselves, appear', a middle «-ся» verb) takes the instrumental predicates «первыми… возможнейшими». «возможнейшими» is the bookish suffixal superlative in «-ейш-» ('the most feasible'), characteristic of elevated 19th-century style."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"первыми возможнейшими","title":"Instrumental of the predicate","body":"After «представляться» the predicate nouns/adjectives go in the instrumental, not the nominative — «первыми возможнейшими» frames how the undertakings appear (as the most feasible), the instrumental of the predicate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies представляются","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to представляются","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies положениях","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положениях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этаких","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies положениях","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"положениях","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of представляются","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"этаких","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of представляются","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"самые","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies невозможные","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"невозможные","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies предприятия","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"фантастические","lemma":"фантастический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with невозможные","gloss":"fantastic"},{"surface":"предприятия","lemma":"предприятие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of представляются","gloss":"undertakings"},{"surface":"представляются","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"present themselves"},{"surface":"первыми","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies возможнейшими","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"возможнейшими","lemma":"возможнейший","morphology":"adjective, superlative, instrumental, plural","role":"predicate complement of представляются","gloss":"most feasible"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b8-c1-s65","source":"Он вдруг порешил пойти к купцу Самсонову, покровителю Грушеньки, и предложить ему один «план», достать от него под этот «план» разом всю искомую сумму; в плане своем с коммерческой стороны он не сомневался нисколько, а сомневался лишь в том, как посмотрит на его выходку сам Самсонов, если захочет взглянуть не с одной только коммерческой стороны.","translation":"He suddenly resolved to go to the merchant Samsonov, Grushenka's protector, and to lay before him a certain \"plan,\" to get from him, on the strength of this \"plan,\" the whole sum he was after at one stroke; of his plan on the commercial side he had not the slightest doubt — he doubted only how Samsonov himself would look upon his escapade, should he choose to view it from any side but the commercial one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"порешил пойти… и предложить… достать","title":"Perfective verb governing infinitives","body":"The perfective «порешил» ('resolved') governs a chain of perfective infinitives — «пойти», «предложить», «достать» — each naming a single intended completed act. The prefixed «по-» on «решить» adds a sense of finally making up one's mind."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в плане своем… не сомневался нисколько, а сомневался лишь","title":"Reflexive свой and contrastive а","body":"«в плане своем» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» ('his own [plan]'), pointing back to the subject. The hinge «а» ('but, whereas') sets the antithesis: he doubted nothing on the commercial side, whereas he doubted only how Samsonov would view it — a gentle contrast, not flat opposition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выходку","title":"'Escapade, antic'","body":"«выходка» is an outburst, prank, or unseemly stunt — a deed that breaks decorum. Mitya wryly applies it to his own scheme, anticipating that Samsonov may see it as just such a piece of effrontery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of порешил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies порешил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"порешил","lemma":"порешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"пойти","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of порешил","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking купцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"купцу","lemma":"купец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойти","gloss":"merchant"},{"surface":"Самсонову","lemma":"самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to купцу","gloss":"Samsonov"},{"surface":"покровителю","lemma":"покровитель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Самсонову","gloss":"protector"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies покровителю","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"предложить","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойти","gloss":"to offer"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of предложить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies план","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"план","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предложить","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"достать","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойти","gloss":"to get"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of достать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking план","gloss":"on the strength of"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of план","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"план","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of достать","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"разом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достать","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сумму","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"искомую","lemma":"искомый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сумму","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"сумму","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of достать","gloss":"sum"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"плане","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сомневался","gloss":"the plan"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of плане","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"коммерческой","lemma":"коммерческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"commercial"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies плане","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сомневался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сомневался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сомневался","lemma":"сомневаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, contrasted with second сомневался","gloss":"had doubted"},{"surface":"нисколько","lemma":"нисколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сомневался","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сомневался","lemma":"сомневаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"contrasted with first сомневался","gloss":"doubted"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies том","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сомневался","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрит","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"посмотрит","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"would look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выходку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of выходку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"выходку","lemma":"выходка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрит","gloss":"escapade"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Самсонов","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Самсонов","lemma":"самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрит","gloss":"Samsonov"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захочет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"захочет","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on посмотрит","gloss":"he chose"},{"surface":"взглянуть","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захочет","gloss":"to view it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies стороны","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies коммерческой","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"коммерческой","lemma":"коммерческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"commercial"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взглянуть","gloss":"side"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b8-c1-s66","source":"Митя хоть и знал этого купца в лицо, но знаком с ним не был и даже ни разу не говорил с ним.","translation":"Though Mitya knew this merchant by sight, he was not acquainted with him and had never once even spoken with him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и знал… но","title":"Concessive 'though… yet'","body":"«хоть и… но…» is a paired concessive frame ('though X, yet Y'): though Mitya knew the merchant by sight, still he was not acquainted with him. «хоть» is a reduced «хотя»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"знаком с ним не был","title":"Short adjective + instrumental of accompaniment","body":"«знаком» is the short predicative form of «знакомый» ('acquainted'), used here as a predicate with «быть» in the past. It governs «с ним» (instrumental of the person one is acquainted with)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже ни разу не говорил","title":"Emphatic negation 'not even once'","body":"«ни разу… не» is negative concord intensified to 'not a single time'; «даже» piles on 'even'. The cumulative negatives sharpen how complete a stranger Mitya is to Samsonov."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал (concessive, with и)","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал (concessive, with хоть)","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of купца","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"купца","lemma":"купец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"merchant"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"sight"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"знаком","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"acquainted"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаком","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаком","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula with знаком","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ни","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"разу","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"once","note":"ни разу = \"not once,\" genitive of раз under negation."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b8-c1-s67","source":"Но почему-то в нем, и даже уже давно, основалось убеждение, что этот старый развратитель, дышащий теперь на ладан, может быть, вовсе не будет в настоящую минуту противиться, если Грушенька устроит как-нибудь свою жизнь честно и выйдет за «благонадежного человека» замуж.","translation":"But for some reason there had taken root in him, and indeed long since, the conviction that this old debauchee, now breathing his last, would perhaps not at the present moment oppose it in the least, if Grushenka were somehow to arrange her life honorably and marry \"a trustworthy man.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в нем… основалось убеждение","title":"-ся middle: a conviction 'took root'","body":"«основалось» (perfective «основаться» + «-ся») is the middle/intransitive 'became established, took root', with «убеждение» ('conviction') as its grammatical subject. Russian favours this agentless framing for inner states that seem to settle of themselves."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дышащий на ладан","title":"Idiom: 'breathing his last'","body":"«дышать на ладан» literally 'to breathe upon the incense' — an idiom from Orthodox funeral practice (incense, «ладан», burned over the dying and dead) meaning to be at death's door. «дышащий» is its present active participle, modifying «развратитель»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если Грушенька устроит… и выйдет замуж","title":"Perfective future in a real condition","body":"In the «если»-clause the perfective verbs «устроит» and «выйдет» are conjugated like the present but carry future meaning — the simple (perfective) future. They name single completed hypotheticals: 'if she should arrange… and marry'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благонадежного человека","title":"'A trustworthy / reliable man'","body":"«благонадёжный» means 'dependable, of good standing' — and in the period also carried the bureaucratic sense of 'politically reliable'. Mitya's ironic quotation marks flag it as the respectable label he hopes to wear."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies основалось (with то)","gloss":"for some reason","note":"почему-то is split across two tokens; together it means 'for some reason'."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies основалось (with почему)","gloss":"for some reason"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of основалось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies основалось","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"основалось","lemma":"основаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had taken root"},{"surface":"убеждение","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of основалось","gloss":"the conviction"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of будет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of развратитель","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"старый","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies развратитель","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"развратитель","lemma":"развратитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"debauchee"},{"surface":"дышащий","lemma":"дышать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying развратитель","gloss":"breathing"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дышащий","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладан","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ладан","lemma":"ладан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дышащий","gloss":"his last","note":"дышать на ладан is an idiom, literally 'to breathe on incense', meaning to be at death's door."},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of parenthetical может быть ('perhaps'), modifying будет","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of parenthetical может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies противиться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of противиться, main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"настоящую","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"the present"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of противиться","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"противиться","lemma":"противиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (with будет)","gloss":"oppose"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of устроит","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of устроит","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"устроит","lemma":"устроить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying будет противиться","gloss":"were to arrange"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устроит (with нибудь)","gloss":"somehow","note":"как-нибудь is split across two tokens; together it means 'somehow'."},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"как-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устроит (with как)","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of устроит","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"честно","lemma":"честно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устроит","gloss":"honorably"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выйдет","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with устроит","gloss":"marry"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"(marry) a"},{"surface":"благонадежного","lemma":"благонадёжный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"trustworthy"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйдет","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"замуж","lemma":"замуж","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйдет","gloss":"in marriage","note":"выйти замуж за + accusative = 'to marry' (said of a woman)."}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b8-c1-s68","source":"И что не только не будет противиться, но что и сам желает того и, навернись только случай, сам будет способствовать.","translation":"And that he would not only not oppose it, but would himself even desire it and, should the occasion only present itself, would himself lend a hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только не будет противиться, но что и сам желает","title":"Correlative 'not only… but'","body":"«не только… но (и)…» coordinates a rising pair: not only would he not oppose it, but he himself even wishes it. «не будет противиться» is the compound (imperfective) future with «быть»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"навернись только случай","title":"Imperative form as condition","body":"«навернись… случай» uses an imperative-shaped form («навернись», from «навернуться») in a conditional sense — 'should the occasion only turn up'. This use of a bare imperative to mean 'if it happens that…' is an idiomatic, expressive turn."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"continues the что-clause from the previous sentence, introduces clause of будет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только...но и","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только...но и","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies противиться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of противиться","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"противиться","lemma":"противиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause, first conjunct","gloss":"oppose"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (не только...но и)","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"repeats the complementizer, introduces clause of желает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the (unstated) subject of желает","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"желает","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with противиться (both governed by что)","gloss":"desires"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of желает","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"навернись","lemma":"навернуться","morphology":"verb, archaic conditional (bare imperative form used as 'should it arise'), perfective","role":"conditional clause ('should the occasion arise'), modifies способствовать","gloss":"should it happen","note":"навернись случай is an archaic conditional idiom equivalent to 'если случай навернется' — should the occasion present itself."},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случай","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of навернись","gloss":"the occasion"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of способствовать","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of способствовать","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"способствовать","lemma":"способствовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with противиться and желает","gloss":"lend a hand"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b8-c1-s69","source":"По слухам ли каким или из каких-нибудь слов Грушеньки, но он заключил тоже, что старик, может быть, предпочел бы его для Грушеньки Федору Павловичу.","translation":"Whether from some rumors or from certain words of Grushenka's, he had also concluded that the old man would perhaps prefer him to Fyodor Pavlovich for Grushenka.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"По слухам ли каким или из каких-нибудь слов","title":"Disjunctive ли… или and indefinite -нибудь","body":"«ли… или…» frames an alternative ('whether from… or from…'). «каким» and «каких-нибудь» are indefinite: «-нибудь» marks a non-specific 'some words or other'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"предпочел бы его для Грушеньки Федору Павловичу","title":"Conditional бы + comparison in the dative","body":"«предпочёл бы» is the conditional (past form + «бы»), 'would prefer'. «предпочесть» takes the preferred thing in the accusative («его») and the thing set below it in the dative («Фёдору Павловичу») — 'prefer him to Fyodor Pavlovich'."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слухам","gloss":"From"},{"surface":"слухам","lemma":"слух","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"object of По","gloss":"rumors"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle, pairs with или (ли...или = 'whether...or')","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of слухам","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative with ли, links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of слов (with нибудь)","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of слов (with каких)","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"object of из, coordinated with слухам","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had concluded"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключил","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предпочел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предпочел","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of parenthetical может быть ('perhaps')","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of parenthetical может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"предпочел","lemma":"предпочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of заключил","gloss":"would prefer"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of предпочел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предпочел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньки","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предпочел","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"Федору","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative object of предпочел (standard of comparison: preferred to Fyodor Pavlovich)","gloss":"to Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичу","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федору","gloss":"Pavlovich"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b8-c1-s70","source":"Может быть, многим из читателей нашей повести покажется этот расчет на подобную помощь и намерение взять свою невесту, так сказать, из рук ее покровителя слишком уж грубым и небрезгливым со стороны Дмитрия Федоровича.","translation":"Perhaps to many of the readers of our tale this reckoning on such help, and the intention of taking his bride, so to speak, from the hands of her protector, will seem all too coarse and unscrupulous on the part of Dmitri Fyodorovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"многим из читателей… покажется этот расчет","title":"Dative experiencer with покажется","body":"«покажется» ('will seem') takes a dative of the one to whom it seems — «многим из читателей» ('to many of the readers') — with the thing that seems («расчёт… и намерение») as nominative subject. This dative-experiencer framing is pervasive in the novel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слишком уж грубым и небрезгливым","title":"Instrumental predicate after покажется","body":"The qualities the scheme 'will seem' stand in the instrumental — «грубым и небрезгливым» — the instrumental of the predicate after «показаться». «уж» is an intensifying particle reinforcing «слишком»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of parenthetical может быть ('perhaps')","gloss":"Perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of parenthetical может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"многим","lemma":"многие","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of покажется","gloss":"to many"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking читателей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"читателей","lemma":"читатель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies многим","gloss":"the readers"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of повести","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"повести","lemma":"повесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies читателей","gloss":"tale"},{"surface":"покажется","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will seem"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of расчет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"расчет","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of покажется","gloss":"reckoning"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помощь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"подобную","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies помощь","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"помощь","lemma":"помощь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies расчет","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"намерение","lemma":"намерение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with расчет, second subject of покажется","gloss":"the intention"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies намерение","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of невесту","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"невесту","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"bride"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical ('so to speak'), inserted in the намерение phrase","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рук","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"рук","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of взять","gloss":"the hands"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of покровителя","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"покровителя","lemma":"покровитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рук","gloss":"protector"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies грубым","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase слишком уж","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"грубым","lemma":"грубый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of покажется","gloss":"coarse"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"небрезгливым","lemma":"небрезгливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with грубым","gloss":"unscrupulous"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase со стороны ('on the part of')","gloss":"the part"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on стороны","gloss":"of Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b8-c1-s71","source":"Могу заметить лишь то, что прошлое Грушеньки представлялось Мите уже окончательно прошедшим.","translation":"I can only remark that to Mitya, Grushenka's past appeared by now to be definitively past.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прошлое… представлялось Мите… прошедшим","title":"-ся verb + double dative/instrumental","body":"«представлялось» ('appeared, presented itself', «-ся» middle) takes the experiencer in the dative («Мите») and the predicate in the instrumental («прошедшим», 'as past'). The wordplay «прошлое… прошедшим» ('the past… as having passed') is deliberate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"заметить","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Могу","gloss":"remark"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметить","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of представлялось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прошлое","lemma":"прошлое","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of представлялось","gloss":"the past"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies прошлое","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"представлялось","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the clause, in apposition to то","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of представлялось","gloss":"to Mitya"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окончательно","gloss":"by now"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошедшим","gloss":"definitively"},{"surface":"прошедшим","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"complement of представлялось","gloss":"past"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b8-c1-s72","source":"Он глядел на это прошлое с бесконечным состраданием и решил со всем пламенем своей страсти, что раз Грушенька выговорит ему, что его любит и за него идет, то тотчас же и начнется совсем новая Грушенька, а вместе с нею и совсем новый Дмитрий Федорович, безо всяких уже пороков, а лишь с одними добродетелями: оба они друг другу простят и начнут свою жизнь уже совсем по-новому.","translation":"He looked upon that past with boundless compassion and decided, with all the flame of his passion, that once Grushenka had told him she loved him and was going with him, then at that very instant a completely new Grushenka would begin, and along with her a completely new Dmitri Fyodorovich as well, free now of every vice, with virtues alone: the two of them would forgive each other and would begin their life in a wholly new way.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"раз Грушенька выговорит… то тотчас же и начнется","title":"Conditional 'раз… то' with perfective future","body":"«раз… то…» means 'once / as soon as… then…'. The perfective futures «выговорит» and «начнётся» name single completed events to come — once she has spoken, a wholly new Grushenka will begin. The «и» after «то» is emphatic ('then at once shall begin')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"за него идет","title":"Idiom: 'is going with / marrying him'","body":"«идти за кого» (here «за него идёт») is short for «выходить замуж за кого» — 'to marry [a man]', said of the woman. The bare present «идёт» reads as a vivid near-future in Mitya's imagining."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безо всяких уже пороков, а лишь с одними добродетелями","title":"Vices and virtues","body":"«пороки» (vices) versus «добродетели» (virtues) frames Mitya's fantasy of moral rebirth in a near-religious, all-or-nothing register. «безо» is the expanded form of «без» before a consonant cluster; «с одними добродетелями» = 'with virtues alone'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по-новому","title":"Adverb 'in a new way'","body":"«по-новому» ('anew, in a new way') is the «по-…-ому» adverbial pattern (cf. «по-немецки», «по-русски»). Mitya's hope to begin life «совсем по-новому» distils the novel's theme of moral regeneration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прошлое","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of прошлое","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прошлое","lemma":"прошлое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состраданием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"бесконечным","lemma":"бесконечный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состраданием","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"состраданием","lemma":"сострадание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"compassion"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with глядел","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пламенем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of пламенем","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"пламенем","lemma":"пламя","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of решил","gloss":"the flame"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of страсти","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"страсти","lemma":"страсть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пламенем","gloss":"passion"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начнется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выговорит","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выговорит","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"выговорит","lemma":"выговорить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the раз-clause (temporal/conditional), modifies начнется","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of выговорит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of выговорит","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идет","gloss":"him","note":"идти за + accusative is an idiom meaning 'to marry' (said of a woman)."},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"was going (to marry)"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (correlative, resumptive)","role":"resumes after раз-clause, introduces main clause начнется","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начнется","gloss":"at that very instant"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начнется","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"would begin"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies новая","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"новая","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Грушенька","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начнется","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начнется ('along with her')","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies новый","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"новый","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Дмитрий","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Грушенька, subject of the elided начнется","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пороков, modifies Дмитрий Федорович","gloss":"free of"},{"surface":"всяких","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of пороков","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies безо ('no longer')","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пороков","lemma":"порок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of безо","gloss":"vice"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies добродетелями","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking добродетелями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"одними","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies добродетелями","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"добродетелями","lemma":"добродетель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"object of с, contrasted with пороков","gloss":"virtues"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on они","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of простят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"pronoun, nominative (reciprocal)","role":"part of reciprocal phrase друг другу ('each other')","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"другу","lemma":"друг друга","morphology":"pronoun, dative (reciprocal)","role":"indirect object of простят, part of друг другу","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"простят","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with начнут","gloss":"would forgive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начнут","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with простят","gloss":"would begin"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of начнут","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies по-новому (compound adverb)","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-новому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of compound adverb по-новому, modifies начнут","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"новому","lemma":"по-новому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of compound adverb по-новому, modifies начнут","gloss":"way"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b8-c1-s73","source":"Что же до Кузьмы Самсонова, то считал он его, в этом прежнем провалившемся прошлом Грушеньки, за человека в жизни ее рокового, которого она, однако, никогда не любила и который, это главное, уже тоже «прошел», кончился, так что и его уже нет теперь вовсе.","translation":"As for Kuzma Samsonov, he regarded him, in this former, failed past of Grushenka's, as a man fateful in her life whom she had nevertheless never loved and who — this was the chief thing — had already \"passed\" too, was finished, so that now he no longer existed at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же до Кузьмы Самсонова, то","title":"Topic frame 'as for…'","body":"«что (же) до… то…» is a set topicalising frame, 'as for X…, [then]…', lifting Kuzma Samsonov out as the new topic before the comment follows. The particle «же» lends it a contrastive, here's-the-next-point feel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"считал он его… за человека… рокового","title":"Idiom считать за + accusative","body":"«считать кого за кого» ('to regard someone as…') governs the accusative — «его… за человека… рокового». The animate-masculine accusative «человека» borrows the genitive ending, by animacy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого она… никогда не любила и который… уже тоже «прошёл»","title":"Two relatives, two cases","body":"A single antecedent («человека») feeds two «который»-clauses: «которого» is accusative/genitive (the object of «любила» under negation), while «который» is nominative (subject of «прошёл»). Each relative takes the case its own clause demands."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom что же до ('as for')","gloss":"As for"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom что же до","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Кузьмы","gloss":"regards"},{"surface":"Кузьмы","lemma":"кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of до","gloss":"Kuzma"},{"surface":"Самсонова","lemma":"самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Кузьмы","gloss":"Samsonov"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (resumptive)","role":"resumes topic, introduces main clause считал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"считал","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he regarded"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of считал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of считал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прошлом","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of прошлом","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"прежнем","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies прошлом","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"провалившемся","lemma":"провалиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, locative, perfective","role":"modifies прошлом","gloss":"failed"},{"surface":"прошлом","lemma":"прошлое","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of считал","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies прошлом","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считал","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"рокового","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"fateful"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любила","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies любила ('however')","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любила","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любила","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on человека (via которого)","gloss":"had loved"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошел, кончился (second relative clause on человека)","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of главное","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical ('this is the main thing'), inserted in the который-clause","gloss":"was the chief thing"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тоже","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошел","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the который-clause, coordinated with кончился","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"кончился","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошел (verb of the который-clause)","gloss":"was finished"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так что","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of так что ('so that'), introduces result clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"так что","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет (emphatic 'even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the так что result clause","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b8-c1-s74","source":"Да к тому же Митя его даже и за человека теперь считать не мог, ибо известно было всем и каждому в городе, что это лишь больная развалина, сохранившая отношения с Грушенькой, так сказать, лишь отеческие, а совсем не на тех основаниях, как прежде, и что это уже давно так, уже почти год как так.","translation":"And besides, Mitya could no longer even count him a man now, for it was known to everyone in town that he was only an ailing wreck, who kept up relations with Grushenka, so to speak, of a merely fatherly sort, on quite different terms than before — and that it had been so for a long while now, for nearly a year.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за человека… считать не мог","title":"Negated 'could not count him a man'","body":"«не мог считать его за человека» — the negated modal «не мог» governs the imperfective infinitive «считать». The imperfective fits the ongoing inability; «за человека» again is the идиом «считать за»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо известно было всем и каждому","title":"Bookish ибо + dative of the knower","body":"«ибо» is the archaic, elevated conjunction 'for, because', a marker of 19th-century literary register. «известно (было)» is an impersonal predicate with the daters «всем и каждому» ('to one and all') — a dative-experiencer construction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"больная развалина","title":"'An ailing wreck'","body":"«развалина» is literally a ruin or pile of rubble; applied to a person it means a physical wreck. With «больная» ('sick') it paints Samsonov as a crumbling old ruin of a man."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сохранившая отношения","title":"Past active participle 'who had kept up'","body":"«сохранившая» (from perfective «сохранить») is a past active participle agreeing with «развалина» (fem.) — 'who had preserved / kept up relations'. It folds a relative clause into one word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom да к тому же ('and besides')","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom к тому же","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom к тому же","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom к тому же","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of считать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"part of даже и, modifies за человека (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of даже и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считать","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies считать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"считать","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"count"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of известно","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the ибо-clause (with было)","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to известно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"to everyone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"каждому","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with всем, indirect object of известно","gloss":"each one"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies всем и каждому ('in town')","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause (predicate развалина)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of развалина","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies больная","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"больная","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies развалина","gloss":"an ailing"},{"surface":"развалина","lemma":"развалина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of это (in the что-clause)","gloss":"wreck"},{"surface":"сохранившая","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying развалина","gloss":"who kept"},{"surface":"отношения","lemma":"отношение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of сохранившая","gloss":"relations"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушенькой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Грушенькой","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отношения","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical ('so to speak')","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отеческие","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"отеческие","lemma":"отеческий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicative, describes отношения","gloss":"fatherly"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies на тех основаниях","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking основаниях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of основаниях","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"основаниях","lemma":"основание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with отеческие (contrastive predicate), modifies отношения","gloss":"terms"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прежде","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies основаниях","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause (predicate так), coordinated with что (w23)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of second что-clause","gloss":"had been so"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почти","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies год","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration, restates так davno так","gloss":"a year"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle (correlative)","role":"correlative, pairs with final так","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate repeated for emphasis, modifies почти год","gloss":"as"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b8-c1-s75","source":"Во всяком случае тут было много и простодушия со стороны Мити, ибо при всех пороках своих это был очень простодушный человек.","translation":"In any case there was much simplehearted naivety in this on Mitya's part, for, with all his vices, he was a very simplehearted man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тут было много… простодушия","title":"Quantifier много + genitive","body":"«много простодушия» — the quantifier «много» governs the genitive «простодушия» ('of naivety'). With «было» it forms the existential 'there was much…', a partitive-quantity use of the genitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"простодушия… простодушный","title":"'Simple-heartedness'","body":"«простодушный» (lit. 'simple-souled') means guileless, naive, open-hearted — a key, sympathetic term for Mitya. Dostoevsky returns to it insistently here («простодушия… простодушный…») to fix it as Mitya's defining trait beneath all his vices."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всяком","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal 'there was')","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb (quantifier)","role":"quantifier, logical subject of было","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes простодушия ('indeed')","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"простодушия","lemma":"простодушие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of много","gloss":"naivety"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition со, modifies простодушия","gloss":"the part"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause (это был ... человек)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пороках","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of пороках","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"пороках","lemma":"порок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of preposition при","gloss":"vices"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of пороках","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking это to человек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простодушный","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"простодушный","lemma":"простодушный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"simplehearted"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b8-c1-s76","source":"Вследствие этого-то простодушия своего он, между прочим, был серьезно убежден, что старый Кузьма, собираясь отходить в другой мир, чувствует искреннее раскаяние за свое прошлое с Грушенькой, и что нет теперь у нее покровителя и друга более преданного, как этот безвредный уже старик.","translation":"As a consequence of this very naivety of his, he was, among other things, seriously convinced that old Kuzma, about to depart for the other world, felt sincere repentance for his past with Grushenka, and that she had now no protector and friend more devoted than this by now harmless old man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"собираясь отходить в другой мир","title":"Present gerund 'being about to'","body":"«собираясь» is an imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) from «собираться» ('to be about to, prepare to'), expressing circumstance simultaneous with the main verb — 'old Kuzma, being on the point of departing… felt repentance'. It shares the main clause's subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нет… друга более преданного, как этот… старик","title":"Genitive of negation in existential нет","body":"With «нет» ('there is no'), the thing that is absent stands in the genitive: «нет… друга более преданного» — 'there is no more devoted friend'. «более преданного» is the analytic comparative ('more devoted')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вследствие","lemma":"вследствие","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking простодушия","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of простодушия","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes этого ('this very')","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"простодушия","lemma":"простодушие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition Вследствие","gloss":"naivety"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of простодушия","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убежден","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прочим","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"прочим","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition между (idiom 'among other things')","gloss":"other things"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to убежден","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убежден","gloss":"seriously"},{"surface":"убежден","lemma":"убеждённый","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, head of the phrase","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of чувствует","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старый","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Кузьма","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Кузьма","lemma":"Кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствует","gloss":"Kuzma"},{"surface":"собираясь","lemma":"собираться","morphology":"verb, present, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on чувствует","gloss":"getting ready"},{"surface":"отходить","lemma":"отходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of собираясь","gloss":"to depart"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мир","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мир","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отходить","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"чувствует","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of убежден","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"искреннее","lemma":"искренний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies раскаяние","gloss":"sincere"},{"surface":"раскаяние","lemma":"раскаяние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of чувствует","gloss":"repentance"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прошлое","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of прошлое","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"прошлое","lemma":"прошлое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушенькой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Грушенькой","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies прошлое","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"negative existential predicate word","role":"main predicate, coordinated with чувствует","gloss":"there is not"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"покровителя","lemma":"покровитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive subject of нет","gloss":"protector"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with покровителя","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies преданного","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"преданного","lemma":"преданный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies друга","gloss":"devoted"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison ('than'), links to старик","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"безвредный","lemma":"безвредный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"harmless"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies безвредный","gloss":"by now"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"old man"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b8-c1-s77","source":"На другой же день после разговора своего с Алешей в поле, после которого Митя почти не спал всю ночь, он явился в дом Самсонова около десяти часов утра и велел о себе доложить.","translation":"The very next day after his conversation with Alyosha in the field — after which Mitya had scarcely slept all night — he presented himself at Samsonov's house at about ten in the morning and asked to be announced.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"после разговора своего… после которого","title":"Genitive after после + relative","body":"«после» governs the genitive twice: «после разговора» and «после которого», where the relative «который» itself sits in the genitive demanded by the preposition. «своего» is the reflexive possessive 'his own'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"велел о себе доложить","title":"Reflexive себя in oblique case","body":"«о себе» is the prepositional of the reflexive pronoun «себя», pointing back to Mitya — 'ordered [them] to announce about himself'. «велеть» + infinitive ('to order to…') governs the impersonal «доложить»."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"the next"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes другой","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явился","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговора","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"разговора","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговора","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Алешей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Алешей","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговора","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"поле","lemma":"поле","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies разговора","gloss":"the field"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition после, referring to разговора","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спал","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on разговора","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спал","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of явился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"явился","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"presented himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явился","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"Самсонова","lemma":"Самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"Samsonov's"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часов","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"десяти","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies часов","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of явился","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies часов","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with явился","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of доложить","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"доложить","lemma":"доложить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"to announce"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b8-c1-s78","source":"Дом этот был старый, мрачный, очень обширный, двухэтажный, с надворными строениями и с флигелем.","translation":"The house was old, gloomy, very spacious, of two stories, with outbuildings and a wing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дом этот был старый, мрачный, очень обширный","title":"Postposed demonstrative as topic marker","body":"«Дом этот» (noun before the demonstrative «этот») marks the house as the established topic — 'the house [in question]' — typical of Russian's topic-first ordering. A string of long-form adjectives then predicates its qualities."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с надворными строениями и с флигелем","title":"Outbuildings and a wing","body":"«надворные строения» are the outbuildings around a courtyard («двор»); a «флигель» is a detached side-wing or annex of a large house. Both belong to the architecture of a substantial provincial merchant's estate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был/старый","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Дом","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to старый","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"старый","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"мрачный","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with старый","gloss":"gloomy"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обширный","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"обширный","lemma":"обширный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with старый","gloss":"spacious"},{"surface":"двухэтажный","lemma":"двухэтажный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with старый","gloss":"two-storied"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking строениями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"надворными","lemma":"надворный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies строениями","gloss":"outbuilding"},{"surface":"строениями","lemma":"строение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition с, describing Дом","gloss":"outbuildings"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking флигелем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"флигелем","lemma":"флигель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with строениями","gloss":"a wing"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b8-c1-s79","source":"В нижнем этаже проживали два женатые сына Самсонова со своими семействами, престарелая сестра его и одна незамужняя дочь.","translation":"On the lower floor lived Samsonov's two married sons with their families, his aged sister, and one unmarried daughter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"два женатые сына","title":"Genitive singular after два","body":"After «два» the counted noun takes the genitive singular «сына», by the rule that 2–4 govern the genitive singular. The accompanying adjective here appears in «-ые» («женатые»), an older/literary plural option beside modern «женатых»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"престарелая… незамужняя","title":"'Aged' and 'unmarried'","body":"«престарелый» is 'very aged, advanced in years'; «незамужняя» (of a woman) is 'unmarried' (lit. 'not behind a husband'). The cluster sketches the dependent household ranged below Samsonov."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этаже","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нижнем","lemma":"нижний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies этаже","gloss":"lower"},{"surface":"этаже","lemma":"этаж","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проживали","gloss":"floor"},{"surface":"проживали","lemma":"проживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on сына","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"женатые","lemma":"женатый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies сына","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проживали","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"Самсонова","lemma":"Самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сына","gloss":"Samsonov's"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking семействами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of семействами","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"семействами","lemma":"семейство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition со, modifies сына","gloss":"families"},{"surface":"престарелая","lemma":"престарелый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сестра","gloss":"aged"},{"surface":"сестра","lemma":"сестра","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сына, subject of проживали","gloss":"sister"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сестра","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies дочь","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"незамужняя","lemma":"незамужний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дочь","gloss":"unmarried"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сестра, subject of проживали","gloss":"daughter"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b8-c1-s80","source":"Во флигеле же помещались два его приказчика, из которых один был тоже многосемейный.","translation":"In the wing lived his two clerks, one of whom likewise had a large family.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из которых один был тоже многосемейный","title":"Partitive из + relative","body":"«из которых один» ('one of whom') uses «из» + genitive of the relative «который» for the partitive 'of whom'. «многосемейный» ('having a large family') is a compound adjective, lit. 'many-family-ed'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking флигеле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"флигеле","lemma":"флигель","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помещались","gloss":"the wing"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes флигеле (contrastive)","gloss":"for its part"},{"surface":"помещались","lemma":"помещаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on приказчика","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приказчика","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"приказчика","lemma":"приказчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помещались","gloss":"clerks"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition из, referring to приказчика","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of многосемейный","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to многосемейный","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многосемейный","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"многосемейный","lemma":"многосемейный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"had a large family"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b8-c1-s81","source":"И дети, и приказчики теснились в своих помещениях, но верх дома занимал старик один и не пускал к себе жить даже дочь, ухаживавшую за ним и которая в определенные часы и в неопределенные зовы его должна была каждый раз взбегать к нему наверх снизу, несмотря на давнишнюю одышку свою.","translation":"And the children and the clerks were all cramped into their quarters, but the upper part of the house was occupied by the old man alone, who would not even let his daughter live with him — though she nursed him and, at appointed hours and at unappointed summonses, had each time to run up to him from below, despite the shortness of breath she had long suffered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не пускал к себе жить даже дочь, ухаживавшую за ним","title":"Past active participle in agreement","body":"«ухаживавшую» (imperfective past active participle from «ухаживать за», 'to tend, nurse') agrees with «дочь» in feminine accusative — 'the daughter who nursed him'. «к себе» is the reflexive 'to his own [place]'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"должна была… взбегать… наверх снизу","title":"Obligation 'had to' + imperfective","body":"«должна была… взбегать» expresses repeated obligation; the imperfective «взбегать» ('to run up') fits the habitual 'each time'. Note the paired directional adverbs «наверх» (upward) and «снизу» (from below)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"одышку","title":"'Shortness of breath'","body":"«одышка» is breathlessness, dyspnea. «давнишнюю одышку свою» — 'her long-standing shortness of breath' — underscores the old man's casual cruelty in making the ailing daughter climb to him."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative 'и...и', links дети and приказчики","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of теснились","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приказчики","lemma":"приказчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of теснились","gloss":"clerks"},{"surface":"теснились","lemma":"тесниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"were crowded"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помещениях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of помещениях","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"помещениях","lemma":"помещение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of теснились","gloss":"quarters"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"верх","lemma":"верх","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of занимал","gloss":"the upper part"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies верх","gloss":"of the house"},{"surface":"занимал","lemma":"занимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"occupied"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of занимал","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старик ('alone')","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пускал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пускал","lemma":"пускать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with занимал","gloss":"would let"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of жить","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пускал","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дочь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пускал","gloss":"his daughter"},{"surface":"ухаживавшую","lemma":"ухаживать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying дочь","gloss":"who nursed"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ухаживавшую","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with дочь","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часы","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"определенные","lemma":"определённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies часы","gloss":"appointed"},{"surface":"часы","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of взбегать","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зовы","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"неопределенные","lemma":"неопределённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies зовы","gloss":"unappointed"},{"surface":"зовы","lemma":"зов","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of взбегать","gloss":"summonses"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies зовы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"должна","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective (short form), feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the relative clause, subject которая","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взбегать","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"взбегать","lemma":"взбегать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должна","gloss":"run up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взбегать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"наверх","lemma":"наверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взбегать","gloss":"upstairs"},{"surface":"снизу","lemma":"снизу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взбегать","gloss":"from below"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb (forms compound preposition with на)","role":"first part of compound preposition несмотря на, marking одышку","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"second part of compound preposition несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"давнишнюю","lemma":"давнишний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies одышку","gloss":"long-standing"},{"surface":"одышку","lemma":"одышка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of несмотря на","gloss":"shortness of breath"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of одышку","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b8-c1-s82","source":"Этот «верх» состоял из множества больших парадных комнат, меблированных по купеческой старине, с длинными скучными рядами неуклюжих кресел и стульев красного дерева по стенам, с хрустальными люстрами в чехлах, с угрюмыми зеркалами в простенках.","translation":"This \"upper part\" consisted of a multitude of large state rooms, furnished in the old merchant style, with long, dreary rows of clumsy armchairs and mahogany chairs along the walls, with crystal chandeliers in dust-covers, and with grim mirrors set in the piers between the windows.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"меблированных","title":"Past passive participle 'furnished'","body":"«меблированных» is a past passive participle (from «меблировать», 'to furnish') agreeing with «комнат» in genitive plural — 'rooms furnished…'. Such passive participles describe the thing acted upon."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кресел и стульев красного дерева… в простенках","title":"Mahogany and piers","body":"«красное дерево» is mahogany; «простенок» is the stretch of wall (pier) between two windows. The «угрюмые зеркала в простенках» (grim mirrors set between the windows) are part of the dreary state-room inventory."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of верх","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"верх","lemma":"верх","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of состоял","gloss":"upper part"},{"surface":"состоял","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consisted"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking множества","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"множества","lemma":"множество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of состоял","gloss":"a multitude"},{"surface":"больших","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies комнат","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"парадных","lemma":"парадный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies комнат","gloss":"formal"},{"surface":"комнат","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies множества","gloss":"rooms"},{"surface":"меблированных","lemma":"меблировать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying комнат","gloss":"furnished"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"купеческой","lemma":"купеческий","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies старине","gloss":"merchant"},{"surface":"старине","lemma":"старина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of меблированных","gloss":"old style"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рядами, describing комнат","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"длинными","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies рядами","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"скучными","lemma":"скучный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies рядами","gloss":"dreary"},{"surface":"рядами","lemma":"ряд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"rows"},{"surface":"неуклюжих","lemma":"неуклюжий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies кресел","gloss":"clumsy"},{"surface":"кресел","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies рядами","gloss":"armchairs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стульев","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with кресел","gloss":"chairs"},{"surface":"красного","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дерева","gloss":"mahogany"},{"surface":"дерева","lemma":"дерево","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies стульев","gloss":"wood"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стенам","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"стенам","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition по, modifies рядами","gloss":"the walls"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking люстрами, describing комнат","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"хрустальными","lemma":"хрустальный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies люстрами","gloss":"crystal"},{"surface":"люстрами","lemma":"люстра","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"chandeliers"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чехлах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чехлах","lemma":"чехол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies люстрами","gloss":"dust-covers"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зеркалами, describing комнат","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"угрюмыми","lemma":"угрюмый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies зеркалами","gloss":"grim"},{"surface":"зеркалами","lemma":"зеркало","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"mirrors"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking простенках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"простенках","lemma":"простенок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies зеркалами","gloss":"the wall spaces"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b8-c1-s83","source":"Все эти комнаты стояли совсем пустыми и необитаемыми, потому что больной старик жался лишь в одной комнатке, в отдаленной маленькой своей спаленке, где прислуживала ему старуха служанка, с волосами в платочке, да «малый», пребывавший на залавке в передней.","translation":"All these rooms stood quite empty and uninhabited, for the sick old man kept squeezed into a single little room, into his remote little bedchamber, where an old serving-woman with her hair in a kerchief waited on him, along with a \"lad\" who took up his post on a bench-chest in the entryway.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стояли совсем пустыми и необитаемыми","title":"стоять + instrumental predicate","body":"«стоять» here means 'to stand [in a state]' and takes its predicate in the instrumental — «пустыми и необитаемыми» ('empty and uninhabited'). The instrumental frames the state the rooms remain in."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"спаленке… комнатке","title":"Diminutives of pity and smallness","body":"«спаленка» (little bedchamber, from «спальня») and «комнатка» (little room) are diminutives that both shrink the space and lend a tender, slightly pitying note — the great house dwindling to one snug cell where the sick old man huddles."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«малый», пребывавший на залавке в передней","title":"The 'lad' on the bench-chest","body":"«малый» here is a young male servant or errand-boy. A «залавок» is a long chest-bench (storage box doubling as a seat) in the «передняя» (entrance hall). «пребывавший» is a past active participle, 'who stayed / had his post'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of комнаты","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of комнаты","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of стояли","gloss":"rooms"},{"surface":"стояли","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустыми","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"пустыми","lemma":"пустой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of стояли","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"необитаемыми","lemma":"необитаемый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with пустыми","gloss":"uninhabited"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of жался (part of 'потому что')","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жался","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"жался","lemma":"жаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on стояли","gloss":"kept squeezed"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies комнатке","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнатке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies комнатке","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"комнатке","lemma":"комнатка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жался","gloss":"little room"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спаленке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отдаленной","lemma":"отдалённый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies спаленке","gloss":"remote"},{"surface":"маленькой","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies спаленке","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of спаленке","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"спаленке","lemma":"спаленка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to комнатке","gloss":"little bedchamber"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прислуживала","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"прислуживала","lemma":"прислуживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on спаленке","gloss":"waited on"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прислуживала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"старуха","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прислуживала","gloss":"old woman"},{"surface":"служанка","lemma":"служанка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to старуха","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волосами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"волосами","lemma":"волос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition с, describing старуха","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking платочке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"платочке","lemma":"платочек","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies волосами","gloss":"a kerchief"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"малый","lemma":"малый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with старуха, subject of прислуживала (understood)","gloss":"the lad"},{"surface":"пребывавший","lemma":"пребывать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying малый","gloss":"who stayed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залавке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"залавке","lemma":"залавок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пребывавший","gloss":"a bench-chest"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking передней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"передней","lemma":"передняя","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies залавке","gloss":"the entryway"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b8-c1-s84","source":"Ходить старик из-за распухших ног своих почти совсем уже не мог и только изредка поднимался со своих кожаных кресел, и старуха, придерживая его под руки, проводила его раз-другой по комнате.","translation":"Because of his swollen legs the old man could scarcely walk at all anymore and only rarely rose from his leather armchair, and the old woman, supporting him under the arms, would lead him once or twice across the room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из-за распухших ног своих… почти совсем уже не мог","title":"Causal из-за + negated ability","body":"«из-за» ('because of') governs the genitive «распухших ног» ('swollen legs'); «распухших» is a past active participle. The piled-up adverbs «почти совсем уже не» ('almost altogether no longer') soften the negation of «мог ходить» into near-total incapacity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"придерживая его под руки, проводила","title":"Present gerund of manner","body":"«придерживая» (imperfective present gerund of «придерживать», 'to support, hold up') gives the simultaneous manner of the main verb — 'the old woman, supporting him under the arms, would lead him'. The gerund shares the main subject (the old woman)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"to walk"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of compound preposition из-за, marking ног","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"second part of compound preposition из-за","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"распухших","lemma":"распухнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies ног","gloss":"swollen"},{"surface":"ног","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition из-за","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of ног","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог (with не...уже, 'no longer')","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изредка","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"изредка","lemma":"изредка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднимался","gloss":"rarely"},{"surface":"поднимался","lemma":"подниматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресел","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of кресел","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"кожаных","lemma":"кожаный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies кресел","gloss":"leather"},{"surface":"кресел","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of поднимался","gloss":"armchair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"старуха","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проводила","gloss":"the old woman"},{"surface":"придерживая","lemma":"придерживать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проводила","gloss":"supporting"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of придерживая","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of придерживая","gloss":"the arms"},{"surface":"проводила","lemma":"проводить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of проводила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom раз-другой, modifies проводила","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with раз, idiom 'раз-другой'","gloss":"or twice"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проводила","gloss":"the room"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b8-c1-s85","source":"Был он строг и неразговорчив даже с этою старухой.","translation":"He was stern and taciturn even with this old woman.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Был он строг и неразговорчив","title":"Short adjectives as predicate","body":"«строг» and «неразговорчив» are short-form adjectives, used here predicatively after «был» — 'he was stern and taciturn'. The short form is the bookish, predicative choice favoured in literary prose. Inverted «Был он…» foregrounds the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to строг","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of строг","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"строг","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Был","gloss":"stern"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неразговорчив","lemma":"неразговорчивый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with строг","gloss":"taciturn"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the phrase с этою старухой","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старухой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этою","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of старухой","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"старухой","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of с, complement of неразговорчив","gloss":"old woman"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b8-c1-s86","source":"Когда доложили ему о приходе «капитана», он тотчас же велел отказать.","translation":"When the arrival of the \"captain\" was announced to him, he at once gave orders to refuse him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда доложили ему… он велел отказать","title":"Impersonal 'they announced'","body":"«доложили» (3rd person plural, no subject) is the impersonal 'one/they announced' — Russian's way of leaving an indefinite agent unnamed. «велел отказать» ('ordered [them] to refuse') governs an infinitive likewise without a stated object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of доложили","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"доложили","lemma":"доложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on велел","gloss":"was announced"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of доложили","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приходе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"приходе","lemma":"приход","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of доложили","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"капитана","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of приходе","gloss":"of the captain"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of велел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies велел","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"[emphatic]","note":"же here just intensifies тотчас ('at once')."},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave orders"},{"surface":"отказать","lemma":"отказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"to refuse him"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b8-c1-s87","source":"Но Митя настаивал и доложился еще раз.","translation":"But Mitya insisted and asked to be announced once more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"настаивал и доложился","title":"Aspect contrast: insisting vs announcing","body":"Imperfective «настаивал» ('kept insisting', a process) is set against perfective «доложился» ('got himself announced', one completed act) — the imperfective carries the ongoing pressing, the perfective the single result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of настаивал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"настаивал","lemma":"настаивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"insisted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"доложился","lemma":"доложиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with настаивал","gloss":"asked to be announced"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of доложился","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b8-c1-s88","source":"Кузьма Кузьмич опросил подробно малого: что, дескать, каков с виду, не пьян ли?","translation":"Kuzma Kuzmich questioned the lad in detail: what, now, was he like to look at, was he drunk?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"Reported-speech particle 'as if to say'","body":"«дескать» (and «-де», «мол») is a hearsay/quotation particle flagging reported or imagined speech — 'so to speak', 'as he put it'. The narrator threads it through Samsonov's questions to convey their second-hand, indirect quality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не пьян ли?","title":"Yes/no question with ли","body":"«не пьян ли?» fronts the focused word «пьян» (short adjective 'drunk') and follows it with the interrogative particle «ли» to form an embedded yes/no question — 'whether he was drunk'. «ли» is the literary alternative to mere question intonation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кузьма","lemma":"Кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опросил","gloss":"Kuzma"},{"surface":"Кузьмич","lemma":"Кузьмич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Кузьма","gloss":"Kuzmich"},{"surface":"опросил","lemma":"опросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"questioned"},{"surface":"подробно","lemma":"подробно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опросил","gloss":"in detail"},{"surface":"малого","lemma":"малый","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular, animate","role":"direct object of опросил","gloss":"the lad"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"introduces the embedded reported question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"marks reported speech","gloss":"they said"},{"surface":"каков","lemma":"каков","morphology":"pronoun, predicative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the embedded question","gloss":"what he was like"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виду, fixed idiom с виду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative (fixed idiom), masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom с виду, modifies каков","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пьян, part of не...ли question formula","gloss":"[question]","note":"не...ли forms a plain yes/no question; not a literal negation."},{"surface":"пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the embedded question (не...ли)","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle with пьян","gloss":"[question]"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b8-c1-s89","source":"Не буянит ли?","translation":"Was he making a row?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Не буянит ли?","title":"'Making a row?'","body":"«буянить» is to brawl, kick up a rowdy fuss, behave violently — colloquial. With «ли» it continues Samsonov's terse yes/no interrogation of the lad about the unwelcome 'captain'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies буянит, part of не...ли question formula","gloss":"[question]","note":"не...ли is a plain question formula, not a real negation."},{"surface":"буянит","lemma":"буянить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was he making a row"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle with буянит","gloss":"[question]"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b8-c1-s90","source":"И получил в ответ, что «тверез, но уходить не хочет».","translation":"And received in answer that he was \"sober, but won't go away.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«тверез»","title":"Folk pronunciation of 'sober'","body":"«тверёз» is the colloquial, lower-register short form of «трезв(ый)» ('sober'). In quotation marks it reproduces the lad's actual peasant speech, a small touch of skaz (oral storytelling flavour) in the reported answer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уходить не хочет","title":"Negated wish + imperfective infinitive","body":"«не хочет уходить» ('does not want to go away') pairs the negated «хотеть» with the imperfective infinitive «уходить», a prefixed motion verb ('to leave, depart'). The imperfective fits the persistent refusal to budge."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"получил","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответ","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получил","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of тверез","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тверез","lemma":"трезвый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the embedded clause","gloss":"sober"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уходить","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to go away"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with тверез, verb of the second clause","gloss":"won't"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b8-c1-s91","source":"Старик опять велел отказать.","translation":"Again the old man ordered him refused.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"опять велел отказать","title":"Repetition adverb опять","body":"«опять» ('again') marks the renewed refusal; with perfective «велел» it narrates a second discrete act of ordering. The terse, repeated «велел отказать» mirrors the old man's stubborn dismissal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of велел","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies велел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"отказать","lemma":"отказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"to refuse him"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b8-c1-s92","source":"Тогда Митя, всё это предвидевший и нарочно на сей случай захвативший с собой бумагу и карандаш, четко написал на клочке бумаги одну строчку: «По самонужнейшему делу, близко касающемуся Аграфены Александровны» — и послал это старику.","translation":"Then Mitya, who had foreseen all this and had purposely brought paper and a pencil for the occasion, wrote out clearly on a scrap of paper a single line: \"On a matter of the utmost urgency, closely touching Agrafena Alexandrovna\" — and sent it up to the old man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё это предвидевший и… захвативший с собой бумагу","title":"Two past active participles in apposition","body":"«предвидевший» and «захвативший» are past active participles agreeing with «Митя», stacked appositively — 'Mitya, who had foreseen all this and had purposely brought along…'. Such participial chains are a signature of the elevated literary register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на сей случай","title":"Archaic 'сей' for 'this'","body":"«сей» ('this') is the archaic, bookish demonstrative the 19th-century literary language keeps alive beside everyday «этот». «на сей случай» ('for this occasion') is a set, slightly formal turn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies написал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of написал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предвидевший","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"предвидевший","lemma":"предвидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying Митя","gloss":"having foreseen"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захвативший","gloss":"purposely"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случай","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случай","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of захвативший","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"захвативший","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying Митя, coordinated with предвидевший","gloss":"having brought"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of захвативший","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"бумагу","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of захвативший","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"карандаш","lemma":"карандаш","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бумагу","gloss":"a pencil"},{"surface":"четко","lemma":"чётко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies написал","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking клочке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"клочке","lemma":"клочок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написал","gloss":"a scrap"},{"surface":"бумаги","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies клочке","gloss":"of paper"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies строчку","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"строчку","lemma":"строчка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of написал","gloss":"line"},{"surface":"По","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу, heads the quoted note","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"самонужнейшему","lemma":"самонужнейший","morphology":"adjective, superlative, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies делу","gloss":"most urgent"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of По, head of the quoted note","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"близко","lemma":"близко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies касающемуся","gloss":"closely"},{"surface":"касающемуся","lemma":"касаться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying делу","gloss":"touching upon"},{"surface":"Аграфены","lemma":"Аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of касающемуся","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровны","lemma":"Александровна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аграфены","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with написал, second main verb","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of послал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"старику","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of послал","gloss":"to the old man"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b8-c1-s93","source":"Подумав несколько, старик велел малому ввести посетителя в залу, а старуху послал вниз с приказанием к младшему сыну сейчас же явиться к нему наверх.","translation":"After a little thought, the old man told the lad to show the visitor into the hall, and sent the old woman down with an order to his younger son to come up to him at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подумав несколько, старик велел","title":"Perfective past gerund 'having thought'","body":"«Подумав» is a perfective past gerund (деепричастие) from «подумать» — 'having thought a little'. The perfective gerund marks an action completed before the main verb «велел», sharing its subject (the old man)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"велел… ввести… а старуху послал","title":"Causative велел + infinitive, parallel commands","body":"«велел… ввести» ('ordered [the lad] to bring in') governs an infinitive; the parallel clause «а старуху послал…» pivots on contrastive «а». «к младшему сыну сейчас же явиться» nests a further command (an order to the son to appear)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подумав","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on велел","gloss":"having thought"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Подумав","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of велел","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"малому","lemma":"малый","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of велел","gloss":"the lad"},{"surface":"ввести","lemma":"ввести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"to bring in"},{"surface":"посетителя","lemma":"посетитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ввести","gloss":"the visitor"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ввести","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"старуху","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of послал","gloss":"the old woman"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with велел","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послал","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приказанием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"приказанием","lemma":"приказание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of послал","gloss":"an order"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сыну","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"младшему","lemma":"младший","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сыну","gloss":"younger"},{"surface":"сыну","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of к, modifies приказанием","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явиться","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"явиться","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of приказанием (purpose infinitive)","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явиться","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"наверх","lemma":"наверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явиться","gloss":"upstairs"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b8-c1-s94","source":"Этот младший сын, мужчина вершков двенадцати и силы непомерной, бривший лицо и одевавшийся по-немецки (сам Самсонов ходил в кафтане и с бородой), явился немедленно и безмолвно.","translation":"This younger son, a man of some twelve vershoks' height and immense strength, clean-shaven and dressed in the German fashion (Samsonov himself went about in a kaftan and a beard), appeared immediately and without a word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бривший лицо и одевавшийся по-немецки","title":"Coordinated past active participles","body":"«бривший» ('who shaved [his face]') and the reflexive «одевавшийся» ('who dressed himself') are imperfective past active participles describing the son's habitual appearance. «одевавшийся» carries «-ся» as a true reflexive ('dressed himself')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сын","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"младший","lemma":"младший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"younger"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of явился","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"мужчина","lemma":"мужчина","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to сын","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"вершков","lemma":"вершок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"genitive of measure describing мужчина","gloss":"vershoks"},{"surface":"двенадцати","lemma":"двенадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"modifies вершков","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with вершков","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"непомерной","lemma":"непомерный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies силы","gloss":"immense"},{"surface":"бривший","lemma":"брить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying мужчина","gloss":"clean-shaven"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of бривший","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"одевавшийся","lemma":"одеваться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бривший","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of по-немецки, modifies одевавшийся","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"немецки","lemma":"немецки","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of по-немецки, modifies одевавшийся","gloss":"the German fashion"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Самсонов","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Самсонов","lemma":"Самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходил","gloss":"Samsonov"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"went about"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кафтане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кафтане","lemma":"кафтан","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"a kaftan"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бородой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"бородой","lemma":"борода","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with кафтане","gloss":"a beard"},{"surface":"явился","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явился","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безмолвно","lemma":"безмолвно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with немедленно","gloss":"silently"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b8-c1-s95","source":"Все они пред отцом трепетали.","translation":"They all trembled before their father.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Все они пред отцом трепетали","title":"Archaic пред + instrumental","body":"«пред» is the bookish/archaic form of «перед» ('before, in front of'), governing the instrumental «отцом». «трепетали» ('trembled, quaked') in the imperfective conveys the habitual, standing fear of the patriarch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of они","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of трепетали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of трепетали","gloss":"their father"},{"surface":"трепетали","lemma":"трепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trembled"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b8-c1-s96","source":"Пригласил отец этого молодца не то чтоб из страху пред капитаном, характера он был весьма неробкого, а так лишь, на всякий случай, более чтоб иметь свидетеля.","translation":"The father summoned this strapping fellow not exactly out of any fear of the captain — his own character was anything but timid — but just so, in case of need, and rather to have a witness on hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то чтоб из страху… а так лишь","title":"Correlative 'not exactly… but rather'","body":"«не то чтоб… а…» is a colloquial correlative 'not so much / not exactly… but rather…'. «из страху» uses «из» + genitive of cause ('out of fear'); the «-у» partitive/causal ending on «страх» is an older masculine variant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"характера он был весьма неробкого","title":"Genitive of quality","body":"«характера… неробкого» is the genitive of quality (быть + genitive describing a trait) — 'he was of a far from timid character'. The fronted «характера» topicalises the trait; «весьма» ('quite, very') is a bookish intensifier."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молодца","title":"'Strapping fellow'","body":"«молодец» here means a fine, sturdy young man — a vigorous strapping fellow. (With the same end-stress, молоде́ц is also the everyday praise 'well done!'; only the folk-epic 'brave youth', до́брый мо́лодец, shifts the stress to the first syllable.) It fits the huge, silent son just described."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пригласил","lemma":"пригласить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"summoned"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Пригласил","gloss":"the father"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular, animate","role":"determiner of молодца","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"молодца","lemma":"молодец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular, animate","role":"direct object of Пригласил","gloss":"fellow"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то, part of не то чтоб","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то чтоб","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause (из страху)","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страху","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"страху","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of из, reason clause for Пригласил","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking капитаном","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"капитаном","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies страху","gloss":"the captain"},{"surface":"характера","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate genitive with был, modified by неробкого","gloss":"in character"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to неробкого","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неробкого","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"неробкого","lemma":"неробкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характера","gloss":"not timid"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лишь","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with из страху (alternate reason)","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случай","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случай","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase, coordinated with так лишь","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иметь","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause (иметь)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"иметь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose clause on Пригласил","gloss":"to have"},{"surface":"свидетеля","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of иметь","gloss":"a witness"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b8-c1-s97","source":"В сопровождении сына, взявшего его под руку, и малого, он выплыл наконец в залу.","translation":"Accompanied by his son, who had taken him by the arm, and by the lad, he at last sailed forth into the hall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взявшего его под руку","title":"Past active participle in the genitive","body":"«взявшего» (perfective past active participle of «взять», 'to take') agrees with «сына» in the genitive — 'his son, who had taken him by the arm'. It nests inside the «в сопровождении…» phrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выплыл наконец в залу","title":"'Sailed forth'","body":"«выплыть» literally 'to swim/sail out'; of a person's gait it evokes a slow, stately, gliding entrance. Applied to the bloated, ailing Samsonov it is faintly comic-grandiose — he 'sailed forth' into the hall. «зала» is the grand reception hall."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сопровождении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сопровождении","lemma":"сопровождение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выплыл","gloss":"the company"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сопровождении","gloss":"of his son"},{"surface":"взявшего","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying сына","gloss":"who had taken"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взявшего","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взявшего","gloss":"the arm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"малого","lemma":"малый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular, animate","role":"coordinated with сына, modifies сопровождении","gloss":"the lad"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выплыл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"выплыл","lemma":"выплыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sailed forth"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выплыл","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выплыл","gloss":"the hall"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b8-c1-s98","source":"Надо думать, что ощущал он некоторое довольно сильное любопытство.","translation":"One must suppose that he felt a rather strong curiosity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Надо думать, что ощущал он","title":"Impersonal надо + 'one must suppose'","body":"«надо думать» is an impersonal, subjectless construction ('one must suppose / presumably'), a hedge the narrator uses to mark inference rather than certain knowledge. The «что»-clause «ощущал он» follows with inverted verb-pronoun order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"governs думать","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ощущал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ощущал","lemma":"ощущать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думать","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ощущал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of любопытство","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сильное","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"сильное","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытство","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"любопытство","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ощущал","gloss":"curiosity"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b8-c1-s99","source":"Зала эта, в которой ждал Митя, была огромная, угрюмая, убивавшая тоской душу комната, в два света, с хорами, со стенами «под мрамор» и с тремя огромными хрустальными люстрами в чехлах.","translation":"The hall in which Mitya waited was an enormous, gloomy room that crushed the soul with tedium, two stories high, with a gallery, with walls done \"in imitation marble,\" and with three enormous crystal chandeliers in dust-covers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"убивавшая тоской душу комната","title":"Past active participle + instrumental of means","body":"«убивавшая» is a past active participle (imperfective «убивать», 'to kill') modifying «комната» — 'a room that crushed/killed the soul'. The means stands in the instrumental: «тоской» ('with tedium/anguish'), the instrumental of instrument."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в два света, с хорами","title":"Architectural terms: double light, a gallery","body":"«в два света» describes a hall two stories high with two tiers of windows ('in two lights'); «хоры» is an interior gallery or upper musicians'/spectators' balcony. Together they evoke a pretentious, oppressive merchant's reception hall."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зала","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Зала","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying Зала","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ждал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to огромная","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"огромная","lemma":"огромный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the predicate","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"угрюмая","lemma":"угрюмый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with огромная","gloss":"gloomy"},{"surface":"убивавшая","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying комната","gloss":"crushing"},{"surface":"тоской","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убивавшая","gloss":"with tedium"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of убивавшая","gloss":"the soul"},{"surface":"комната","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase modified by огромная, угрюмая, убивавшая тоской душу and the following phrases","gloss":"a room"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking света","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on света","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"света","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies комната","gloss":"stories high","note":"'в два света' is the fixed phrase for a double-height room."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хорами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"хорами","lemma":"хоры","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies комната","gloss":"a gallery"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стенами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"стенами","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies комната","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мрамор","gloss":"in imitation of"},{"surface":"мрамор","lemma":"мрамор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to стенами","gloss":"marble"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking люстрами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тремя","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies люстрами","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"огромными","lemma":"огромный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies люстрами","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"хрустальными","lemma":"хрустальный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies люстрами","gloss":"crystal"},{"surface":"люстрами","lemma":"люстра","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies комната","gloss":"chandeliers"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чехлах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чехлах","lemma":"чехол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies люстрами","gloss":"dust-covers"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b8-c1-s100","source":"Митя сидел на стульчике у входной двери и в нервном нетерпении ждал своей участи.","translation":"Mitya sat on a little chair by the entrance door and, in nervous impatience, awaited his fate.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на стульчике","title":"Diminutive 'little chair'","body":"«стульчик» is the diminutive of «стул» ('chair'). The small word quietly diminishes Mitya himself — the big, restless 'captain' perched on a little chair by the door, awaiting his fate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ждал своей участи","title":"ждать + genitive of the awaited","body":"«ждать» governs the genitive of the thing awaited: «своей участи» ('his [own] fate'). «своей» is again the reflexive possessive pointing to the subject Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стульчике","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стульчике","lemma":"стульчик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"a little chair"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двери","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"входной","lemma":"входной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies двери","gloss":"entrance"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нетерпении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нервном","lemma":"нервный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нетерпении","gloss":"nervous"},{"surface":"нетерпении","lemma":"нетерпение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждал","gloss":"impatience"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of участи","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"участи","lemma":"участь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ждал","gloss":"fate"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b8-c1-s101","source":"Когда старик появился у противоположного входа, сажен за десять от стула Мити, то тот вдруг вскочил и своими твердыми, фронтовыми, аршинными шагами пошел к нему навстречу.","translation":"When the old man appeared at the opposite entrance, some ten sazhens from Mitya's chair, the latter suddenly sprang up and went to meet him with his firm, drill-ground, yard-long strides.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фронтовыми, аршинными шагами","title":"Drill-ground, yard-long strides","body":"«фронтовой» here means 'parade-ground, drill' (from military «фронт», the front of a formation); «аршинный» means 'an arshin long' (~71 cm). The two adjectives in the instrumental render Mitya's stiff, soldierly, exaggeratedly long stride."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of появился","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of появился","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"появился","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause introduced by Когда","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking входа","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"противоположного","lemma":"противоположный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies входа","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"входа","lemma":"вход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of появился","gloss":"entrance"},{"surface":"сажен","lemma":"сажень","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural, feminine","role":"measure of distance, modifies появился","gloss":"sazhens","note":"'сажен за десять' is an idiom for 'about ten sazhens' (a sazhen ≈ 2.13 m)."},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking десять, approximation idiom","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on сажен","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стула","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стула","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies десять (distance from)","gloss":"the chair"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive genitive modifying стула","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the main clause, coordinated with пошел","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of твердыми","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"твердыми","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies шагами","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"фронтовыми","lemma":"фронтовой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with твердыми","gloss":"drill-ground"},{"surface":"аршинными","lemma":"аршинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with твердыми","gloss":"yard-long"},{"surface":"шагами","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"strides"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"навстречу","lemma":"навстречу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"to meet"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b8-c1-s102","source":"Одет был Митя прилично, в застегнутом сюртуке, с круглою шляпой в руках и в черных перчатках, точь-в-точь как был дня три тому назад в монастыре, у старца, на семейном свидании с Федором Павловичем и с братьями.","translation":"Mitya was decently dressed, in a buttoned frock coat, with a round hat in his hands and in black gloves, exactly as he had been some three days before at the monastery, at the elder's, at the family meeting with Fyodor Pavlovich and his brothers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в застегнутом сюртуке","title":"The buttoned frock coat","body":"A «сюртук» is a frock coat, formal day wear for a gentleman of the period. «застёгнутый» ('buttoned [up]') is a past passive participle; the buttoned coat and black gloves mark Mitya's effort to present himself correctly."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"точь-в-точь","title":"'Exactly, to a T'","body":"«точь-в-точь» is an expressive reduplicated adverb meaning 'exactly, precisely, just as' — emphasising that Mitya is dressed identically to three days before. The doubling is characteristic of colloquial intensifiers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одет","lemma":"одеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Одет","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Одет","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"прилично","lemma":"прилично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Одет","gloss":"decently"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сюртуке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"застегнутом","lemma":"застегнутый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сюртуке","gloss":"buttoned"},{"surface":"сюртуке","lemma":"сюртук","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Одет","gloss":"frock coat"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шляпой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"круглою","lemma":"круглый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шляпой","gloss":"round"},{"surface":"шляпой","lemma":"шляпа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Одет","gloss":"hat"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies шляпой","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking перчатках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"черных","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies перчатках","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"перчатках","lemma":"перчатка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Одет, coordinated with сюртуке/шляпой","gloss":"gloves"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb, part of idiom точь-в-точь","role":"adverbial modifier of был (comparison)","gloss":"exactly","note":"точь-в-точь ('exactly, precisely') is a single fixed idiom split across these three tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"part of idiom точь-в-точь","role":"part of idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"part of idiom точь-в-точь","role":"part of idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause with был","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the как-clause (parallel to Одет)","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantified by три, part of time expression тому назад","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular, part of fixed idiom тому назад","role":"part of idiom тому назад ('ago')","gloss":"ago","note":"тому назад is a fixed phrase meaning 'ago', literally 'to that back'."},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb, part of idiom тому назад","role":"part of idiom тому назад","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with монастыре","gloss":"the elder's"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидании","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"семейном","lemma":"семейный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies свидании","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"свидании","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with монастыре","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Федором","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свидании","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичем","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федором","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братьями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"братьями","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Федором","gloss":"his brothers"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b8-c1-s103","source":"Старик важно и строго ожидал его стоя, и Митя разом почувствовал, что, пока он подходил, тот его всего рассмотрел.","translation":"The old man awaited him standing, with dignity and severity, and Mitya felt at once that, while he was approaching, the man had looked him over from head to foot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ожидал его стоя","title":"Frozen gerund стоя","body":"«стоя» ('standing') is the imperfective present gerund of «стоять», long lexicalised as an adverb of manner — 'awaited him [while] standing'. It is one of a handful of gerunds («стоя, сидя, лёжа, молча») that function as plain adverbs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пока он подходил, тот его всего рассмотрел","title":"пока + imperfective vs perfective result","body":"«пока он подходил» (imperfective «подходить», 'while he was approaching') gives the ongoing frame inside which the perfective «рассмотрел» ('looked [him] over completely') is the single completed act. «всего» ('him entirely, head to foot') intensifies the scrutiny."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ожидал","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидал","gloss":"with dignity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидал","gloss":"severely"},{"surface":"ожидал","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ожидал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"стоя","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"modifies ожидал","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular, used adverbially ('at once')","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ожидал (second main verb)","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of почувствовал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подходил","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"подходил","lemma":"подходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying рассмотрел (temporal)","gloss":"was approaching"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассмотрел","gloss":"he (the old man)"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of рассмотрел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter/masculine, singular, used adverbially","role":"modifies рассмотрел","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"рассмотрел","lemma":"рассмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (complement of почувствовал)","gloss":"had looked over"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b8-c1-s104","source":"Поразило тоже Митю чрезвычайно опухшее за последнее время лицо Кузьмы Кузьмича: нижняя и без того толстая губа его казалась теперь какою-то отвисшею лепешкой.","translation":"Mitya was also struck by Kuzma Kuzmich's face, which had grown extraordinarily swollen of late: his lower lip, thick to begin with, now looked like some sagging flapjack.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поразило тоже Митю… лицо","title":"Object-first word order","body":"The verb «поразило» ('struck') and object «Митю» come first, with the grammatical subject «лицо» ('the face') held to the end as the new, weighty information — Russian's topic-comment freedom in action, putting the swollen face in focus."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отвисшею лепёшкой","title":"'A sagging flapjack'","body":"A «лепёшка» is a flat round cake or pancake; «отвисшая лепёшка» ('a drooping flapjack') is the grotesque simile for Samsonov's pendulous lower lip. «отвисшею» is an older instrumental-feminine ending («-ею» for «-ей»), common in 19th-century print."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поразило","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Поразило","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Поразило","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опухшее","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"опухшее","lemma":"опухнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying лицо","gloss":"swollen"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of опухшее","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Поразило","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"Кузьмы","lemma":"Кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"Kuzma's"},{"surface":"Кузьмича","lemma":"Кузьмич","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Кузьмы","gloss":"Kuzmich's"},{"surface":"нижняя","lemma":"нижний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies губа","gloss":"lower"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular, part of idiom без того","role":"part of idiom без того, modifies толстая (='to begin with')","gloss":"that","note":"без того здесь идиома, означающая 'even without that / to begin with', усиливающая толстая."},{"surface":"толстая","lemma":"толстый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies губа","gloss":"thick"},{"surface":"губа","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of казалась","gloss":"lip"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of губа","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"казалась","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies казалась","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"какою","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular, part of какою-то","role":"part of какою-то, modifies лепешкой","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker, part of какою-то","role":"part of какою-то, modifies лепешкой","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"отвисшею","lemma":"отвисший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies лепешкой","gloss":"sagging"},{"surface":"лепешкой","lemma":"лепёшка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of казалась","gloss":"flapjack"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b8-c1-s105","source":"Важно и молча поклонился он гостю, указал ему на кресло подле дивана, а сам медленно, опираясь на руку сына и болезненно кряхтя, стал усаживаться напротив Мити на диван, так что тот, видя болезненные усилия его, немедленно почувствовал в сердце своем раскаяние и деликатный стыд за свое теперешнее ничтожество пред столь важным им обеспокоенным лицом.","translation":"Gravely and in silence he bowed to his guest, motioned him to an armchair beside the sofa, and himself, slowly, leaning on his son's arm and groaning painfully, began to lower himself onto the sofa opposite Mitya, so that the latter, seeing his painful efforts, immediately felt in his heart a repentance and a delicate shame for his own present nothingness before so imposing a person whom he had put to such trouble.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"опираясь на руку сына и… кряхтя, стал усаживаться","title":"Two simultaneous gerunds","body":"«опираясь» ('leaning') and «кряхтя» ('groaning') are imperfective present gerunds giving the attendant manner of the main act «стал усаживаться» ('began to lower himself'). Both share the subject (Samsonov). «кряхтеть» is an expressive verb for an old man's pained grunting."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"видя болезненные усилия его, немедленно почувствовал","title":"Causal present gerund","body":"«видя» ('seeing', imperfective present gerund of «видеть») gives the cause/circumstance for Mitya's reaction — 'seeing his painful efforts, he immediately felt…'. It is one of the chain of deepričastija structuring this long sentence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"раскаяние и деликатный стыд за своё… ничтожество","title":"Repentance, shame, nothingness","body":"«раскаяние» (repentance, contrition) and «стыд» (shame) before «столь важным… лицом» key into the novel's moral vocabulary; «ничтожество» ('insignificance, nothingness') is Mitya's sudden self-abasement. «столь» ('so') is a bookish, elevated synonym of «так»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Важно","lemma":"важно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поклонился","gloss":"gravely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поклонился","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"поклонился","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поклонился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"гостю","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поклонился","gloss":"to his guest"},{"surface":"указал","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поклонился (second main verb)","gloss":"motioned"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of указал","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресло","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"кресло","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of указал","gloss":"an armchair"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дивана, modifies кресло","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"дивана","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подле","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стал (subject emphasis, 'he himself')","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"медленно","lemma":"медленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"опираясь","lemma":"опираться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on стал","gloss":"leaning"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опираясь","gloss":"the arm"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies руку","gloss":"his son's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"болезненно","lemma":"болезненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кряхтя","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"кряхтя","lemma":"кряхтеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with опираясь","gloss":"groaning"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поклонился/указал (third main verb)","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"усаживаться","lemma":"усаживаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to lower himself"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of напротив","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диван","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"диван","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of усаживаться","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb, part of так что","role":"introduces the result clause with почувствовал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, part of так что","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"he (Mitya)"},{"surface":"видя","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on почувствовал","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"болезненные","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies усилия","gloss":"painful"},{"surface":"усилия","lemma":"усилие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of видя","gloss":"efforts"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies усилия","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the так что clause","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of почувствовал","gloss":"his heart"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"раскаяние","lemma":"раскаяние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of почувствовал","gloss":"repentance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"деликатный","lemma":"деликатный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стыд","gloss":"delicate"},{"surface":"стыд","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with раскаяние","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ничтожество","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ничтожество","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"теперешнее","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ничтожество","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"ничтожество","lemma":"ничтожество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стыд","gloss":"nothingness"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важным","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"важным","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"imposing"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of обеспокоенным","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"обеспокоенным","lemma":"обеспокоенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"troubled"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"person"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b8-c1-s106","source":"— Что вам, сударь, от меня угодно? — проговорил, усевшись наконец, старик, медленно, раздельно, строго, но вежливо.","translation":"\"What is it, sir, that you wish of me?\" said the old man, having at last seated himself, slowly, distinctly, severely, but courteously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Что вам, сударь, от меня угодно?","title":"Polite 'сударь' and 'угодно'","body":"«сударь» is the period's polite form of address ('sir'), now archaic. «что вам угодно?» ('what do you wish?', lit. 'what is pleasing to you?') is a formal, slightly cold courtesy — Samsonov keeps Mitya at icy, ceremonious distance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вам… угодно","title":"Dative-experiencer with угодно","body":"«угодно» is an impersonal predicative governing a dative of the person — «вам угодно» ('it is pleasing to you / you wish'). There is no nominative subject; the wished-for thing is the «что». A classic dative-subject construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"усевшись наконец","title":"Perfective past gerund 'having seated himself'","body":"«усевшись» is a perfective past gerund (from reflexive «усесться», 'to settle oneself down'), marking the action completed just before he speaks. The «-ся» is a true reflexive ('seated himself')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of угодно","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"experiencer of угодно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сударь","lemma":"сударь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to старик","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of угодно","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"predicate adverb (impersonal)","role":"main predicate of the quoted question","gloss":"do you wish"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"усевшись","lemma":"усесться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, reflexive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying проговорил","gloss":"having seated himself"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усевшись","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"медленно","lemma":"медленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"раздельно","lemma":"раздельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with медленно","gloss":"distinctly"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with медленно","gloss":"severely"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вежливо","lemma":"вежливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with медленно","gloss":"courteously"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b8-c1-s107","source":"Митя вздрогнул, вскочил было, но сел опять.","translation":"Mitya gave a start, half rose, but sat down again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочил было, но сел опять","title":"The particle было: a cut-short action","body":"«было» as a particle (not the verb 'was') marks an action begun but immediately undone or interrupted — «вскочил было» = 'started to jump up [but]…'. The «но сел опять» completes the reversal: he half-rose, then sat back down."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave a start"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнул","gloss":"half rose"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle (marks an action begun then abandoned)","role":"modifies вскочил","gloss":"as if to","note":"'X было' after a perfective verb marks an action begun but not carried through — here rendered by the translation's 'half rose'."},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнул","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сел","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b8-c1-s108","source":"Затем тотчас же стал говорить громко, быстро, нервно, с жестами и в решительном исступлении.","translation":"Then at once he began to speak loudly, rapidly, nervously, with gestures and in a resolute frenzy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал говорить громко, быстро, нервно","title":"Inceptive стать + imperfective infinitive","body":"«стал говорить» ('began to speak') uses «стать» as an inceptive auxiliary with the imperfective infinitive «говорить», launching an ongoing activity — the rush of speech then characterised by the adverbs «громко, быстро, нервно»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в решительном исступлении","title":"'Resolute frenzy'","body":"«исступление» is frenzy, a state of being beside oneself, ecstatic or distraught — a heightened Dostoevskian word for the characters' fevered extremes. «в решительном исступлении» captures Mitya's desperate, all-or-nothing pitch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with громко","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"нервно","lemma":"нервно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with быстро","gloss":"nervously"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жестами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"жестами","lemma":"жест","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"gestures"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"решительном","lemma":"решительный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies исступлении","gloss":"resolute"},{"surface":"исступлении","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with жестами","gloss":"frenzy"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b8-c1-s109","source":"Видно было, что человек дошел до черты, погиб и ищет последнего выхода, а не удастся, то хоть сейчас и в воду.","translation":"It was plain that the man had come to the brink, was lost, and was seeking a last way out — and if it should fail, then he was ready to throw himself into the water that very moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Видно было, что человек дошёл до черты, погиб","title":"Impersonal 'it was plain'","body":"«видно было, что…» is an impersonal predicative ('it was evident that…'), with no nominative subject, opening a «что»-clause. The perfectives «дошёл», «погиб» narrate the man's arrival at the brink as completed facts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а не удастся, то хоть сейчас и в воду","title":"Elliptical conditional","body":"«а не удастся, то…» is a compressed conditional ('and if it doesn't come off, then…'); «не удастся» is an impersonal perfective future with a dative experiencer understood. «хоть сейчас и в воду» — verbless — leaves 'throw himself' implied: 'even this instant, into the water'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"predicate adverb (impersonal)","role":"main predicate of the sentence ('it was evident')","gloss":"it was plain"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Видно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дошел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дошел","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"дошел","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Видно","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черты","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"черты","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дошел","gloss":"the brink"},{"surface":"погиб","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дошел","gloss":"was ruined"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ищет","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дошел","gloss":"was seeking"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies выхода","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"выхода","lemma":"выход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ищет","gloss":"way out"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удастся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"удастся","lemma":"удаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause ('if it doesn't succeed')","gloss":"succeeds"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause ('then')","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal adverb in the elliptical result clause (verb 'throw himself' omitted)","gloss":"right now","note":"The clause elides a verb like 'кинется' ('will throw himself'); хоть сейчас и в воду literally means 'even right into the water this instant'."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в воду (='even')","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воду","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"воду","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb, coordinated with сейчас","gloss":"the water"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b8-c1-s110","source":"Всё это в один миг, вероятно, понял старик Самсонов, хотя лицо его оставалось неизменным и холодным как у истукана.","translation":"All this old Samsonov probably grasped in a single instant, though his face remained unchanged and cold as an idol's.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё это… понял старик Самсонов","title":"Object-first emphasis","body":"Fronting the object «всё это» ('all this') before the verb and subject throws the weight onto what Samsonov grasped, before naming the grasper — the topic-comment ordering that case endings make possible."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"холодным как у истукана","title":"'Cold as an idol's'","body":"An «истукан» is a graven image or idol — and figuratively a stiff, unfeeling, statue-like person. «холодным как у истукана» ('cold as an idol's [face]') fixes Samsonov's impassive mask. «холодным» is an instrumental predicate after «оставалось»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понял","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies миг","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понял (temporal)","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"вероятно","lemma":"вероятно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grasped"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Самсонов","lemma":"Самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старик","gloss":"Samsonov"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оставалось","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of оставалось","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"оставалось","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial (concessive) clause on понял","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"неизменным","lemma":"неизменный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of оставалось","gloss":"unchanged"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"холодным","lemma":"холодный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with неизменным","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking истукана","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking истукана","gloss":"an idol's"},{"surface":"истукана","lemma":"истукан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of холодным","gloss":"an idol"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b8-c1-s111","source":"«Благороднейший Кузьма Кузьмич, вероятно, слыхал уже не раз о моих контрах с отцом моим, Федором Павловичем Карамазовым, ограбившим меня по наследству после родной моей матери… так как весь город уже трещит об этом… потому что здесь все трещат об том, чего не надо… А кроме того, могло дойти и от Грушеньки… виноват: от Аграфены Александровны… от многоуважаемой и многочтимой мною Аграфены Александровны…» — так начал и оборвался с первого слова Митя.","translation":"\"Most honorable Kuzma Kuzmich, you have probably heard more than once of my quarrels with my father, Fyodor Pavlovich Karamazov, who robbed me of my inheritance from my own mother… for the whole town is already buzzing about it… because here everyone buzzes about what they shouldn't… And besides, it might have reached you from Grushenka too… forgive me: from Agrafena Alexandrovna… from the deeply respected and deeply esteemed-by-me Agrafena Alexandrovna…\" — so Mitya began, and broke off at the very first word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"о моих контрах с отцом","title":"'Контры' — quarrels","body":"«контры» (from French/Latin contra) is colloquial for being at odds, a feud or running quarrel — 'my contras / quarrels with my father'. The casual loanword suits Mitya's rushed, slangy delivery."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ограбившим меня по наследству","title":"Past active participle 'who robbed me'","body":"«ограбившим» (perfective past active participle of «ограбить», 'to rob') agrees with «отцом» in the instrumental — 'my father, who had robbed me of my inheritance'. The participle packs Mitya's central grievance into one charged modifier."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"весь город уже трещит","title":"Idiom: 'the whole town is buzzing'","body":"«трещать» literally 'to crackle, rattle'; of people/a town it means to chatter or buzz with gossip. «весь город трещит об этом» — 'the whole town is talking of it' — repeated for emphasis, conveys Mitya's sense that his disgrace is public property."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оборвался с первого слова","title":"-ся as 'broke off'","body":"«оборвался» (perfective «оборваться» + «-ся») is the middle/intransitive 'broke off, snapped short' — Mitya's speech failing of itself. The «-ся» turns the transitive «оборвать» ('to tear off') into an intransitive change of state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Благороднейший","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Кузьма","gloss":"most honorable"},{"surface":"Кузьма","lemma":"Кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слыхал","gloss":"Kuzma"},{"surface":"Кузьмич","lemma":"Кузьмич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Кузьма","gloss":"Kuzmich"},{"surface":"вероятно","lemma":"вероятно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слыхал","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"слыхал","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have heard"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз (idiom не раз = 'more than once')","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слыхал","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking контрах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of контрах","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"контрах","lemma":"контра","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of слыхал","gloss":"quarrels"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies контрах","gloss":"my father"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отцом","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Федором","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отцом","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичем","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федором","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"Карамазовым","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федором","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"ограбившим","lemma":"ограбить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies отцом (relative clause)","gloss":"who robbed"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ограбившим","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наследству","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"наследству","lemma":"наследство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ограбившим","gloss":"inheritance"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking матери","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"родной","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies матери","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of матери","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ограбившим","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb, part of так как","role":"part of так как (causal conjunction)","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, part of так как","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of город","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of трещит","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трещит","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"трещит","lemma":"трещать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the так как clause","gloss":"is buzzing"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of трещит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb, part of потому что","role":"part of потому что (causal conjunction)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, part of потому что","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трещат","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of трещат","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"трещат","lemma":"трещать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the потому что clause","gloss":"gossip"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of трещат","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of надо (relative clause modifying том)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicate adverb (impersonal)","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular, part of кроме того","role":"part of idiom кроме того, modifies могло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"дойти","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"reached you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дойти (='also')","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дойти","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"interjection (short adjective, ='pardon me')","role":"parenthetical self-correction","gloss":"forgive me"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Аграфены","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Аграфены","lemma":"Аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Грушеньки (corrects the name)","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровны","lemma":"Александровна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аграфены","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Аграфены (second occurrence, w61)","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"многоуважаемой","lemma":"многоуважаемый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Аграфены (w61)","gloss":"deeply respected"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"многочтимой","lemma":"многочтимый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with многоуважаемой","gloss":"esteemed"},{"surface":"мною","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"agent of многочтимой (='esteemed by me')","gloss":"by me"},{"surface":"Аграфены","lemma":"Аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the appositive phrase, depends on от (w56)","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровны","lemma":"Александровна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аграфены","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оборвался","lemma":"оборваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"broke off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слова","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оборвался","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал/оборвался","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b8-c1-s112","source":"Но мы не будем приводить дословно всю его речь, а представим лишь изложение.","translation":"But we shall not reproduce his whole speech word for word; we shall give only the gist of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы не будем приводить… а представим","title":"Compound future vs perfective future","body":"The narrator contrasts the compound (imperfective) future «не будем приводить» ('we shall not [go on] reproducing') with the simple perfective future «представим» ('we shall give'). The «мы» is the chronicler's editorial 'we'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дословно… изложение","title":"'Word for word' vs 'the gist'","body":"«дословно» means 'verbatim, word for word'; «изложение» is a summary or exposition, the gist. The narrator's choice to give only the «изложение» is a deliberate device — distancing us from Mitya's chaotic actual words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of приводить","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будем приводить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of приводить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"приводить","lemma":"приводить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reproduce"},{"surface":"дословно","lemma":"дословно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приводить","gloss":"word for word"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речь","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of приводить","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"представим","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with приводить","gloss":"will give"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изложение","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"изложение","lemma":"изложение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of представим","gloss":"the gist"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b8-c1-s113","source":"Дело, дескать, заключается в том, что он, Митя, еще три месяца назад, нарочито советовался (он именно проговорил «нарочито», а не «нарочно») с адвокатом в губернском городе, «со знаменитым адвокатом, Кузьма Кузьмич, Павлом Павловичем Корнеплодовым, изволили, вероятно, слышать?","translation":"The matter, he said, lay in this: that he, Mitya, three months before, had expressly consulted (he did say \"expressly,\" and not \"on purpose\") with a lawyer in the provincial capital, \"with a famous lawyer, Kuzma Kuzmich, Pavel Pavlovich Korneplodov — you have probably had the honor of hearing of him?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дело, дескать, заключается в том, что","title":"заключаться в том, что — 'consists in that'","body":"«заключается в том, что…» ('lies / consists in this, that…') uses the correlative «в том» (prepositional) anticipating the «что»-clause. «дескать» again flags the whole report as Mitya's indirect speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«нарочито», а не «нарочно»","title":"A telling word-choice","body":"Mitya insists he said «нарочито» (deliberately, of set purpose — a bookish, weighty word) and not the plainer «нарочно» (on purpose). The narrator's note on this distinction characterises Mitya's straining after dignified, lawyerly language."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изволили… слышать?","title":"Deferential 'изволить'","body":"«изволить» + infinitive ('to deign / be so good as to…') is an obsequious, deferential auxiliary — 'you have probably had the honour of hearing'. Mitya pours it on to flatter the merchant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of заключается","gloss":"The matter"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, reportative","role":"parenthetical, marks reported speech","gloss":"he said","note":"Colloquial reportative particle marking hearsay/quoted speech ('so he says'); recurs throughout as Mitya's story is retold."},{"surface":"заключается","lemma":"заключаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключается","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of советовался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of советовался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies три месяца назад (idiom, 'as much as')","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies месяца","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adjunct on советовался","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месяца","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нарочито","lemma":"нарочито","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies советовался","gloss":"expressly"},{"surface":"советовался","lemma":"советоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause, complement of том","gloss":"had consulted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"did say"},{"surface":"нарочито","lemma":"нарочито","morphology":"adverb, quoted as a noun","role":"direct object of проговорил","gloss":"'expressly'"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нарочно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb, quoted as a noun","role":"coordinated with нарочито","gloss":"'on purpose'"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking адвокатом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"адвокатом","lemma":"адвокат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of советовался","gloss":"a lawyer"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"губернском","lemma":"губернский","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies городе","gloss":"provincial"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of советовался","gloss":"capital"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking адвокатом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"знаменитым","lemma":"знаменитый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies адвокатом","gloss":"famous"},{"surface":"адвокатом","lemma":"адвокат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to адвокатом (w23)","gloss":"lawyer"},{"surface":"Кузьма","lemma":"кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address to the listener","gloss":"Kuzma","note":"Vocative address to Mitya's listener (Kuzma Kuzmich) — not part of the lawyer's own name, which follows as Pavel Pavlovich Korneplodov."},{"surface":"Кузьмич","lemma":"кузьмич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Кузьма","gloss":"Kuzmich"},{"surface":"Павлом","lemma":"павел","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to адвокатом","gloss":"Pavel"},{"surface":"Павловичем","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Павлом","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"Корнеплодовым","lemma":"корнеплодов","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Павлом","gloss":"Korneplodov"},{"surface":"изволили","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question addressed to Кузьма Кузьмич","gloss":"have you deigned","note":"Old-fashioned deferential plural form used with formal вы; roughly 'you have probably had occasion to.'"},{"surface":"вероятно","lemma":"вероятно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изволили","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"слышать","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of изволили","gloss":"to hear"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b8-c1-s114","source":"Лоб обширный, почти государственный ум… вас тоже знает… отзывался в лучшем виде…» — оборвался в другой раз Митя.","translation":"A broad brow, almost a statesman's intellect… he knows you too… spoke of you in the best terms…\" — Mitya broke off a second time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"почти государственный ум","title":"'Almost a statesman's intellect'","body":"«государственный ум» — a mind fit for affairs of state, statesmanlike. Mitya's breathless praise of the lawyer's «лоб обширный» (broad brow, a physiognomic sign of intellect) and «государственный ум» is comic in its excess."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оборвался в другой раз","title":"-ся 'broke off' again","body":"Echoing s111, «оборвался» (intransitive «-ся») marks Mitya's speech snapping short a second time. «в другой раз» here means 'a second time, again', not 'on another occasion'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лоб","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обширный","gloss":"A brow"},{"surface":"обширный","lemma":"обширный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Лоб","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies государственный","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"государственный","lemma":"государственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ум","gloss":"a statesman's"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted fragment","gloss":"he knows"},{"surface":"отзывался","lemma":"отзываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to знает","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лучшем","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"the best"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отзывался","gloss":"terms"},{"surface":"оборвался","lemma":"оборваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for a"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оборвался","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оборвался","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b8-c1-s115","source":"Но обрывы его не останавливали, он тотчас же чрез них перескакивал и устремлялся всё далее и далее.","translation":"But these breaks did not stop him; he at once leaped across them and pressed on further and further.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обрывы его не останавливали","title":"Negated imperfective: 'did not [keep] stopping'","body":"«не останавливали» is the imperfective past under negation — the breaks 'did not [serve to] stop' him, a general/repeated non-effect. «обрывы» ('breaks, ruptures') is the nominal of the verb that broke off his speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чрез них перескакивал и устремлялся всё далее и далее","title":"Archaic чрез + imperfective rush","body":"«чрез» is the bookish/archaic form of «через» ('across, over'). The imperfectives «перескакивал» and «устремлялся» convey repeated, headlong action — he kept leaping across the gaps and surging on. The reduplicated «всё далее и далее» ('further and further') stretches the momentum."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"обрывы","lemma":"обрыв","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of останавливали","gloss":"the breaks"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of останавливали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies останавливали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"останавливали","lemma":"останавливать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did not stop"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перескакивал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перескакивал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of перескакивал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"перескакивал","lemma":"перескакивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with останавливали","gloss":"leaped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"устремлялся","lemma":"устремляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with останавливали","gloss":"pressed on"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies далее","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устремлялся","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with далее","gloss":"further"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b8-c1-s116","source":"Этот-де самый Корнеплодов, опросив подробно и рассмотрев документы, какие Митя мог представить ему (о документах Митя выразился неясно и особенно спеша в этом месте), отнесся, что насчет деревни Чермашни, которая должна бы, дескать, была принадлежать ему, Мите, по матери, действительно можно бы было начать иск и тем старика-безобразника огорошить… «потому что не все же двери заперты, а юстиция уж знает, куда пролезть».","translation":"This same Korneplodov, said he, having questioned him in detail and examined the documents Mitya could lay before him (about which documents Mitya expressed himself vaguely and with particular haste at this point), had pronounced that as regards the village of Chermashnya, which ought, he said, to have belonged to him, Mitya, through his mother, one really could begin a suit and thereby give the old reprobate a good shock… \"because not all the doors are shut, you know, and the law knows where to slip in.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Этот-де самый Корнеплодов, опросив подробно и рассмотрев документы","title":"Reportive -де + two perfective gerunds","body":"«-де» is the hearsay clitic ('he said, reportedly') threading the indirect report. «опросив» and «рассмотрев» are perfective past gerunds ('having questioned… and examined…'), prior completed acts before the main «отнёсся»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которая должна бы… была принадлежать ему","title":"Conditional бы of mitigated assertion","body":"«должна бы… была принадлежать» joins the past «была должна» with the particle «бы» for a softened, hypothetical 'ought to have belonged' — Mitya hedging his legal claim. «бы» is here split from and embedded in the verb cluster."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно бы было начать иск","title":"Impersonal можно + conditional бы","body":"«можно бы было начать» is an impersonal possibility construction ('one could begin') softened by «бы» into 'one might/could have begun'. The infinitive «начать иск» ('to begin a suit') depends on impersonal «можно»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старика-безобразника огорошить","title":"'Reprobate' and 'to stun'","body":"«безобразник» is a maker of disgraceful scenes, a scandalous reprobate (here Fyodor Pavlovich); «огорошить» is the colloquial 'to take aback, stun, floor someone'. Mitya relishes the prospect of 'flooring the old reprobate' with a lawsuit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Корнеплодов","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle, reportative","role":"reportative particle, modifies отнесся","gloss":"so he said"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Корнеплодов","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"Корнеплодов","lemma":"корнеплодов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отнесся","gloss":"Korneplodov"},{"surface":"опросив","lemma":"опросить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отнесся","gloss":"having questioned"},{"surface":"подробно","lemma":"подробно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опросив","gloss":"in detail"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассмотрев","lemma":"рассмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with опросив","gloss":"examined"},{"surface":"документы","lemma":"документ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of рассмотрев","gloss":"the documents"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"relative pronoun referring to документы, object of представить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying документы","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"lay before"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of представить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking документах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"документах","lemma":"документ","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выразился","gloss":"the documents"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выразился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"выразился","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"expressed himself"},{"surface":"неясно","lemma":"неясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразился","gloss":"vaguely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спеша","gloss":"with particular"},{"surface":"спеша","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"converb coordinated with выразился","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выразился","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"отнесся","lemma":"отнестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деревни","gloss":"as regards"},{"surface":"деревни","lemma":"деревня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of можно","gloss":"the village"},{"surface":"Чермашни","lemma":"чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to деревни","gloss":"of Chermashnya"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of должна","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"должна","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"relative clause on деревни","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of должна","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, reportative","role":"parenthetical particle within the relative clause","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of принадлежать","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"принадлежать","lemma":"принадлежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должна","gloss":"belonged"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of принадлежать","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ему","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking матери","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принадлежать","gloss":"his mother"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of можно","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"начать","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"иск","lemma":"иск","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of начать","gloss":"a suit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies огорошить","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of огорошить","gloss":"the old"},{"surface":"безобразника","lemma":"безобразник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старика","gloss":"reprobate","note":"'старика-безобразника' is one hyphenated compound insult, both halves forming a single direct object."},{"surface":"огорошить","lemma":"огорошить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with начать","gloss":"shock"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound conjunction потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies все","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of двери","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies все","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of заперты","gloss":"the doors"},{"surface":"заперты","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the потому что clause","gloss":"are shut"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"юстиция","lemma":"юстиция","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"the law"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заперты","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пролезть","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"пролезть","lemma":"пролезть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of знает","gloss":"to slip in"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b8-c1-s117","source":"Одним словом, можно бы было надеяться даже-де тысяч на шесть додачи от Федора Павловича, на семь даже, так как Чермашня всё же стоит не менее двадцати пяти тысяч, то есть наверно двадцати восьми, «тридцати, тридцати, Кузьма Кузьмич, а я, представьте себе, и семнадцати от этого жестокого человека не выбрал!..»","translation":"In a word, one might hope, he said, even for as much as six thousand in additional payment from Fyodor Pavlovich, even seven, since Chermashnya was after all worth no less than twenty-five thousand, that is, surely twenty-eight, \"thirty, thirty, Kuzma Kuzmich, and yet I, imagine it, could not squeeze even seventeen out of that cruel man!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тысяч на шесть… на семь даже","title":"Approximation by inversion + genitive plural","body":"Putting the noun before the numeral («тысяч на шесть») marks approximation ('around six thousand'). «тысяч» is genitive plural governed by «шесть/семь» (5 and up take the genitive plural)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и семнадцати… не выбрал","title":"'Couldn't squeeze out'","body":"«выбрать» here is colloquial 'to extract, get out (of someone)' — Mitya 'couldn't get even seventeen [hundred] out of' his father. «представьте себе» ('imagine!') is his theatrical aside to Samsonov; «жестокий человек» ('cruel man') is Fyodor Pavlovich."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies словом","gloss":"In a"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies можно (idiom 'одним словом')","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"one might"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of можно","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"надеяться","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тысяч","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle, reportative","role":"reportative particle, modifies надеяться","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of надеяться","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шесть (approximation of тысяч)","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"object of на, approximating тысяч","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"додачи","lemma":"додача","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надеяться","gloss":"in additional payment"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федора","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies додачи","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking семь","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"семь","lemma":"семь","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"coordinated with шесть","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies семь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound conjunction так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Чермашня","lemma":"чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on можно","gloss":"was worth"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies менее","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тысяч","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"двадцати","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies пяти","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"пяти","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"complement of стоит","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восьми","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"двадцати","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies восьми","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"восьми","lemma":"восемь","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч (elliptical)","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"тридцати","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"coordinated with восьми","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"тридцати","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"coordinated with восьми","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"Кузьма","lemma":"кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Kuzma"},{"surface":"Кузьмич","lemma":"кузьмич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Кузьма","gloss":"Kuzmich"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выбрал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical imperative interjection","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представьте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies семнадцати","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"семнадцати","lemma":"семнадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"direct object of выбрал (genitive under negation)","gloss":"seventeen"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человека","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"жестокого","lemma":"жестокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбрал","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выбрал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выбрал","lemma":"выбрать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause, contrasted with можно","gloss":"could squeeze"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b8-c1-s118","source":"Так вот я, дескать, Митя, тогда это дело бросил, ибо не умею с юстицией, а приехав сюда, поставлен был в столбняк встречным иском (здесь Митя опять запутался и опять круто перескочил) : так вот, дескать, не пожелаете ли вы, благороднейший Кузьма Кузьмич, взять все права мои на этого изверга, а сами мне дайте три только тысячи…","translation":"So then he, said Mitya, had dropped the matter at the time, for he had no head for the law, and on arriving here had been struck dumb by a counter-suit (here Mitya again got tangled up and again leaped abruptly on): so then, said he, would you not be willing, most honorable Kuzma Kuzmich, to take over all my rights against this monster, and give me, for yourself, only three thousand…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ибо не умею с юстицией","title":"Bookish ибо in colloquial speech","body":"«ибо» ('for, because') is the elevated literary conjunction; Mitya mixes it with the breezy «не умею с юстицией» ('I'm no good with the law') — the clash of registers is itself characterising. The narrator keeps «дескать» to mark the report."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приехав сюда, поставлен был в столбняк","title":"Perfective gerund + passive participle","body":"«приехав» is a perfective past gerund ('having arrived'); «поставлен был» is the short past passive participle of «поставить» forming a passive ('was put [into]…'). «поставить в столбняк» = 'to strike dumb/dumbfound' («столбняк» = stupor, lit. tetanus)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не пожелаете ли вы… взять все права мои","title":"Polite request: ли + perfective future","body":"«не пожелаете ли вы…?» ('would you not be willing…?') is a courteous, tentative request — negation + the interrogative «ли» + perfective future «пожелаете». It softens the brazen proposal to take over Mitya's legal rights."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изверга","title":"'Monster, fiend'","body":"«изверг» is a monster, a brutal fiend, one cast out of human kind — Mitya's epithet for his father, escalating from «жестокий человек» and «безобразник». The genitive «изверга» follows «права… на этого изверга» (rights against this monster)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросил","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of бросил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, reportative","role":"parenthetical, marks reported speech","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with я","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of бросил","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dropped"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умею","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умею","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"умею","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the causal clause introduced by ибо","gloss":"know how to deal"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking юстицией","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"юстицией","lemma":"юстиция","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умею","gloss":"the law"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приехав","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поставлен","gloss":"arriving"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехав","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"поставлен","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the coordinate clause","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of поставлен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столбняк","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"столбняк","lemma":"столбняк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставлен","gloss":"a stupor"},{"surface":"встречным","lemma":"встречный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies иском","gloss":"counter-"},{"surface":"иском","lemma":"иск","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставлен","gloss":"suit"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запутался","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of запутался","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запутался","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"запутался","lemma":"запутаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"got tangled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies круто","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"круто","lemma":"круто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перескочил","gloss":"abruptly"},{"surface":"перескочил","lemma":"перескочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with запутался","gloss":"leaped on"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the following reported clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, reportative","role":"parenthetical, marks reported speech","gloss":"said he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пожелаете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пожелаете","lemma":"пожелать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the reported question","gloss":"would you be willing"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пожелаете","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пожелаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"благороднейший","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Кузьма","gloss":"most honorable"},{"surface":"Кузьма","lemma":"кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"Kuzma"},{"surface":"Кузьмич","lemma":"кузьмич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Кузьма","gloss":"Kuzmich"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пожелаете","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of права","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"rights"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of права","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking изверга","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of изверга","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"изверга","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of права","gloss":"monster"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphatic modifier of the subject of дайте","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дайте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"дайте","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with взять","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дайте","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b8-c1-s119","source":"Вы ни в каком случае проиграть ведь не можете, в этом честью, честью клянусь, а совсем напротив, можете нажить тысяч шесть или семь вместо трех…","translation":"You cannot lose by it in any case — on my honor, on my honor I swear it — but on the contrary, you may make six thousand, or seven, instead of three…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы ни в каком случае проиграть… не можете","title":"Negative concord 'in no case'","body":"«ни в каком случае… не можете» pairs the ни-phrase with verbal «не» (negative concord) — 'you cannot in any case lose'. The negated imperfective «проиграть… не можете» frames a flat impossibility."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"честью, честью клянусь","title":"Instrumental of swearing (existing note, upgraded)","body":"In «честью клянусь» ('I swear on my honour') the noun «честь» appears in the instrumental «честью», the case naming the thing one swears by. The doubling «честью, честью» conveys Mitya's frantic, pleading insistence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"можете нажить тысяч шесть или семь вместо трёх","title":"Approximate numerals in oblique cases","body":"«нажить» ('to make, gain') governs «тысяч шесть или семь» (genitive plural, approximation by inversion); «вместо трёх» ('instead of three') puts the numeral «три» in the genitive after «вместо». The «ведь» earlier in the line appeals to shared sense ('you can't lose, after all')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of можете","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of можете","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"проиграть","lemma":"проиграть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можете","gloss":"lose"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можете","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of клянусь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"честью","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of клянусь","gloss":"my honor"},{"surface":"честью","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of клянусь","gloss":"my honor"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to можете","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напротив","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies second можете","gloss":"the contrary"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with можете","gloss":"you may"},{"surface":"нажить","lemma":"нажить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можете","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of нажить","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысяч","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"семь","lemma":"семь","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"coordinated with шесть","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трех","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"object of вместо","gloss":"three"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b8-c1-s120","source":"А главное дело, чтоб это кончить «даже сегодня же».","translation":"And the main thing was to get it settled \"even this very day.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб это кончить «даже сегодня же»","title":"Purpose чтоб + the insistent же","body":"«чтоб» (reduced «чтобы») here opens a purpose/desired-result clause with the perfective infinitive «кончить» ('to finish, settle it'). The particle «же» on «сегодня же» insists — 'this very day, no later' — capturing Mitya's headlong urgency."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"главное дело, чтоб это кончить","title":"Predicate noun + чтобы-clause","body":"«главное дело, чтоб…» ('the main thing was to…') links a predicate phrase to a «чтоб»-clause of aim. The verbless main clause (no «было» expressed) is normal in the narrator's brisk free indirect summary of Mitya's plea."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"the main"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончить","gloss":"was to"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of кончить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"кончить","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitival clause explaining дело","gloss":"settle"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончить","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"very day"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b8-c1-s121","source":"«Я там вам у нотариуса, что ли, или как там… Одним словом, я готов на всё, выдам все документы, какие потребуете, всё подпишу… и мы эту бумагу сейчас же и совершили бы, и если бы можно, если бы только можно, то сегодня же бы утром… Вы бы мне эти три тысячи выдали… так как кто же против вас капиталист в этом городишке… и тем спасли бы меня от… одним словом, спасли бы мою бедную голову для благороднейшего дела, для возвышеннейшего дела, можно сказать… ибо питаю благороднейшие чувства к известной особе, которую слишком знаете и о которой печетесь отечески.","translation":"\"We could do it before a notary there, or however it's done… In a word, I'm ready for anything, I'll hand over whatever papers you require, I'll sign it all… and we could draw the document up this very minute, and if it's possible, if only it's possible, then this very morning… You'd let me have those three thousand… for who else in this little town is a man of capital to set against you… and so you'd save me from… in a word, you'd save my poor head for the noblest of causes, the loftiest of causes, one might say… for I cherish the noblest feelings toward a certain person whom you know all too well and over whom you watch like a father.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и мы эту бумагу сейчас же и совершили бы… то сегодня же бы утром","title":"A cascade of «бы»","body":"Mitya's pleading runs entirely on the conditional: «совершили бы», «спасли бы», «выдали бы». Each is a past-tense verb plus the particle «бы», the irrealis 'would', here softening a request into something between a wish and a proposal. Notice «бы» drifting onto «сегодня же бы», leaning on the stressed word rather than the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы можно, если бы только можно","title":"Impersonal «можно» under «если бы»","body":"«можно» ('it is possible / one may') is an impersonal predicate with no nominative subject — the kind of subjectless construction Russian loves. Wrapped in «если бы», it becomes a breathless hypothetical: 'if only it were possible'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в этом городишке","title":"The belittling suffix «-ишк-»","body":"«городишко» is «город» (town) plus the pejorative «-ишк-»: not a small town but a wretched, contemptible little one. Mitya waves away the whole provincial place to flatter Samsonov as its one true man of capital."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благороднейшего, возвышеннейшего","title":"(context) the register of his plea","body":"The sentence piles up bookish superlatives — «благороднейшего», «возвышеннейшего» — built with the elevated «-ейш-» suffix ('most noble', 'loftiest'). Coming from the dishevelled Mitya, this lofty diction is comically out of place and signals how desperately he is performing dignity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для благороднейшего дела, для возвышеннейшего дела","title":"Superlatives in «-ейший»","body":"«благороднейший», «возвышеннейший» are bookish superlatives formed with the suffix «-ейш-» plus adjective endings — 'the noblest', 'the loftiest'. This synthetic superlative is markedly literary beside the everyday «самый + adjective»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо питаю благороднейшие чувства","title":"«ибо» and «питать чувства»","body":"«ибо» is an archaic, bookish 'for, because', far more elevated than «потому что» — a period flavour. «питать чувства» literally 'to nourish feelings' is a set bookish idiom for harbouring or cherishing them."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"к известной особе… о которой печетесь отечески","title":"Discreet circumlocution: «известная особа»","body":"«известная особа» — 'a certain person' (lit. 'a known personage') — is a delicate, mannered way of naming Grushenka without naming her. «печетесь» (from «печься о ком-л.») is a bookish verb for 'to care for, look after', and «отечески» means 'in a fatherly way', flattering Samsonov's role as her protector."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of там","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of там","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нотариуса","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нотариуса","lemma":"нотариус","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of там","gloss":"the notary's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to там","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"or (whether)"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies там","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with что","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"Одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies словом","gloss":"in a"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial idiom modifying готов","gloss":"word (\"in a word\")"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of готов","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"am ready"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всё","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of готов","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"выдам","lemma":"выдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with готов","gloss":"I'll hand over"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of документы","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"документы","lemma":"документ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of выдам","gloss":"papers"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of потребуете","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"потребуете","lemma":"потребовать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on документы","gloss":"you require"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подпишу","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"подпишу","lemma":"подписать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with готов","gloss":"I'll sign"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of совершили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of бумагу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"бумагу","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of совершили","gloss":"document"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совершили","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совершили","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with готов","gloss":"draw up"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional mood of совершили","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional mood of можно","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"conditional clause modifying утром","gloss":"it's possible"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional mood of можно","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats the conditional clause","gloss":"it's possible"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause (утром)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утром","gloss":"this very"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional mood of the elided verb","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of совершили","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of выдали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional mood of выдали","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of выдали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячи","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выдали","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"выдали","lemma":"выдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would let me have"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of капиталист","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of капиталист","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"капиталист","lemma":"капиталист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of кто","gloss":"a man of capital"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городишке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городишке","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"городишке","lemma":"городишко","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of капиталист","gloss":"little town"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спасли","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"спасли","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"you'd save"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional mood of спасли","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of спасли","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"modifies спасли","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies словом","gloss":"in a"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial idiom modifying спасли","gloss":"word (\"in a word\")"},{"surface":"спасли","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"you'd save"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional mood of спасли","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of голову","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"бедную","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies голову","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of спасли","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дела","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"благороднейшего","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular, superlative","role":"modifies дела","gloss":"noblest"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спасли","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дела","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"возвышеннейшего","lemma":"возвышенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular, superlative","role":"modifies дела","gloss":"loftiest"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with дела","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, coordinated with спасли","gloss":"one might"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of питаю","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"питаю","lemma":"питать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"I cherish"},{"surface":"благороднейшие","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural, superlative","role":"modifies чувства","gloss":"noblest"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of питаю","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking особе","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"известной","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies особе","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"особе","lemma":"особа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of питаю","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"too well"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on особе","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of печетесь","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"печетесь","lemma":"печься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаете","gloss":"you watch over"},{"surface":"отечески","lemma":"отечески","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies печетесь","gloss":"like a father"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b8-c1-s122","source":"Иначе бы и не пришел, если бы не отечески.","translation":"I would never have come, were it not for that fatherly care.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иначе бы и не пришел, если бы не отечески.","title":"Counterfactual with «бы» and no subject pronoun","body":"A pure counterfactual: «не пришёл бы» — 'I would not have come'. The «я» is dropped, recoverable from context and the masculine past «пришёл». The «если бы не…» frame ('were it not for…') leaves its verb unspoken, so the lone adverb «отечески» stands in for the whole clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional mood of пришел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пришел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have come"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отечески","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional mood of отечески","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отечески","gloss":"not for"},{"surface":"отечески","lemma":"отечески","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on пришел","gloss":"paternally"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b8-c1-s123","source":"И, если хотите, тут трое состукнулись лбами, ибо судьба — это страшилище, Кузьма Кузьмич!","translation":"And if you like, three foreheads have knocked together here, for fate is a monster, Kuzma Kuzmich!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"состукнулись лбами","title":"«состукнуться лбами» — foreheads knocked together","body":"A vivid, colloquial coinage: «со-» (together) + «стукнуться» (to bang oneself) + «лбами» (instrumental of «лоб», forehead) — 'three foreheads have knocked together'. Mitya means three fates have collided. The «-ся» makes it reciprocal: they bang against one another."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"судьба — это страшилище","title":"«страшилище» — a monster","body":"«страшилище», from «страшный» (terrible), is an expressive noun for a monster or bogey. The «-ище» suffix is augmentative and lurid. Mitya is declaiming: fate itself is a monster — half melodrama, half genuine dread."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотите","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on состукнулись","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies состукнулись","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"трое","lemma":"трое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"subject of состукнулись","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"состукнулись","lemma":"состукнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have knocked together"},{"surface":"лбами","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of состукнулись","gloss":"foreheads"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of страшилище","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"судьба","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of страшилище","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"copula linking судьба and страшилище","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"страшилище","lemma":"страшилище","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of судьба","gloss":"a monster"},{"surface":"Кузьма","lemma":"кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Kuzma"},{"surface":"Кузьмич","lemma":"кузьмич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Кузьма","gloss":"Kuzmich"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b8-c1-s124","source":"Реализм, Кузьма Кузьмич, реализм!","translation":"Realism, Kuzma Kuzmich, realism!\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Реализм","lemma":"реализм","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Realism"},{"surface":"Кузьма","lemma":"кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Kuzma"},{"surface":"Кузьмич","lemma":"кузьмич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Кузьма","gloss":"Kuzmich"},{"surface":"реализм","lemma":"реализм","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Реализм","gloss":"realism"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b8-c1-s125","source":"А так как вас давно уже надо исключить, то останутся два лба, как я выразился, может быть неловко, но я не литератор.","translation":"But since you ought to have been struck out of it long ago, two foreheads are left, as I put it — clumsily, perhaps, but I'm no man of letters.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А так как вас давно уже надо исключить, то…","title":"«так как… то…» correlative cause","body":"«так как» ('since, because') opens a subordinate cause, answered by the correlative «то» ('then') heading the main clause — a tidy bookish frame for reasoning aloud. «надо исключить» is again an impersonal 'one must strike out', subjectless, with «вас» as the accusative object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как я выразился","title":"Perfective past «выразился»","body":"«выразился» (perfective, reflexive «выразиться» — to express oneself, to put it) views the act of phrasing as one completed event: 'as I put it'. The «-ся» here makes a middle/intransitive verb of self-expression."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"я не литератор","title":"«литератор» — man of letters","body":"«литератор» means a professional writer or man of letters. Mitya disclaims eloquence with self-deprecating charm — admitting his metaphor of the foreheads is clumsy because he is no writer."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause of надо","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of исключить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the так-как clause","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"исключить","lemma":"исключить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to have been struck out"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause of останутся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"останутся","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are left"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on лба","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"лба","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of останутся","gloss":"foreheads"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выразился","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выразился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"выразился","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical modifying останутся","gloss":"put it"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical idiom (может быть)","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to неловко","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"неловко","lemma":"неловкий","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"complement of может быть","gloss":"clumsily"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of литератор","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies литератор","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"литератор","lemma":"литератор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of я","gloss":"a man of letters"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b8-c1-s126","source":"То есть один лоб мой, а другой — этого изверга.","translation":"That is, one forehead is mine, and the other — that monster's.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"один лоб мой, а другой — этого изверга","title":"Zero copula and the contrastive «а»","body":"Two equational clauses with no verb 'to be' — Russian omits the present-tense copula, so «один лоб мой» is simply 'one forehead [is] mine'. The hinge «а» is the mild contrastive 'and/while', setting the two foreheads against each other. «этого изверга» is genitive of possession (and animate accusative-like form): 'that monster's'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изверг","title":"«изверг» — a monster, a fiend","body":"«изверг» is a strong word for a brutal, inhuman wretch — a fiend or monster. Mitya means his father, Fyodor Pavlovich, his rival for Grushenka. The repeated «изверг» across the next lines fixes the loathing."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies лоб","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"лоб","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"forehead"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of лоб","gloss":"is mine"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with лоб","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of изверга","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"изверга","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of другой","gloss":"monster's"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b8-c1-s127","source":"Итак выбирайте: или я, или изверг?","translation":"So take your pick: me, or the monster?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Итак выбирайте: или я, или изверг?","title":"Polite imperative «выбирайте»","body":"«выбирайте» is the imperative of imperfective «выбирать» (to choose), plural/polite with «-те» — addressing Samsonov as «вы». The imperfective imperative invites the act in general ('go ahead, choose'), and «или… или…» frames the stark either/or."}],"words":[{"surface":"Итак","lemma":"итак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выбирайте","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"выбирайте","lemma":"выбирать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take your pick"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"parallel clause to выбирайте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"изверг","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with я","gloss":"the monster"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b8-c1-s128","source":"Всё теперь в ваших руках — три судьбы и два жребия…","translation":"Everything now lies in your hands — three destinies and two lots…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё теперь в ваших руках","title":"Zero copula in an idiom","body":"'Everything is now in your hands' carries no verb — the present-tense 'is' is simply absent, as always in Russian. «в ваших руках» is the prepositional case after «в» marking location."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"три судьбы и два жребия","title":"«жребий» — lot, fate cast","body":"«жребий» is the lot cast or drawn, hence one's destiny or allotted fate — more archaic and weighty than «судьба». Mitya's tally ('three destinies and two lots') is grandiose nonsense, but the word lends it a tragic, almost biblical ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies руках","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of руках","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate of Всё","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on судьбы","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"судьбы","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Всё","gloss":"destinies"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on жребия","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"жребия","lemma":"жребий","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with судьбы","gloss":"lots"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b8-c1-s129","source":"Извините, я сбился, но вы понимаете… я вижу по вашим почтенным глазам, что вы поняли… А если не поняли, то сегодня же в воду, вот!»","translation":"Forgive me, I've lost the thread, but you understand… I can see by your venerable eyes that you've understood… And if you haven't, then it's into the water with me this very day, there!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я сбился","title":"Perfective «сбиться» — to lose the thread","body":"«сбился» is the perfective past of reflexive «сбиться» ('to go astray, lose one's way / one's thread'). The «-ся» marks a change of state happening to the subject; the perfective frames it as one completed slip."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А если не поняли, то сегодня же в воду, вот!","title":"Verbless threat with «то»","body":"The «если… то…» conditional ends with no verb at all: «то сегодня же в воду» — 'then [it's] into the water today'. Russian routinely drops a predicate of motion under «в + accusative», leaving the violence of 'into the water' (drowning himself) bare and abrupt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Извините","lemma":"извинить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"independent imperative clause","gloss":"forgive me"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сбился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сбился","lemma":"сбиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lost the thread"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of понимаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"понимаете","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сбился","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can see"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"вашим","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of глазам","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"почтенным","lemma":"почтенный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies глазам","gloss":"venerable"},{"surface":"глазам","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вижу","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поняли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поняли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"поняли","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"have understood"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поняли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поняли","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying воду","gloss":"haven't understood"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воду","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воду","gloss":"this very day"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воду","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"воду","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical predicate","gloss":"the water"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with воду","gloss":"there!"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b8-c1-s130","source":"Митя оборвал свою нелепую речь этим «вот» и, вскочив с места, ждал ответа на свое глупое предложение.","translation":"Mitya broke off his absurd speech with that \"there,\" and, springing up from his seat, waited for an answer to his foolish proposal.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочив с места, ждал ответа","title":"Perfective gerund «вскочив»","body":"«вскочив» is a perfective past gerund (деепричастие) — 'having sprung up'. It names a prior, completed action sharing Mitya's subject, then the main imperfective «ждал» ('was waiting') sets the lingering state against it. A textbook literary pairing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ждал ответа на свое глупое предложение","title":"Genitive object and reflexive «свой»","body":"«ждать» governs the genitive of what is awaited: «ответа» ('an answer'). «своё» is the reflexive possessive — the proposal belongs to the clause's own subject, Mitya, where «его» would point to someone else."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оборвал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"оборвал","lemma":"оборвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke off"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"нелепую","lemma":"нелепый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies речь","gloss":"absurd"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оборвал","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оборвал","gloss":"with that"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"the quoted word referred to by этим","gloss":"\"there\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вскочив","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ждал","gloss":"springing up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочив","gloss":"his seat"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with оборвал","gloss":"waited for"},{"surface":"ответа","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ждал","gloss":"an answer"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предложение","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of предложение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"глупое","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies предложение","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"предложение","lemma":"предложение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ответа","gloss":"proposal"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b8-c1-s131","source":"С последнею фразой он вдруг и безнадежно почувствовал, что всё лопнуло, а главное, что он нагородил страшной ахинеи.","translation":"With the last phrase he suddenly and hopelessly felt that the whole thing had collapsed, and worst of all that he had piled up some frightful nonsense.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всё лопнуло","title":"«лопнуть» — to burst, to fall through","body":"«лопнуть» literally 'to burst, split' (a bubble, a string) is colloquial for a plan collapsing or falling through. The perfective gives the sudden, total snap of failure that Mitya feels."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нагородил страшной ахинеи","title":"«нагородить ахинеи» — to talk a heap of rot","body":"«нагородить» ('to pile up, heap together') plus «ахинея» (nonsense, gibberish, rot) is an expressive idiom: he has 'piled up frightful nonsense'. «ахинеи» stands in the genitive of quantity — a heap 'of' nonsense. «ахинея» is itself a colourful, slightly bookish word for drivel."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фразой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"последнею","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фразой","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"фразой","lemma":"фраза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of почувствовал","gloss":"phrase"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безнадежно","lemma":"безнадёжно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with вдруг","gloss":"hopelessly"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лопнуло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of лопнуло","gloss":"the whole thing"},{"surface":"лопнуло","lemma":"лопнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of почувствовал","gloss":"had collapsed"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical modifying the second что-clause","gloss":"worst of all"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нагородил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нагородил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"нагородил","lemma":"нагородить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"second clausal complement of почувствовал","gloss":"had piled up"},{"surface":"страшной","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ахинеи","gloss":"frightful"},{"surface":"ахинеи","lemma":"ахинея","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of нагородил","gloss":"nonsense"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b8-c1-s132","source":"«Странное дело, пока шел сюда, всё казалось хорошо, а теперь вот и ахинея!» — вдруг пронеслось в его безнадежной голове.","translation":"\"Strange thing — while I was on my way here it all seemed fine, and now look, it's nonsense!\" flashed suddenly through his despairing head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пока шел сюда, всё казалось хорошо","title":"Imperfective for the lingering scene","body":"«пока шёл… всё казалось» — both verbs imperfective, painting an unbroken background: while he 'was walking' it all 'seemed' fine. The conjunction «пока» ('while') frames simultaneous ongoing actions, exactly what the imperfective is for."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пронеслось в его безнадежной голове","title":"«пронестись» — to flash through","body":"«пронеслось» (perfective «пронестись», 'to rush/sweep through') renders a thought darting through the mind — the same image as «мелькнуло» and «неслось» elsewhere in the chapter. The «-сь» (after a vowel) is the reflexive clitic marking the inner, self-propelled motion of the thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"Странное","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of шел","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on казалось","gloss":"I was going"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шел","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of казалось","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies казалось","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ахинея","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ахинея","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ахинея","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"ахинея","lemma":"ахинея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with казалось","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пронеслось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"пронеслось","lemma":"пронестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, with the quoted speech as its subject","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of голове","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"безнадежной","lemma":"безнадёжный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies голове","gloss":"despairing"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пронеслось","gloss":"head"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b8-c1-s133","source":"Всё время, пока он говорил, старик сидел неподвижно и с ледяным выражением во взоре следил за ним.","translation":"The whole time he was speaking, the old man sat motionless and watched him with an icy expression in his gaze.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"старик сидел неподвижно… следил за ним","title":"Imperfective background: «сидел», «следил»","body":"Both verbs are imperfective past, holding the old man in a single unbroken posture through Mitya's whole speech: he 'sat' motionless and 'watched'. «следить за + instrumental» ('to follow/watch someone') governs «за ним», the instrumental of «он»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с ледяным выражением во взоре","title":"«взор» — bookish 'gaze'","body":"«взор» is an elevated, literary word for the gaze or eyes, loftier than everyday «взгляд». «во взоре» uses «во» (the expanded form of «в») before the consonant cluster. The icy «ледяное выражение» fixes Samsonov's cold scrutiny."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial time expression modifying сидел and следил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сидел","gloss":"was speaking"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"неподвижно","lemma":"неподвижно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"motionless"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выражением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ледяным","lemma":"ледяной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражением","gloss":"icy"},{"surface":"выражением","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of следил","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взоре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"взоре","lemma":"взор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies выражением","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"следил","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of следил","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b8-c1-s134","source":"Выдержав его, однако, с минутку в ожидании, Кузьма Кузьмич изрек наконец самым решительным и безотрадным тоном:","translation":"Having held him a minute in suspense, however, Kuzma Kuzmich at last pronounced, in the most decisive and cheerless of tones:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выдержав его… с минутку в ожидании","title":"Perfective gerund «выдержав»","body":"«выдержав» — perfective gerund of «выдержать» ('to hold, sustain') — 'having held him [in suspense]'. It sets a completed prior action before the main verb, and shares Samsonov as subject. «с минутку» softens the duration to 'a little minute'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изрек","title":"«изречь» — to pronounce, to utter solemnly","body":"«изрёк» (perfective «изречь») is a markedly archaic, lofty verb for 'pronounced, declared' — the diction of oracles and scripture. Applied to Samsonov's flat dismissal it is gently ironic, dressing a brush-off in solemn robes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самым решительным и безотрадным тоном","title":"Instrumental of manner","body":"«самым решительным… тоном» is the instrumental case answering 'in what manner / with what' — he pronounced it 'in the most decisive and cheerless tone'. The instrumental routinely carries manner without any preposition. «безотрадный» ('joyless, cheerless') is a bookish compound (без- + отрада)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выдержав","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on изрек","gloss":"having held"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Выдержав","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying изрек","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минутку","gloss":"for about"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Выдержав","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ожидании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ожидании","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies минутку","gloss":"suspense"},{"surface":"Кузьма","lemma":"кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изрек","gloss":"Kuzma"},{"surface":"Кузьмич","lemma":"кузьмич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Кузьма","gloss":"Kuzmich"},{"surface":"изрек","lemma":"изречь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изрек","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies решительным","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"решительным","lemma":"решительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тоном","gloss":"decisive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безотрадным","lemma":"безотрадный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with решительным","gloss":"cheerless"},{"surface":"тоном","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изрек","gloss":"tone"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b8-c1-s135","source":"— Извините-с, мы эдакими делами не занимаемся.","translation":"\"Begging your pardon, sir, we don't go in for that sort of business.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Извините-с","title":"The deferential «-с» (словоерс)","body":"The clitic «-с» tacked onto «Извините» is the словоерс, a contraction of old «сударь» ('sir'). In Dostoevsky it marks obsequious, old-fashioned, lower-rank politeness — here the merchant's smooth, faintly mocking deference. It recurs as «Извините-с», «Ничего-с», «несподручны-с»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы эдакими делами не занимаемся","title":"Reflexive «заниматься» + instrumental, negated","body":"«заниматься чем-л.» ('to occupy oneself with, deal in') is a «-ся» verb governing the instrumental «эдакими делами» ('such affairs'). The merchant's lordly 'we' and the negated present together form his polished refusal: 'we don't go in for that sort of thing'. «эдакий» is a colloquial 'such, that kind of'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Извините","lemma":"извинить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"independent imperative clause","gloss":"begging your pardon"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite suffix attached to Извините","gloss":"(polite \"sir\")"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of занимаемся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"эдакими","lemma":"эдакий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies делами","gloss":"that sort of"},{"surface":"делами","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of занимаемся","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies занимаемся","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"занимаемся","lemma":"заниматься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go in for"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b8-c1-s136","source":"Митя вдруг почувствовал, что под ним слабеют ноги.","translation":"Mitya suddenly felt his legs giving way beneath him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"под ним слабеют ноги","title":"Word order: comment last","body":"Literally 'beneath him weaken the legs' — the subject «ноги» lands at the very end, the new and dramatic information, while the topic «под ним» comes first. Russian's free, case-driven order lets the sentence build to the buckling legs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слабеют","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition под","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"слабеют","lemma":"слабеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"are giving way"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of слабеют","gloss":"legs"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b8-c1-s137","source":"— Как же я теперь, Кузьма Кузьмич, — пробормотал он, бледно улыбаясь. — Ведь я теперь пропал, как вы думаете?","translation":"\"What am I to do now, Kuzma Kuzmich,\" he mumbled, smiling wanly. \"I'm done for now, wouldn't you say?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же я теперь","title":"The particle «же» of urgency","body":"«же» here is the modal particle that intensifies and presses — the spoken weight English carries only by stress: 'But what am I to do now?' It colours Mitya's question with helpless insistence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бледно улыбаясь","title":"Imperfective gerund «улыбаясь»","body":"«улыбаясь» is a present (imperfective) gerund — 'smiling', an action simultaneous with «пробормотал». It shares Mitya's subject and paints the attendant circumstance of his mumbling: a wan smile."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь я теперь пропал, как вы думаете?","title":"The particle «ведь» appealing for agreement","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge and seeks the hearer's assent — 'I'm done for now, aren't I?'. Together with the tag «как вы думаете?» it begs Samsonov to confirm Mitya's own dread. «пропал» (perfective past) states the accomplished ruin: 'I'm lost.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the elliptical question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Кузьма","lemma":"кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address (addressing the old man, distinct from он which refers back to Mitya)","gloss":"Kuzma"},{"surface":"Кузьмич","lemma":"кузьмич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Кузьма","gloss":"Kuzmich"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mumbled"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бледно","lemma":"бледно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбаясь","gloss":"wanly"},{"surface":"улыбаясь","lemma":"улыбаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пробормотал","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of пропал","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пропал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пропал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пропал","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am done for"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies думаете","gloss":"what","note":"'как вы думаете' literally 'how do you think' idiomatically means 'what do you think/wouldn't you say'."},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"think"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b8-c1-s138","source":"— Извините-с…","translation":"\"Begging your pardon, sir…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Извините-с…","title":"The bare «-с» repeated","body":"Samsonov answers Mitya's anguish with nothing but the same obsequious formula «Извините-с» — the deferential «-с» (from «сударь») turning courtesy into a wall. The repetition is itself the cruelty: a closed, polite door."}],"words":[{"surface":"Извините","lemma":"извинить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"excuse me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to Извините","gloss":"sir","note":"the archaic deferential suffix '-с', roughly 'sir' added for politeness to a social superior."}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b8-c1-s139","source":"Митя всё стоял и всё смотрел неподвижно в упор и вдруг заметил, что что-то двинулось в лице старика.","translation":"Mitya kept standing there and kept staring straight ahead without moving, and suddenly noticed that something had shifted in the old man's face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митя всё стоял и всё смотрел","title":"«всё» + imperfective for 'kept doing'","body":"The adverb «всё» before imperfective verbs means 'kept on, all the while': «всё стоял… всё смотрел» — 'kept standing… kept staring'. The imperfectives stretch the moment of paralysis before the sudden perfective «заметил» ('noticed') breaks it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то двинулось в лице старика","title":"Indefinite «что-то» and reflexive «двинуться»","body":"«что-то» ('something', specific but unidentified) is the «-то» indefinite. «двинулось» is perfective reflexive «двинуться» ('to stir, shift'), the «-ся» making the motion intransitive and self-originating — something 'moved' in the face on its own."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоял","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"неподвижно","lemma":"неподвижно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"motionlessly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking упор","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"упор","lemma":"упор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"point-blank","note":"'в упор' is an idiom meaning to stare fixedly/straight at something."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of двинулось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, indefinite","role":"subject of двинулось (part of что-то)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, indefinite","role":"subject of двинулось (part of что-то)","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"двинулось","lemma":"двинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of заметил","gloss":"had shifted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of двинулось","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лице","gloss":"old man's"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b8-c1-s140","source":"Он вздрогнул.","translation":"He gave a start.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он вздрогнул.","title":"Perfective «вздрогнуть» — a single shudder","body":"«вздрогнул» is the perfective past of «вздрогнуть» ('to give a start, shudder once'). The «-ну-» stem and perfective aspect together capture a single instantaneous jolt — one of Dostoevsky's favourite physical verbs for the nerves."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave a start"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b8-c1-s141","source":"— Видите, сударь, нам такие дела несподручны, — медленно промолвил старик, — суды пойдут, адвокаты, сущая беда! А если хотите, тут есть один человек, вот к нему обратитесь…","translation":"\"You see, sir, such affairs aren't to our convenience,\" the old man said slowly, \"courts would start up, lawyers, sheer disaster! But if you like, there's a man here — go and turn to him…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сударь","title":"«сударь» — sir","body":"«сударь» is the old polite address 'sir', the full word behind the clitic «-с». Samsonov shifting from bare «-с» to the whole «сударь» as he offers the tip lends a momentary, deceptive warmth to the trap he is setting."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"несподручны","title":"«несподручный» — inconvenient, awkward","body":"«несподручный» is a homely, colloquial adjective: 'not handy, inconvenient, awkward to manage'. Here in the short predicate form «несподручны» ('aren't convenient for us'). It belongs to plain merchant speech, contrasting with the bookish flights of Mitya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот к нему обратитесь","title":"Perfective imperative «обратитесь»","body":"«обратитесь» is the polite imperative of perfective «обратиться» ('to turn to, apply to someone') — a single, decisive act: 'go and turn to him'. The «-ся» makes it reflexive ('direct yourself toward'), and «к нему» is the dative governed by «к»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical phrase","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"сударь","lemma":"сударь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of несподручны","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of дела","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of несподручны","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"несподручны","lemma":"несподручный","morphology":"adjective, predicative, nominative, plural","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"aren't convenient"},{"surface":"медленно","lemma":"медленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies промолвил","gloss":"slowly"},{"surface":"промолвил","lemma":"промолвить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of промолвил","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"суды","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of пойдут","gloss":"courts"},{"surface":"пойдут","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the next clause","gloss":"will start up"},{"surface":"адвокаты","lemma":"адвокат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated subject of пойдут","gloss":"lawyers"},{"surface":"сущая","lemma":"сущий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies беда","gloss":"sheer"},{"surface":"беда","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the exclamation","gloss":"disaster"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотите","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies человек","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нему","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратитесь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"обратитесь","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"turn"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b8-c1-s142","source":"— Боже мой, кто же это!.. Вы воскрешаете меня, Кузьма Кузьмич, — залепетал вдруг Митя.","translation":"\"Good Lord, who can it be!.. You bring me back to life, Kuzma Kuzmich,\" Mitya suddenly began to babble.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Боже мой","title":"«Боже» — the Church-Slavonic vocative","body":"«Боже» is the old vocative of «Бог» (God), surviving only in such fixed exclamations: 'O God!' «Боже мой» — 'My God / Good Lord'. It is one of the Church-Slavonic vocatives (with «Господи», «отче») that pepper Dostoevsky's emotional speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вы воскрешаете меня","title":"«воскрешать» — to raise from the dead","body":"«воскрешать» is literally 'to resurrect, raise from the dead' (cf. «воскресение», Resurrection). Mitya's hyperbole — 'you bring me back to life' — borrows the language of religious resurrection for a moneylender's tip, the kind of soaring, slightly blasphemous metaphor typical of him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"залепетал","title":"«залепетать» — to start babbling","body":"«залепетал» pairs the inceptive prefix «за-» ('to begin to') with «лепетать» ('to babble, prattle, like a child or in confusion'): 'he began to babble'. The verb captures Mitya's incoherent rush of relieved gratitude."}],"words":[{"surface":"Боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Боже","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of это","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate identifying кто","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of воскрешаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"воскрешаете","lemma":"воскрешать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bring back to life"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of воскрешаете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Кузьма","lemma":"кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Kuzma"},{"surface":"Кузьмич","lemma":"кузьмич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Кузьма","gloss":"Kuzmich"},{"surface":"залепетал","lemma":"залепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"began to babble"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies залепетал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of залепетал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b8-c1-s143","source":"— Не здешний он, этот человек, да и здесь его теперь не находится.","translation":"\"He's not from these parts, this man, and he isn't to be found here at present.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не здешний он, этот человек","title":"Fronted predicate and a trailing topic","body":"Word order does the work: the predicate «не здешний» ('not from here') is fronted for emphasis, «он» follows, and the full noun «этот человек» is added almost as an afterthought — the topic-comment looseness of speech. «здешний» means 'local, from these parts'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"здесь его теперь не находится","title":"Genitive of negation with «не находится»","body":"In a negated existential, the subject goes genitive: «его… не находится» — 'he is not [to be found] here'. «находиться» ('to be located, be present') is a «-ся» verb, and the negation pulls «он» into the genitive «его»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здешний","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"здешний","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of он","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of здешний","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies находится","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive subject of находится (negated)","gloss":"he","note":"genitive-of-negation construction: 'его ... не находится' = 'he isn't to be found'."},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies находится","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies находится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"находится","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is to be found"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b8-c1-s144","source":"Он по крестьянству, лесом торгует, прозвищем Лягавый.","translation":"He's of peasant stock, trades in timber, goes by the nickname Lyagavy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лесом торгует","title":"«торговать» + instrumental","body":"«торговать чем-л.» ('to trade in something') governs the instrumental: «лесом» — 'trades in timber/forest'. The instrumental marks the goods one deals in, with no preposition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прозвищем Лягавый","title":"«Лягавый» — the nickname","body":"«прозвище» is a nickname or by-name; «прозвищем» is the instrumental, 'by nickname'. «Лягавый» evokes «лягавая» (a pointer, a gun-dog), with a coarse, faintly contemptuous ring — a peasant's earthy by-name, and a sly detail given the man's role."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of торгует","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крестьянству","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"крестьянству","lemma":"крестьянство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"describes Он's status","gloss":"peasant class"},{"surface":"лесом","lemma":"лес","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of торгует","gloss":"in timber"},{"surface":"торгует","lemma":"торговать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trades"},{"surface":"прозвищем","lemma":"прозвище","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of торгует","gloss":"by nickname"},{"surface":"Лягавый","lemma":"лягавый","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to прозвищем","gloss":"Lyagavy"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b8-c1-s145","source":"У Федора Павловича вот уже год как торгует в Чермашне этой вашей рощу, да за ценой расходятся, может слышали.","translation":"For a year now he's been bargaining with Fyodor Pavlovich over that grove of yours at Chermashnya, only they can't agree on a price — you may have heard of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вот уже год как торгует","title":"«вот уже… как» — for X now","body":"«вот уже год, как…» is the idiom for 'for a year now (and counting)', stressing duration up to the present. The imperfective «торгует» ('has been bargaining') matches the ongoing, unfinished haggling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за ценой расходятся","title":"Reciprocal «расходиться» + «за ценой»","body":"«расходятся» (reflexive «расходиться», 'to diverge, fail to agree') is reciprocal here — the two parties 'can't come together' on the price. «за ценой» uses «за + instrumental» in the sense of haggling over the figure."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федора","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition У","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies год","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"duration modifier of торгует","gloss":"a year","note":"'вот уже год как' is an idiom meaning 'it's been a year since'."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of торгует","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"торгует","lemma":"торговать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has been trading"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Чермашне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Чермашне","lemma":"чермашня","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of торгует","gloss":"Chermashnya"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of рощу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of рощу","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"рощу","lemma":"роща","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of торгует","gloss":"grove"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ценой","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ценой","lemma":"цена","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расходятся","gloss":"the price"},{"surface":"расходятся","lemma":"расходиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"can't agree"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"introduces the parenthetical слышали","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"you've heard"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b8-c1-s146","source":"Теперь он как раз приехал опять и стоит теперь у батюшки Ильинского, от Воловьей станции верст двенадцать, что ли, будет, в селе Ильинском.","translation":"Just now he's arrived once more and is staying with Father Ilyinsky, some twelve versts or so from Volovya station, in the village of Ilyinskoye.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"верст двенадцать, что ли, будет","title":"Inverted numeral = 'about'; «что ли»","body":"Putting the noun before the numeral («верст двенадцать») turns an exact count into an estimate, reinforced by the hedge «что ли» ('or so, I suppose'). «будет» here is a colloquial 'it'll be / comes to' for reckoning a distance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom как раз)","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"just","note":"'как раз' is a fixed phrase meaning 'just, exactly'."},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom как раз)","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has arrived"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приехал","gloss":"is staying"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking батюшки","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"батюшки","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоит","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Ильинского","lemma":"ильинский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies батюшки","gloss":"Ilyinsky"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking станции","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Воловьей","lemma":"воловий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies станции","gloss":"Volovya"},{"surface":"станции","lemma":"станция","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition от","gloss":"station"},{"surface":"верст","lemma":"верста","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"quantified by двенадцать","gloss":"versts"},{"surface":"двенадцать","lemma":"двенадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies верст","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что ли","morphology":"particle (part of idiom что ли)","role":"part of the parenthetical что ли","gloss":"or","note":"'что ли' is a filler idiom meaning 'or so, perhaps'."},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"что ли","morphology":"particle (part of idiom что ли)","role":"part of the parenthetical что ли","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"probably is"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking селе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"селе","lemma":"село","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоит","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"Ильинском","lemma":"ильинский","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies селе","gloss":"Ilyinskoye"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b8-c1-s147","source":"Писал он сюда и ко мне по этому самому делу, то есть насчет этой рощи, совета просил.","translation":"He wrote to me here too about this very matter — that is, regarding the grove — asking my advice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"совета просил","title":"«просить» + genitive of the abstract object","body":"«просить совета» — 'to ask for advice'. With abstract or non-specific objects «просить» takes the genitive («совета») rather than the accusative, a fine point of case selection. The object stands fronted before its verb, the loose order of speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Писал он сюда и ко мне","title":"Imperfective «писал» for a past event","body":"«писал» (imperfective) reports the fact of writing without dwelling on completion — 'he wrote / did write'. Russian often prefers the imperfective past to simply name that an act took place. The «ко мне» shows «к» expanded to «ко» before the consonant cluster."}],"words":[{"surface":"Писал","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Писал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Писал","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of Писал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of делу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies делу","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Писал","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (part of idiom то есть)","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (part of idiom то есть)","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is","note":"'то есть' = 'that is/i.e.'"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рощи","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of рощи","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"рощи","lemma":"роща","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition насчет","gloss":"grove"},{"surface":"совета","lemma":"совет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of просил","gloss":"advice"},{"surface":"просил","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Писал","gloss":"asked for"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b8-c1-s148","source":"Федор Павлович к нему сам хочет ехать.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovich means to go to him himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам хочет ехать","title":"Unidirectional «ехать» and intensifier «сам»","body":"«ехать» is the unidirectional motion verb (going one way, by conveyance) — Fyodor Pavlovich means to make the single trip to Lyagavy. «сам» ('himself') intensifies the subject: he wants to go in person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ехать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject Федор","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"ехать","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to go"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b8-c1-s149","source":"Так если бы вы Федора Павловича предупредили да Лягавому предложили вот то самое, что мне говорили, то он, может статься…","translation":"So if you were to get ahead of Fyodor Pavlovich and put to Lyagavy the very thing you've just been telling me, then he might just…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так если бы вы… предупредили да… предложили","title":"Conditional «бы» as tactful suggestion","body":"Samsonov frames his bait as a polite hypothetical: «если бы вы предупредили… да предложили» — 'if you were to get ahead… and put to him'. The past-form-plus-«бы» conditional softens a direct push into a mere musing possibility. «да» here is the folksy coordinating 'and'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"предупредили","title":"«предупредить» — to forestall, get ahead of","body":"Here «предупредить кого-л.» means not 'to warn' but 'to forestall, get in ahead of' — beat Fyodor Pavlovich to Lyagavy. The perfective marks the decisive single act of pre-empting him; «вы предупредили» governs «Фёдора Павловича» in the accusative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"он, может статься…","title":"«может статься» — it may be that","body":"«может статься» is an archaic-flavoured fixed phrase for 'it may happen, perhaps' (from «статься», 'to come to pass'). Samsonov leaves the sentence dangling — 'then he might just…' — dangling the hope without promising it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the conditional sentence","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of предупредили","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional mood marker","role":"marks the conditional mood of предупредили","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of предупредили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предупредили","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"предупредили","lemma":"предупредить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause, coordinated with предложили","gloss":"got ahead of","note":"'предупредить' here means to forestall/preempt someone's action, not to warn them — matches the translation's 'get ahead of Fyodor Pavlovich'."},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links предупредили and предложили","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Лягавому","lemma":"лягавый","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of предложили","gloss":"Lyagavy"},{"surface":"предложили","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with предупредили, verb of если-clause","gloss":"proposed"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предложили","gloss":"the thing"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies то","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of говорили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on то","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative adverb","role":"introduces the apodosis (main clause)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"статься","lemma":"статься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"turn out","note":"'может статься' is an idiom meaning 'it may turn out/perhaps'."}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b8-c1-s150","source":"— Гениальная мысль! — восторженно перебил Митя. — Именно он, именно ему в руку! Он торгует, с него дорого просят, а тут ему именно документ на самое владение, ха-ха-ха! — И Митя вдруг захохотал своим коротким деревянным смехом, совсем неожиданным, так что даже Самсонов дрогнул головой.","translation":"\"A brilliant idea!\" Mitya broke in rapturously. \"He's the very man, the very one for it! He's bargaining, they're asking a high price of him, and here comes the very deed to the property itself, ha-ha-ha!\" And Mitya suddenly burst into his short, wooden laugh, so utterly unexpected that even Samsonov gave a jerk of his head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ему именно в руку","title":"«в руку» — right up his alley","body":"«ему в руку» (lit. 'into his hand') is an idiom meaning it suits him perfectly, plays right into his hands — 'the very thing for him'. Mitya means the deed to the grove is exactly what the haggling Lyagavy needs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с него дорого просят","title":"Impersonal 'they' with bare 3rd-pl.","body":"«с него дорого просят» — 'they ask a high price of him' — has no stated subject: the bare 3rd-person plural «просят» is Russian's impersonal 'one / they', like English 'they say'. «с него» (от «с + genitive») marks the person the price is demanded of."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коротким деревянным смехом","title":"«деревянный смех» — a wooden laugh","body":"«деревянный» literally 'wooden' is transferred to the laugh — hollow, stiff, unnatural. The instrumental «коротким деревянным смехом» (manner: 'with a short, wooden laugh') and the jarring image flag that Mitya's mirth is forced and not quite sane."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже Самсонов дрогнул головой","title":"Perfective «дрогнуть» + instrumental","body":"«дрогнул» (perfective, a single tremor) takes «головой» in the instrumental of the body part set in motion — 'gave a jerk of his head'. Russian commonly marks the moving part this way (кивнуть головой, пожать плечами)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Гениальная","lemma":"гениальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"brilliant"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"восторженно","lemma":"восторженно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перебил","gloss":"rapturously"},{"surface":"перебил","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перебил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ему","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of руку","gloss":"for him","note":"'ему в руку' is idiomatic for 'right into his hand/perfect for him'."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of торгует","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"торгует","lemma":"торговать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is bargaining"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просят","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"дорого","lemma":"дорого","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просят","gloss":"a high price"},{"surface":"просят","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with торгует","gloss":"they're asking"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies документ","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies документ","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies документ","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"документ","lemma":"документ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"the deed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking владение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies владение","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"владение","lemma":"владение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies документ","gloss":"ownership"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with владение","gloss":"ha"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with владение","gloss":"ha"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with владение","gloss":"ha"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захохотал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захохотал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"захохотал","lemma":"захохотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"burst into laughter"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смехом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"коротким","lemma":"короткий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смехом","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"деревянным","lemma":"деревянный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смехом","gloss":"wooden"},{"surface":"смехом","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of захохотал","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданным","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"неожиданным","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies смехом","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так что","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom так что)","role":"introduces the clause of дрогнул","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"так что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part of idiom так что)","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Самсонов","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Самсонов","lemma":"самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дрогнул","gloss":"Samsonov"},{"surface":"дрогнул","lemma":"дрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the так что-clause","gloss":"gave a jerk"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of дрогнул","gloss":"of his head"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b8-c1-s151","source":"— Как благодарить мне вас, Кузьма Кузьмич, — кипел Митя.","translation":"\"How am I ever to thank you, Kuzma Kuzmich,\" Mitya seethed with feeling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как благодарить мне вас","title":"Dative subject + infinitive: helpless 'how am I to…'","body":"«Как благодарить мне вас» frames Mitya's overflowing gratitude impersonally: the dative «мне» is the would-be agent, the bare infinitive «благодарить» the act — 'how am I [even] to thank you'. This dative-plus-infinitive is the Russian shape of 'what am I to do?'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кипел Митя","title":"«кипеть» — to boil over (with feeling)","body":"«кипел» ('was boiling, seething') as a speech tag renders Mitya bubbling over with emotion — the imperfective holding him at a rolling boil. The verb of literal boiling water lent to a person is a hallmark of Dostoevsky's overheated characters."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies благодарить","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"благодарить","lemma":"благодарить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am I to thank"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of благодарить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of благодарить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Кузьма","lemma":"кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Kuzma"},{"surface":"Кузьмич","lemma":"кузьмич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Кузьма","gloss":"Kuzmich"},{"surface":"кипел","lemma":"кипеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"seethed"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кипел","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b8-c1-s152","source":"— Ничего-с, — склонил голову Самсонов.","translation":"\"It's nothing, sir,\" Samsonov said, inclining his head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ничего-с","title":"«Ничего» + deferential «-с»","body":"«Ничего» here means 'it's nothing, no matter', dismissing the thanks; the clitic «-с» keeps the merchant's smooth, lower-rank politeness. The same «-с» Samsonov has hung on «Извините» throughout — courtesy as a mask."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"склонил голову Самсонов","title":"Perfective «склонить» and inverted subject","body":"«склонил голову» — perfective 'inclined his head', one finished gesture. The subject «Самсонов» trails after the verb, the loose order typical of a dialogue tag, where the action precedes the named speaker."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it's nothing"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to Ничего","gloss":"sir","note":"the deferential suffix '-с', roughly 'sir'."},{"surface":"склонил","lemma":"склонить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"inclined"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of склонил","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"Самсонов","lemma":"самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of склонил","gloss":"Samsonov"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b8-c1-s153","source":"— Но вы не знаете, вы спасли меня, о, меня влекло к вам предчувствие… Итак, к этому попу!","translation":"\"But you don't realize, you've saved me — oh, a foreboding drew me to you… So, off to this priest!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"меня влекло к вам предчувствие","title":"Word order: the subject «предчувствие» last","body":"'A foreboding drew me to you' arrives subject-last: «меня влекло… предчувствие». The accusative object «меня» and the verb come first, the new and weighty «предчувствие» (foreboding, presentiment) saved for the end — Russian rhythm building to the mysterious cause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"realize"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of спасли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спасли","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saved"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of спасли","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of влекло","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"влекло","lemma":"влечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of влекло","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"предчувствие","lemma":"предчувствие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of влекло","gloss":"a foreboding"},{"surface":"Итак","lemma":"итак","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking попу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of попу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"попу","lemma":"поп","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"priest"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b8-c1-s154","source":"— Не стоит благодарности-с.","translation":"\"No thanks are needed, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не стоит благодарности-с.","title":"Genitive of negation + «-с»","body":"«Не стоит благодарности» — 'it's not worth thanks / no thanks needed'. The impersonal negated «не стоит» pulls «благодарность» into the genitive «благодарности». The clinging «-с» keeps Samsonov's deferential mask in place to the last."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"needs"},{"surface":"благодарности","lemma":"благодарность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of стоит","gloss":"thanks"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to благодарности","gloss":"sir","note":"the deferential suffix '-с', roughly 'sir'."}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b8-c1-s155","source":"— Спешу и лечу.","translation":"\"I rush, I fly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Спешу и лечу.","title":"Present tense, dropped pronoun","body":"«Спешу и лечу» — 'I rush and fly' — two first-person present verbs with «я» dropped, since the «-у» endings already mark the speaker. The breathless pair conveys Mitya's headlong haste; «лечу» (from «лететь») is literal flight turned figurative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спешу","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm rushing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лечу","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Спешу","gloss":"flying"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b8-c1-s156","source":"Злоупотребил вашим здоровьем.","translation":"I've imposed on your health.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Злоупотребил вашим здоровьем.","title":"«злоупотребить» + instrumental","body":"«злоупотребить чем-л.» ('to abuse, take undue advantage of') governs the instrumental: «вашим здоровьем» — 'I've imposed on / abused your health'. The verb is a transparent compound: «зло-» (ill) + «употребить» (to use)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Злоупотребил","lemma":"злоупотребить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I've imposed"},{"surface":"вашим","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of здоровьем","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"здоровьем","lemma":"здоровье","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Злоупотребил","gloss":"health"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b8-c1-s157","source":"Век не забуду, русский человек говорит вам это, Кузьма Кузьмич, р-русский человек!","translation":"I'll never forget it for as long as I live — a Russian man tells you so, Kuzma Kuzmich, a R-Russian man!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Век не забуду","title":"«век не забуду» — never as long as I live","body":"«век» literally 'an age, a lifetime' works here as an emphatic adverb: «век не забуду» — 'I'll never forget it as long as I live'. The perfective future «забуду» under negation seals the vow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Век","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"accusative of duration, modifies забуду","gloss":"for a lifetime"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates забуду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забуду","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll forget"},{"surface":"русский","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"tells"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорит","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Кузьма","lemma":"Кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Samsonov","gloss":"Kuzma"},{"surface":"Кузьмич","lemma":"Кузьмич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"patronymic in apposition to Кузьма","gloss":"Kuzmich"},{"surface":"р","lemma":"р","morphology":"interjection fragment","role":"stammered prefix of русский (w12)","gloss":"r-","note":"Mitya stutters the first sound of \"русский\" in his excitement."},{"surface":"русский","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек (w13)","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the exclamation, echoing человек (w5)","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b8-c1-s158","source":"— Тэ-экс.","translation":"\"Vee-ery well.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Тэ-экс","title":"A drawn-out «так»","body":"«Тэ-экс» is the old merchant Samsonov drawling out the word «так» (\"so, very well\"), spelled to show the lazy, dismissive way he says it — we stretch it into \"Vee-ery well.\" The clipped, condescending sound fits a man who is secretly mocking his visitor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тэ","lemma":"так-с","morphology":"interjection, drawled fragment","role":"first syllable of a drawled \"так-с\" (\"just so\")","gloss":"Vee-","note":"\"Тэ-экс\" is a mannered, drawn-out pronunciation of the obsequious \"так-с\" (\"just so, indeed\"), split here across two clipped sounds."},{"surface":"экс","lemma":"так-с","morphology":"interjection, drawled fragment","role":"second syllable of the drawled \"так-с\", coordinated with Тэ","gloss":"-ery well"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b8-c1-s159","source":"Митя схватил было старика за руку, чтобы потрясть ее, но что-то злобное промелькнуло в глазах того.","translation":"Mitya made to seize the old man by the hand to shake it, but something malicious flickered in the latter's eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватил было старика за руку","title":"The particle «было» — an action begun and broken off","body":"«было» after a perfective past marks an action started but at once abandoned or reversed: «схватил было» — 'made to seize / began to grab (but stopped)'. This nuanced particle, frequent in 19th-century prose, is exactly why Mitya's grasp doesn't land."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватил… за руку","title":"«за + accusative» for the grasped part","body":"Russian takes hold of a person 'by' a body part with «за + accusative»: «схватил старика за руку» — 'seized the old man by the hand'. The person is the object, the hand the part grasped."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то злобное промелькнуло в глазах того","title":"Substantivised «того» — 'the latter'","body":"«того» (genitive of «тот») stands alone for 'the latter / that one', i.e. Samsonov — a bookish way to track which of two people is meant. The demonstrative «тот» often does this referent-juggling that English handles with 'the former/the latter'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks an action begun but interrupted, with схватил","gloss":"started to","note":"\"схватил было\" = he made to seize (but didn't finish)."},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"the hand"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of потрясть","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"потрясть","lemma":"потрясти","morphology":"verb, infinitive, active, perfective","role":"purpose infinitive, modifies схватил","gloss":"shake"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of потрясть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular, indefinite","role":"forms что-то with то (w12), subject of промелькнуло","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite suffix","role":"combines with что to form что-то (\"something\")","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"злобное","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"malicious"},{"surface":"промелькнуло","lemma":"промелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the contrastive clause introduced by но","gloss":"flickered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of промелькнуло","gloss":"the eyes"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глазах, referring to the old man","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b8-c1-s160","source":"Митя отнял руку, но тотчас же упрекнул себя во мнительности.","translation":"Mitya withdrew his hand, but at once reproached himself for being suspicious.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"упрекнул себя во мнительности","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя»","body":"«упрекнул себя» — 'reproached himself': «себя» is the full reflexive object pronoun pointing back to the subject Mitya, distinct from the verbal clitic «-ся». «во мнительности» («в + prepositional») names what he reproaches himself for. «мнительность» is morbid suspiciousness, a tendency to imagine slights."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отнял","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"отнял","lemma":"отнять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"withdrew"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отнял","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упрекнул","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes тотчас","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"упрекнул","lemma":"упрекнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отнял","gloss":"reproached"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of упрекнул","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мнительности","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мнительности","lemma":"мнительность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упрекнул","gloss":"being suspicious"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b8-c1-s161","source":"«Это он устал…» — мелькнуло в уме его.","translation":"\"It's that he's tired…\" flashed through his mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это он устал…","title":"Explanatory «это» fronting the thought","body":"«Это он устал» — 'It's [just] that he's tired' — uses «это» as an invariable presentational particle introducing an explanation, not as a demonstrative agreeing with anything. Mitya talks himself out of his suspicion; «устал» is the perfective past of his being tired."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject, anticipates он устал","gloss":"It's that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of устал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"устал","lemma":"устать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"is tired"},{"surface":"мелькнуло","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, framing the quoted thought","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнуло","gloss":"the mind"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b8-c1-s162","source":"— Для нее! Для нее, Кузьма Кузьмич! Вы понимаете, что это для нее! — рявкнул он вдруг на всю залу, поклонился, круто повернулся и теми же скорыми, аршинными шагами, не оборачиваясь, устремился к выходу.","translation":"\"For her! For her, Kuzma Kuzmich! You understand that it's for her!\" he suddenly bellowed across the whole hall, bowed, wheeled sharply about, and with those same quick, yard-long strides, without looking back, made for the door.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поклонился, круто повернулся и… устремился к выходу","title":"A chain of perfectives driving the action","body":"Four perfective past verbs fire in sequence — «рявкнул… поклонился… повернулся… устремился» — each a single completed event pushing the narrative forward, the perfective's storytelling job. The «-ся» on «повернулся» and «устремился» makes the turning and rushing intransitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рявкнул… на всю залу","title":"«рявкнуть» — to bark/bellow","body":"«рявкнул» (perfective «рявкнуть») is to bark or bellow out, a brusque animal-loud verb — Mitya roars 'For her!' «на всю залу» means 'across the whole hall', «зала» being the large reception room of a well-off house."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"теми же скорыми, аршинными шагами","title":"«аршинные шаги» — yard-long strides","body":"«аршинный» derives from «аршин», the old measure of about 71 cm (28 in); «аршинные шаги» are huge, yard-long strides. The instrumental «… шагами» marks the manner of his going. The vivid period unit measures the breadth of Mitya's stride."}],"words":[{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Кузьма","lemma":"Кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Samsonov","gloss":"Kuzma"},{"surface":"Кузьмич","lemma":"Кузьмич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"patronymic in apposition to Кузьма","gloss":"Kuzmich"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of понимаете","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"понимаете","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of понимаете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (predicate для нее)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"рявкнул","lemma":"рявкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative frame introducing the quote","gloss":"he bellowed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рявкнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рявкнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of залу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рявкнул","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"поклонился","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рявкнул","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"круто","lemma":"круто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рявкнул","gloss":"wheeled about"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теми","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of шагами","gloss":"with those"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes теми (same as before)","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"скорыми","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies шагами","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"аршинными","lemma":"аршинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with скорыми, modifies шагами","gloss":"yard-long"},{"surface":"шагами","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of устремился","gloss":"strides"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates оборачиваясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"оборачиваясь","lemma":"оборачиваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on устремился","gloss":"looking back"},{"surface":"устремился","lemma":"устремиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with рявкнул","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выходу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"выходу","lemma":"выход","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устремился","gloss":"the door"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b8-c1-s163","source":"Он трепетал от восторга.","translation":"He was trembling with rapture.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"трепетал от восторга","title":"«от + genitive» of cause","body":"«от восторга» — 'with/from rapture' — is «от + genitive» marking the cause of an emotional or physical state. Russian regularly attributes trembling, weeping, joy to a cause this way (дрожать от страха, плакать от радости). «трепетать» is a bookish 'to tremble, quiver'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of трепетал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"трепетал","lemma":"трепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was trembling"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторга","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"восторга","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of трепетал","gloss":"rapture"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b8-c1-s164","source":"«Всё ведь уж погибало, и вот ангел-хранитель спас, — неслось в уме его. — И уж если такой делец, как этот старик (благороднейший старик, и какая осанка!), указал этот путь, то… то уж, конечно, выигран путь.","translation":"\"It was all going to ruin, and now look — a guardian angel has saved me,\" raced through his mind. \"And if a man of affairs like this old fellow (a most worthy old man, and what a bearing!) has pointed out this path, then… then the path is surely won.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё ведь уж погибало","title":"Particles «ведь» and «уж»","body":"Two modal particles stack in Mitya's inner speech: «ведь» appeals to what he already knows ('after all'), «уж» (a clipped «уже» here doing emphatic, not temporal, work) intensifies — 'it was all going to ruin, you see'. They give the thought its spoken, self-persuading texture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"такой делец, как этот старик","title":"«делец» — a sharp man of business","body":"«делец» is a man of affairs, a shrewd operator — admiring here, but the word can edge toward the wheeler-dealer. Mitya's «благороднейший старик, и какая осанка!» («осанка» = bearing, carriage) heaps reverence on the very man making a fool of him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"то уж, конечно, выигран путь","title":"Short passive participle «выигран»","body":"«выигран» is the short (predicative) form of the past passive participle «выигранный» ('won'): 'the path is [as good as] won'. This short participle plus an implied 'is' forms the resultative passive — a markedly bookish, decisive turn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of погибало","gloss":"Everything"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погибало","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погибало","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"погибало","lemma":"погибать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was going to ruin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спас","gloss":"now look"},{"surface":"ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спас","gloss":"a guardian"},{"surface":"хранитель","lemma":"хранитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ангел, forming ангел-хранитель","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"спас","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with погибало","gloss":"has saved me"},{"surface":"неслось","lemma":"нестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, framing the quoted thought","gloss":"raced"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of неслось","gloss":"the mind"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies указал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the если-clause of указал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of делец","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"делец","lemma":"делец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of указал","gloss":"man of affairs"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause modifying делец","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как, compared to делец","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"благороднейший","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies старик (w23), parenthetical","gloss":"most worthy"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старик (w21), parenthetical","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of осанка","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"осанка","lemma":"осанка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"parallel exclamation to старик (w23), parenthetical","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"указал","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"has pointed out"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of путь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"путь","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of указал","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative marker introducing the consequent clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative marker repeated in excitement, introducing выигран","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выигран","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies выигран","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"выигран","lemma":"выиграть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the consequent clause","gloss":"is won"},{"surface":"путь","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive выигран","gloss":"the path"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b8-c1-s165","source":"Сейчас и лететь.","translation":"Off this instant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сейчас и лететь.","title":"Bare infinitive as a resolution","body":"A subjectless, tenseless infinitive «лететь» stands for a firm intention or command to oneself — 'off this instant', literally 'now to fly'. Russian uses the lone infinitive for resolve, necessity, or order, with no need of a verb of will."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лететь","gloss":"Right now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes лететь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"лететь","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (infinitive of urgency)","gloss":"off"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b8-c1-s166","source":"До ночи вернусь, ночью вернусь, но дело побеждено.","translation":"I'll be back before nightfall, back by night, but the thing is as good as won.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"До ночи вернусь, ночью вернусь","title":"Perfective future «вернусь»","body":"«вернусь» (perfective «вернуться») conjugated like a present yields future meaning — 'I'll be back', a single completed return. The repetition «до ночи… ночью» ('before night… by night') is Mitya reassuring himself. The «-сь» marks the reflexive return."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дело побеждено","title":"Short passive participle «побеждено»","body":"«побеждено» is the short past passive participle of «победить» ('to conquer, win') — 'the matter is [as good as] won/conquered', neuter to agree with «дело». The short participle states a settled result, here Mitya's premature triumph."}],"words":[{"surface":"До","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночи","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ночи","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вернусь","gloss":"nightfall"},{"surface":"вернусь","lemma":"вернуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll be back"},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вернусь (w5)","gloss":"by night"},{"surface":"вернусь","lemma":"вернуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вернусь (w3)","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive побеждено","gloss":"the thing"},{"surface":"побеждено","lemma":"победить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the contrastive clause","gloss":"is as good as won"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b8-c1-s167","source":"Неужели же старик мог надо мной насмеяться?»","translation":"Surely the old man couldn't have been mocking me?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Неужели же старик мог надо мной насмеяться?","title":"«неужели» + «же» — disbelieving question","body":"«неужели» introduces an incredulous yes/no question ('surely not…?'), here doubled with the insistent «же». Mitya can hardly believe the old man could have been mocking him — the dramatic irony being that he was. «надо мной» shows «над» expanded before the cluster."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог надо мной насмеяться","title":"«насмеяться над + instrumental»","body":"«насмеяться над кем-л.» ('to mock, make sport of') governs «над + instrumental»: «надо мной» — 'mock me'. The «-ся» verb «насмеяться» is one of those that exist only in reflexive form, and «мог» supplies the modal 'could'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"Surely"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Неужели","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of насмеяться","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"насмеяться","lemma":"насмеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of мог","gloss":"been mocking"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b8-c1-s168","source":"Так восклицал Митя, шагая в свою квартиру, и уж, конечно, иначе и не могло представляться уму его, то есть: или дельный совет (от такого-то дельца) — со знанием дела, со знанием этого Лягавого (странная фамилия!), или — или старик над ним посмеялся!","translation":"So Mitya exclaimed to himself, striding toward his lodgings, and of course nothing else could present itself to his mind — that is, either it was sound advice (from such a man of affairs), grounded in knowledge of the business, in knowledge of this Lyagavy (an odd surname!), or — or the old man had laughed at him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"шагая в свою квартиру","title":"Imperfective gerund «шагая»","body":"«шагая» is a present (imperfective) gerund — 'striding', the attendant action going on while Mitya exclaims. It shares his subject and sets the moving background to his inner monologue. «свою» is the reflexive possessive: his own lodgings."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"иначе и не могло представляться уму его","title":"Dative experiencer «уму его»","body":"'Nothing else could present itself to his mind' uses the dative «уму» ('to the mind') as the seat of the impression, with the «-ся» verb «представляться» ('to appear, present itself'). The mind is framed as the recipient of the thought, a typical experiencer-dative shape."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"от такого-то дельца","title":"The emphatic clitic «-то» on «такой»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» in «такого-то дельца» is the emphatic clitic stressing a known quantity — 'from such a man of affairs (no less)'. It is a different «-то» from the indefinite one in «кто-то»; here it underscores Mitya's awe at Samsonov's standing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восклицал","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"шагая","lemma":"шагать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on восклицал","gloss":"striding"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking квартиру","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of квартиру","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"квартиру","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагая","gloss":"lodgings"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могло","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes не","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates могло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with восклицал","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"представляться","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"present itself"},{"surface":"уму","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of представляться","gloss":"to the mind"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уму","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom то есть (\"that is\")","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom то есть (\"that is\")","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"дельный","lemma":"дельный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies совет","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"совет","lemma":"совет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"first alternative introduced by или","gloss":"advice"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дельца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дельца","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, indefinite suffix","role":"attached to такого, softening it (\"such-and-such\")","gloss":"-and-such"},{"surface":"дельца","lemma":"делец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of от, modifying совет","gloss":"man of affairs"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знанием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"знанием","lemma":"знание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies совет, describing its quality","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies знанием","gloss":"of the business"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знанием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"знанием","lemma":"знание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with знанием (w28)","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Лягавого","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"Лягавого","lemma":"Лягавый","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знанием (w31)","gloss":"Lyagavy"},{"surface":"странная","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фамилия","gloss":"odd"},{"surface":"фамилия","lemma":"фамилия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"parenthetical remark about Лягавого","gloss":"surname"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"repeated for emphasis, links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмеялся","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмеялся","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"посмеялся","lemma":"посмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"second alternative introduced by или, parallel to совет","gloss":"had laughed"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b8-c1-s169","source":"Увы! последняя-то мысль и была единственно верною.","translation":"Alas! it was the latter thought that alone was true.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"последняя-то мысль и была единственно верною","title":"Emphatic «-то» and instrumental predicate «верною»","body":"«-то» on «последняя» topicalises and stresses it ('that last thought, of all'). «была… верною» puts the predicate adjective in the instrumental after past «была» — the bookish «-ою» ending (for «-ой») is a 19th-century literary flavour. «единственно» means 'alone, solely'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Увы","lemma":"увы","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"Alas"},{"surface":"последняя","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"latter"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to последняя мысль","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes была (\"alone\")","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking мысль to верною","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верною","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"верною","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была, describing мысль","gloss":"true"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b8-c1-s170","source":"Потом, уже долго спустя, когда уже совершилась вся катастрофа, старик Самсонов сам сознавался смеясь, что тогда осмеял «капитана».","translation":"Later, long afterward, when the whole catastrophe had run its course, old Samsonov admitted with a laugh that he had made a fool of the \"captain\" that day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда уже совершилась вся катастрофа","title":"Reflexive «совершиться» — to come to pass","body":"«совершилась» (perfective reflexive «совершиться», 'to be accomplished, come to pass') treats the catastrophe as a single completed event. The «-ся» makes it intransitive — the disaster 'happened' of itself. A solemn, fateful verb pointing ahead to the novel's tragedy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам сознавался смеясь, что… осмеял","title":"Imperfective gerund «смеясь»","body":"«смеясь» is a present gerund — 'laughing', the manner accompanying «сознавался» ('admitted'). «осмеял» (perfective «осмеять», to deride, make fun of) names the completed mockery. «сам» stresses that the old man owned up himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сознавался","gloss":"Later"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долго","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сознавался","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"preposition","role":"postposition following долго","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of совершилась","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совершилась","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"совершилась","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сознавался","gloss":"had run its course"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of катастрофа","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"катастрофа","lemma":"катастрофа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of совершилась","gloss":"catastrophe"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сознавался","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"Самсонов","lemma":"Самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старик","gloss":"Samsonov"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies старик Самсонов (\"himself\")","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сознавался","lemma":"сознаваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"admitted"},{"surface":"смеясь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сознавался","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of осмеял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осмеял","gloss":"that day"},{"surface":"осмеял","lemma":"осмеять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, complement of сознавался","gloss":"had made a fool of"},{"surface":"капитана","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of осмеял","gloss":"the \"captain\""}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b8-c1-s171","source":"Это был злобный, холодный и насмешливый человек, к тому же с болезненными антипатиями.","translation":"He was a spiteful, cold, derisive man, and one given to morbid antipathies besides.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это был злобный, холодный и насмешливый человек","title":"«Это был…» presentational copula","body":"«Это был… человек» — 'He was a… man'. Here «был» is the past copula (the present 'is' would simply vanish), and «Это» is the fixed presentational subject, invariable, not agreeing with the masculine «человек». A standard frame for characterising someone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с болезненными антипатиями","title":"«болезненный» — morbid","body":"«болезненный» (from «болезнь», illness) means 'morbid, sickly, unhealthy' rather than literally ill — his «антипатии» are pathological aversions. The detail diagnoses Samsonov's malice as something near disease, a favourite Dostoevskian shading."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of был человек","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking Это to человек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"злобный","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"холодный","lemma":"холодный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with злобный","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"насмешливый","lemma":"насмешливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with злобный","gloss":"derisive"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom к тому же (\"besides\")","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom к тому же (\"besides\")","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom к тому же (\"besides\")","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking антипатиями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"болезненными","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies антипатиями","gloss":"morbid"},{"surface":"антипатиями","lemma":"антипатия","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of the idiom к тому же, describing человек","gloss":"antipathies"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b8-c1-s172","source":"Восторженный ли вид капитана, глупое ли убеждение этого «мота и расточителя», что он, Самсонов, может поддаться на такую дичь, как его «план», ревнивое ли чувство насчет Грушеньки, во имя которой «этот сорванец» пришел к нему с какою-то дичью за деньгами, — не знаю, что именно побудило тогда старика, но в ту минуту, когда Митя стоял пред ним, чувствуя, что слабеют его ноги, и бессмысленно восклицал, что он пропал, — в ту минуту старик посмотрел на него с бесконечною злобой и придумал над ним посмеяться.","translation":"Whether it was the captain's rapturous air, or the foolish conviction of this \"spendthrift and squanderer\" that he, Samsonov, might fall for such rubbish as his \"plan,\" or a jealous feeling on account of Grushenka — in whose name \"this scapegrace\" had come to him with some nonsense after money — I do not know what exactly prompted the old man just then; but in the minute when Mitya stood before him, feeling his legs giving way and senselessly crying out that he was done for, in that minute the old man looked at him with boundless malice and resolved to make sport of him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Восторженный ли вид… глупое ли убеждение… ревнивое ли чувство","title":"The particle «ли» listing possibilities","body":"The repeated «ли» strings together candidate causes — 'whether it was the rapturous air…, or the foolish conviction…, or a jealous feeling…' Each «ли» frames one alternative in an indirect 'whether' chain, the bookish, deliberative manner of the narrator weighing motives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что он, Самсонов, может поддаться на такую дичь","title":"Reflexive «поддаться» — to fall for","body":"«поддаться на что-л.» ('to be taken in by, fall for') is a perfective «-ся» verb governing «на + accusative»: «на такую дичь» — to fall for 'such rubbish'. «дичь» literally 'wild game' is colloquial for nonsense, wild stuff — Mitya's scheme."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"этого «мота и расточителя»… «этот сорванец»","title":"Quoted epithets: «мот», «расточитель», «сорванец»","body":"The narrator strings Samsonov's scornful labels in quotes: «мот» (a wastrel, spendthrift), «расточитель» (a squanderer, more bookish), «сорванец» (a young scapegrace, harum-scarum). Each names Mitya through the old man's contempt rather than the narrator's own voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в ту минуту, когда Митя стоял… чувствуя, что слабеют его ноги","title":"Imperfective gerund «чувствуя» and the suspended frame","body":"The sentence holds Mitya in the imperfective: «стоял» (was standing), the gerund «чувствуя» (feeling), «восклицал» (was crying out) — an unbroken tableau — against which the perfective «посмотрел» and «придумал» finally strike. «во имя которой» is the bookish 'in whose name'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Восторженный","lemma":"восторженный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"rapturous"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Восторженный (marks disjunction)","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побудило (coordinated with убеждение, чувство)","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"капитана","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"of the captain"},{"surface":"глупое","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies убеждение","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глупое","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"убеждение","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with вид","gloss":"conviction"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мота","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"мота","lemma":"мот","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убеждение","gloss":"spendthrift"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"расточителя","lemma":"расточитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мота","gloss":"squanderer"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может (complement of убеждение)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Самсонов","lemma":"Самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"Samsonov"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause modifying убеждение","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"поддаться","lemma":"поддаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"fall for"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дичь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дичь","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"дичь","lemma":"дичь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поддаться","gloss":"rubbish"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"marks comparison of план with дичь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of план","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"план","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"compared to дичь","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"ревнивое","lemma":"ревнивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"jealous"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ревнивое","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with вид","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньки","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking имя","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies имя","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сорванец","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сорванец","lemma":"сорванец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"scapegrace"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on Грушеньки","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking какою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"какою","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дичью","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какою (indefinite marker -то)","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"дичью","lemma":"дичь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгами","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb introducing clausal complement побудило","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of побудило","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"побудило","lemma":"побудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"prompted"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побудило","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of побудило","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стоял","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on минуту","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"чувствуя","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on стоял","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слабеют","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"слабеют","lemma":"слабеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of чувствуя","gloss":"were giving way"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ноги","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of слабеют","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бессмысленно","lemma":"бессмысленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восклицал","gloss":"senselessly"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"was crying out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пропал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пропал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пропал","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of восклицал","gloss":"was done for"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрел","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бесконечною","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"бесконечною","lemma":"бесконечный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злобой","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"злобой","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"malice"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"придумал","lemma":"придумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with посмотрел","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмеяться","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"посмеяться","lemma":"посмеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of придумал","gloss":"to make sport"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b8-c1-s173","source":"Когда Митя вышел, Кузьма Кузьмич, бледный от злобы, обратился к сыну и велел распорядиться, чтобы впредь этого оборванца и духу не было, и на двор не впускать, не то..","translation":"When Mitya had gone, Kuzma Kuzmich, pale with malice, turned to his son and gave orders that henceforth there be no trace of this ragamuffin, that he not be let into the yard, or else..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"велел распорядиться, чтобы впредь этого оборванца и духу не было","title":"«чтобы» + past-form for a command","body":"«чтобы… не было» uses «чтобы» plus the past-tense (irrealis) verb to express a willed outcome after a verb of ordering: 'gave orders that there be no…'. This is «чтобы» with its fused «бы», the obligatory shape for indirect commands and purpose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чтобы… и духу не было","title":"«чтобы духу не было» — not a trace of him","body":"«чтобы (чьего-л.) духу не было» is a vehement set idiom — literally 'so that not even his breath/spirit be here' = 'I want no trace of him'. «духу» is the partitive/genitive of negation. It is the language of an enraged master throwing someone out for good."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"этого оборванца","title":"«оборванец» — a ragamuffin","body":"«оборванец» (from «оборвать», to tear off; «оборванный», ragged) is a contemptuous word for a tattered down-and-out, a ragamuffin. The pejorative «-нец» suffix sneers. To the rich merchant the captain is simply this — a man in rags."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вышел","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on обратился","gloss":"had gone"},{"surface":"Кузьма","lemma":"Кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"Kuzma"},{"surface":"Кузьмич","lemma":"Кузьмич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Кузьма","gloss":"Kuzmich"},{"surface":"бледный","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Кузьма","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"злобы","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бледный","gloss":"malice"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сыну","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сыну","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"his son"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обратился","gloss":"gave orders"},{"surface":"распорядиться","lemma":"распорядиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"to arrange"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"впредь","lemma":"впредь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"henceforth"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of оборванца","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"оборванца","lemma":"оборванец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies духу","gloss":"ragamuffin's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (emphatic \"even\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"духу","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"trace","note":"«и духу не было» is an idiom: \"not even a whiff/trace of him.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of распорядиться","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двор","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"двор","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of впускать","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies впускать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"впускать","lemma":"впускать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"let in"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не то","morphology":"particle (idiom)","role":"part of the phrase не то","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"не то","morphology":"pronoun (idiom)","role":"part of the phrase не то","gloss":"else","note":"«не то» is a fixed idiom meaning \"or else,\" trailing off in threat."}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b8-c1-s174","source":"Он не договорил того, чем угрожал, но даже сын, часто видавший его во гневе, вздрогнул от страху.","translation":"He did not finish saying what he threatened, but even the son, who had often seen him in a rage, shuddered with fright.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он не договорил того, чем угрожал","title":"Correlative «того, чем» and instrumental of «угрожать»","body":"«того, чем угрожал» pairs the correlative «то» (genitive «того», object of «не договорил») with the relative «чем» (instrumental, since «угрожать чем-л.» — 'to threaten with' — takes the instrumental): 'did not finish [saying] that with which he threatened'. A compact bookish correlative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"часто видавший его во гневе, вздрогнул от страху","title":"Past active participle «видавший»","body":"«видавший» is a past active participle ('who had often seen'), compressing a который-clause into one modifier of «сын» — a hallmark of literary description. «видавший» (from iterative «видать») and «от страху» (an old colloquial genitive in «-у» of «страх») both carry a homely, period colour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of договорил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies договорил","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"договорил","lemma":"договорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"finish saying"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of договорил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of угрожал","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"угрожал","lemma":"угрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"he threatened"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"the son"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видавший","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"видавший","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying сын","gloss":"having seen"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видавший","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гневе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"гневе","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видавший","gloss":"a rage"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with договорил","gloss":"shuddered"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страху","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страху","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вздрогнул","gloss":"fright"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b8-c1-s175","source":"Целый час спустя старик даже весь трясся от злобы, а к вечеру заболел и послал за «лекарем».","translation":"A whole hour later the old man was still shaking all over with malice, and toward evening he fell ill and sent for the \"doctor.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"старик даже весь трясся от злобы","title":"Imperfective «трясся» for the lasting state","body":"«трясся» (imperfective reflexive «трястись», 'to shake all over') holds the old man in a prolonged fit of trembling — an hour later he is still at it. The imperfective and «весь» ('all over') stretch the rage in time; «от злобы» is the genitive of cause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"A whole"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of трясся","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"preposition (postposition)","role":"postposition marking час","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of трясся","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies весь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"трясся","lemma":"трястись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was shaking"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"злобы","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of трясся","gloss":"malice"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечеру","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"вечеру","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заболел","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"заболел","lemma":"заболеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with трясся","gloss":"fell ill"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with трясся","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лекарем","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"лекарем","lemma":"лекарь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послал","gloss":"the \"doctor\""}]}]}