{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b8-c2","title":{"source":"II. Лягавый","translated":"Lyagavy"},"section":"Book VIII — Mitya","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b8-c2","lines":138},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b8-c1","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b8-c3","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b8-c2-s1","source":"Итак, надо было «скакать», а денег на лошадей все-таки не было ни копейки, то есть были два двугривенных, и это всё, — всё, что оставалось от стольких лет прежнего благосостояния!","translation":"And so he had to \"gallop off\" — yet for the horses there was still not a single copeck, that is, there were two twenty-copeck pieces, and that was all — all that remained of so many years of the old prosperity!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"двугривенный","title":"What «двугривенный» means","body":"A «двугривенный» is a 20-copeck coin (from «гривенник», a 10-copeck piece). «Два двугривенных» is literally two 20-copeck coins — forty copecks in all, which is exactly what we render. It signals that Mitya, once wealthy, is now nearly penniless."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не было ни копейки","title":"Genitive of negation with «ни»","body":"«Денег… не было ни копейки» negates existence: the missing thing stands in the genitive («копейки», «денег»), and «ни» intensifies it to 'not a single one'. This is the obligatory genitive-of-negation pattern after «не было»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что оставалось","title":"Imperfective «оставалось» for a lingering remnant","body":"The imperfective past «оставалось» ('was [still] remaining') views the leftover wealth as a standing, durative state rather than a single event, coloring the exclamation with elegiac duration — all that was left of so many years."}],"words":[{"surface":"Итак","lemma":"итак","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse connective modifying было","gloss":"And so"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"скакать","lemma":"скакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"gallop off"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies копейки","gloss":"of money"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лошадей","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"лошадей","lemma":"лошадь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies денег","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было (part of все-таки)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies копейки","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"копейки","lemma":"копейка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"a copeck"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (idiom)","role":"introduces the clause of были","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (idiom)","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the то-есть clause","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on двугривенных","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"двугривенных","lemma":"двугривенный","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"twenty-copeck pieces"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of всё,","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё,","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"was everything"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to всё,","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of оставалось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оставалось","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on всё","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стольких","lemma":"столький","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of оставалось","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"прежнего","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies благосостояния","gloss":"of the former"},{"surface":"благосостояния","lemma":"благосостояние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"prosperity"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b8-c2-s2","source":"Но у него лежали дома старые серебряные часы, давно уже переставшие ходить.","translation":"But lying at home he had an old silver watch that had long since stopped running.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него лежали дома старые серебряные часы","title":"Possession with «у» + genitive","body":"Russian expresses 'he had' with «у него» (у + genitive pronoun) plus the thing in the nominative — here «часы» is the grammatical subject, literally 'by him there lay a watch'. The case-marked «у него» frames possession as location-at, not a verb 'to have'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"давно уже переставшие ходить","title":"Past active participle «переставшие»","body":"«Переставшие ходить» is a past active participle (from «перестать», to stop) agreeing with «часы» — literally 'having long since ceased to run'. It packs a который-clause ('that had stopped') into one declined modifier, a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ходить","title":"«ходить» of a clock = to run","body":"Of a watch or clock, «ходить» (literally 'to walk, to go') means 'to run, to keep time'. «Переставшие ходить» = 'that had stopped running'. A nice idiom where the multidirectional motion verb is lexicalized for a working mechanism."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежали","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лежали","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there lay"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежали","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"старые","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies часы","gloss":"an old"},{"surface":"серебряные","lemma":"серебряный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies часы","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"часы","lemma":"часы","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of лежали","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переставшие","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переставшие","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"переставшие","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying часы","gloss":"that had stopped"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of переставшие","gloss":"running"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b8-c2-s3","source":"Он схватил их и снес к еврею-часовщику, помещавшемуся в своей лавчонке на базаре.","translation":"He snatched it up and carried it off to the Jewish watchmaker, who kept a little stall in the marketplace.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватил их и снес","title":"Two perfectives chaining the action forward","body":"«Схватил» (snatched) and «снёс» (carried off) are both perfective pasts, moving the narrative forward event by event — he grabs, then carries off. Note «их» ('them') agrees with plural «часы», which Russian treats as inherently plural though English says 'a watch'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"помещавшемуся в своей лавчонке","title":"Past active participle «помещавшемуся»","body":"«Помещавшемуся» is a participle agreeing with «часовщику» in the dative ('to the watchmaker who kept [a stall]'). The participle declines to match its noun's case, so its dative ending mirrors «еврею-часовщику» — the bookish equivalent of «который помещался»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лавчонка","title":"«лавчонка» — a wretched little stall","body":"From «лавка» (shop, stall) plus the pejorative-diminutive suffix «-чонк-», «лавчонка» means a poky, paltry little shop. The suffix conveys not just smallness but shabbiness — exactly our 'little stall'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"snatched"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"снес","lemma":"снести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватил","gloss":"carried off"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking еврею","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"еврею","lemma":"еврей","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to часовщику","gloss":"the Jewish"},{"surface":"часовщику","lemma":"часовщик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of снес","gloss":"watchmaker"},{"surface":"помещавшемуся","lemma":"помещаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"modifies часовщику","gloss":"who kept"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавчонке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of лавчонке","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"лавчонке","lemma":"лавчонка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помещавшемуся","gloss":"little stall"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking базаре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"базаре","lemma":"базар","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лавчонке","gloss":"the marketplace"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b8-c2-s4","source":"Тот дал за них шесть рублей.","translation":"The man gave six roubles for it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот дал за них шесть рублей","title":"«Тот» as anaphoric 'the man'","body":"The demonstrative «тот» ('that one') here picks up the watchmaker as topic — 'the said man'. Russian uses «тот»/«этот» to track referents across sentences where English would repeat a noun or say 'he', and «тот» specifically points back to a non-current subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"шесть рублей","title":"«шесть» + genitive plural","body":"After 'five' and higher, the counted noun goes in the genitive plural: «шесть рублей» (cf. «два рубля», gen. sing., after 2–4). The numeral governs the case of what it counts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of дал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"roubles"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b8-c2-s5","source":"«И того не ожидал!» — вскричал восхищенный Митя (он всё продолжал быть в восхищении), схватил свои шесть рублей и побежал домой.","translation":"\"I never expected even that much!\" — cried Mitya, delighted (he was still in a state of rapture), and grabbing his six roubles he ran home.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И того не ожидал!","title":"Genitive of negation: «того не ожидал»","body":"«Того не ожидал» — 'I didn't expect even that' — puts the negated object «того» (genitive of «то») in the genitive rather than the accusative, the regular shift under negation with an abstract object. The fronted «того» also throws emphatic weight on 'even that much'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"продолжал быть в восхищении","title":"Imperfective «продолжал быть» — a sustained state","body":"«Всё продолжал быть в восхищении» ('kept being in rapture') uses imperfective «продолжал» plus «всё» ('still, all the while') to stress an ongoing, unbroken state — the durative imperfective doing exactly what English 'was still in a state of' does."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватил свои шесть рублей и побежал","title":"Reflexive possessive «свои» + perfectives","body":"«Свои шесть рублей» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» ('his own'), referring back to the clause's subject Mitya. The two perfectives «схватил… побежал» (grabbed, ran off) drive the action to its swift completion."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of ожидал (verb omitted from this parse)","gloss":"that much"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ожидал (verb omitted from this parse)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"восхищенный","lemma":"восхищённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Митя","gloss":"delighted"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжал","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to восхищении","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восхищении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"восхищении","lemma":"восхищение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжал","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскричал","gloss":"grabbing"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of рублей","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскричал","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежал","gloss":"home"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b8-c2-s6","source":"Дома он дополнил сумму, взяв взаймы три рубля от хозяев, которые дали ему с удовольствием, несмотря на то, что отдавали последние свои деньги, до того любили его.","translation":"At home he made up the sum by borrowing three roubles from his landlord and landlady, who gave it to him gladly, even though they were parting with the last of their money — so much did they love him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взяв взаймы три рубля","title":"Perfective gerund «взяв»","body":"«Взяв взаймы» ('having borrowed') is a perfective past gerund (деепричастие) from «взять» — it names a prior, completed action sharing Mitya's subject, the means by which he 'made up the sum'. The bare instrumental-of-manner phrase «взаймы» means 'on loan'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря на то, что отдавали последние свои деньги","title":"Concessive «несмотря на то, что»","body":"«Несмотря на то, что» ('despite the fact that') is a subordinating conjunction opening a concessive clause. Inside it, imperfective «отдавали» ('were parting with') views the giving as an ongoing sacrifice, set against the perfective «дали» ('gave') of the main clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того любили его","title":"Intensifying «до того… (что)»","body":"«До того любили его» — literally 'to that [degree] they loved him' — is the «до того, что» construction expressing extreme degree, here trailing as a causal afterthought: 'so much did they love him'. It conveys consequence by intensity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дополнил","gloss":"At home"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дополнил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"дополнил","lemma":"дополнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made up"},{"surface":"сумму","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дополнил","gloss":"the sum"},{"surface":"взяв","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on дополнил","gloss":"by borrowing"},{"surface":"взаймы","lemma":"взаймы","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взяв","gloss":"as a loan"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рубля","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"рубля","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взяв","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хозяев","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"хозяев","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies рубля","gloss":"his landlord and landlady"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дали","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"дали","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on хозяев","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удовольствием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"удовольствием","lemma":"удовольствие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дали","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"preposition (compound, part 1)","role":"introduces concessive clause modifying дали","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"preposition (compound, part 2)","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"correlative pronoun anticipating что-clause","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отдавали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"отдавали","lemma":"отдавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"they were giving away"},{"surface":"последние","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"the last"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of отдавали","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до того","morphology":"preposition (idiom, part 1)","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to such an extent"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"до того","morphology":"pronoun (idiom, part 2)","role":"modifies любили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"любили","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clause explaining дали","gloss":"they loved"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любили","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b8-c2-s7","source":"Митя в восторженном состоянии своем открыл им тут же, что решается судьба его, и рассказал им, ужасно спеша разумеется, почти весь свой «план», который только что представил Самсонову, затем решение Самсонова, будущие надежды свои и проч., и проч.","translation":"Mitya, in his exalted state, disclosed to them then and there that his fate was being decided, and recounted to them — hurrying frightfully, of course — almost his entire \"plan,\" which he had just laid before Samsonov, then Samsonov's decision, his hopes for the future, and so on, and so on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"решается судьба его","title":"Reflexive «решается» as passive/middle","body":"«Решается судьба его» — 'his fate is being decided' — uses the «-ся» verb for an imperfective passive/middle: the fate undergoes deciding with no named agent. The postposed «его» ('his') after the noun is a slightly archaic, weighty word order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ужасно спеша","title":"Imperfective gerund «спеша»","body":"«Спеша» ('hurrying') is an imperfective present gerund describing the manner attending «рассказал» — he recounted while hurrying. Simultaneous, ongoing accompaniment, the typical job of the «-я» gerund."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будущие надежды свои","title":"Postposed «свои» for rhetorical weight","body":"«Будущие надежды свои» places the reflexive possessive «свои» after its noun rather than before — an inverted, bookish order that lends the phrase a trailing, listing rhythm, matched by the repeated «и проч., и проч.»"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и проч., и проч.","title":"«и проч.» — 'and so forth'","body":"«И проч.» abbreviates «и прочее» ('and the rest, et cetera'). The doubled «и проч., и проч.» mimics the narrator's weary 'and so on, and so on', conveying that Mitya gushed out far more than is worth reporting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of открыл","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"восторженном","lemma":"восторженный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"exalted"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of открыл","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of состоянии","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"открыл","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"disclosed"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of открыл","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies открыл","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"and there"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of решается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"решается","lemma":"решаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of открыл","gloss":"was being decided"},{"surface":"судьба","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive решается","gloss":"the fate"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies судьба","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with открыл","gloss":"recounted"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of рассказал","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спеша","gloss":"frightfully"},{"surface":"спеша","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on рассказал","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical aside modifying спеша","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies весь","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of план","gloss":"his entire"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of план","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"план","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of рассказал","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of представил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только что","morphology":"particle (idiom, part 1)","role":"modifies представил","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"только что","morphology":"particle (idiom, part 2)","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"представил","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on план","gloss":"he had laid before"},{"surface":"Самсонову","lemma":"Самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of представил","gloss":"Samsonov"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решение","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"решение","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with план","gloss":"the decision"},{"surface":"Самсонова","lemma":"Самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies решение","gloss":"Samsonov's"},{"surface":"будущие","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies надежды","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"надежды","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with план","gloss":"hopes"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of надежды","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular (abbreviation)","role":"coordinated with план","gloss":"so on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular (abbreviation)","role":"coordinated with план","gloss":"so on"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b8-c2-s8","source":"Хозяева и допрежь сего были посвящены во многие его тайны, потому-то и смотрели на него как на ''своего'' человека, совсем не гордого барина.","translation":"The landlord and his wife had already been let in on many of his secrets even before this, and for that reason looked on him as ''one of their own'' — not at all a haughty gentleman.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"допрежь сего","title":"«допрежь сего» — archaic 'before this'","body":"«Допрежь» is a folksy-archaic preposition for «прежде» (before), and «сего» is the genitive of the bookish demonstrative «сей» (this). Together «допрежь сего» = 'before this, ere now' — a deliberately old-fashioned, slightly rustic flavor in the narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"были посвящены во многие его тайны","title":"Short-form past passive «посвящены»","body":"«Были посвящены» is the short-form past passive participle of «посвятить» joined to «были» — the periphrastic passive ('had been let in on'). The short participle «посвящены» predicates a resulting state, agreeing in number with «хозяева»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому-то и смотрели","title":"Causal «потому-то и»","body":"«Потому-то и» strengthens the causal «потому» with the topic-emphasizing clitic «-то» and the focusing «и» ('and for that very reason'). The little particles together underline the cause as the known, given ground of what follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хозяева","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of passive посвящены","gloss":"the hosts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (intensifying, 'even')","role":"modifies допрежь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"допрежь","lemma":"допрежь","morphology":"adverb (archaic, governs genitive)","role":"modifies посвящены","gloss":"even before","note":"Archaic/dialectal for 'прежде' (before); governs the genitive сего."},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сие","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of допрежь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of посвящены","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"посвящены","lemma":"посвятить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let in on"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тайны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"многие","lemma":"многие","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies тайны","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of тайны","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"тайны","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of посвящены","gloss":"secrets"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрели","gloss":"for that reason"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрели","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смотрели","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"смотрели","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with посвящены","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрели","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative particle","role":"introduces the comparison as человека","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человека","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрели","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гордого","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"гордого","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies барина","gloss":"haughty"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человека","gloss":"gentleman"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b8-c2-s9","source":"Совокупив таким образом девять рублей, Митя послал за почтовыми лошадьми до Воловьей станции.","translation":"Having thus scraped together nine roubles, Mitya sent for post-horses to take him to the Volovya station.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Совокупив таким образом девять рублей","title":"Perfective gerund «совокупив»","body":"«Совокупив» ('having gathered together') is a perfective past gerund opening the sentence — a prior completed action ('having thus scraped together nine roubles') before the main perfective «послал». The bookish «совокупить» (to combine, total up) heightens the register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почтовыми лошадьми","title":"Instrumental of means «лошадьми»","body":"«Лошадьми» is the instrumental plural of «лошадь» (note the irregular soft-third-declension ending), naming the means of travel after «послать за». «За» here governs the instrumental in the sense 'to send for / to fetch'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Совокупив","lemma":"совокупить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on послал","gloss":"having scraped together"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Совокупив","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"девять","lemma":"девять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"nine"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Совокупив","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лошадьми","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"почтовыми","lemma":"почтовый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies лошадьми","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"лошадьми","lemma":"лошадь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of послал","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking станции","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Воловьей","lemma":"воловий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies станции","gloss":"Volovya"},{"surface":"станции","lemma":"станция","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послал","gloss":"station"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b8-c2-s10","source":"Но, таким образом, запомнился и обозначился факт, что «накануне некоторого события, в полдень, у Мити не было ни копейки и что он, чтобы достать денег, продал часы и занял три рубля у хозяев, и всё при свидетелях».","translation":"But in this way, too, a fact got fixed and noted — that \"on the eve of a certain event, at midday, Mitya did not have a single copeck, and that to get hold of money he sold his watch and borrowed three roubles from his landlord, and all of it before witnesses.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"запомнился и обозначился факт","title":"Reflexive «-ся» verbs, impersonally fronted","body":"«Запомнился и обозначился факт» ('a fact got fixed and noted') uses two «-ся» verbs in a passive/middle sense — the fact became remembered and marked, with no agent. The verb-first order («запомнился… факт») foregrounds the event before naming its subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не было ни копейки","title":"Genitive of negation again","body":"Inside the quoted 'fact', «не было ни копейки» repeats the genitive-of-negation pattern: the absent money stands in the genitive («копейки»), with «ни» sharpening it to 'not a single copeck'. The echo of segment 1 marks this as the legally damning detail."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы достать денег","title":"Purpose clause «чтобы достать»","body":"«Чтобы достать денег» ('in order to get money') is a purpose clause: «чтобы» + infinitive when the subject is the same. Note «денег» (genitive) as a partitive/negated-style object after «достать» — 'get [some] money'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies запомнился","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"запомнился","lemma":"запомниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got fixed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обозначился","lemma":"обозначиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with запомнился","gloss":"was noted"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of запомнился","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"накануне","lemma":"накануне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking события","gloss":"on the eve of"},{"surface":"некоторого","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of события","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"события","lemma":"событие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of накануне","gloss":"event"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полдень","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"полдень","lemma":"полдень","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of было","gloss":"midday"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies копейки","gloss":"not a single"},{"surface":"копейки","lemma":"копейка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"kopeck"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of продал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of достать","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"достать","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on продал","gloss":"get hold of"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of достать","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"продал","lemma":"продать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the он-clause","gloss":"sold"},{"surface":"часы","lemma":"часы","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of продал","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"занял","lemma":"занять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with продал","gloss":"borrowed"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рубля","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"рубля","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of занял","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хозяев","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"хозяев","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of занял","gloss":"his landlord"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"summarizes the preceding clause","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидетелях","gloss":"in the presence of"},{"surface":"свидетелях","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition при","gloss":"witnesses"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b8-c2-s11","source":"Отмечаю этот факт заранее, потом разъяснится, для чего так делаю.","translation":"I set down this fact in advance; later it will become clear why I do so.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разъяснится","title":"Perfective future «разъяснится»","body":"«Разъяснится» ('it will become clear') is a perfective verb in present-form endings, which yields future meaning — and the «-ся» gives it a middle/impersonal sense ('it will clear itself up'). A single completed future event: later it will all come clear."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отмечаю этот факт заранее","title":"Narrator's present «отмечаю»","body":"«Отмечаю» ('I note, I set down') is a first-person imperfective present — the chronicler-narrator stepping forward in his own voice. The dropped subject pronoun «я» is recovered from the ending alone, as Russian regularly omits it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отмечаю","lemma":"отмечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I set down"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of факт","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Отмечаю","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Отмечаю","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разъяснится","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"разъяснится","lemma":"разъясниться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Отмечаю","gloss":"will become clear"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition для","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делаю","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"делаю","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the для чего clause","gloss":"I do"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b8-c2-s12","source":"Поскакав на Воловью станцию, Митя хоть и сиял от радостного предчувствия, что наконец-то кончит и развяжет «все эти дела», тем не менее трепетал и от страху: что станется теперь с Грушенькой в его отсутствие?","translation":"Galloping toward the Volovya station, Mitya, even as he glowed with the joyful presentiment that he would at last finish off and untangle \"all these affairs,\" nonetheless trembled with fear as well: what would become of Grushenka now, in his absence?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поскакав на Воловью станцию","title":"Perfective gerund «поскакав»","body":"«Поскакав» ('having galloped / setting off at a gallop') is a perfective past gerund from «поскакать», opening the sentence with the framing action. The prefix «по-» here gives an ingressive 'set to galloping' sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и сиял… тем не менее трепетал","title":"Concessive «хоть и… тем не менее»","body":"«Хоть и сиял… тем не менее трепетал» pairs the concessive «хоть и» ('even though') with the adversative «тем не менее» ('nonetheless') to hold two feelings at once — radiant joy and trembling fear. The two imperfectives «сиял»/«трепетал» keep both as sustained states."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что станется теперь с Грушенькой","title":"Impersonal «что станется с…»","body":"«Что станется с Грушенькой» ('what will become of Grushenka') is a fixed impersonal turn — «статься» (perfective future, «-ся») with «с» + instrumental for the person affected. There is no nominative subject; the fate simply 'happens with' her."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Грушенькой","title":"«Грушенька» — the affectionate diminutive","body":"«Грушенька» is the tender diminutive of «Аграфена» (via «Груша»), built with the endearing «-еньк-» suffix. The narrator and Mitya use this caressing form throughout, a constant signal of intimacy and feeling rather than mere naming."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поскакав","lemma":"поскакать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сиял","gloss":"galloping"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Воловью","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Воловью","lemma":"воловий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies станцию","gloss":"Volovya"},{"surface":"станцию","lemma":"станция","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Поскакав","gloss":"station"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сиял","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сиял","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сиял","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сиял","lemma":"сиять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glowed"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предчувствия","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"радостного","lemma":"радостный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies предчувствия","gloss":"joyful"},{"surface":"предчувствия","lemma":"предчувствие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сиял","gloss":"presentiment"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончит","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончит","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"кончит","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of предчувствия","gloss":"would finish"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"развяжет","lemma":"развязать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with кончит","gloss":"would untangle"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дела","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of дела","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of развяжет","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"nonetheless","note":"Idiom 'тем не менее' = 'nonetheless.'"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase тем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase тем","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"трепетал","lemma":"трепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сиял","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страху","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страху","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, partitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of трепетал","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of станется","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"станется","lemma":"статься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to трепетал","gloss":"will become"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies станется","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушенькой","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Грушенькой","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of станется","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отсутствие","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of отсутствие","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"отсутствие","lemma":"отсутствие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of станется","gloss":"absence"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b8-c2-s13","source":"Ну как раз сегодня-то и решится наконец пойти к Федору Павловичу?","translation":"What if it were this very day that she at last made up her mind to go to Fyodor Pavlovich?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сегодня-то и решится","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» and focusing «и»","body":"«Сегодня-то и решится» loads 'today' with the topic-clitic «-то» and the focusing «и» — 'this very day, of all days'. The clustered particles render Mitya's anxious fixation on the timing, voiced as free indirect thought."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"решится наконец пойти","title":"Perfective future «решится» + middle «-ся»","body":"«Решится пойти» ('she will make up her mind to go') is perfective future with «-ся» giving the inceptive-reflexive 'bring oneself to decide'. The «Ну как…» frame turns it into an anxious hypothetical — 'what if she does decide today?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решится","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решится","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решится","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"решится","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will make up her mind"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойти","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"пойти","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решится","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федору","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Федору","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойти","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичу","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федору","gloss":"Pavlovich"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b8-c2-s14","source":"Вот почему он и уехал, ей не сказавшись и заказав хозяевам отнюдь не открывать, куда он делся, если откуда-нибудь придут его спрашивать.","translation":"That was why he had set off without telling her, and had ordered his landlord on no account to reveal where he had gone, should anyone come from any quarter asking after him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ей не сказавшись и заказав","title":"Two gerunds: «сказавшись» and «заказав»","body":"«Не сказавшись» (reflexive perfective gerund, 'without announcing himself to her') and «заказав» (perfective gerund, 'having ordered') chain two prior actions onto «уехал». The «-ся» on «сказавшись» makes it 'without letting her know', and «ей» is the dative of the person told."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отнюдь не открывать","title":"Emphatic negation «отнюдь не»","body":"«Отнюдь не открывать» — 'on no account to reveal' — uses «отнюдь не», an emphatic negator stronger than plain «не», categorically forbidding the act. It governs the imperfective infinitive «открывать», framing the ban as a standing rule."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если откуда-нибудь придут его спрашивать","title":"Non-specific «-нибудь» in an open condition","body":"«Откуда-нибудь» ('from anywhere at all') uses the «-нибудь» series for a non-specific, hypothetical source — fitting an open «если» condition about some unknown person who might come asking. Contrast «-то», which would mark a definite-but-unnamed someone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уехал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уехал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уехал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"уехал","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказавшись","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказавшись","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сказавшись","lemma":"сказаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on уехал","gloss":"telling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заказав","lemma":"заказать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказавшись","gloss":"having ordered"},{"surface":"хозяевам","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of заказав","gloss":"his landlord"},{"surface":"отнюдь","lemma":"отнюдь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"on no account"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies открывать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"открывать","lemma":"открывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заказав","gloss":"to reveal"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делся","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of делся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"делся","lemma":"деться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of открывать","gloss":"had gone"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of придут","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придут","gloss":"from anywhere"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придут","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"придут","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying открывать","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спрашивать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"спрашивать","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of придут","gloss":"to ask about"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b8-c2-s15","source":"«Непременно, непременно сегодня к вечеру надо вернуться, — повторял он, трясясь в телеге, — а этого Лягавого, пожалуй, и сюда притащить… для совершения этого акта…» — так, замирая душою, мечтал Митя, но увы, мечтаниям его слишком не суждено было совершиться по его «плану».","translation":"\"Without fail, without fail I must be back by this evening,\" — he kept repeating, jolting along in the cart, — \"and this Lyagavy, perhaps, I'll have to drag here too… for the carrying-out of this transaction…\" — so, his soul sinking within him, Mitya dreamed; but alas, his dreamings were far too little destined to come about according to his \"plan.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"трясясь в телеге","title":"Imperfective gerund «трясясь»","body":"«Трясясь в телеге» ('jolting in the cart') is a reflexive imperfective gerund from «трястись», naming the simultaneous physical circumstance of his repeating the words. The «-сь» (post-vowel «-ся») marks the intransitive 'being shaken about'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не суждено было совершиться","title":"Dative-subject fate: «суждено было»","body":"«Мечтаниям его… не суждено было совершиться» is an impersonal fate construction: the experiencer «мечтаниям» (dative) with the invariable predicate «суждено» ('destined') and «было» — no nominative subject. Literally 'to his dreamings it was not destined to come about'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"замирая душою","title":"Instrumental of respect: «душою»","body":"«Замирая душою» ('his soul sinking / fainting in spirit') pairs the imperfective gerund «замирая» with «душою», an old instrumental of «душа» specifying in what respect he sinks. The «-ою» ending is the archaic/poetic variant of «-ой»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мечтаниям","title":"«мечтания» — fond, idle dreamings","body":"«Мечтание» (here plural «мечтания») is the bookish, slightly elevated noun for daydreams, fond imaginings — weightier and more wistful than everyday «мечта». The narrator's choice underscores the gap between Mitya's reverie and the realism that will crush it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечеру","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"вечеру","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надо","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"повторял","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to надо","gloss":"kept repeating"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"трясясь","lemma":"трястись","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on повторял","gloss":"jolting"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking телеге,","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"телеге,","lemma":"телега","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of трясясь","gloss":"cart"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Лягавого","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Лягавого","lemma":"лягавый","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of притащить","gloss":"Lyagavy"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to притащить","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies притащить","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"притащить","lemma":"притащить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive clause parallel to вернуться","gloss":"drag"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking совершения","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"совершения","lemma":"совершение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition для","gloss":"the carrying out"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of акта","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"акта","lemma":"акт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies совершения","gloss":"transaction"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to мечтал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"замирая","lemma":"замирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on мечтал","gloss":"sinking"},{"surface":"душою","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of замирая","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"мечтал","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dreamed"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мечтал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"увы","lemma":"увы","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to суждено","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"мечтаниям","lemma":"мечтание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"indirect object of суждено","gloss":"dreamings"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies мечтаниям","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies суждено","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"суждено","lemma":"суждено","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate coordinated with мечтал","gloss":"destined"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to суждено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"совершиться","lemma":"совершиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on суждено","gloss":"to come about"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плану","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of плану","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"плану","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of совершиться","gloss":"plan"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b8-c2-s16","source":"Во-первых, он опоздал, отправившись с Воловьей станции проселком.","translation":"In the first place, he was delayed, having set out from the Volovya station by a country road.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отправившись с Воловьей станции проселком","title":"Perfective gerund «отправившись»","body":"«Отправившись» ('having set out') is a perfective past gerund explaining the cause of the delay. «Проселком» is a bare instrumental of route/path — 'by a country road' — one of the instrumental's idiomatic uses for the way one travels."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"проселком","title":"«просёлок» — a back country road","body":"A «просёлок» (or «просёлочная дорога») is an unpaved rural byway between villages, off the main post-road — slower and rougher. Mitya's taking it is exactly why he loses time, as the next sentence makes plain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"adverb (idiom во-первых)","role":"parallel clause to опоздал","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adverb (idiom во-первых)","role":"parallel clause to опоздал","gloss":"first place"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опоздал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опоздал","lemma":"опоздать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was delayed"},{"surface":"отправившись","lemma":"отправиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on опоздал","gloss":"having set out"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking станции","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Воловьей","lemma":"воловий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies станции","gloss":"Volovya"},{"surface":"станции","lemma":"станция","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправившись","gloss":"station"},{"surface":"проселком","lemma":"просёлок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправившись","gloss":"by the country road"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b8-c2-s17","source":"Проселок оказался не в двенадцать, а в восемнадцать верст.","translation":"The country road turned out to be not twelve but eighteen versts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не в двенадцать, а в восемнадцать вёрст","title":"Contrastive «не…, а…»","body":"«Не в двенадцать, а в восемнадцать» uses the corrective pair «не… а…» ('not X but Y') to replace the wrong figure with the right one. «А» here is the sharp contrastive 'but rather', a different word from «но»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Проселок","lemma":"просёлок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оказался","gloss":"the country road"},{"surface":"оказался","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies двенадцать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двенадцать","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"двенадцать","lemma":"двенадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"complement of оказался","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восемнадцать","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"восемнадцать","lemma":"восемнадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"coordinated with двенадцать","gloss":"eighteen"},{"surface":"верст","lemma":"верста","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"depends on восемнадцать","gloss":"versts"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b8-c2-s18","source":"Во-вторых, Ильинского батюшки он не застал дома, тот отлучился в соседнюю деревню.","translation":"In the second place, he did not find the priest of Ilyinskoye at home; the man had gone off to a neighboring village.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ильинского батюшки он не застал дома","title":"Genitive of negation: «батюшки… не застал»","body":"«Батюшки… не застал» — 'he did not find the priest [in]' — shifts the object «батюшку» to the genitive «батюшки» under negation, the usual genitive-of-negation move with «не застал» (didn't find present). The fronted «Ильинского батюшки» is the topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот отлучился","title":"«тот» tracking the priest as topic","body":"«Тот отлучился» — 'the man had gone off' — picks up the priest with «тот» rather than a pronoun, the demonstrative tracking a referent who is not the immediately preceding subject (Mitya). The perfective «отлучился» reports the completed departure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"adverb (idiom во-вторых)","role":"parallel clause to застал","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"вторых","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adverb (idiom во-вторых)","role":"parallel clause to застал","gloss":"second place"},{"surface":"Ильинского","lemma":"ильинский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies батюшки","gloss":"of Ilyinskoye"},{"surface":"батюшки","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of застал","gloss":"priest"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of застал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies застал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"застал","lemma":"застать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies застал","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отлучился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отлучился","lemma":"отлучиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with застал","gloss":"had gone off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деревню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"соседнюю","lemma":"соседний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies деревню","gloss":"neighboring"},{"surface":"деревню","lemma":"деревня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отлучился","gloss":"village"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b8-c2-s19","source":"Пока разыскал там его Митя, отправившись в эту соседнюю деревню всё на тех же, уже измученных лошадях, наступила почти уже ночь.","translation":"By the time Mitya had tracked him down there, having set off to that neighboring village on the same horses, already worn out, night had almost fallen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пока разыскал там его Митя","title":"Temporal «пока» + perfective","body":"«Пока разыскал… Митя… наступила ночь» uses «пока» ('by the time, while') with two perfectives to mark the span: by the time he had tracked the priest down, night had set in. The verb-first order («разыскал… Митя») builds the suspense of the elapsing time."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отправившись в эту соседнюю деревню","title":"Gerund «отправившись» + repeated horses","body":"Another perfective gerund «отправившись» frames the side-trip. «Всё на тех же, уже измученных лошадях» — 'on the very same, now worn-out horses' — uses «тот же» ('the same') and the postposed participle «измученных» (worn out, exhausted) to stress that no fresh team was had."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разыскал","gloss":"by the time"},{"surface":"разыскал","lemma":"разыскать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on наступила","gloss":"had tracked down"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разыскал","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разыскал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разыскал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"отправившись","lemma":"отправиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on разыскал","gloss":"having set off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деревню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of деревню","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"соседнюю","lemma":"соседний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies деревню","gloss":"neighboring"},{"surface":"деревню","lemma":"деревня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправившись","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лошадях","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тех","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of лошадях","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тех","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies измученных","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"измученных","lemma":"измученный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies лошадях","gloss":"worn out"},{"surface":"лошадях","lemma":"лошадь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"наступила","lemma":"наступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had fallen"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наступила","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of наступила","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b8-c2-s20","source":"Батюшка, робкий и ласковый на вид человечек, разъяснил ему немедленно, что этот Лягавый, хоть и остановился было у него спервоначалу, но теперь находится в Сухом Поселке, там у лесного сторожа в избе сегодня ночует, потому что и там тоже лес торгует.","translation":"The priest, a timid and gentle-looking little man, explained to him at once that this Lyagavy, though he had indeed stopped at first with him, was now in Sukhoy Posyolok and was spending the night there in the forester's hut, because he was trading for timber there too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и остановился было у него спервоначалу","title":"The past «было» of an interrupted action","body":"«Остановился было» uses the particle «было» after a perfective past to mark an action that started or was the case but then was reversed or didn't hold — 'had stopped [with him] at first [but no longer]'. This «было» of the cancelled/incipient act is a fine 19th-c. nuance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"спервоначалу","title":"«спервоначалу» — colloquial 'at the very first'","body":"«Спервоначалу» is a folksy, doubled adverb ('at the very beginning, to start with'), more rustic and expansive than plain «сперва» or «сначала». It colors the priest's reported speech with homely, provincial texture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лес торгует","title":"«торговать лес» — to deal/bargain for timber","body":"«Лес торгует» here means 'is trading/bargaining for timber' — «торговать» with a direct object means to be in the market to buy, to dicker over a purchase. «Лес» is collective for standing timber or woodland sold for felling, the business that brings Lyagavy to these forest huts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разъяснил","gloss":"the priest"},{"surface":"робкий","lemma":"робкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человечек","gloss":"timid"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ласковый","lemma":"ласковый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with робкий","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вид","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ласковый","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"человечек","lemma":"человечек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Батюшка","gloss":"little man"},{"surface":"разъяснил","lemma":"разъяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of разъяснил","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разъяснил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of остановился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Лягавый","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Лягавый","lemma":"лягавый","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"Lyagavy"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of остановился","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of разъяснил","gloss":"had stopped"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to остановился","gloss":"was","note":"'было' after a past-tense verb marks an action begun and then interrupted or reversed."},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"спервоначалу","lemma":"спервоначалу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies находится","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"находится","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"is located"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Поселке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Сухом","lemma":"сухой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Поселке","gloss":"Sukhoy"},{"surface":"Поселке","lemma":"посёлок","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of находится","gloss":"Posyolok"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ночует","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторожа","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"лесного","lemma":"лесной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сторожа","gloss":"forest"},{"surface":"сторожа","lemma":"сторож","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ночует","gloss":"watchman"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"избе","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ночует","gloss":"hut"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ночует","gloss":"tonight"},{"surface":"ночует","lemma":"ночевать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with остановился","gloss":"is spending the night"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of торгует","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies там","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies торгует","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies торгует","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"лес","lemma":"лес","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of торгует","gloss":"timber"},{"surface":"торгует","lemma":"торговать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ночует","gloss":"was trading"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b8-c2-s21","source":"На усиленные просьбы Мити сводить его к Лягавому сейчас же и «тем, так сказать, спасти его», батюшка хоть и заколебался вначале, но согласился, однако, проводить его в Сухой Поселок, видимо почувствовав любопытство; но, на грех, посоветовал дойти «пешечком», так как тут всего какая-нибудь верста «с небольшим излишком» будет.","translation":"To Mitya's urgent entreaties to take him to Lyagavy at once and \"thereby, so to speak, save him,\" the priest, though he wavered at first, nevertheless consented to escort him to Sukhoy Posyolok — evidently feeling some curiosity; but, as ill luck would have it, he advised going \"on foot,\" since it was only a verst or so, \"with a little to spare.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и заколебался вначале, но согласился, однако","title":"Piled-up concession: «хоть и… но… однако»","body":"The sentence stacks three concessive-adversative signals — «хоть и» (even though), «но» (but), and «однако» (however) — around «согласился». The redundancy is deliberate 19th-c. rhetorical fullness, dramatizing the timid priest's hesitation before yielding."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"видимо почувствовав любопытство","title":"Gerund «почувствовав» of motive","body":"«Почувствовав любопытство» ('having felt some curiosity') is a perfective gerund giving the inner reason for his consenting, softened by «видимо» ('evidently') as the narrator's inference about the priest's motive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на грех","title":"«на грех» — 'as ill luck would have it'","body":"«На грех» (literally 'to a sin') is a set idiom meaning 'unluckily, as bad luck would have it'. The narrator marks the priest's advice to walk as a small fateful mistake — part of the chapter's chain of mishaps."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пешечком","title":"«пешечком» — the coaxing diminutive of 'on foot'","body":"«Пешечком» is a diminutive of «пешком» (on foot), formed with «-ечк-». The little suffix makes it sound easy and inviting — 'just a nice little walk' — exactly the priest's coaxing tone, which proves so misleading."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking просьбы","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"усиленные","lemma":"усиленный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies просьбы","gloss":"urgent"},{"surface":"просьбы","lemma":"просьба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"object of на, occasion for заколебался/согласился","gloss":"entreaties"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of просьбы","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"сводить","lemma":"сводить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of просьбы","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сводить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Лягавому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Лягавому","lemma":"Лягавый","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сводить","gloss":"Lyagavy","note":"Nickname literally \"pointer dog\" — the peasant's mocking name, contrasted with his real name Gorstkin later."},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сводить","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies сейчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial, modifies спасти (\"thereby\")","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of parenthetical так сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical идиом, modifies спасти","gloss":"to speak","note":"«так сказать» = \"so to speak,\" a filler idiom."},{"surface":"спасти","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of просьбы, parallel to сводить","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасти","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заколебался","gloss":"the priest","note":"батюшка (\"priest/father\") ends in -a but is grammatically masculine."},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заколебался (concessive)","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies хоть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"заколебался","lemma":"заколебаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"wavered"},{"surface":"вначале","lemma":"вначале","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заколебался","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"согласился","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with заколебался","gloss":"consented"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies согласился","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"проводить","lemma":"проводить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of согласился","gloss":"to escort"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of проводить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Поселок","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Сухой","lemma":"Сухой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Поселок","gloss":"Sukhoy"},{"surface":"Поселок","lemma":"Посёлок","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проводить","gloss":"Posyolok"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовав","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"почувствовав","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проводить","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"любопытство","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of почувствовав","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грех","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"грех","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посоветовал","gloss":"luck","note":"«на грех» = \"as ill luck would have it.\""},{"surface":"посоветовал","lemma":"посоветовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with согласился","gloss":"advised"},{"surface":"дойти","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of посоветовал","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"пешечком","lemma":"пешечком","morphology":"adverb (instrumental noun form used adverbially)","role":"modifies дойти","gloss":"on foot"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of compound conjunction так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of compound conjunction так как, introduces clause of будет","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верста","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of indefinite какая-нибудь, determiner of верста","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of indefinite какая-нибудь","gloss":"or so","note":"-нибудь turns какая into an indefinite \"some (or other)\"."},{"surface":"верста","lemma":"верста","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"verst"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking излишком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"небольшим","lemma":"небольшой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies излишком","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"излишком","lemma":"излишек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies верста (\"a verst with a little extra\")","gloss":"to spare"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb/copula of the clause (approximating будет = estimate)","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b8-c2-s22","source":"Митя, разумеется, согласился и зашагал своими аршинными шагами, так что бедный батюшка почти побежал за ним.","translation":"Mitya, of course, agreed, and strode off with his yard-long strides, so that the poor priest almost had to run after him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так что бедный батюшка почти побежал за ним","title":"Result clause «так что»","body":"«Так что» ('so that, with the result that') opens a result clause: Mitya's huge strides had the consequence that the priest nearly ran. The perfective «побежал» (ingressive 'broke into a run') captures the sudden effort."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аршинными шагами","title":"«аршинные шаги» — yard-long strides","body":"An «аршин» is an old Russian measure of about 71 cm (28 inches). «Аршинными шагами» — 'with arshin-long steps' — vividly sizes Mitya's huge, impatient strides, which we render 'yard-long'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of согласился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разумеется","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying согласился","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"согласился","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"agreed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зашагал","lemma":"зашагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with согласился","gloss":"strode off"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of шагами","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"аршинными","lemma":"аршинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies шагами","gloss":"yard-long"},{"surface":"шагами","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial complement of зашагал","gloss":"strides"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of compound conjunction так что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of compound conjunction так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бедный","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies батюшка","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побежал","gloss":"priest"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежал","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause (так что)","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежал","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b8-c2-s23","source":"Это был еще не старый и очень осторожный человечек.","translation":"He was a little man, still not old and very cautious.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"человечек","title":"«человечек» — the diminutive 'little man'","body":"«Человечек» is the diminutive of «человек», here conveying physical smallness tinged with a faint, affectionate condescension — a slight, harmless little figure. It recurs for the priest, fixing him as small and timorous beside the towering Mitya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это был ещё не старый и очень осторожный человечек","title":"Instrumental? No — nominal predicate with «был»","body":"Note that the predicate noun «человечек» stays in the nominative here, not the instrumental, because «это был…» is the identifying 'this was [a]…' frame, which keeps the nominative. Compare «он был студентом» (instrumental of a role), where the instrumental would be expected."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of человечек","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to человечек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старый","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies старый","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"старый","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человечек","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осторожный","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"осторожный","lemma":"осторожный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with старый","gloss":"cautious"},{"surface":"человечек","lemma":"человечек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of был","gloss":"little man"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b8-c2-s24","source":"Митя и с ним тотчас же заговорил о своих планах, горячо, нервно требовал советов насчет Лягавого и проговорил всю дорогу.","translation":"Mitya at once fell to talking with him too about his plans, hotly and nervously demanding advice about Lyagavy, and he kept talking the whole way.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тотчас же заговорил… и проговорил всю дорогу","title":"Ingressive «за-» vs durative «про-»","body":"Two prefixed perfectives frame Mitya's talk: «заговорил» ('began to talk', ingressive «за-») and «проговорил всю дорогу» ('talked the whole way through', the «про-» of an action filling a whole stretch of time). Russian prefixes thus specify the phase of the speaking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о своих планах","title":"Reflexive «своих» + prepositional «о»","body":"«О своих планах» ('about his [own] plans') uses «о» governing the prepositional case (the topic-of-speech construction) and the reflexive possessive «своих» pointing back to Mitya. «О» + prepositional is the standard 'about, concerning'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заговорил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies с ним (\"too\")","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began talking"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking планах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of планах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"планах","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заговорил","gloss":"plans"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies требовал","gloss":"hotly"},{"surface":"нервно","lemma":"нервно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies требовал","gloss":"nervously"},{"surface":"требовал","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заговорил","gloss":"demanded"},{"surface":"советов","lemma":"совет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of требовал","gloss":"advice"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Лягавого","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Лягавого","lemma":"Лягавый","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies советов","gloss":"Lyagavy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заговорил","gloss":"kept talking"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дорогу","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration on проговорил","gloss":"way"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b8-c2-s25","source":"Батюшка слушал внимательно, но посоветовал мало.","translation":"The priest listened attentively but gave little counsel.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слушал внимательно, но посоветовал мало","title":"Imperfective listening vs perfective counsel","body":"The contrast is in the aspect: imperfective «слушал» ('listened', durative attention) against perfective «посоветовал» ('gave [some] counsel', a bounded result). «Но» pivots from the sustained listening to the meagre advice produced."}],"words":[{"surface":"Батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слушал","gloss":"The priest"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"внимательно","lemma":"внимательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушал","gloss":"attentively"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"посоветовал","lemma":"посоветовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with слушал","gloss":"counselled"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посоветовал","gloss":"little"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b8-c2-s26","source":"На вопросы Мити отвечал уклончиво: «Не знаю, ох не знаю, где же мне это знать», и т. д.","translation":"To Mitya's questions he answered evasively: \"I don't know, oh, I don't know — how should I know that?\" and so forth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"где же мне это знать","title":"Rhetorical «где мне…» + emphatic «же»","body":"«Где же мне это знать» is a dative-subject rhetorical question — «мне» (dative experiencer) with an infinitive, literally 'where [is it] for me to know this', i.e. 'how should I know?'. The particle «же» adds insistent, half-pleading emphasis to the disclaimer."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ох не знаю","title":"«ох» — the sighing interjection","body":"«Ох» is a sighing, fretful interjection of weariness or helplessness. Doubled with «не знаю» ('oh, I don't know'), it paints the priest's evasive, hand-wringing reluctance to be drawn in — pure spoken texture."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросы","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отвечал","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of вопросы","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"отвечал","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject = the priest, elided)","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"уклончиво","lemma":"уклончиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвечал","gloss":"evasively"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"quoted clause, complement of отвечал","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ох","lemma":"ох","morphology":"interjection","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знать (rhetorical \"how\")","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies где","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of знать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive clause complementing где же","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"т","lemma":"т. д.","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"first part of abbreviation т. д.","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"д.","lemma":"т. д.","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"second part of abbreviation т. д.","gloss":"forth","note":"«и т. д.» = «и так далее», \"and so on/forth.\""}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b8-c2-s27","source":"Когда Митя заговорил о своих контрах с отцом насчет наследства, то батюшка даже испугался, потому что состоял с Федором Павловичем в каких-то зависимых к нему отношениях.","translation":"When Mitya began to speak of his quarrels with his father over the inheritance, the priest grew positively frightened, because he stood in some sort of dependent relation to Fyodor Pavlovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда Митя заговорил… то батюшка даже испугался","title":"Correlative «когда… то…»","body":"«Когда…, то…» is the correlative pairing of a «когда» time-clause with a resumptive «то» ('then') opening the main clause — a bookish framing common in 19th-c. narration. The ingressive perfectives «заговорил» and «испугался» mark the onset of speaking and of fright."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"состоял… в зависимых к нему отношениях","title":"Imperfective «состоял в отношениях»","body":"«Состоял… в каких-то зависимых к нему отношениях» ('stood in some dependent relation to him') is durative imperfective «состоять в» + prepositional — a standing, ongoing state, not an event. The indefinite «каких-то» leaves the exact nature vague."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"контрах","title":"«контры» — quarrels, a falling-out","body":"«Контры» (here prepositional plural «о своих контрах») is a colloquial noun for a quarrel, friction, being at odds — borrowed ultimately from «контра-» (counter, against). «Контры с отцом насчёт наследства» = his feud with his father over the inheritance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заговорил","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заговорил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on испугался","gloss":"began to speak"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking контрах","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of контрах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"контрах","lemma":"контра","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заговорил","gloss":"quarrels"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies контрах","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наследства","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"наследства","lemma":"наследство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорил","gloss":"the inheritance"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the main clause (испугался)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of испугался","gloss":"the priest"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies испугался","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"испугался","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew frightened"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of compound conjunction потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of compound conjunction потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"состоял","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on испугался","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федором","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Федором","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of состоял","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичем","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федором","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отношениях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"part of indefinite каких-то, determiner of отношениях","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of indefinite каких-то","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"зависимых","lemma":"зависимый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies отношениях","gloss":"dependent"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зависимых","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"отношениях","lemma":"отношение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of состоял","gloss":"relations"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b8-c2-s28","source":"С удивлением, впрочем, осведомился, почему он называет этого торгующего крестьянина Горсткина Лягавым, и разъяснил обязательно Мите, что хоть тот и впрямь Лягавый, но что он и не Лягавый, потому что именем этим жестоко обижается, и что называть его надо непременно Горсткиным, «иначе ничего с ним не совершите, да и слушать не станет», — заключил батюшка.","translation":"He inquired, with surprise, however, why Mitya called this trading peasant Gorstkin by the name Lyagavy, and explained obligingly to Mitya that, although the man was indeed Lyagavy, yet he was also not Lyagavy, because he took cruel offense at the name, and that one must without fail call him Gorstkin — \"otherwise you'll get nowhere with him, and he won't even listen,\" — the priest concluded.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть тот и впрямь Лягавый, но что он и не Лягавый","title":"Paradox by «хоть… но» and zero copula","body":"The priest's tangle — «тот и впрямь Лягавый, но… он и не Лягавый» ('he really is Lyagavy, yet he is also not Lyagavy') — uses the present-tense zero copula (no 'is'): the predicate noun simply stands in the nominative beside the subject. The «хоть… но» concessive frames the paradox of a name that is and isn't his."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"называть его надо непременно Горсткиным","title":"Instrumental of the name: «называть… Горсткиным»","body":"After «называть» ('to call [someone something]'), the name-predicate goes in the instrumental: «называть его… Горсткиным» — 'to call him Gorstkin'. The instrumental marks the assigned designation, the same case-logic as «быть/стать» + instrumental for a role."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего с ним не совершите, да и слушать не станет","title":"Negative concord and «не станет»","body":"«Ничего… не совершите» shows negative concord — the negative pronoun «ничего» plus the obligatory «не» on the verb, two negatives for one meaning ('you'll achieve nothing'). «Слушать не станет» uses «стать» as a perfective future auxiliary: 'he won't [even] start to listen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of осведомился","gloss":"surprise"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осведомился","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"осведомился","lemma":"осведомиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"inquired"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies называет","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of называет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"называет","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of осведомился","gloss":"calls"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of крестьянина","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"торгующего","lemma":"торгующий","morphology":"adjective (participle), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крестьянина","gloss":"trading"},{"surface":"крестьянина","lemma":"крестьянин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of называет","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"Горсткина","lemma":"Горсткин","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to крестьянина","gloss":"Gorstkin"},{"surface":"Лягавым","lemma":"Лягавый","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of называет","gloss":"Lyagavy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разъяснил","lemma":"разъяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with осведомился","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"обязательно","lemma":"обязательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разъяснил","gloss":"obligingly"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of разъяснил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of Лягавый","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тот (concessive)","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Лягавый","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies впрямь","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"впрямь","lemma":"впрямь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Лягавый","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"Лягавый","lemma":"Лягавый","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of тот, clausal complement of разъяснил","gloss":"Lyagavy"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of Лягавый","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Лягавый","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies не Лягавый","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Лягавый","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Лягавый","lemma":"Лягавый","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with the earlier Лягавый","gloss":"Lyagavy"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of compound conjunction потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of compound conjunction потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"именем","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обижается","gloss":"the name"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies именем","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"жестоко","lemma":"жестоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обижается","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"обижается","lemma":"обижаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Лягавый","gloss":"takes offense"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"называть","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of надо","gloss":"to call"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of называть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the что-clause, governs называть","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies называть","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"Горсткиным","lemma":"Горсткин","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of называть","gloss":"Gorstkin"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the quoted clause of совершите","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of совершите","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of совершите","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совершите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"совершите","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"accomplish"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of compound conjunction да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of compound conjunction да и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"слушать","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of станет","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies станет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"станет»,","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"bother to","note":"станет + infinitive = future auxiliary \"will [not] even...\"; the surface token carries trailing quote/comma from the source text."},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical attribution clause, parallel to осведомился","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"the priest"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b8-c2-s29","source":"Митя несколько и наскоро удивился и объяснил, что так называл его сам Самсонов.","translation":"Mitya was somewhat and hastily surprised, and explained that it was Samsonov himself who had called him by that name.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так называл его сам Самсонов","title":"Intensifier «сам» and imperfective «называл»","body":"«Сам Самсонов» ('Samsonov himself') uses the intensifier «сам» to stress that the source was the great man in person. Imperfective «называл» ('used to call / kept calling') presents the naming as Samsonov's habitual usage, not a one-off act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удивился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивился","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наскоро","lemma":"наскоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with несколько, modifies удивился","gloss":"hastily"},{"surface":"удивился","lemma":"удивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was surprised"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"объяснил","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with удивился","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of называл","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies называл","gloss":"by that name"},{"surface":"называл","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объяснил","gloss":"had called"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of называл","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Самсонов","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Самсонов","lemma":"Самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of называл","gloss":"Samsonov"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b8-c2-s30","source":"Услышав про это обстоятельство, батюшка тотчас же этот разговор замял, хотя и хорошо бы сделал, если бы разъяснил тогда же Дмитрию Федоровичу догадку свою: что если сам Самсонов послал его к этому мужичку как к Лягавому, то не сделал ли сего почему-либо на смех и что нет ли чего тут неладного?","translation":"Hearing of this circumstance, the priest at once let the conversation drop, though he would have done well had he then explained to Dmitri Fyodorovich his own surmise: that if Samsonov himself had sent him to this little peasant as to \"Lyagavy,\" then might he not have done so for some reason as a joke, and might there not be something amiss here?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хорошо бы сделал, если бы разъяснил","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"«Хорошо бы сделал, если бы разъяснил» is a past-counterfactual: both clauses use past-tense verb + «бы» ('he would have done well had he explained'). This is Russian's single irrealis mood — the conditional/subjunctive built on «бы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не сделал ли сего… на смех","title":"Embedded question with «ли»","body":"«Не сделал ли сего… на смех» uses the interrogative particle «ли» for a tentative embedded question — 'might he not have done this… for a joke?'. The fronted negated verb plus «ли» voices the priest's hesitant surmise. «На смех» = 'as a joke, to make a fool of him'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сего / сей","title":"Archaic «сей» — 'this'","body":"«Сего» is the genitive of «сей» ('this'), an archaic-bookish demonstrative the narrator slips into for the priest's churchy, formal cast of mind. «Сделать сего» = 'to do this'. The flavor is period-elevated, not ordinary speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нет ли чего тут неладного","title":"«ли» + genitive of negation","body":"«Нет ли чего… неладного» combines the question particle «ли» with the existential «нет» that takes the genitive — 'is there not something amiss here?'. «Чего» and «неладного» are genitives demanded by «нет», so the whole asks after a possible absent-or-present 'wrong thing'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Услышав","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on замял","gloss":"Hearing"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обстоятельство","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обстоятельство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"обстоятельство","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Услышав","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замял","gloss":"the priest"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замял","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of разговор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of замял","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"замял","lemma":"замять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dropped"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause on замял","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of concessive хотя и","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks сделал as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause complementing сделал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks разъяснил as conditional","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"разъяснил","lemma":"разъяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause complementing сделал","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разъяснил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies тогда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of разъяснил","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрию","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"догадку","lemma":"догадка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of разъяснил","gloss":"surmise"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of догадку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause spelling out догадку","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of сделал (apodosis)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Самсонов","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Самсонов","lemma":"Самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послал","gloss":"Samsonov"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause verb","gloss":"had sent"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of послал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мужичку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мужичку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мужичку","lemma":"мужичок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послал","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces comparison \"as to Lyagavy\"","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Лягавому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Лягавому","lemma":"Лягавый","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of как к","gloss":"Lyagavy"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the apodosis clause (сделал)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сделал","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis clause","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle modifying сделал","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделал","gloss":"this","note":"сей/сего is an archaic demonstrative (\"this\"), not a participle."},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of indefinite почему-либо, modifies сделал","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"либо","lemma":"либо","morphology":"particle","role":"part of indefinite почему-либо","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смех","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"смех","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделал (idiom «на смех»)","gloss":"a joke"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second clause spelling out догадку","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"negative existential predicate","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"isn't there"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle modifying нет","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of нет","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"неладного","lemma":"неладный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"amiss"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b8-c2-s31","source":"Но Мите некогда было останавливаться «на таких мелочах».","translation":"But Mitya had no time to dwell \"on such trifles.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мите некогда было останавливаться","title":"Dative subject with «некогда»","body":"«Мите некогда было останавливаться» — 'Mitya had no time to dwell' — is an impersonal dative-subject construction: «Мите» (dative experiencer), the negative impersonal predicate «некогда» ('there's no time'), and an infinitive. No nominative subject at all."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на таких мелочах","title":"«мелочи» — trifles","body":"«Мелочь» (here prepositional plural «на мелочах») means a trifle, a petty detail (from «мелкий», small). Set in Mitya's own quotation marks, «такие мелочи» voices his impatient dismissal of the very warning that ought to have stopped him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of некогда было","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"некогда","lemma":"некогда","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate, modifies останавливаться","gloss":"no time"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to некогда","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"останавливаться","lemma":"останавливаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"logical subject of некогда было","gloss":"to dwell"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мелочах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of мелочах","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"мелочах","lemma":"мелочь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of останавливаться","gloss":"trifles"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b8-c2-s32","source":"Он спешил, шагал и, только придя в Сухой Поселок, догадался, что прошли они не версту и не полторы, а наверное три; это его раздосадовало, но он стерпел.","translation":"He hurried on, striding, and only on reaching Sukhoy Posyolok did he realize that they had walked not a verst, nor a verst and a half, but surely three; this vexed him, but he bore it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только придя в Сухой Посёлок, догадался","title":"Gerund «придя» + delimitative «только»","body":"«Только придя… догадался» pairs the perfective gerund «придя» ('on arriving / having come') with «только» ('only [then]'), so the realization («догадался») comes precisely upon arrival. «Придя» is the slightly irregular gerund of «прийти»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не версту и не полторы, а наверное три","title":"Corrective «не… и не…, а…»","body":"«Не версту и не полторы, а… три» rejects two figures and supplies the true one with «а», the corrective conjunction. «Версту» is the accusative of extent (distance covered), and «полторы» ('one and a half') takes a feminine form agreeing with «верста»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это его раздосадовало, но он стерпел","title":"Neuter «это» as subject + perfectives","body":"«Это его раздосадовало» uses neuter «это» ('this [fact]') as a summarizing subject of the perfective «раздосадовало» ('vexed him'). The clipped «но он стерпел» ('but he bore it') ends on a perfective of endured completion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спешил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"спешил","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hurried"},{"surface":"шагал","lemma":"шагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спешил","gloss":"strode"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придя","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"придя","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on догадался","gloss":"on reaching"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Поселок","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Сухой","lemma":"Сухой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Поселок","gloss":"Sukhoy"},{"surface":"Поселок","lemma":"Посёлок","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придя","gloss":"Posyolok"},{"surface":"догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with спешил","gloss":"realized"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прошли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прошли","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of догадался","gloss":"had walked"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прошли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies версту","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"версту","lemma":"верста","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прошли","gloss":"a verst"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полторы","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"coordinated with версту","gloss":"a verst and a half"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"наверное","lemma":"наверное","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies три","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"coordinated with версту","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of раздосадовало","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of раздосадовало","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"раздосадовало","lemma":"раздосадовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, neuter, perfective","role":"coordinated with спешил","gloss":"vexed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стерпел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стерпел","lemma":"стерпеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with спешил","gloss":"bore it"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b8-c2-s33","source":"Вошли в избу.","translation":"They entered the hut.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вошли в избу","title":"Subjectless plural «вошли»","body":"«Вошли в избу» drops the subject entirely — the plural perfective ending «-и» alone carries 'they entered'. Russian freely omits a recoverable subject, and the terse verb-only sentence quickens the narrative pace. «В избу» is accusative of motion-into after «в»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вошли","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subject elided, \"they\")","gloss":"They entered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"избу","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Вошли","gloss":"the hut"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b8-c2-s34","source":"Лесник, знакомый батюшки, помещался в одной половине избы, а в другой, чистой половине, через сени, расположился Горсткин.","translation":"The forester, an acquaintance of the priest's, lodged in one half of the hut, while in the other, cleaner half, across the entryway, Gorstkin had settled himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в одной половине… а в другой… расположился Горсткин","title":"Contrastive «а» splitting the two halves","body":"«В одной половине… а в другой… половине» uses «а» as the mild contrastive 'while', setting the forester's half against Gorstkin's half — the topic-shifting «а» rather than oppositional «но». «Расположился» (reflexive perfective) = 'had settled himself, made himself comfortable'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"через сени","title":"«сени» — the entry passage of the izba","body":"«Сени» (always plural) is the unheated entrance passage or vestibule of a traditional «изба», dividing the living quarters. 'Across the сени' places Gorstkin's clean half opposite the forester's, through this cold threshold space — a concrete detail of peasant-house layout."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лесник","lemma":"лесник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помещался","gloss":"the forester"},{"surface":"знакомый","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Лесник","gloss":"an acquaintance"},{"surface":"батюшки","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знакомый","gloss":"of the priest's"},{"surface":"помещался","lemma":"помещаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lodged"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking половине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies половине","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"половине","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помещался","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"избы","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половине","gloss":"of the hut"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking половине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половине","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"чистой","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with другой, modifies половине","gloss":"cleaner"},{"surface":"половине","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расположился","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сени","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"сени","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of расположился","gloss":"the entryway"},{"surface":"расположился","lemma":"расположиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with помещался","gloss":"had settled"},{"surface":"Горсткин","lemma":"горсткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of расположился","gloss":"Gorstkin"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b8-c2-s35","source":"Вошли в эту чистую избу и засветили сальную свечку.","translation":"They went into this cleaner room and lit a tallow candle.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вошли… и засветили сальную свечку","title":"Two perfectives, subject still dropped","body":"Again the subject is omitted: paired perfectives «вошли… засветили» ('entered… lit') carry 'they' in the ending. The prefix «за-» on «засветили» is ingressive — 'got the candle alight'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сальную свечку","title":"«сальная свеча» — a tallow candle","body":"A «сальная свеча» is a cheap candle of rendered animal fat (сало), smoky and dim — the poor man's light, against costlier wax. The diminutive «свечка» (свеча + «-к-») adds homeliness. The detail fixes the rude poverty of the forest hut."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вошли","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they went in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of избу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"чистую","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies избу","gloss":"cleaner"},{"surface":"избу","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Вошли","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"засветили","lemma":"засветить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Вошли","gloss":"lit"},{"surface":"сальную","lemma":"сальный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies свечку","gloss":"tallow"},{"surface":"свечку","lemma":"свечка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of засветили","gloss":"candle"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b8-c2-s36","source":"Изба была сильно натоплена.","translation":"The hut had been heated to a fierce warmth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Изба была сильно натоплена","title":"Short-form past passive «натоплена»","body":"«Была… натоплена» is the periphrastic passive: «была» plus the short-form past passive participle «натоплена» (from «натопить», to heat up a room/stove), agreeing feminine with «изба». It states a resulting condition — the hut stood heated through."}],"words":[{"surface":"Изба","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive натоплена","gloss":"the hut"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of натоплена","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies натоплена","gloss":"fiercely"},{"surface":"натоплена","lemma":"натопить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heated"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b8-c2-s37","source":"На сосновом столе стоял потухший самовар, тут же поднос с чашками, допитая бутылка рому, не совсем допитый штоф водки и объедки пшеничного хлеба.","translation":"On the deal table stood a samovar gone cold, and beside it a tray with cups, an emptied bottle of rum, a not-quite-finished flask of vodka, and the crusts of a wheaten loaf.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На сосновом столе стоял потухший самовар","title":"Locative-first, verb-second presentation","body":"«На сосновом столе стоял… самовар» fronts the location, then the verb, then the new item — the topic-comment flow that introduces fresh referents at the end. The past active participle «потухший» ('having gone out, extinguished') modifies the samovar as a declined adjective."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"штоф водки","title":"«штоф» — a measure/flask of vodka","body":"A «штоф» was both an old liquid measure (about 1.2 litres) and the squarish bottle holding it. «Не совсем допитый штоф водки» — 'a not-quite-finished flask of vodka' — alongside the rum and crusts completes the still-life of the drunkard's table."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"объедки пшеничного хлеба","title":"«объедки» — leftover scraps","body":"«Объедки» (always plural) are the gnawed remnants, the crusts left after eating (from «объесть», to eat round/away). «Объедки пшеничного хлеба» = the scraps of a wheaten loaf — the débris of a meal long over."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сосновом","lemma":"сосновый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies столе","gloss":"deal"},{"surface":"столе","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"потухший","lemma":"потухнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies самовар","gloss":"gone cold"},{"surface":"самовар","lemma":"самовар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"a samovar"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elliptical стоял, with же forms the idiom 'тут же'","gloss":"right there","note":"'тут же' is an idiom meaning 'right there, in the same place.'"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"поднос","lemma":"поднос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with самовар","gloss":"a tray"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чашками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чашками","lemma":"чашка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies поднос","gloss":"cups"},{"surface":"допитая","lemma":"допитый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бутылка","gloss":"emptied"},{"surface":"бутылка","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with самовар","gloss":"a bottle"},{"surface":"рому","lemma":"ром","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бутылка","gloss":"of rum"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies допитый","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"допитый","lemma":"допитый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies штоф","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"штоф","lemma":"штоф","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with самовар","gloss":"a flask"},{"surface":"водки","lemma":"водка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies штоф","gloss":"of vodka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"объедки","lemma":"объедки","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with самовар","gloss":"the crusts"},{"surface":"пшеничного","lemma":"пшеничный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хлеба","gloss":"wheaten"},{"surface":"хлеба","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies объедки","gloss":"of bread"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b8-c2-s38","source":"Сам же приезжий лежал протянувшись на скамье, со скомканною верхнею одежонкой под головами вместо подушки, и грузно храпел.","translation":"The visitor himself lay stretched out on a bench, his crumpled outer coat bunched under his head in place of a pillow, and snored heavily.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сам же приезжий лежал протянувшись","title":"«сам же» + gerund «протянувшись»","body":"«Сам же приезжий» fronts the intensifier «сам» ('the man himself') with the contrastive particle «же» turning to the main figure. «Протянувшись» is a reflexive perfective gerund ('having stretched out') describing his posture while «лежал» (imperfective, durative lying)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"одежонкой","title":"«одежонка» — a wretched bit of clothing","body":"«Одежонка» is «одежда» (clothing) plus the pejorative-diminutive «-онк-», meaning a paltry, shabby garment. «Скомканная верхняя одежонка под головами» — a crumpled, sorry coat bunched under his head — marks both his poverty and his sodden carelessness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"под головами","title":"«под головами» — the dialectal plural","body":"«Под головами» uses a colloquial/dialectal plural «головами» where standard Russian would say «под головой» ('under his head') — a folk-speech touch fitting the rough forest setting. The sense is simply 'under his head, in place of a pillow'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"грузно храпел","title":"Imperfective «храпел» of ongoing sound","body":"«Грузно храпел» ('snored heavily') is imperfective past for a continuous, repeating sound filling the scene — the drunk man's unbroken snoring, against which Mitya's frantic efforts will founder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes приезжий","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Сам","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"приезжий","lemma":"приезжий","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"the visitor"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"протянувшись","lemma":"протянуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"complement of лежал","gloss":"stretched out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скамье","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"скамье","lemma":"скамья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of протянувшись","gloss":"a bench"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одежонкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"скомканною","lemma":"скомканный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies одежонкой","gloss":"crumpled"},{"surface":"верхнею","lemma":"верхний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with скомканною, modifies одежонкой","gloss":"outer"},{"surface":"одежонкой","lemma":"одежонка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"coat"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking головами","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"головами","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies одежонкой","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушки","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"подушки","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies одежонкой","gloss":"a pillow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"грузно","lemma":"грузно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies храпел","gloss":"heavily"},{"surface":"храпел","lemma":"храпеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лежал","gloss":"snored"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b8-c2-s39","source":"Митя стал в недоумении.","translation":"Mitya stopped short, at a loss.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митя стал в недоумении","title":"«стал» as 'came to a stop' + state","body":"«Стал в недоумении» plays on «стать» — here 'stopped, came to a standstill' — leaving Mitya halted 'in bewilderment' («в недоумении», prepositional of state). The terse perfective freezes him at a loss before the snoring obstacle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped short"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недоумении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"недоумении","lemma":"недоумение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"bewilderment"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b8-c2-s40","source":"«Конечно, надо будить: мое дело слишком важное, я так спешил, я спешу сегодня же воротиться», — затревожился Митя; но батюшка и сторож стояли молча, не высказывая своего мнения.","translation":"\"Of course I must wake him: my business is too important, I hurried so, I must get back this very day,\" — Mitya began to fret; but the priest and the forester stood in silence, offering no opinion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо будить","title":"Impersonal necessity «надо» + infinitive","body":"«Надо будить» ('one must wake him') is the impersonal necessity construction: the invariable «надо» plus an imperfective infinitive, no nominative subject. The dative experiencer («мне») is left unspoken but understood from Mitya's inner voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не высказывая своего мнения","title":"Imperfective gerund of negated accompaniment","body":"«Не высказывая своего мнения» ('not voicing their opinion') is a negated imperfective gerund describing the manner in which the priest and forester 'stood silent' — the simultaneous, sustained withholding. «Своего» is the reflexive possessive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"затревожился","title":"«затревожился» — began to fret","body":"«Затревожиться» combines the ingressive prefix «за-» ('begin to') with reflexive «тревожиться» (to grow anxious): 'he began to fret, took alarm'. The «-ся» marks the inward change of state, the «за-» its sudden onset."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of the clause","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"[I] must"},{"surface":"будить","lemma":"будить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"wake [him]"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of важное","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важное","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"важное","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of дело","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спешил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спешил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"спешил","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of a coordinate clause","gloss":"hurried"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спешу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"спешу","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of a coordinate clause","gloss":"must hurry"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротиться","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"this very"},{"surface":"воротиться»,","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of спешу","gloss":"to return"},{"surface":"затревожился","lemma":"затревожиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting clause)","gloss":"began to fret"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of затревожился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стояли","gloss":"the priest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сторож","lemma":"сторож","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with батюшка","gloss":"the forester"},{"surface":"стояли","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the coordinate clause introduced by но","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стояли","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies высказывая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"высказывая","lemma":"высказывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on стояли","gloss":"voicing"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мнения","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"мнения","lemma":"мнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of высказывая","gloss":"opinion"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b8-c2-s41","source":"Митя подошел и принялся будить сам, принялся энергически, но спящий не пробуждался.","translation":"Mitya went over and set about waking him himself, set about it energetically, but the sleeper would not rouse.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"принялся будить сам, принялся энергически","title":"«приняться» + infinitive, repeated for force","body":"«Принялся будить» ('set about waking') is the perfective «приняться» ('to set to') governing an imperfective infinitive — to take up doing something. Dostoevsky repeats «принялся… принялся» to convey Mitya's mounting, stubborn effort."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спящий не пробуждался","title":"Substantivized participle «спящий» + imperfective","body":"«Спящий» ('the sleeping [one]') is a present active participle used as a noun — 'the sleeper'. Imperfective «не пробуждался» ('would not wake up', durative-conative) conveys repeated failed attempts: he kept not waking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went over"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"принялся","lemma":"приняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"set about"},{"surface":"будить","lemma":"будить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принялся","gloss":"waking [him]"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes Митя","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"принялся","lemma":"приняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"set about it"},{"surface":"энергически","lemma":"энергически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принялся","gloss":"energetically"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"спящий","lemma":"спящий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"subject of пробуждался","gloss":"the sleeper"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пробуждался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пробуждался","lemma":"пробуждаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the coordinate clause introduced by но","gloss":"would rouse"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b8-c2-s42","source":"«Он пьян, — решил Митя, — но что же мне делать, господи, что же мне делать!»","translation":"\"He's drunk,\" — Mitya decided, — \"but what am I to do, Lord, what am I to do!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что же мне делать","title":"Dative-subject deliberation + «же»","body":"«Что же мне делать» — 'what am I to do?' — is the dative-with-infinitive deliberative ('for me to do'), intensified by the despairing «же». No nominative subject; the dative «мне» bears the helpless agent. The doubling 'что же мне делать… что же мне делать' heightens the anguish."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"господи","title":"«господи» — vocative cry to the Lord","body":"«Господи» is the Church-Slavonic vocative of «Господь» (Lord), surviving in everyday exclamation. Lower-cased here, it is a half-prayer of dismay — 'Lord!, good God!' — not a formal address. Such Slavonic vocatives pepper Dostoevsky's emotional speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пьян","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пьян,","lemma":"пьян","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parenthetical","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"Митя,","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of делать","gloss":"am I"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamatory clause","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, parenthetical","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of делать","gloss":"am I"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the repeated exclamatory clause","gloss":"to do"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b8-c2-s43","source":"И вдруг в страшном нетерпении принялся дергать спящего за руки, за ноги, раскачивать его за голову, приподымать и садить на лавку и все-таки после весьма долгих усилий добился лишь того, что тот начал нелепо мычать и крепко, хотя и неясно выговаривая, ругаться.","translation":"And suddenly, in a frightful impatience, he began tugging at the sleeper by the arms, by the legs, rocking him by the head, lifting him up and sitting him on the bench — and after very long efforts achieved only this much: that the man began to mumble absurdly and, swearing thickly though indistinctly, to curse.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"принялся дёргать… раскачивать… приподымать и садить","title":"A chain of imperfective infinitives","body":"«Принялся дёргать… раскачивать… приподымать и садить» strings four imperfective infinitives under one «принялся», each a repeated, effortful manhandling. The imperfectives stress the straining, iterative process — tugging, rocking, lifting, sitting up."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"добился лишь того, что","title":"Correlative «того, что» after «добиться»","body":"«Добился лишь того, что…» ('achieved only this: that…') uses «добиться» + genitive «того» with a «что»-clause unpacking the meagre result. «Добиться» governs the genitive («того»), and «лишь» ('only') deflates the achievement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя и неясно выговаривая, ругаться","title":"Concessive gerund «выговаривая»","body":"«Хотя и неясно выговаривая… ругаться» nests a concessive imperfective gerund («выговаривая», 'articulating') inside the clause, conceding 'though indistinctly'. It describes the manner attending the man's beginning to curse («ругаться», a «-ся» verb meaning 'to swear')."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принялся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нетерпении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страшном","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нетерпении","gloss":"frightful"},{"surface":"нетерпении","lemma":"нетерпение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of принялся","gloss":"impatience"},{"surface":"принялся","lemma":"приняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"дергать","lemma":"дёргать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принялся","gloss":"tugging"},{"surface":"спящего","lemma":"спящий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"direct object of дергать","gloss":"the sleeper"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of дергать","gloss":"the arms"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноги","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with руки","gloss":"the legs"},{"surface":"раскачивать","lemma":"раскачивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дергать","gloss":"rocking"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of раскачивать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раскачивать","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"приподымать","lemma":"приподымать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дергать","gloss":"lifting [him] up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"садить","lemma":"садить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дергать","gloss":"sitting [him]"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лавку","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of садить","gloss":"the bench"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies добился","gloss":"nevertheless","note":"'всё-таки' is one idiom split across two tokens here, meaning 'nevertheless, still.'"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies добился, second half of the idiom всё-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking усилий","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долгих","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"долгих","lemma":"долгий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies усилий","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"усилий","lemma":"усилие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of добился","gloss":"efforts"},{"surface":"добился","lemma":"добиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with принялся","gloss":"achieved"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of добился","gloss":"this much"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"нелепо","lemma":"нелепо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мычать","gloss":"absurdly"},{"surface":"мычать","lemma":"мычать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to mumble"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ругаться","gloss":"thickly"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of неясно","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неясно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"неясно","lemma":"неясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выговаривая","gloss":"indistinctly"},{"surface":"выговаривая","lemma":"выговаривать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ругаться","gloss":"enunciating"},{"surface":"ругаться","lemma":"ругаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мычать","gloss":"to curse"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b8-c2-s44","source":"— Нет, уж вы лучше повремените, — изрек наконец батюшка, — потому он видимо не в состоянии.","translation":"\"No, you had better wait a while,\" — the priest pronounced at last, — \"for he is evidently in no state for it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж вы лучше повремените","title":"Softened advice: «уж… лучше» + imperative","body":"«Уж вы лучше повремените» wraps a polite imperative («повремените», 'wait a while') in the softening particle «уж» and «лучше» ('better') — gentle counsel rather than command. «Повремените» is the perfective imperative, advising one bounded act of waiting."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изрёк","title":"«изрёк» — solemnly pronounced","body":"«Изрёк» (perfective «изречь») is an elevated, faintly ironic verb for 'uttered, pronounced [solemnly]', as of an oracle or sage. Applied to the timid little priest, it gently mocks the weight he gives his mild advice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не в состоянии","title":"«не в состоянии» — short predicate of incapacity","body":"«Он… не в состоянии» ('he is in no state [for it]') is a fixed predicative phrase of incapacity, here with present zero copula. «Потому» (folksy for «потому что») introduces the reason. The whole renders the drunkard's utter incapacity plainly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection, parenthetical","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of повремените","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies повремените","gloss":"had better"},{"surface":"повремените,","lemma":"повременить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait a while"},{"surface":"изрек","lemma":"изречь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parenthetical","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изрек","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"батюшка,","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изрек","gloss":"the priest"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies состоянии","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking состоянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"состоянии","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of он","gloss":"a state"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b8-c2-s45","source":"— Весь день пил, — отозвался сторож.","translation":"\"He drank all day,\" — the forester put in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Весь день пил","title":"Imperfective «пил» for duration","body":"«Весь день пил» ('he drank all day') is imperfective past — the activity filling a whole span, with «весь день» as accusative of duration. The terse subjectless line is the forester's blunt explanation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отозвался","title":"«отозваться» — to respond, put in","body":"«Отозвался» (perfective «отозваться», a «-ся» verb) means 'responded, put in [a remark]' — replying to the priest's words. It is the standard dialogue tag for a chiming-in answer, here giving the laconic forester his single contribution."}],"words":[{"surface":"Весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of пил","gloss":"the day"},{"surface":"пил,","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drank"},{"surface":"отозвался","lemma":"отозваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parenthetical","gloss":"put in"},{"surface":"сторож","lemma":"сторож","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отозвался","gloss":"the forester"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b8-c2-s46","source":"— Боже! — вскрикивал Митя, — если бы вы только знали, как мне необходимо и в каком я теперь отчаянии!","translation":"\"Good God!\" — Mitya cried out, — \"if you only knew how badly I need this, and what despair I am in now!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Боже","title":"«Боже» — the vocative of God","body":"«Боже» is the Church-Slavonic vocative of «Бог» (God), a survival of the lost vocative case used in exclamation and prayer. Mitya's cry 'Good God!' is this solemn form put to the service of raw distress."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы вы только знали","title":"Counterfactual wish with «если бы… только»","body":"«Если бы вы только знали» ('if you only knew') is a present-counterfactual conditional: past-tense «знали» + «бы», with «только» giving it the force of a wish. The apodosis is left to the imagination, a common emotive ellipsis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как мне необходимо","title":"Dative-subject «мне необходимо»","body":"«Как мне необходимо» — 'how [much] I need [it]' — is the impersonal dative pattern: «мне» (dative experiencer) plus the predicative «необходимо» ('[it is] indispensable'), no nominative. The state of dire need is framed as happening to Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Боже!","lemma":"боже","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"interjection, parenthetical","gloss":"Good God!"},{"surface":"вскрикивал","lemma":"вскрикивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting clause)","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Митя,","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскрикивал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знали","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional mood of знали","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies необходимо","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of необходимо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"необходимо","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"clausal complement of знали","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two indirect questions","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каком","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отчаянии","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отчаянии","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отчаянии","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"отчаянии","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"second clausal complement of знали","gloss":"despair"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b8-c2-s47","source":"— Нет уж лучше бы вам повременить до утра, — повторил батюшка.","translation":"\"No, you'd better wait till morning,\" — the priest repeated.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лучше бы вам повременить до утра","title":"Softened advice with «бы» + dative","body":"«Лучше бы вам повременить» ('you'd better wait') uses «бы» to soften the recommendation, with the dative «вам» as the one advised and an infinitive — 'it would be better for you to wait'. The «бы» turns plain counsel into gentle, hypothetical urging."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection, parenthetical","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"had better"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional mood","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"logical subject of повременить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"повременить","lemma":"повременить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on лучше","gloss":"wait a while"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утра","gloss":"till"},{"surface":"утра,","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повременить","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"повторил","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторил","gloss":"the priest"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b8-c2-s48","source":"— До утра? Помилосердуйте, это невозможно! — И в отчаянии он чуть было опять не бросился будить пьяницу, но тотчас оставил, поняв всю бесполезность усилий.","translation":"\"Till morning? Have mercy, that's impossible!\" — And in his despair he very nearly flung himself again at waking the drunkard, but at once gave it up, grasping the utter futility of the effort.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Помилосердуйте","title":"«помилосердуйте» — 'have mercy!'","body":"«Помилосердуйте» is a polite-plural imperative of «помилосердовать» ('to take pity, show mercy'), an emphatic, slightly archaic plea — 'for pity's sake, have mercy!'. Mitya throws it up against the priest's reasonable 'wait till morning'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чуть было опять не бросился будить","title":"Near-miss «чуть было не»","body":"«Чуть было опять не бросился» is the 'almost-did-but-didn't' construction: «чуть… не» ('nearly') with the cancelling «было» plus a perfective ('he very nearly flung himself [but didn't]'). It marks an action on the verge that fails to happen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поняв всю бесполезность усилий","title":"Gerund «поняв» giving the reason","body":"«Поняв всю бесполезность усилий» ('grasping the utter futility of the effort') is a perfective gerund supplying why he gave up — the simultaneous-prior insight. «Бесполезность» (uselessness) is the abstract «-ость» noun the gerund's object."}],"words":[{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of elliptical до","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"Помилосердуйте","lemma":"помилосердовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have mercy!"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of невозможно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"невозможно!","lemma":"невозможно","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, main clause","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчаянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отчаянии","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросился, part of the idiom чуть было не","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom чуть было не, modifies бросился","gloss":"(almost)","note":"'чуть было не' is an idiom meaning 'very nearly did something' — the не does not express real negation here."},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom чуть было не, modifies бросился","gloss":"(almost)"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flung himself"},{"surface":"будить","lemma":"будить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бросился","gloss":"to wake"},{"surface":"пьяницу","lemma":"пьяница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of будить","gloss":"the drunkard"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"оставил","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросился","gloss":"gave it up"},{"surface":"поняв","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on оставил","gloss":"grasping"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of бесполезность","gloss":"the utter"},{"surface":"бесполезность","lemma":"бесполезность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поняв","gloss":"futility"},{"surface":"усилий","lemma":"усилие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies бесполезность","gloss":"of the effort"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b8-c2-s49","source":"Батюшка молчал, заспанный сторож был мрачен.","translation":"The priest was silent; the sleepy forester looked grim.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Батюшка молчал, заспанный сторож был мрачен","title":"Short-form adjective «мрачен»","body":"«Был мрачен» uses the short-form adjective «мрачен» (from «мрачный», gloomy), which can only predicate and often marks a temporary state — 'looked grim [just then]'. The bookish short form suits the 19th-c. narration; «заспанный» (sleepy-eyed) before the noun is the full attributive form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчал","gloss":"the priest"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was silent"},{"surface":"заспанный","lemma":"заспанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сторож","gloss":"sleepy"},{"surface":"сторож","lemma":"сторож","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мрачен","gloss":"the forester"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to мрачен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"мрачен","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of сторож","gloss":"grim"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b8-c2-s50","source":"— Какие страшные трагедии устраивает с людьми реализм! — проговорил Митя в совершенном отчаянии.","translation":"\"What dreadful tragedies realism arranges for people!\" — Mitya brought out in utter despair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какие страшные трагедии устраивает с людьми реализм","title":"Object-first word order for rhetoric","body":"«Какие страшные трагедии устраивает… реализм» fronts the exclamatory object («какие… трагедии») before verb and subject, ending on «реализм» — the topic-comment freedom letting Mitya hurl the abstract noun to the stressed final position. «С людьми» = 'to/with people' (instrumental after «с»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies трагедии","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"страшные","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies трагедии","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"трагедии","lemma":"трагедия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of устраивает","gloss":"tragedies"},{"surface":"устраивает","lemma":"устраивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arranges"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людьми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"людьми","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of устраивает","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"реализм!","lemma":"реализм","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of устраивает","gloss":"realism"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчаянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"совершенном","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отчаянии","gloss":"utter"},{"surface":"отчаянии","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"despair"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b8-c2-s51","source":"Пот лился с его лица.","translation":"The sweat poured down his face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пот лился с его лица","title":"Imperfective «лился» + «с» + genitive","body":"«Пот лился с его лица» ('the sweat poured down his face') is reflexive imperfective «литься» (to flow, pour) for the continuous streaming, with «с» governing the genitive «лица» for motion off a surface ('down from'). A vivid durative image of his distress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пот","lemma":"пот","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лился","gloss":"the sweat"},{"surface":"лился","lemma":"литься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"poured"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лица","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of лица","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лился","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b8-c2-s52","source":"Воспользовавшись минутой, батюшка весьма резонно изложил, что хотя бы и удалось разбудить спящего, но, будучи пьяным, он всё же не способен ни к какому разговору, «а у вас дело важное, так уж вернее бы оставить до утреца…» Митя развел руками и согласился.","translation":"Seizing the moment, the priest very reasonably set forth that, even if one did manage to wake the sleeper, he was still, being drunk, incapable of any conversation, \"and your business is important, so it would surely be safer to leave it till morning…\" Mitya spread his hands and consented.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Воспользовавшись минутой","title":"Gerund «воспользовавшись» + instrumental","body":"«Воспользовавшись минутой» ('seizing the moment') is a perfective reflexive gerund; «воспользоваться» governs the instrumental «минутой» (the thing made use of). The gerund frames the priest's well-timed intervention."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы и удалось разбудить… будучи пьяным","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» + gerund «будучи»","body":"«Хотя бы и удалось» ('even if one did manage') is a concessive with «бы»; «удалось» is the impersonal 'it would succeed [to do]'. «Будучи пьяным» is the rare imperfective gerund of «быть» ('being drunk'), with «пьяным» in the instrumental as predicate of the gerund."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не способен ни к какому разговору","title":"Short adjective «способен» + «ни к какому»","body":"«Не способен ни к какому разговору» pairs the short-form predicative adjective «способен» ('capable', here negated) with «ни к какому» — the «ни»-intensified 'not to any [conversation] at all', in negative concord. «К… разговору» is dative governed by «способен к»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"до утреца","title":"«утрецо» — the coaxing diminutive of 'morning'","body":"«До утреца» is a diminutive of «утро» (morning), formed with «-ец-». In the priest's mouth it softens and sweetens the postponement — 'till nice morning' — the same wheedling tenderness as his earlier «пешечком»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Воспользовавшись","lemma":"воспользоваться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on изложил","gloss":"seizing"},{"surface":"минутой","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Воспользовавшись","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изложил","gloss":"the priest"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies резонно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"резонно","lemma":"резонно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изложил","gloss":"reasonably"},{"surface":"изложил","lemma":"изложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set forth"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of изложил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удалось, part of хотя бы","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"part of the concessive phrase хотя бы","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удалось, part of хотя бы и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"удалось","lemma":"удаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"concessive clause modifying способен","gloss":"one managed"},{"surface":"разбудить","lemma":"разбудить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on удалось","gloss":"to wake"},{"surface":"спящего","lemma":"спящий","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"direct object of разбудить","gloss":"the sleeper"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"будучи","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"copula linking to пьяным","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"пьяным","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будучи","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of способен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies способен, part of всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies способен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"способен","lemma":"способный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разговору, negative concord","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговору","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"какому","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of разговору","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"разговору","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of способен","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"possessor complement of дело","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of важное","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"важное","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вернее, part of так уж","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так уж","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вернее","lemma":"вернее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставить","gloss":"safer"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional marker of оставить","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"оставить","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"predicate infinitive of the quoted clause","gloss":"leave it"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утреца","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"утреца","lemma":"утрецо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставить","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of развел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"развел","lemma":"развести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spread"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of развел","gloss":"his hands","note":"развести руками is an idiom for a helpless, resigned gesture."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"согласился","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with развел","gloss":"consented"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b8-c2-s53","source":"— Я, батюшка, останусь здесь со свечой и буду ловить мгновение. Пробудится, и тогда я начну… За свечку я тебе заплачу, — обратился он к сторожу, — за постой тоже, будешь помнить Дмитрия Карамазова. Вот только с вами, батюшка, не знаю теперь как быть: где же вы ляжете?","translation":"\"I'll stay here, Father, with the candle, and watch for the right moment. He'll wake, and then I'll begin… For the candle I'll pay you,\" — he turned to the forester, — \"for the lodging too; you'll remember Dmitri Karamazov. Only with you, Father, I don't know now what to do: where are you going to lie down?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"останусь… и буду ловить мгновение","title":"Perfective vs compound future side by side","body":"«Останусь» (perfective future, 'I'll stay') names a single completed step; «буду ловить» (compound future of imperfective «ловить») names the ongoing watching that follows — 'I'll be watching for the moment'. The two futures sit side by side, one bounded, one durative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"За свечку я тебе заплачу… За постой тоже","title":"Dative recipient «тебе» + «за» + accusative","body":"«Тебе заплачу» has «тебе» (dative) as the one paid; «за свечку», «за постой» use «за» + accusative for what is paid for. Note too the shift to «ты» («тебе»): Mitya addresses the forester with the familiar/condescending «ты», but the priest with «вы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где же вы ляжете","title":"Perfective future «ляжете» + «же»","body":"«Где же вы ляжете» ('where are you going to lie down?') is perfective future «лечь» → «ляжете», a single completed future act, with «же» lending concerned insistence. The «вы» keeps the respectful address to the priest."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"постой","title":"«постой» — lodging, a night's stay","body":"«Постой» here is the noun 'lodging, putting-up for the night' (from «постоять», to stand/stay a while) — Mitya offers to pay the forester «за постой», for the night's quarters. A homely, period word for board and shelter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of останусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"останусь","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll stay"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies останусь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свечой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"свечой","lemma":"свеча","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of останусь","gloss":"the candle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of ловить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ловить","lemma":"ловить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with останусь","gloss":"watch for"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ловить","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"Пробудится","lemma":"пробудиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he'll wake"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начну","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of начну","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"начну","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Пробудится","gloss":"I'll begin"},{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свечку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"свечку","lemma":"свечка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заплачу","gloss":"the candle"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заплачу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of заплачу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"заплачу,","lemma":"заплатить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I'll pay"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause framing the quotation","gloss":"he turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторожу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сторожу,","lemma":"сторож","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"the forester"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постой","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"постой","lemma":"постой","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided заплачу","gloss":"the lodging"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постой","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of помнить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"помнить","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll remember"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of помнить","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрия","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies с вами, part of вот только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of быть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I don't know"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of быть","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ляжете","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ляжете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ляжете","lemma":"лечь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"will you lie down"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b8-c2-s54","source":"— Нет, я уж к себе-с. Я вот на его кобылке и доеду, — показал он на сторожа. — Засим прощайте-с, желаю вам полное удовольствие получить.","translation":"\"No, I'll be off home, sir. I'll just ride there on his mare,\" — he pointed at the forester. — \"And so good-bye, sir; I wish you the fullest satisfaction.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к себе-с","title":"The deferential particle «-с»","body":"The priest's «к себе-с» and «прощайте-с» tack a tiny «-с» onto words. This is the «словоерс», a shortened «сударь» (sir), once added to show politeness or deference. We render it with a tacked-on \"sir\"; it marks the timid priest's submissive, ingratiating tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к себе","title":"Reflexive «себя/себе» — 'to one's own place'","body":"«Я уж к себе» ('I'll be off home, to my own place') uses the reflexive pronoun «себе» (dative of «себя»), pointing back to the speaker — «к себе» idiomatically means 'to my/one's own home'. The reflexive has no nominative and serves any person."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кобылке","title":"«кобылка» — the little mare","body":"«Кобылка» is the diminutive of «кобыла» (mare), affectionate and homely — 'the little mare'. The priest will ride the forester's modest nag home; the diminutive matches his meek, folksy speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Засим","title":"«засим» — archaic 'thereupon, and so'","body":"«Засим» (from «за сим», 'after this') is an archaic-bookish adverb, 'thereupon, herewith' — the priest's formula for taking leave, 'and so good-bye'. It pairs with his churchy «прощайте-с» to seal his deferential exit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"response particle, main utterance","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided verb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies elided verb","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of elided verb","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"politeness marker attached to себе","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of доеду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доеду","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кобылке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of кобылке","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"кобылке","lemma":"кобылка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of доеду","gloss":"mare"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"доеду,","lemma":"доехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll get there"},{"surface":"показал","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause framing the quotation","gloss":"he pointed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of показал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторожа","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сторожа.","lemma":"сторож","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показал","gloss":"the forester"},{"surface":"Засим","lemma":"засим","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прощайте","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"прощайте","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"farewell"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"politeness marker attached to прощайте","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"желаю","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прощайте","gloss":"I wish"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of желаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"полное","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удовольствие","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"удовольствие","lemma":"удовольствие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of получить","gloss":"satisfaction"},{"surface":"получить","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желаю","gloss":"to obtain"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b8-c2-s55","source":"Так и порешили.","translation":"And so it was settled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так и порешили","title":"Subjectless «так и порешили» + folksy «по-»","body":"«Так и порешили» ('and so it was settled') is impersonal/subjectless ('they settled it so'), with the focusing «и» ('that's just how'). «Порешить» is a folksier, more conclusive perfective than «решить» — the matter was thus decided and done with."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies порешили","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так, emphatic","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"порешили","lemma":"порешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it was settled"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b8-c2-s56","source":"Батюшка отправился на кобылке, обрадованный, что наконец отвязался, но всё же смятенно покачивая головой и раздумывая: не надо ли будет завтра заблаговременно уведомить о сем любопытном случае благодетеля Федора Павловича, «а то, неровен час, узнает, осердится и милости прекратит».","translation":"The priest set off on the mare, glad that he had finally gotten away, yet still shaking his head in confusion and pondering: ought he not, betimes tomorrow, to notify his benefactor Fyodor Pavlovich of this curious case, \"for, who knows, he might find out, take offense, and cut off his favors.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обрадованный, что наконец отвязался","title":"Past passive participle «обрадованный»","body":"«Обрадованный» ('gladdened, glad') is a past passive participle from «обрадовать», used predicatively to describe the priest's state as he rides off. The «что»-clause gives its cause; «отвязался» (reflexive perfective) colloquially = 'got himself free, got rid of [the bother]'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"покачивая головой и раздумывая","title":"Two imperfective gerunds of accompaniment","body":"«Покачивая головой и раздумывая» chains two imperfective gerunds ('shaking his head and pondering') describing the simultaneous manner of his setting off. «Покачивая» (instrumental «головой») and «раздумывая» both share the priest's subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не надо ли будет завтра… уведомить","title":"«ли» in indirect deliberation + «надо»","body":"«Не надо ли будет… уведомить» frames the priest's inner question with «ли» ('whether') over the impersonal «надо… будет» ('it will be necessary') — 'ought he not to notify…?'. «О сем любопытном случае» uses archaic «сем» (prepositional of «сей», this) for churchy flavor."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неровён час","title":"«неровён час» — 'who knows, perhaps'","body":"«Неровён час» (literally 'the hour is uneven') is a fixed colloquial hedge meaning 'who knows, as likely as not, you never can tell' — anticipating something unwelcome. It voices the priest's nervous fear that Fyodor Pavlovich might find out and cut off his favors."}],"words":[{"surface":"Батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отправился","gloss":"the priest"},{"surface":"отправился","lemma":"отправиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кобылке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"кобылке","lemma":"кобылка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправился","gloss":"the mare"},{"surface":"обрадованный","lemma":"обрадованный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on отправился","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отвязался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвязался","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"отвязался","lemma":"отвязаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of обрадованный","gloss":"got away"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покачивая, part of всё же","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"смятенно","lemma":"смятенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покачивая","gloss":"in confusion"},{"surface":"покачивая","lemma":"покачивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying отправился","gloss":"shaking"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покачивая","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раздумывая","lemma":"раздумывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying отправился, coordinated with покачивая","gloss":"pondering"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of раздумывая","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо, marks the indirect question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уведомить","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"заблаговременно","lemma":"заблаговременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уведомить","gloss":"in good time"},{"surface":"уведомить","lemma":"уведомить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to notify"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"любопытном","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уведомить","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"благодетеля","lemma":"благодетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"benefactor"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to благодетеля","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom а то","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"неровен","lemma":"неровный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main predicate of the idiom неровен час","gloss":"who knows","note":"неровен час is a set idiom meaning \"for all one knows, perhaps.\""},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of неровен","gloss":"the hour"},{"surface":"узнает","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to осердится","gloss":"he'll find out"},{"surface":"осердится","lemma":"осердиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with узнает","gloss":"take offense"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"милости","lemma":"милость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прекратит","gloss":"his favors"},{"surface":"прекратит","lemma":"прекратить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with осердится","gloss":"cut off"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b8-c2-s57","source":"Сторож, почесавшись, молча отправился в свою избу, а Митя сел на лавку ловить, как он выразился, мгновение.","translation":"The forester, scratching himself, went off in silence to his own room, while Mitya sat down on the bench to watch, as he put it, for the moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почесавшись, молча отправился","title":"Reflexive gerund «почесавшись»","body":"«Почесавшись» ('having scratched himself') is a perfective reflexive gerund of attendant action before «отправился» (set off). The «-сь» is the true reflexive (scratching oneself); «молча» ('in silence') is itself a frozen gerund-turned-adverb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а Митя сел на лавку ловить… мгновение","title":"Contrastive «а» pivoting to Mitya","body":"«А Митя сел…» uses «а» to shift the topic from the departing forester to Mitya left alone — the soft contrastive 'while Mitya, for his part, sat down'. The imperfective infinitive «ловить» ('to watch/catch [the moment]') gives his purpose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сторож","lemma":"сторож","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отправился","gloss":"the forester"},{"surface":"почесавшись","lemma":"почесаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отправился","gloss":"scratching himself"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отправился","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"отправился","lemma":"отправиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of избу","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"избу","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправился","gloss":"cottage"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отправился","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лавку","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"the bench"},{"surface":"ловить","lemma":"ловить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose infinitive complement of сел","gloss":"to watch for"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of выразился","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выразился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"выразился","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying мгновение","gloss":"put it"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ловить","gloss":"the moment"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b8-c2-s58","source":"Глубокая тоска облегла, как тяжелый туман, его душу.","translation":"A deep anguish settled, like a heavy fog, upon his soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Глубокая тоска облегла, как тяжёлый туман, его душу","title":"Object-final order + simile interposed","body":"«Глубокая тоска облегла… его душу» keeps subject-verb-object but wedges the simile «как тяжёлый туман» ('like a heavy fog') between verb and object for weight. «Облегла» (perfective «облечь/облегать», to envelop) is a bookish, almost archaic verb of settling all around."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тоска","title":"«тоска» — the untranslatable anguish","body":"«Тоска» is the famous untranslatable Russian noun: a heavy, aching melancholy, dread, and yearning all at once — far more than 'anguish' or 'sadness'. Its settling 'like a heavy fog' on Mitya's soul is a keynote of Dostoevskian inner weather."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глубокая","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тоска","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"тоска","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of облегла","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"облегла","lemma":"облечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"settled over"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with туман","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"тяжелый","lemma":"тяжёлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies туман","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"туман","lemma":"туман","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of the как-comparison, parallel to тоска","gloss":"fog"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of облегла","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b8-c2-s59","source":"Глубокая, страшная тоска!","translation":"A deep, dreadful anguish!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Глубокая, страшная тоска!","title":"Verbless exclamation in the nominative","body":"«Глубокая, страшная тоска!» is a bare nominative exclamation — no verb, no copula — just the noun and its adjectives flung out for emotional emphasis. Russian's zero-copula readily yields such intense, fragmentary cries that echo the previous sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глубокая","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тоска","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"страшная","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Глубокая","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"тоска","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"anguish"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b8-c2-s60","source":"Он сидел, думал, но обдумать ничего не мог.","translation":"He sat, he thought, but think anything through he could not.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он сидел, думал, но обдумать ничего не мог","title":"Imperfective process vs perfective «обдумать»","body":"The aspectual contrast carries the whole line: imperfective «сидел, думал» ('sat, kept thinking', durative process) against perfective «обдумать» ('to think through to a conclusion') — which he 'could not' do. He thinks endlessly but cannot bring any thought to completion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обдумать ничего не мог","title":"Negative concord: «ничего… не мог»","body":"«Ничего… не мог» shows negative concord — the negative pronoun «ничего» ('nothing', genitive) requires «не» on the verb as well, two negatives for one meaning. The fronted «обдумать ничего» throws weight on the futility of his thinking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"обдумать","lemma":"обдумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"think through"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of обдумать","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"could"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b8-c2-s61","source":"Свечка нагорала, затрещал сверчок, в натопленной комнате становилось нестерпимо душно.","translation":"The candle was burning down, a cricket began to chirp, and in the overheated room it was growing unbearably stifling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"становилось нестерпимо душно","title":"Impersonal «становилось ... душно»","body":"There is no nominative subject: the neuter «становилось» (was becoming) plus the invariable predicative «душно» (stuffy) frames the room's state impersonally. The implied experiencer would stand in the dative — the same pattern as «мне холодно»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нагорала, затрещал","title":"Imperfective background, perfective onset","body":"«нагорала» (was burning down, imperfective) holds an ongoing process, while «затрещал» (began to chirp) is a perfective with the prefix за- marking the inception of the action. The aspectual contrast layers a continuing scene against a sudden new sound."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сверчок","title":"«сверчок» — the cricket","body":"A cricket on the hearth, a stock detail of the close Russian peasant izba. Its chirp («затрещал») and the suffocating heat build the oppressive, almost fevered atmosphere around Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Свечка","lemma":"свечка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нагорала","gloss":"the candle"},{"surface":"нагорала","lemma":"нагорать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was burning down"},{"surface":"затрещал","lemma":"затрещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нагорала","gloss":"began to chirp"},{"surface":"сверчок","lemma":"сверчок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of затрещал","gloss":"a cricket"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"натопленной","lemma":"натопленный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"overheated"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of становилось","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"становилось","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нагорала","gloss":"was growing"},{"surface":"нестерпимо","lemma":"нестерпимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies душно","gloss":"unbearably"},{"surface":"душно","lemma":"душный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"complement of становилось","gloss":"stifling"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b8-c2-s62","source":"Ему вдруг представился сад, ход за садом, у отца в доме таинственно отворяется дверь, а в дверь пробегает Грушенька…","translation":"Suddenly there rose before him the garden, the passage behind the garden, the door in his father's house opening mysteriously, and Grushenka slipping in through it…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему вдруг представился сад","title":"Dative experiencer «ему ... представился»","body":"«представился» (presented itself, arose before him) is a reflexive -ся verb whose grammatical subject is «сад»; the person to whom the vision comes stands in the dative «ему». Russian frames the mind's images as something that happens to a person, not something he does."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отворяется ... пробегает","title":"Vivid present inside a memory","body":"The narration slips into the present tense («отворяется» opens, «пробегает» runs through) to render the remembered scene as if unfolding now — a cinematic, hallucinatory immediacy against the past-tense frame."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ход за садом","title":"«ход» — the passage","body":"Here «ход» is a passage or way behind the garden, the secret route by which Grushenka could slip to old Karamazov's house. The detail is loaded: this garden and back-passage are the very stage of the coming catastrophe."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of представился","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"представился","lemma":"представиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared before him"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of представился","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"ход","lemma":"ход","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сад","gloss":"the passage"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking садом","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"садом","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ход","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"his father's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отворяется","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"таинственно","lemma":"таинственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отворяется","gloss":"mysteriously"},{"surface":"отворяется","lemma":"отворяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with представился","gloss":"opening"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отворяется","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверь","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробегает","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"пробегает","lemma":"пробегать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with представился","gloss":"slipping in"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пробегает","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b8-c2-s63","source":"Он вскочил с лавки.","translation":"He jumped up from the bench.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочил с лавки","title":"Perfective verb of motion «вскочил»","body":"«вскочил» (jumped up) is a prefixed perfective: the prefix в(с)- adds the upward, sudden direction, and the perfective gives a single completed leap. The preposition «с» + genitive «лавки» marks motion off the bench."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лавка","title":"«лавка» — the bench","body":"In a peasant hut «лавка» is the long fixed wall-bench that doubles as a seat and a bed. Mitya keeps returning to it through the scene; it is the only furniture his ordeal allows him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"jumped up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"лавки","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочил","gloss":"the bench"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b8-c2-s64","source":"— Трагедия! — проговорил он, скрежеща зубами, машинально подошел к спящему и стал смотреть на его лицо.","translation":"\"Tragedy!\" — he said, grinding his teeth, and mechanically went up to the sleeper and began to stare at his face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"скрежеща зубами","title":"Gerund «скрежеща зубами»","body":"«скрежеща» is an imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) meaning 'gnashing/grinding', naming an action simultaneous with the main verb «проговорил». It must share Mitya as its subject and condenses 'he ground his teeth as he said it' into one adverbial form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал смотреть","title":"Inceptive «стал смотреть»","body":"«стал» (began) plus the imperfective infinitive «смотреть» is the standard way Russian marks the start of an ongoing activity — 'began to stare'. «стать» here is a phase verb, not the copula 'become'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"машинально","title":"«машинально» — mechanically","body":"A bookish adverb, 'mechanically, automatically'. It signals that Mitya's approach to the sleeper is unwilled, his body moving while his mind reels — a recurring note in his frenzy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Трагедия!","lemma":"трагедия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"exclamation, main utterance","gloss":"Tragedy!"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause framing the quotation","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"скрежеща","lemma":"скрежетать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"grinding"},{"surface":"зубами","lemma":"зуб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of скрежеща","gloss":"his teeth"},{"surface":"машинально","lemma":"машинально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подошел","gloss":"mechanically"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проговорил","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спящему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"спящему","lemma":"спящий","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"the sleeper"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проговорил","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to stare"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b8-c2-s65","source":"Это был сухопарый, еще не старый мужик, с весьма продолговатым лицом, в русых кудрях и с длинною тоненькою рыжеватою бородкой, в ситцевой рубахе и в черном жилете, из кармана которого выглядывала цепочка от серебряных часов.","translation":"He was a lean peasant, still not old, with a very long face, light-brown curls, and a long, thin, reddish little beard, in a print shirt and a black waistcoat, from whose pocket peeped the chain of a silver watch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с длинною тоненькою рыжеватою бородкой","title":"Old instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"The feminine instrumental adjectives «длинною, тоненькою, рыжеватою» carry the long literary form «-ою» rather than the modern «-ой». In 19th-century prose this fuller ending is the unmarked written norm; all three agree with «бородкой» in the instrumental after «с»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из кармана которого выглядывала цепочка","title":"Relative «которого» with its own case","body":"«которого» refers back to «жилет» (waistcoat) and agrees with it in masculine singular, but takes the genitive that «из» demands within its own clause — 'from the pocket of which'. A textbook case of a relative pronoun's case set by its role, not its antecedent's."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тоненькою ... бородкой","title":"Diminutives «тоненькая бородка»","body":"Both the adjective «тоненькая» (from тонкий, with endearing -еньк-) and «бородка» (little beard, diminutive of борода) shrink the description. The effect is faintly contemptuous-fastidious, matching Mitya's coming disgust at this man's looks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to мужик","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сухопарый","lemma":"сухопарый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужик","gloss":"lean"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старый","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies старый","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"старый","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужик, coordinated with сухопарый","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолговатым","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"продолговатым","lemma":"продолговатый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the description of мужик","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кудрях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"русых","lemma":"русый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies кудрях","gloss":"light-brown"},{"surface":"кудрях","lemma":"кудри","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"part of the description of мужик","gloss":"curls"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бородкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"длинною","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бородкой","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"тоненькою","lemma":"тоненький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бородкой","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"рыжеватою","lemma":"рыжеватый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бородкой","gloss":"reddish"},{"surface":"бородкой","lemma":"бородка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"part of the description of мужик","gloss":"little beard"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рубахе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ситцевой","lemma":"ситцевый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рубахе","gloss":"print"},{"surface":"рубахе","lemma":"рубаха","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the description of мужик","gloss":"shirt"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жилете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"черном","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жилете","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"жилете","lemma":"жилет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the description of мужик","gloss":"waistcoat"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кармана","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выглядывала","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кармана, relative pronoun referring to жилете","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"выглядывала","lemma":"выглядывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying жилете","gloss":"peeped"},{"surface":"цепочка","lemma":"цепочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выглядывала","gloss":"the chain"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часов","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"серебряных","lemma":"серебряный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies часов","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"часы","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies цепочка","gloss":"watch"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b8-c2-s66","source":"Митя рассматривал эту физиономию со страшною ненавистью, и ему почему-то особенно ненавистно было, что он в кудрях.","translation":"Mitya studied this physiognomy with a frightful hatred, and for some reason it was especially hateful to him that the man had curls.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему ... ненавистно было","title":"Dative-experiencer «ему ненавистно было»","body":"Another subjectless construction: 'it was hateful to him'. The experiencer «ему» is dative, the predicate is the invariable «ненавистно», and the real content sits in the «что»-clause that follows. Dostoevsky's inner life runs on exactly this dative grammar."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему-то","title":"Indefinite «почему-то»","body":"The clitic -то on «почему» makes it 'for some reason (unknown even to him)'. It marks a specific-but-unidentified cause, capturing how Mitya's revulsion fixes on the man's curls without his being able to explain why."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"физиономию","title":"«физиономия» — mug, physiognomy","body":"A loan-word that in this register carries a slightly contemptuous, appraising tone — closer to English 'mug' or 'phiz' than a neutral 'face'. It frames Mitya's hostile, dehumanising study of the sleeper."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассматривал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"рассматривал","lemma":"рассматривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"studied"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of физиономию","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"физиономию","lemma":"физиономия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of рассматривал","gloss":"physiognomy"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ненавистью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страшною","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ненавистью","gloss":"frightful"},{"surface":"ненавистью","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассматривал","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ненавистно","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ненавистно, part of почему-то","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of почему-то","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ненавистно","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"ненавистно","lemma":"ненавистный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective, coordinated with рассматривал","gloss":"hateful"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ненавистно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal subject of ненавистно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the что-clause","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кудрях","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"кудрях","lemma":"кудри","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"clausal complement of ненавистно","gloss":"curls"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b8-c2-s67","source":"Главное то было нестерпимо обидно, что вот он, Митя, стоит над ним со своим неотложным делом, столько пожертвовав, столько бросив, весь измученный, а этот тунеядец, «от которого зависит теперь вся судьба моя, храпит как ни в чем не бывало, точно с другой планеты».","translation":"The chief thing that galled him unbearably was that here he, Mitya, stood over the man with his pressing business, having sacrificed so much, having thrown away so much, utterly worn out — while this sponger, \"on whom my whole fate now depends, snores as if nothing were the matter, as though he were from another planet.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"столько пожертвовав, столько бросив","title":"Paired perfective gerunds «пожертвовав ... бросив»","body":"Two perfective past gerunds in -в express prior, completed sacrifices ('having sacrificed... having thrown away...'). Stacked in parallel with «столько ... столько», they pile up Mitya's prior losses behind his standing 'now' — a hallmark of literary gerund chaining."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от которого зависит теперь вся судьба моя","title":"Relative «от которого» + genitive government","body":"«от которого» ('on whom') takes the genitive demanded by «от», while «зависеть от» ('to depend on') governs that very preposition. The relative agrees with «тунеядец» in masculine singular but draws its case from its own clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тунеядец","title":"«тунеядец» — sponger, parasite","body":"A heavy, bookish word of moral condemnation: one who lives idly off others, a 'do-nothing parasite'. Mitya's choice of it (over a plain «мужик») measures his contempt and his desperation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как ни в чем не бывало","title":"Idiom «как ни в чём не бывало»","body":"A fixed idiom, 'as if nothing had happened, as cool as you please'. Note the negative concord: «ни ... не бывало», two negatives (the negative «ни в чём» and the verbal «не») knit into one untroubled image of the man snoring on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic, resumed by то","gloss":"the chief thing"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking то to обидно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"нестерпимо","lemma":"нестерпимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обидно","gloss":"unbearably"},{"surface":"обидно","lemma":"обидный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective of было","gloss":"galling"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of делом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"неотложным","lemma":"неотложный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies делом","gloss":"pressing"},{"surface":"делом","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоит","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожертвовав","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"пожертвовав","lemma":"пожертвовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стоит","gloss":"having sacrificed"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросив","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"бросив","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стоит, coordinated with пожертвовав","gloss":"having thrown away"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of измученный","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"измученный","lemma":"измученный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бросив, describes он","gloss":"worn out"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of тунеядец","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тунеядец","lemma":"тунеядец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of храпит","gloss":"sponger"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зависит","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"зависит","lemma":"зависеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on тунеядец","gloss":"depends"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зависит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of судьба","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"судьба","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of зависит","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of судьба","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"храпит","lemma":"храпеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of тунеядец","gloss":"snores"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бывало","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"nothing","note":"Part of the idiom «как ни в чём не бывало» — as if nothing had happened."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бывало","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бывало","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on храпит","gloss":"had happened"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies храпит","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking планеты","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies планеты","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"планеты","lemma":"планета","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of точно","gloss":"planet"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b8-c2-s68","source":"«О, ирония судьбы!» — воскликнул Митя и вдруг, совсем потеряв голову, бросился опять будить пьяного мужика.","translation":"\"Oh, the irony of fate!\" — Mitya exclaimed, and suddenly, losing his head entirely, hurled himself once more at waking the drunken peasant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем потеряв голову","title":"Gerund «потеряв голову»","body":"«потеряв» is a perfective past gerund ('having lost'), here in the idiom «потерять голову» = to lose one's head. It marks the completed mental collapse that immediately precedes — and explains — the main verb «бросился»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросился ... будить","title":"Reflexive «бросился» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«бросился» is the -ся (middle) form 'flung himself', and «будить» is an imperfective infinitive of attempt — he set about the (repeated, unfinished) effort of waking the man. Imperfective here precisely conveys an action tried, not achieved."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"ирония","lemma":"ирония","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the quoted exclamation","gloss":"irony"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросился","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потеряв","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"потеряв","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросился","gloss":"losing"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of потеряв","gloss":"his head","note":"Idiom «потерять голову» — to lose one's head."},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hurled himself"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будить","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"будить","lemma":"будить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бросился","gloss":"to wake"},{"surface":"пьяного","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужика","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"мужика","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of будить","gloss":"peasant"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b8-c2-s69","source":"Он будил его с каким-то остервенением, рвал его, толкал, даже бил, но, провозившись минут пять и опять ничего не добившись, в бессильном отчаянии воротился на свою лавку и сел.","translation":"He woke him with a kind of frenzy, yanking at him, shoving him, even striking him; but after laboring some five minutes and again accomplishing nothing, he returned in helpless despair to his bench and sat down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рвал его, толкал, даже бил","title":"Imperfective string for repeated effort","body":"The unbroken imperfective past chain «рвал, толкал, бил» (was tearing at, shoving, even beating) renders a sustained, repeated struggle. The aspect alone tells us none of it landed a result — set against the perfectives «воротился ... сел» that finally close the attempt."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"провозившись ... не добившись","title":"Two negated/temporal gerunds","body":"«провозившись» (having fussed/labored for some minutes) and «ничего не добившись» (having achieved nothing) are perfective past gerunds of prior, completed circumstance. «не добившись» pairs with the genitive «ничего» — the genitive of negation under a negated verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"остервенением","title":"«остервенение» — frenzy, savage rage","body":"An intense, almost animal word (root связан with 'going rabid'): a frenzied, ferocious vehemence. It marks the pitch of Mitya's violence against the helpless sleeper."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of будил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"будил","lemma":"будить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"woke"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of будил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking остервенением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of остервенением","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of каким-то, determiner of остервенением","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"остервенением","lemma":"остервенение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of будил","gloss":"frenzy"},{"surface":"рвал","lemma":"рвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with будил","gloss":"yanked at"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of рвал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"толкал","lemma":"толкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with будил","gloss":"shoved"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бил","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with будил","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"провозившись","lemma":"провозиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on воротился","gloss":"having struggled"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of провозившись","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies минут","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies добившись","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of добившись","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies добившись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"добившись","lemma":"добиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with провозившись","gloss":"achieving"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчаянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бессильном","lemma":"бессильный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отчаянии","gloss":"helpless"},{"surface":"отчаянии","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротился","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with будил","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of лавку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лавку","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротился","gloss":"bench"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with воротился","gloss":"sat down"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b8-c2-s70","source":"— Глупо, глупо! — восклицал Митя, — и… как это всё бесчестно! — прибавил он вдруг почему-то.","translation":"\"Stupid, stupid!\" — Mitya exclaimed, — \"and… how dishonorable all this is!\" — he added suddenly, for some reason.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как это всё бесчестно","title":"Exclamatory «как ... бесчестно»","body":"«как» + the predicative short form «бесчестно» builds an exclamation of degree, 'how dishonorable all this is'. The short adjective in -о is the predicate of an impersonal frame, with «это всё» as the subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему-то","title":"«почему-то» — for some reason","body":"Again the clitic -то marks an undefined cause: the word «бесчестно» surfaces in Mitya unbidden, 'for some reason' — Dostoevsky flags a conscience speaking beneath his conscious thought."}],"words":[{"surface":"Глупо","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate exclamation","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"глупо!","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Глупо, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"introduces the quoted exclamation","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Митя,","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the exclamatory clause of бесчестно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бесчестно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"бесчестно!","lemma":"бесчестный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the exclamatory clause","gloss":"dishonorable"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with восклицал","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"for some","note":"Split across two tokens; «почему-то» together means \"for some reason.\""},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of почему-то, modifies прибавил","gloss":"reason"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b8-c2-s71","source":"У него страшно начала болеть голова: «Бросить разве? Уехать совсем, — мелькнуло в уме его. — Нет уж, до утра. Вот нарочно же останусь, нарочно! Зачем же я и приехал после того? Да и уехать не на чем, как теперь отсюда уедешь, о, бессмыслица!»","translation":"His head began to ache fearfully: \"Give it up, then? Leave altogether,\" — flashed through his mind. — \"No, not till morning. Here I'll stay on purpose, on purpose! Why else did I even come, after all that? And there's nothing to leave on, anyway — how would I get away from here now? Oh, the absurdity of it!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Бросить разве? Уехать совсем","title":"Bare infinitives of deliberation + «разве»","body":"The infinitives «бросить», «уехать» stand alone as a deliberating, half-question to himself ('Give it up? Leave for good?'). The particle «разве» colours it with doubt and surprise — 'should I, then?' — typical of inner monologue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот нарочно же останусь","title":"Perfective future «останусь» + insistent «же»","body":"«останусь» is a perfective verb conjugated like a present, yielding simple future 'I'll stay'. The particle «же» drives home stubborn insistence — 'I'll stay on purpose, just to spite it', the texture of spoken defiance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уехать не на чем","title":"Impersonal «не на чем уехать»","body":"The negative-pronoun construction «не на чем» ('there is nothing to leave on / no means of leaving') with a bare infinitive is a fixed impersonal pattern: «нечего/некого/не на чем» + infinitive denies the very means or object of an action. No nominative subject appears."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мелькнуло в уме","title":"«мелькнуть» — to flash through the mind","body":"«мелькнуть» is a momentary perfective, 'to flit/flash by'. The idiom «мелькнуло в уме» renders a thought that darts up and vanishes — the staccato rhythm of Mitya's reasoning."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of страшно","gloss":"him","note":"Idiom «у него голова начала болеть» — literally \"at him head began to hurt,\" i.e. \"his head began to ache.\""},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"болеть","lemma":"болеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начала","gloss":"to ache"},{"surface":"голова","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начала","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"Бросить","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"head of the internal-monologue question","gloss":"give it up"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Бросить","gloss":"then?"},{"surface":"Уехать","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Бросить","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"совсем,","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Уехать","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"мелькнуло","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, thought flashed through his mind","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнуло","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"его.","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уме","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"stands alone, answering the preceding question","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Нет","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утра","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Нет","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies останусь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies останусь","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нарочно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"останусь","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll stay"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"repetition, coordinated with the first нарочно","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Зачем","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"did come"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приехал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom да и, modifies уехать","gloss":"besides","note":"«Да и» is a fixed connector meaning \"and besides / moreover.\""},{"surface":"уехать","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitival head of the impersonal construction не на чем","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom не на чем, modifies уехать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уехать","gloss":"anything","note":"«Не на чем уехать» — there is nothing to leave on/no means to get away."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the rhetorical question with уедешь","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уедешь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"отсюда","lemma":"отсюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уедешь","gloss":"from here"},{"surface":"уедешь","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause, rhetorical question","gloss":"would get away"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the final exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"бессмыслица","lemma":"бессмыслица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the final exclamation","gloss":"absurdity"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b8-c2-s72","source":"Голова его, однако, разбаливалась всё больше и больше.","translation":"His head, however, was aching worse and worse.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разбаливалась всё больше и больше","title":"Imperfective of intensifying process","body":"«разбаливалась» (was aching ever more) is imperfective with the prefix раз- of swelling intensity, and «всё больше и больше» reinforces the rising curve. The aspect is essential: the pain is a process that grows, not an event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"однако","title":"Contrastive «однако»","body":"«однако» ('however, nonetheless') sets this clause against his defiant resolve to stay: the body betrays the will. Placed mid-sentence, it works as a concessive hinge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Голова","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of разбаливалась","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Голова","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies разбаливалась","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"разбаливалась","lemma":"разбаливаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was aching worse"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies разбаливалась","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with the preceding больше","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b8-c2-s73","source":"Неподвижно сидел он и уже не помнил, как задремал и вдруг сидя заснул.","translation":"He sat motionless, and no longer remembered how he had dozed off and suddenly fallen asleep sitting up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Неподвижно сидел он","title":"Inverted, adverb-first word order","body":"Fronting the adverb «неподвижно» (motionless) and delaying the pronoun «он» throws weight onto his stillness — topic-comment ordering for rhetorical effect rather than grammatical need. The cases keep the meaning fixed however the words fall."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как задремал и ... заснул","title":"Inceptive perfectives «задремал ... заснул»","body":"Both verbs carry the prefix за- of falling-into-a-state: «задремал» (dozed off) and «заснул» (fell asleep). Perfective and momentary, they mark the unnoticed thresholds of sleep that Mitya 'no longer remembered' crossing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неподвижно","lemma":"неподвижно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"motionless"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помнил","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помнил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помнил","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задремал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"задремал","lemma":"задремать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of помнил","gloss":"had dozed off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заснул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сидя","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заснул","gloss":"sitting up"},{"surface":"заснул","lemma":"заснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with задремал","gloss":"fallen asleep"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b8-c2-s74","source":"По-видимому, он спал часа два или больше.","translation":"Apparently he slept some two hours or more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"часа два или больше","title":"Approximation by inversion «часа два»","body":"Putting the noun before the numeral («часа два» instead of «два часа») turns an exact count into an estimate — 'about two hours'. «часа» is genitive singular as 2–4 require. A neat, idiomatic way to say 'roughly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of по-видимому, parenthetical, modifies спал","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of по-видимому, parenthetical, modifies спал","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"спал","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slept"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, singular","role":"adverbial complement of спал (duration)","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies часа","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with два","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b8-c2-s75","source":"Очнулся же от нестерпимой головной боли, нестерпимой до крику.","translation":"He came to from an unbearable headache — unbearable enough to make him cry out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Очнулся же от ... головной боли","title":"«от» + genitive of cause","body":"«очнулся от боли» uses «от» + genitive «головной боли» to give the cause he woke from — 'came to from a headache'. «очнуться» (-ся) is itself a perfective middle verb of regaining consciousness. The «же» links and lightly contrasts with the preceding sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нестерпимой до крику","title":"Old genitive «до крику»","body":"«до крику» ('to the point of crying out') shows the older masculine genitive ending -у that survives in fixed quantitative/limit phrases (cf. «много народу»). The repeated «нестерпимой / нестерпимой» hammers the unbearableness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Очнулся","lemma":"очнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Очнулся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боли","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нестерпимой","lemma":"нестерпимый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies боли","gloss":"unbearable"},{"surface":"головной","lemma":"головной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies боли","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"боли","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Очнулся","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"нестерпимой","lemma":"нестерпимый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to боли, modified by до крику","gloss":"unbearable"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крику","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"крику","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нестерпимой","gloss":"crying out"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b8-c2-s76","source":"В висках его стучало, темя болело; очнувшись, он долго еще не мог войти в себя совершенно и осмыслить, что с ним такое произошло.","translation":"His temples throbbed, the crown of his head ached; coming to, he was for a long while still unable to recover himself completely and make sense of what had happened to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"очнувшись","title":"Gerund «очнувшись»","body":"«очнувшись» is the perfective past gerund of «очнуться» ('having come to'), setting the prior moment against the long inability that follows. As a -ся verb its gerund takes -вшись."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"долго ... не мог войти в себя","title":"Imperfective infinitives of failed effort","body":"«не мог войти ... и осмыслить» pairs «мочь» with perfective infinitives of an unreachable result — he was 'for a long while unable to recover himself and make sense'. «долго» plus the negated modal stresses sustained incapacity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"войти в себя","title":"Idiom «войти в себя»","body":"'To come to oneself, recover one's wits' — literally 'to enter into oneself'. Note the reflexive pronoun «себя» as the object, referring back to the clause's subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking висках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"висках","lemma":"висок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стучало","gloss":"temples"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of висках","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"стучало","lemma":"стучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"throbbed"},{"surface":"темя","lemma":"темя","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of болело","gloss":"crown of his head"},{"surface":"болело","lemma":"болеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стучало","gloss":"ached"},{"surface":"очнувшись","lemma":"очнуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on мог","gloss":"coming to"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"for a long while"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was able"},{"surface":"войти","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"to recover"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of войти","gloss":"himself","note":"Idiom «войти в себя» — to recover/collect oneself."},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies войти","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"осмыслить","lemma":"осмыслить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог, coordinated with войти","gloss":"make sense of"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of произошло","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"such a thing"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of осмыслить","gloss":"had happened"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b8-c2-s77","source":"Наконец-то догадался, что в натопленной комнате страшный угар и что он, может быть, мог умереть.","translation":"At last he realized that the overheated room was full of dreadful fumes and that he might, perhaps, have died.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог умереть","title":"«мог умереть» — counterfactual past possibility","body":"«мог умереть» (was able / might have died) uses the past of «мочь» with a perfective infinitive to convey a possibility that nearly came true. With «может быть» it edges toward the counterfactual without the particle бы."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"угар","title":"«угар» — carbon-monoxide fumes","body":"«угар» is the deadly fume from a stove whose flue («труба») is closed too soon — a real and common cause of death in heated peasant huts. The detail is no metaphor: Mitya has genuinely come close to dying of fumes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадался","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of наконец-то, modifies догадался","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"realized"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of угар","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"натопленной","lemma":"натопленный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"overheated"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"locative complement of the clause with угар","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"страшный","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies угар","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"угар","lemma":"угар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (в комнате угар)","gloss":"fumes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может, part of idiom может быть","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second что-clause","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"умереть","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"died"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b8-c2-s78","source":"А пьяный мужик всё лежал и храпел; свечка оплыла и готова была погаснуть.","translation":"And the drunken peasant still lay snoring; the candle had guttered and was about to go out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё лежал и храпел","title":"Imperfective duration with «всё»","body":"«всё лежал и храпел» — the particle «всё» here means 'still, all the while', and the imperfective verbs stress unbroken continuation: the man lay and snored straight through the crisis, oblivious."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"готова была погаснуть","title":"Short adjective «готова» + infinitive","body":"The feminine short adjective «готова» ('ready/about to') agrees with «свечка» and takes an infinitive complement «погаснуть». Short-form predicatives like this are the bookish norm for transient states in 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оплыла","title":"«оплыть» of a candle","body":"«оплыть» here means a candle has guttered and run down with melted wax. The dying candle, like the fumes, ticks off the night's slow approach to disaster."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пьяный","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужик","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лежал","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"храпел","lemma":"храпеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лежал","gloss":"snored"},{"surface":"свечка","lemma":"свечка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оплыла","gloss":"candle"},{"surface":"оплыла","lemma":"оплыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"had guttered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"готова","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with оплыла","gloss":"about to"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to готова","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"погаснуть","lemma":"погаснуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готова","gloss":"go out"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b8-c2-s79","source":"Митя закричал и бросился, шатаясь, через сени в избу сторожа.","translation":"Mitya cried out and rushed, staggering, across the entryway into the forester's room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросился, шатаясь, через сени","title":"Gerund «шатаясь» + accusative of path","body":"«шатаясь» (staggering) is an imperfective present gerund of attendant manner, sharing Mitya's subject. «через сени» uses «через» + accusative to mark motion across/through the entry-passage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закричал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with закричал","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"шатаясь","lemma":"шататься","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросился","gloss":"staggering"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сени","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"сени","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"entryway"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"избу","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"сторожа","lemma":"сторож","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies избу","gloss":"watchman's"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b8-c2-s80","source":"Тот скоро проснулся, но услыхав, что в другой избе угар, хотя и пошел распорядиться, но принял факт до странности равнодушно, что обидно удивило Митю.","translation":"The man woke up quickly, but on hearing that there were fumes in the other room, although he did go to see to it, he took the fact with a strange indifference that hurt and astonished Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"услыхав, что ... хотя и пошел ... но принял","title":"Gerund + concessive «хотя и ... но»","body":"«услыхав» is a perfective gerund ('on hearing'); the paired «хотя и пошёл ..., но принял» is the concessive frame 'although he did go..., he nonetheless took it...'. The «и» after «хотя» reinforces the concession ('did indeed go')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что обидно удивило Митю","title":"Sentence-relative «что»","body":"This «что» does not introduce a noun clause but refers back to the whole preceding fact — 'which (the indifference) hurt and astonished Mitya'. A bookish summarising relative. «Митю» is the ordinary first-declension accusative (Митя → Митю); it is NOT equal to the genitive «Мити» — the acc=gen animacy rule does not apply to -а/-я nouns."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"распорядиться","title":"«распорядиться» — to see to it","body":"'To give orders, take charge, see to something'. The watchman 'went to do something about it' — but only formally; his real attitude is the «равнодушие» (indifference) that wounds the frantic Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проснулся","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проснулся","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"проснулся","lemma":"проснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"woke up"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"услыхав","lemma":"услыхать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on принял","gloss":"hearing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of угар","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies избе","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"избе","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"locative complement of the clause with угар","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"угар","lemma":"угар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the что-clause, complement of услыхав","gloss":"fumes"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"concessive clause modifying принял","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"распорядиться","lemma":"распорядиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пошел","gloss":"to see to it"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проснулся","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принял","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking странности","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"странности","lemma":"странность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принял","gloss":"strangeness","note":"Idiom «до странности» — strangely, to a strange degree."},{"surface":"равнодушно","lemma":"равнодушно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принял","gloss":"indifferently"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the relative clause of удивило","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"обидно","lemma":"обидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивило","gloss":"hurtfully"},{"surface":"удивило","lemma":"удивить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying the preceding statement","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of удивило","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b8-c2-s81","source":"— Но он умер, он умер, и тогда… что тогда? — восклицал пред ним в исступлении Митя.","translation":"\"But suppose he had died, suppose he had died — and then… what then?\" — Mitya cried out before him in a frenzy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но он умер ... и тогда ... что тогда?","title":"Past perfective as 'suppose he had died'","body":"The bare perfective past «он умер» carries a hypothetical force here — 'but suppose he had died'. Russian can let the perfective past, in a fevered question, do the work English marks with 'suppose / what if'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступлении","title":"«исступление» — frenzy, distraction","body":"A strong, near-clinical word for being beside oneself — ecstatic or maddened rapture. «в исступлении» is a signature Dostoevsky phrase for a character whose self-control has broken entirely."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред ним","title":"Bookish «пред» for «перед»","body":"«пред» is the elevated, contracted literary variant of «перед» ('before, in front of'), governing the instrumental «ним». It lends the narration a slightly archaic, formal grain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the hypothetical exclamation","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умер","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"умер","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the hypothetical clause","gloss":"had died"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the second умер","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"умер","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with the first умер","gloss":"had died"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial, leads into the rhetorical question","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"head of the quoted question, with тогда","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тогда?","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with что, forms the rhetorical question","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of восклицал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"исступлении","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of восклицал","gloss":"a frenzy"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b8-c2-s82","source":"Двери растворили, отворили окно, открыли трубу, Митя притащил из сеней ведро с водой, сперва намочил голову себе, а затем, найдя какую-то тряпку, окунул ее в воду и приложил к голове Лягавого.","translation":"They threw the doors open, opened the window, opened the flue; Mitya dragged in a bucket of water from the entryway, first wetting his own head, and then, finding some rag, soaked it in the water and laid it on Lyagavy's head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Двери растворили, отворили окно, открыли трубу","title":"Subjectless 3rd-plural «растворили ...»","body":"The plural verbs have no stated subject — an indefinite-personal construction ('they/people opened the doors...'), where the 3rd-person plural alone signals unspecified agents. The cascade of near-synonyms «растворили / отворили / открыли» enacts the flurry of throwing everything open."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"намочил голову себе","title":"Dative of the affected + «себе»","body":"«намочил голову себе» — the reflexive dative «себе» marks Mitya as the one to whose own head the wetting is done. Russian routinely uses a dative of the possessor/affected party where English would say 'his own head'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"найдя какую-то тряпку","title":"Gerund «найдя» + indefinite «какую-то»","body":"«найдя» is a perfective gerund ('having found'); «какую-то тряпку» uses the -то marker for a specific but unnamed object — 'some rag or other'. Together they sketch his improvised, half-blind action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of растворили","gloss":"The doors"},{"surface":"растворили","lemma":"растворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"threw open"},{"surface":"отворили","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with растворили","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отворили","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"открыли","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with растворили","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"трубу","lemma":"труба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of открыли","gloss":"the flue"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of притащил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"притащил","lemma":"притащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with растворили","gloss":"dragged in"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сеней","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сеней","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of притащил","gloss":"the entryway"},{"surface":"ведро","lemma":"ведро","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of притащил","gloss":"a bucket"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking водой","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"водой","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ведро","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"сперва","lemma":"сперва","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies намочил","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"намочил","lemma":"намочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with растворили","gloss":"wetting"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of намочил","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of намочил","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окунул","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"найдя","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on окунул","gloss":"finding"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тряпку","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix attached to какую","gloss":"kind of","note":"«-то» is an indefinite suffix; какую-то тряпку together mean 'some rag'."},{"surface":"тряпку","lemma":"тряпка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of найдя","gloss":"a rag"},{"surface":"окунул","lemma":"окунуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with растворили","gloss":"soaked"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of окунул","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"воду","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of окунул","gloss":"the water"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приложил","lemma":"приложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with растворили","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приложил","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"Лягавого","lemma":"лягавый","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голове","gloss":"Lyagavy's"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b8-c2-s83","source":"Сторож же продолжал относиться ко всему событию как-то даже презрительно и, отворив окно, произнес угрюмо: «Ладно и так» — и пошел опять спать, оставив Мите зажженный железный фонарь.","translation":"The forester, meanwhile, went on treating the whole affair with something almost like contempt and, having opened the window, muttered sullenly, \"It'll do as it is,\" — and went off to sleep again, leaving Mitya a lighted iron lantern.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отворив окно, ... оставив Мите","title":"Framing perfective gerunds","body":"«отворив» and «оставив» are perfective past gerunds bracketing the watchman's main acts ('having opened... having left...'). «оставив Мите фонарь» shows the dative «Мите» as the recipient — left for Mitya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сторож же продолжал относиться","title":"Topic-marking «же»","body":"«же» after «сторож» sets him off as the contrasting topic — 'the watchman, for his part'. It marks a shift back to him after Mitya's frantic activity, a quiet structural hinge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ладно и так","title":"«Ладно и так» — peasant phlegm","body":"'It'll do as it is / good enough'. The blunt, fatalistic shrug captures the watchman's unflappable indifference to a man who has nearly died — a peasant phlegm that maddens the gentry-born Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сторож","lemma":"сторож","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"The forester"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Сторож","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"относиться","lemma":"относиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжал","gloss":"treating"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking событию","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of событию","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"событию","lemma":"событие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of относиться","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies презрительно","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix attached to как","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies презрительно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"презрительно","lemma":"презрительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies относиться","gloss":"with contempt"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отворив","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес","gloss":"having opened"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отворив","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with продолжал","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"угрюмо","lemma":"угрюмо","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of произнес","gloss":"sullenly"},{"surface":"Ладно","lemma":"ладно","morphology":"particle","role":"predicate of the quoted remark","gloss":"It'll do"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Ладно and так","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так»","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Ладно","gloss":"as it is"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to произнес","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спать","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"спать","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пошел","gloss":"to sleep"},{"surface":"оставив","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on спать","gloss":"leaving"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of оставив","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"зажженный","lemma":"зажженный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фонарь","gloss":"lighted"},{"surface":"железный","lemma":"железный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фонарь","gloss":"iron"},{"surface":"фонарь","lemma":"фонарь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставив","gloss":"lantern"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b8-c2-s84","source":"Митя провозился с угоревшим пьяницей с полчаса, всё намачивая ему голову, и серьезно уже намеревался не спать всю ночь, но, измучившись, присел как-то на одну минутку, чтобы перевести дух, и мгновенно закрыл глаза, затем тотчас же бессознательно протянулся на лавке и заснул как убитый.","translation":"Mitya fussed over the fume-stricken drunkard for half an hour, keeping his head wetted, and seriously meant by now to stay awake the whole night; but, worn out, he sat down for a minute or so to catch his breath, and instantly closed his eyes, then at once, without knowing it, stretched out on the bench and fell asleep like the dead.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"присел ... чтобы перевести дух","title":"Purpose clause «чтобы перевести дух»","body":"«чтобы» + the perfective infinitive «перевести дух» ('to catch his breath') gives the purpose of his sitting down. With an infinitive (same subject) «чтобы» needs no past-form verb — pure aim."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"измучившись","title":"Gerund «измучившись»","body":"«измучившись» is a perfective -ся gerund, 'having worn himself out'. It supplies the completed cause behind his sitting and dozing — the body's exhaustion overriding his resolve."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"заснул как убитый","title":"Idiom «спать как убитый»","body":"'To sleep like the dead' (literally 'like one killed'). A grimly apt simile in a novel circling a murder — Mitya drops into deathlike sleep at the very moment his urgent errand collapses."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на одну минутку","title":"Diminutive «минутка»","body":"«минутка» (little minute) is the affectionate-diminutive of минута, here 'just for a tiny minute'. The cosy diminutive ironically undercuts what becomes hours of fatal sleep."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of провозился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"провозился","lemma":"провозиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fussed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пьяницей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"угоревшим","lemma":"угореть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies пьяницей","gloss":"fume-stricken"},{"surface":"пьяницей","lemma":"пьяница","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of провозился","gloss":"drunkard"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полчаса","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"полчаса","lemma":"полчаса","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of провозился","gloss":"half an hour"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies намачивая","gloss":"continually"},{"surface":"намачивая","lemma":"намачивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on провозился","gloss":"keeping wetted"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of намачивая","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of намачивая","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies намеревался","gloss":"seriously"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies намеревался","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"намеревался","lemma":"намереваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with провозился","gloss":"intended"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спать","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of намеревался","gloss":"to sleep"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of спать","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"измучившись","lemma":"измучиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on присел","gloss":"worn out"},{"surface":"присел","lemma":"присесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with провозился","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies присел","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix attached to как","gloss":"or so"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минутку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies минутку","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of присел","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перевести","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"перевести","lemma":"перевести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on присел","gloss":"catch"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of перевести","gloss":"his breath"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мгновенно","lemma":"мгновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закрыл","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"закрыл","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with провозился","gloss":"closed"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of закрыл","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протянулся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протянулся","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"бессознательно","lemma":"бессознательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протянулся","gloss":"without knowing it"},{"surface":"протянулся","lemma":"протянуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with провозился","gloss":"stretched out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лавке","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of протянулся","gloss":"the bench"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заснул","lemma":"заснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with провозился","gloss":"fell asleep"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убитый","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"убитый","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"oblique complement of заснул","gloss":"the dead"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b8-c2-s85","source":"Проснулся он ужасно поздно.","translation":"He woke up frightfully late.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Проснулся он ужасно поздно","title":"Verb-first inversion for emphasis","body":"Opening with the perfective verb «проснулся» and delaying «он» foregrounds the waking and the shocking lateness — comment-first order that lets the case-marked pronoun fall where the rhythm wants it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Проснулся","lemma":"проснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"woke up"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Проснулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поздно","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"поздно","lemma":"поздно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Проснулся","gloss":"late"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b8-c2-s86","source":"Было примерно уже часов девять утра.","translation":"It was already about nine in the morning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"часов девять утра","title":"Approximation «часов девять»","body":"Again noun-before-numeral inversion gives 'about nine o'clock'. «часов» is genitive plural after 5+ (девять), and «утра» is the genitive 'of the morning'. A compact idiom of vague time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"impersonal copula of the sentence","gloss":"It was"},{"surface":"примерно","lemma":"примерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies девять","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Было","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"counted noun with девять","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"девять","lemma":"девять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"predicate complement of Было","gloss":"nine"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies девять","gloss":"in the morning"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b8-c2-s87","source":"Солнце ярко сияло в два оконца избушки.","translation":"The sun shone brightly through the two little windows of the hut.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сияло в два оконца","title":"«в» + accusative for the path of light","body":"«сияло в два оконца» uses «в» + accusative to mark the direction the sunlight pours — in through the two little windows. «оконца» is the accusative-plural of the diminutive «оконце»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оконца","title":"Diminutive «оконце»","body":"«оконце» is the diminutive of «окно» — a small window. After the night of fumes and despair, the bright morning sun through the tiny panes marks a tonal break into cold daylight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Солнце","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сияло","gloss":"The sun"},{"surface":"ярко","lemma":"ярко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сияло","gloss":"brightly"},{"surface":"сияло","lemma":"сиять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оконца","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies оконца","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"оконца","lemma":"оконце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сияло","gloss":"little windows"},{"surface":"избушки","lemma":"избушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies оконца","gloss":"of the hut"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b8-c2-s88","source":"Вчерашний кудрявый мужик сидел на лавке, уже одетый в поддевку.","translation":"Yesterday's curly-headed peasant sat on the bench, already dressed in his long-skirted coat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже одетый в поддевку","title":"Passive participle «одетый»","body":"«одетый» is a past passive participle ('dressed'), here long-form and attributive to «мужик», with «в поддёвку» (accusative) naming the garment. It states the result of dressing — he is already dressed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вчерашний","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужик","gloss":"Yesterday's"},{"surface":"кудрявый","lemma":"кудрявый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужик","gloss":"curly-headed"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лавке","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"the bench"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одетый","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"одетый","lemma":"одеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying мужик","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поддевку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"поддевку","lemma":"поддёвка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of одетый","gloss":"his long coat"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b8-c2-s89","source":"Пред ним стоял новый самовар и новый штоф.","translation":"Before him stood a fresh samovar and a fresh flask.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пред ним стоял ... самовар","title":"Existential inversion «пред ним стоял»","body":"The locative phrase «пред ним» fronts, the verb «стоял» follows, and the new information — «самовар и штоф» — lands last. This 'there stood before him X' order is the default for introducing new entities into a scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"Before","note":"«пред» is an archaic short form of «перед» (before/in front of)."},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"новый","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies самовар","gloss":"a fresh"},{"surface":"самовар","lemma":"самовар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"samovar"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"новый","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies штоф","gloss":"a fresh"},{"surface":"штоф","lemma":"штоф","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with самовар","gloss":"flask"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b8-c2-s90","source":"Старый вчерашний был уже допит, а новый опорожнен более чем наполовину.","translation":"The old one from yesterday had already been drunk dry, and the new one was emptied more than halfway.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был уже допит ... опорожнен более чем наполовину","title":"Short passive participles «допит / опорожнен»","body":"Both «допит» (drunk to the end) and «опорожнен» (emptied) are short-form past passive participles joined to «был» to state a result — the periphrastic passive. They agree with «штоф» in masculine singular."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Старый вчерашний ... а новый","title":"Contrastive «а»","body":"«а» links the two flasks with the mild contrastive 'and/while' — old one finished, new one half-gone. Not real opposition but a topic-shift between the two bottles, exactly the hinge «а» specialises in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старый","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вчерашний","gloss":"The old"},{"surface":"вчерашний","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of допит","gloss":"one from yesterday"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to допит","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies допит","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"допит","lemma":"допить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle (short form), masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"drunk dry"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"новый","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive опорожнен","gloss":"the new one"},{"surface":"опорожнен","lemma":"опорожнить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with допит","gloss":"emptied"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опорожнен","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase более","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"наполовину","lemma":"наполовину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опорожнен","gloss":"half"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b8-c2-s91","source":"Митя вскочил и мигом догадался, что проклятый мужик пьян опять, пьян глубоко и невозвратимо.","translation":"Mitya leapt up and realized in a flash that the cursed peasant was drunk again — drunk deeply and beyond recall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мигом догадался, что ... пьян ... пьян","title":"Short adjective «пьян» as predicate","body":"«пьян» is the short masculine form of «пьяный», the bookish predicative used in «что»-clauses of state. Its emphatic repetition — «пьян опять, пьян глубоко» — drives the realisation home."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"невозвратимо","title":"«невозвратимо» — beyond recall","body":"A heavy bookish adverb, 'irretrievably, past all recovery'. Paired with «глубоко» it raises the man's drunkenness to a fated, irreversible condition — and with it the collapse of Mitya's errand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leapt up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of догадался","gloss":"in a flash"},{"surface":"догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"realized"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пьян","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"проклятый","lemma":"проклятый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужик","gloss":"the cursed"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пьян","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of догадался","gloss":"was drunk"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пьян","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with пьян","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пьян","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"невозвратимо","lemma":"невозвратимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with глубоко","gloss":"beyond recall"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b8-c2-s92","source":"Он глядел на него с минуту, выпучив глаза.","translation":"He gazed at him for a minute, his eyes bulging.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выпучив глаза","title":"Gerund «выпучив глаза»","body":"«выпучив» is a perfective past gerund of attendant state — 'his eyes bulging / having goggled his eyes'. It modifies «глядел», fixing Mitya's stunned stare as he gazed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с минуту","title":"«с» + accusative of approximate measure","body":"«с минуту» uses «с» + accusative to mean 'about a minute, a minute or so'. This approximative «с» is distinct from instrumental «с» ('with') and common in time/quantity estimates."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"выпучив","lemma":"выпучить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on глядел","gloss":"bulging"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of выпучив","gloss":"his eyes"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b8-c2-s93","source":"Мужик же поглядывал на него молча и лукаво, с каким-то обидным спокойствием, даже с презрительным каким-то высокомерием, как показалось Мите.","translation":"The peasant, for his part, eyed him in silence and slyly, with a kind of insulting composure, even with a kind of contemptuous arrogance, or so it seemed to Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мужик же поглядывал ... молча и лукаво","title":"Topic «же» + iterative «поглядывал»","body":"«же» reintroduces the peasant as topic ('the peasant, for his part'); «поглядывал» is an imperfective with the suffix -ыва- of intermittent action — he kept glancing, on and off. «молча» is itself a frozen gerund ('in silence')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с обидным спокойствием ... с высокомерием","title":"Instrumental of manner after «с»","body":"The strings «с ... спокойствием», «с ... высокомерием» put the abstract nouns in the instrumental after «с» to describe the manner of his gaze — with composure, with arrogance. A favourite Dostoevskian way of layering attitude."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как показалось Мите","title":"Impersonal «как показалось Мите»","body":"«показалось» (it seemed, perfective -ся) is impersonal, with the experiencer in the dative «Мите». The parenthetical flags that the contempt is Mitya's perception — a subjective reading folded into the narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поглядывал","gloss":"The peasant"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Мужик","gloss":"for his part"},{"surface":"поглядывал","lemma":"поглядывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"eyed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядывал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядывал","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лукаво","lemma":"лукаво","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with молча","gloss":"slyly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спокойствием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of спокойствием","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix attached to каким","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"обидным","lemma":"обидный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies спокойствием","gloss":"insulting"},{"surface":"спокойствием","lemma":"спокойствие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with молча","gloss":"composure"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies высокомерием","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking высокомерием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"презрительным","lemma":"презрительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies высокомерием","gloss":"contemptuous"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of высокомерием","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix attached to каким","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"высокомерием","lemma":"высокомерие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядывал","gloss":"arrogance"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of показалось","gloss":"or so"},{"surface":"показалось","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying the whole description","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показалось","gloss":"to Mitya"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b8-c2-s94","source":"Он бросился к нему.","translation":"He rushed up to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросился к нему","title":"«бросился к» + dative","body":"«бросился к нему» — the reflexive «бросился» (flung himself) with «к» + dative «нему» marks the goal of rushing motion, 'rushed up to him'. After a preposition the 3rd-person pronoun takes the prefix н- (к нему)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b8-c2-s95","source":"— Позвольте, видите… я… вы, вероятно, слышали от здешнего сторожа в той избе: я поручик Дмитрий Карамазов, сын старика Карамазова, у которого вы изволите рощу торговать…","translation":"\"Allow me, you see… I… you have probably heard from the local forester there, in the other room: I am Lieutenant Dmitri Karamazov, son of old Karamazov, from whom you are pleased to be buying a wood…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у которого вы изволите рощу торговать","title":"Relative «у которого» + genitive","body":"«у которого» ('from whom') takes the genitive «у» governs, agreeing with «старика Карамазова» in masculine singular but drawing its case from its own clause — 'old Karamazov, from whom you are buying a wood'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изволите ... торговать","title":"«изволить» — deferential 'be pleased to'","body":"«изволите» + infinitive is an obsequious-formal idiom, 'you are pleased / you deign to'. Mitya lays it on thick toward a drunken peasant, and the man will throw the deference back contemptuously — a small comedy of misplaced courtesy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Allow me"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical predicate ('you see')","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"interrupted false start","gloss":"I…","note":"Dmitri's sentence trails off mid-word and restarts after the ellipsis."},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слышали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вероятно","lemma":"вероятно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышали","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have heard"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторожа","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"здешнего","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сторожа","gloss":"the local"},{"surface":"сторожа","lemma":"сторож","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышали","gloss":"forester"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of избе","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"избе","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышали","gloss":"hut"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поручик","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"поручик","lemma":"поручик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to слышали","gloss":"am Lieutenant"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to поручик","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with поручик","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"of old"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on старика","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изволите","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of изволите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"изволите","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on старика Карамазова","gloss":"are pleased"},{"surface":"рощу","lemma":"роща","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of торговать","gloss":"the wood"},{"surface":"торговать","lemma":"торговать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of изволите","gloss":"to buy"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b8-c2-s96","source":"— Это ты врешь! — вдруг твердо и спокойно отчеканил мужик.","translation":"\"That's a lie of yours!\" — the peasant suddenly rapped out, firmly and calmly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это ты врешь!","title":"Fronted «ты» for accusation","body":"Putting the pronoun «ты» before the verb «врёшь» throws contemptuous stress onto 'you' — 'that's a lie of yours'. Pronouns are normally dropped; their presence here is pure emphasis. The familiar «ты» to a gentleman is itself an insult."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отчеканил","title":"«отчеканить» — to rap out","body":"Literally 'to mint/stamp (as a coin)'; of speech, to enunciate sharply and deliberately, 'rap out, bite off each word'. It makes the drunkard's flat denials land like hammer-blows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"demonstrative introducing the clause","gloss":"That's"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of врешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"врешь!","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отчеканил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отчеканил","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спокойно","lemma":"спокойно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with твердо","gloss":"calmly"},{"surface":"отчеканил","lemma":"отчеканить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's tag","gloss":"rapped out"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отчеканил","gloss":"the peasant"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b8-c2-s97","source":"— Как вру? Федора Павловича изволите знать?","translation":"\"How a lie? You are pleased to know Fyodor Pavlovich?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Федора Павловича изволите знать?","title":"Animate accusative «Фёдора Павловича»","body":"Both name and patronymic are in the accusative, and being animate masculine they borrow the genitive ending («Фёдора Павловича»). Fronting the object before «изволите знать» foregrounds the disputed person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"вру","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the rhetorical question","gloss":"am I lying"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знать","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"изволите","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are pleased"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of изволите","gloss":"to know"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b8-c2-s98","source":"— Никакого твоего Федора Павловича не изволю знать, — как-то грузно ворочая языком, проговорил мужик.","translation":"\"I am not pleased to know any Fyodor Pavlovich of yours,\" — the peasant brought out, his tongue working heavily.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никакого твоего Федора Павловича не изволю знать","title":"Genitive of negation + «никакой»","body":"Under the negated «не изволю знать», the object shifts to the genitive: «никакого твоего Фёдора Павловича». «никакой» ('no ... whatever') drives negative concord with «не», dismissing the very existence of 'any Fyodor Pavlovich of yours'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"грузно ворочая языком","title":"Gerund «ворочая языком»","body":"«ворочая» is an imperfective present gerund ('working/turning'), and «ворочать языком» is the idiom for a drunk's thick, laborious speech — 'his tongue working heavily'. The gerund pins the manner to «проговорил»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Федора","gloss":"no … at all"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Федора","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of изволю знать","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изволю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"изволю","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am pleased"},{"surface":"знать,","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of изволю","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies грузно","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix attached to как","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"грузно","lemma":"грузно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ворочая","gloss":"heavily"},{"surface":"ворочая","lemma":"ворочать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"working"},{"surface":"языком","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ворочая","gloss":"his tongue"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to изволю","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"the peasant"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b8-c2-s99","source":"— Рощу, рощу вы у него торгуете; да проснитесь, опомнитесь. Отец Павел Ильинский меня проводил сюда… Вы к Самсонову писали, и он меня к вам прислал… — задыхался Митя.","translation":"\"The wood, the wood you are buying from him; come, wake up, come to your senses. Father Pavel of Ilyinskoye showed me the way here… You wrote to Samsonov, and he sent me to you…\" — Mitya gasped.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да проснитесь, опомнитесь","title":"Perfective imperatives «проснитесь, опомнитесь»","body":"Two polite-plural perfective imperatives in -ите ('wake up!', 'come to your senses!'), both -ся verbs of regaining wits. The leading «да» is an urging particle here, 'come now, do!', not the conjunction 'and'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рощу, рощу вы у него торгуете","title":"Fronted, doubled object «рощу, рощу»","body":"The accusative object «рощу» is fronted and repeated for insistence before the verb «торгуете» — Mitya hammers the one fact he is sure of. Free word order lets the urgent topic come first."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рощу","lemma":"роща","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of торгуете (fronted, repeated)","gloss":"The wood"},{"surface":"рощу","lemma":"роща","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of торгуете (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"the wood"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of торгуете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of торгуете","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"торгуете","lemma":"торговать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are buying"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"проснитесь","lemma":"проснуться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with торгуете","gloss":"wake up"},{"surface":"опомнитесь","lemma":"опомниться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with проснитесь","gloss":"come to your senses"},{"surface":"Отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проводил","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"Павел","lemma":"павел","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Отец","gloss":"Pavel"},{"surface":"Ильинский","lemma":"ильинский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Павел","gloss":"of Ilyinskoye"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of проводил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"проводил","lemma":"проводить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"showed the way"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проводил","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of писали","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Самсонову","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Самсонову","lemma":"самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of писали","gloss":"Samsonov"},{"surface":"писали","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прислал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of прислал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of прислал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прислал","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with писали","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"задыхался","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's tag","gloss":"gasped"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задыхался","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b8-c2-s100","source":"— B-врешь! — отчеканил опять Лягавый.","translation":"\"You l-lie!\" — Lyagavy rapped out again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"B-врешь!","title":"Stammered «в-врёшь»","body":"The doubled, hyphenated initial renders a drunken stammer on «врёшь» ('you lie'). Dostoevsky often spells out such slurs and stutters phonetically to voice intoxication on the page."}],"words":[{"surface":"B","lemma":"в","morphology":"interjection (stammer)","role":"stammered repetition before врешь","gloss":"v-","note":"Represents Lyagavy stuttering the first sound of врёшь before repeating the word."},{"surface":"врешь!","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"отчеканил","lemma":"отчеканить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rapped out"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отчеканил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Лягавый","lemma":"лягавый","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отчеканил","gloss":"Lyagavy"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b8-c2-s101","source":"У Мити похолодели ноги.","translation":"Mitya's legs went cold.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У Мити похолодели ноги","title":"«У» + genitive of the affected body","body":"Russian says 'at Mitya the legs went cold' — «у Мити» (genitive) names the possessor and «ноги» is the grammatical subject. The body-part construction with «у» replaces the English possessive 'Mitya's legs'."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похолодели","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"похолодели","lemma":"похолодеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went cold"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of похолодели","gloss":"legs"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b8-c2-s102","source":"— Помилосердуйте, ведь это не шутка! Вы, может быть, хмельны. Вы можете же, наконец, говорить, понимать… иначе… иначе я ничего не понимаю!","translation":"\"Have mercy, this is no joke! You may be tipsy. Surely you can speak, after all, and understand… otherwise… otherwise I understand nothing at all!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы можете же, наконец, говорить","title":"Insistent «же» mid-sentence","body":"«же» wedged after «можете» pleads and presses — 'surely you can, after all, speak'. The particle carries the exasperated appeal that English would render only by stress; «наконец» reinforces 'for goodness' sake'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Помилосердуйте","title":"«помилосердовать» — have mercy","body":"An old, elevated imperative, 'have mercy, take pity'. Built on «милосердие» (mercy), it belongs to a pleading, almost liturgical register — Mitya begging a drunk peasant as one might beg heaven."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хмельны","title":"Short adjective «хмельны»","body":"«хмельны» is the short plural of «хмельной» (tipsy, from хмель 'hops/intoxication'), a softer, more genteel word for drunk than «пьяный». Mitya politely understates the man's state even now."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помилосердуйте","lemma":"помилосердовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have mercy!"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes the clause это не шутка","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of шутка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шутка","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"шутка","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"a joke"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хмельны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"хмельны","lemma":"хмельный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of Вы","gloss":"tipsy"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of можете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можете","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можете","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of можете","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"понимать","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорить","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase (interjected)","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats and modifies понимаю","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b8-c2-s103","source":"— Ты красильщик!","translation":"\"You're a dyer!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ты красильщик!","title":"«красильщик» — a dyer","body":"'You're a dyer!' — the drunkard has fixed Mitya in his fogged mind as some tradesman (a cloth-dyer) who once cheated him. The grotesque misidentification, flung out flatly, deepens the nightmarish futility of the exchange."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of красильщик","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"красильщик","lemma":"красильщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Ты","gloss":"a dyer"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b8-c2-s104","source":"— Помилосердуйте, я Карамазов, Дмитрий Карамазов, имею к вам предложение… выгодное предложение… весьма выгодное… именно по поводу рощи.","translation":"\"Have mercy, I am Karamazov, Dmitri Karamazov, I have a proposal for you… an advantageous proposal… a very advantageous one… precisely concerning the wood.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выгодное предложение ... весьма выгодное","title":"Adjective–noun agreement, repeated","body":"«выгодное предложение» (an advantageous proposal) shows neuter agreement; the bookish intensifier «весьма» ('very') replaces colloquial «очень». The breathless repetition «выгодное... весьма выгодное» mimics Mitya's desperate salesmanship."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"имею к вам предложение","title":"«иметь предложение к» + dative","body":"«имею ... предложение к вам» — «к» + dative «вам» marks the addressee of the proposal. «иметь» as a full lexical 'to have/hold' is itself somewhat formal here, fitting his stilted, official pitch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помилосердуйте","lemma":"помилосердовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have mercy!"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Карамазов","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of я","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Карамазов","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"имею","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of имею","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"предложение","lemma":"предложение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имею","gloss":"a proposal"},{"surface":"выгодное","lemma":"выгодный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies предложение (w11)","gloss":"advantageous"},{"surface":"предложение","lemma":"предложение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to предложение (w9)","gloss":"proposal"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выгодное (w13)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"выгодное","lemma":"выгодный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition, restates предложение","gloss":"advantageous"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the phrase по поводу рощи","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по поводу","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"поводу","lemma":"повод","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по поводу, oblique complement of имею","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"рощи","lemma":"роща","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of по поводу","gloss":"the wood","note":"по поводу + genitive is an idiom meaning \"concerning, about\"."}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b8-c2-s105","source":"Мужик важно поглаживал бороду.","translation":"The peasant stroked his beard importantly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"важно поглаживал бороду","title":"Iterative imperfective «поглаживал»","body":"«поглаживал» carries the -ива- suffix of leisurely, repeated action — he kept stroking, on and on. The slow imperfective gesture, paired with the adverb «важно» ('with an air of importance'), paints the peasant's smug self-possession against Mitya's panic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поглаживал","gloss":"the peasant"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглаживал","gloss":"importantly"},{"surface":"поглаживал","lemma":"поглаживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stroked"},{"surface":"бороду","lemma":"борода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поглаживал","gloss":"his beard"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b8-c2-s106","source":"— Нет, ты подряд снимал и подлец вышел. Ты подлец!","translation":"\"No, you took on a contract and turned out a scoundrel. You're a scoundrel!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подряд снимал и подлец вышел","title":"«а»-less coordination of accusation","body":"The imperfective «снимал» (were taking on, of habitual dealings) and the perfective «вышел» (turned out) sit side by side: ongoing past conduct yielding a finished verdict. «выйти подлецом/подлец» is the idiom 'to turn out a scoundrel'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker introducing the sentence","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of снимал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подряд","lemma":"подряд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of снимал","gloss":"a contract"},{"surface":"снимал","lemma":"снимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of вышел","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with снимал","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подлец","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Ты","gloss":"a scoundrel"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b8-c2-s107","source":"— Уверяю же вас, что вы ошибаетесь! — в отчаянии ломал руки Митя.","translation":"\"I assure you that you are mistaken!\" — Mitya wrung his hands in despair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уверяю же вас, что вы ошибаетесь","title":"«что»-clause + reflexive «ошибаетесь»","body":"«уверяю вас, что...» opens a reported-content clause with «что» ('I assure you that...'); «ошибаетесь» is a -ся verb 'you are mistaken'. The «же» again presses the appeal. «вас» is the polite/plural accusative object of «уверять»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ломал руки","title":"Idiom «ломать руки»","body":"'To wring one's hands' (literally 'to break/twist the hands') — the classic gesture of helpless anguish. The imperfective «ломал» holds the wringing as a continuing image of despair."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уверяю","lemma":"уверять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I assure"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Уверяю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Уверяю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ошибаетесь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ошибаетесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ошибаетесь!","lemma":"ошибаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, complement of Уверяю","gloss":"are mistaken"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отчаянии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отчаянии","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ломал","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"ломал","lemma":"ломать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrung"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of ломал","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ломал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b8-c2-s108","source":"Мужик всё гладил бороду и вдруг лукаво прищурил глаза.","translation":"The peasant kept stroking his beard, and suddenly narrowed his eyes slyly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё гладил ... и вдруг ... прищурил","title":"Imperfective continuation vs perfective break","body":"«всё гладил» (kept stroking, imperfective + «всё» 'still') holds the steady gesture, then the perfective «прищурил» (narrowed) snaps in with «вдруг» to mark the single sly change. The aspectual contrast stages the shift from lull to cunning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of гладил","gloss":"the peasant"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гладил","gloss":"kept on"},{"surface":"гладил","lemma":"гладить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stroked"},{"surface":"бороду","lemma":"борода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of гладил","gloss":"his beard"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прищурил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"лукаво","lemma":"лукаво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прищурил","gloss":"slyly"},{"surface":"прищурил","lemma":"прищурить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with гладил","gloss":"narrowed"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of прищурил","gloss":"his eyes"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b8-c2-s109","source":"— Нет, ты мне вот что укажи: укажи ты мне такой закон, чтобы позволено было пакости строить, слышишь ты! Ты подлец, понимаешь ты это?","translation":"\"No, here's what you show me: you show me a law that allows a man to do dirty tricks, do you hear! You're a scoundrel, do you understand that?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"укажи ты мне такой закон, чтобы позволено было","title":"«чтобы» + irrealis «позволено было»","body":"«чтобы позволено было» joins «чтобы» to a past-form / short-passive irrealis 'such a law that it should be permitted' — the willed, hypothetical use of «чтобы» (with past form, not infinitive, since the subject differs). «позволено» is a short passive participle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"укажи ты мне ... слышишь ты ... понимаешь ты","title":"Imperative with tacked-on «ты»","body":"The imperative «укажи» plus a following emphatic «ты» ('you show me!') is a rough, hectoring colloquial pattern, echoed in «слышишь ты», «понимаешь ты». The redundant pronoun jabs at the listener — bullying, peasant-tavern menace."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пакости строить","title":"Idiom «строить пакости»","body":"«пакость» is a dirty, spiteful trick; «строить пакости» = to play dirty tricks, do mischief. The phrase, with «укажи мне такой закон, чтобы...», casts the peasant as a grotesque barrack-room moralist demanding a law against villainy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker introducing the sentence","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of укажи (w6)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of укажи (w6)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of укажи (w6)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"укажи","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"show!"},{"surface":"укажи","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"repeats укажи (w6), main verb of the next clause","gloss":"show!"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of укажи (w7)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of укажи (w7)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of закон","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"закон","lemma":"закон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of укажи (w7)","gloss":"law"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позволено","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"позволено","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"were allowed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of позволено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"пакости","lemma":"пакость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of строить","gloss":"dirty tricks"},{"surface":"строить","lemma":"строить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on позволено","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"слышишь","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подлец","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подлец","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Ты","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"do you understand"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимаешь","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b8-c2-s110","source":"Митя мрачно отступил, и вдруг его как бы «что-то ударило по лбу», как он сам потом выразился.","translation":"Mitya gloomily stepped back, and suddenly it was as though \"something struck him on the forehead,\" as he himself put it afterward.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы «что-то ударило по лбу»","title":"«как бы» + indefinite «что-то»","body":"«как бы» ('as if, as it were') softens the image into a likeness; «что-то» (-то marker) names an unidentified force, 'something struck him'. «по лбу» uses «по» + dative for the surface struck."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как он сам потом выразился","title":"Intensive «сам» + reflexive «выразился»","body":"«сам» ('himself, in his own words') intensifies, marking the quoted phrase as Mitya's own later wording; «выразился» is the -ся verb 'expressed himself, put it'. The aside frames the quote as testimony reported after the fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отступил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"мрачно","lemma":"мрачно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отступил","gloss":"gloomily"},{"surface":"отступил","lemma":"отступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stepped back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ударило","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ударило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies ударило","gloss":"as","note":"как бы = \"as if, as though\"."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of что-то, subject of ударило","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"part of что-то, subject of ударило","gloss":"-thing","note":"что-то = \"something\", split here into two tokens."},{"surface":"ударило","lemma":"ударить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лбу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лбу","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударило","gloss":"the forehead"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выразился","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выразился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразился","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"выразился","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by как","gloss":"put it"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b8-c2-s111","source":"В один миг произошло какое-то озарение в уме его, «загорелся светоч, и я всё постиг».","translation":"In a single instant some kind of illumination occurred in his mind, \"a beacon flared up, and I grasped it all.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В один миг произошло какое-то озарение","title":"Existential «произошло озарение»","body":"«произошло» (occurred, perfective) presents the new event with the subject «озарение» delayed to the end — comment-last order. «какое-то» (-то) keeps the illumination vague and sudden, 'some kind of'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"загорелся светоч","title":"«светоч» — a beacon, torch of truth","body":"«светоч» is an elevated, almost biblical word for a torch or beacon, often figurative ('светоч истины', beacon of truth). In Mitya's quoted self-dramatising — 'a beacon flared and I grasped it all' — the high diction marks his theatrical, revelatory self-image."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies миг","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошло","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"occurred"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of какое-то, determiner of озарение","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"part of какое-то, determiner of озарение","gloss":"kind of","note":"какое-то = \"some kind of\"."},{"surface":"озарение","lemma":"озарение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"an illumination"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies озарение","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"загорелся","lemma":"загореться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"flared up"},{"surface":"светоч","lemma":"светоч","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of загорелся","gloss":"a beacon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of постиг","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of постиг","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"постиг","lemma":"постичь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with загорелся","gloss":"grasped"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b8-c2-s112","source":"В остолбенении стоял он, недоумевая, как мог он, человек всё же умный, поддаться на такую глупость, втюриться в этакое приключение и продолжать всё это почти целые сутки, возиться с этим Лягавым, мочить ему голову…","translation":"He stood dumbfounded, unable to fathom how he, a sensible man after all, could have given in to such folly, plunged into an adventure like this, and kept it up nearly a whole day and night, fussing with this Lyagavy, wetting his head…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"недоумевая, как мог он ... поддаться ... втюриться ... продолжать","title":"Gerund «недоумевая» heading an infinitive chain","body":"«недоумевая» (being unable to fathom, imperfective gerund) governs an embedded «как мог он...» followed by a string of infinitives — «поддаться, втюриться, продолжать, возиться, мочить». Dostoevsky packs the whole self-reproach into one breathless syntactic sweep."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"втюриться","title":"«втюриться» — to land oneself in","body":"A low-colloquial, expressive verb: to get foolishly caught up / land oneself in (later also 'to fall head over heels'). Its slangy ring breaks the elevated «озарение/светоч» a line earlier, dropping Mitya from rapture to rueful self-mockery."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"почти целые сутки","title":"«сутки» — a full day-and-night","body":"«сутки» is the plurale-tantum noun for a 24-hour day (day plus night together), with no singular. «почти целые сутки» measures exactly how long Mitya has squandered on Lyagavy."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking остолбенении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"остолбенении","lemma":"остолбенение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"stupefaction"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"недоумевая","lemma":"недоумевать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on стоял","gloss":"wondering"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of недоумевая","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of всё же, modifies умный","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of всё же","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"умный","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"sensible"},{"surface":"поддаться","lemma":"поддаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"give in"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глупость","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of глупость","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"глупость","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поддаться","gloss":"folly"},{"surface":"втюриться","lemma":"втюриться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with поддаться, complement of мог","gloss":"plunge"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приключение","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"этакое","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies приключение","gloss":"such an"},{"surface":"приключение","lemma":"приключение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of втюриться","gloss":"adventure"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поддаться, complement of мог","gloss":"keep up"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of продолжать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целые","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"целые","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies сутки","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"сутки","lemma":"сутки","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of продолжать","gloss":"a day and night"},{"surface":"возиться","lemma":"возиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поддаться, complement of мог","gloss":"fuss"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Лягавым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Лягавым","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Лягавым","lemma":"лягавый","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возиться","gloss":"Lyagavy"},{"surface":"мочить","lemma":"мочить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поддаться, complement of мог","gloss":"wet"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of мочить","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of мочить","gloss":"head"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b8-c2-s113","source":"«Ну, пьян человек, пьян до чертиков и будет пить запоем еще неделю — чего же тут ждать? А что, если Самсонов меня нарочно прислал сюда? А что, если она… О боже, что я наделал!..»","translation":"\"Well, the man's drunk, drunk as a lord, and he'll go on drinking in a binge another week — what's there to wait for here? And what if Samsonov sent me here on purpose? And what if she… O God, what have I done!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будет пить запоем еще неделю","title":"Compound future «будет пить»","body":"«будет пить» is the imperfective compound future — будущее of «быть» plus the imperfective infinitive — naming an ongoing future activity, 'he'll go on drinking'. «запоем» (instrumental as adverb) means 'in a binge, non-stop'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А что, если ... А что, если она","title":"Anxious «а что, если…»","body":"«а что, если…» ('and what if…') is the formula of dread speculation, the «а» hinging each new fear onto the last. The trailing «а что, если она…» breaks off mid-thought — the unspeakable fear about Grushenka left hanging."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пьян до чертиков","title":"Idiom «до чертиков»","body":"«до чертиков» (literally 'to the little devils') means 'utterly, blind drunk' — drunk to the point of seeing imps. «чертики» is the diminutive of «черти». The folk-demonology of the idiom is quietly apt in a novel haunted by the devil."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the sentence","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of человек","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пьян","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"repeats пьян (w2) for emphasis","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чертиков","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чертиков","lemma":"чёртик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пьян","gloss":"the devils","note":"пьян до чертиков is an idiom: \"blind drunk\"."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of пить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"пить","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb (with будет)","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"запоем","lemma":"запой","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пить","gloss":"in a binge"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неделю","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пить (duration)","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ждать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждать","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical question","gloss":"wait for"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase а что, если","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прислал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"Самсонов","lemma":"самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прислал","gloss":"Samsonov"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of прислал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прислал","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"прислал","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прислал","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase а что, если","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of она","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of an elided, interrupted verb","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection before боже","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the vocative phrase","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of наделал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of наделал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"наделал","lemma":"наделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"have done"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b8-c2-s114","source":"Мужик сидел, глядел на него и посмеивался.","translation":"The peasant sat, looked at him, and snickered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидел, глядел ... и посмеивался","title":"Three imperfectives of steady mockery","body":"«сидел, глядел, посмеивался» — all imperfective, painting a continuous tableau. «посмеивался» adds the -ива- of low, intermittent action: he kept quietly snickering, the unhurried imperfective itself an insult to Mitya's frenzy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"посмеивался","title":"«посмеиваться» — to snicker quietly","body":"The prefix по- + iterative -ива- gives 'to chuckle to oneself, snicker on and off' — a needling, under-the-breath laughter rather than open mirth. It crystallises the peasant's contemptuous calm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"the peasant"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"посмеивался","lemma":"посмеиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"snickered"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b8-c2-s115","source":"Будь другой случай, и Митя, может быть, убил бы этого дурака со злости, но теперь он весь сам ослабел как ребенок.","translation":"In other circumstances Mitya might, perhaps, have killed this fool out of spite; but now he himself had gone as weak all over as a child.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Будь другой случай ... убил бы","title":"Conditional «убил бы» + imperative-as-«if»","body":"«убил бы» is the irrealis — past form «убил» + particle «бы» = 'would have killed'. The protasis is the imperative-form «будь другой случай» ('were it another occasion'), an archaic-folk way of saying 'if it had been'. Pure counterfactual."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"со злости","title":"«со злости» — out of spite","body":"«со злости» (variant of «со зла») uses «с/со» + genitive to give the emotional cause of an action, 'out of spite/anger'. A common idiom of motive-from-emotion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Будь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, conditional/irrealis, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of случай, introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"were it"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случай","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Будь","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have killed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker on убил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дурака","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дурака","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"fool"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"злости","lemma":"злость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убил","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ослабел","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ослабел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ослабел","lemma":"ослабеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"had gone weak"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition","role":"comparative preposition marking ребенок","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ребенок","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"a child"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b8-c2-s116","source":"Тихо подошел он к лавке, взял свое пальто, молча надел его и вышел из избы.","translation":"Quietly he went up to the bench, took his overcoat, put it on in silence, and walked out of the hut.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тихо подошел он ... взял ... надел ... вышел","title":"Perfective chain of quiet exit","body":"A run of perfectives — «подошёл, взял, надел, вышел» — moves the story forward step by deliberate step, against all the preceding imperfective turmoil. The calm sequence of completed acts enacts Mitya's sudden, spent resignation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"взял свое пальто","title":"Reflexive possessive «своё»","body":"«своё пальто» uses the reflexive possessive «свой», referring the coat back to the clause's subject — his own coat. Using «его» instead would have meant someone else's. A small but constant point of precision in Russian narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"молча надел","title":"Frozen gerund «молча»","body":"«молча» ('in silence, silently') is the lexicalised gerund of «молчать» that now functions as a plain adverb of manner. Its quietness seals the wordless, defeated departure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подошел","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"лавке","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"the bench"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of пальто","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пальто","lemma":"пальто","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"overcoat"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надел","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"надел","lemma":"надеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"put on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of надел","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"walked out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избы","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"избы","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"the hut"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b8-c2-s117","source":"В другой избе сторожа он не нашел, никого не было.","translation":"In the other room he did not find the forester; there was no one there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сторожа он не нашел, никого не было","title":"Genitive of negation, twice","body":"«не нашёл сторожа» puts the negated object in the genitive «сторожа»; then the negated existential «никого не было» pairs «не было» with the genitive «никого». Both clauses show absence expressed through the genitive — and «никого ... не» gives negative concord."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies избе","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"избе","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нашел","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"сторожа","lemma":"сторож","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нашел (genitive under negation)","gloss":"the watchman"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нашел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нашел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нашел","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did not find"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of было","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нашел","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b8-c2-s118","source":"Он вынул из кармана мелочью пятьдесят копеек и положил на стол, за ночлег, за свечку и за беспокойство.","translation":"He took fifty copecks in small change from his pocket and laid them on the table, for the night's lodging, for the candle, and for the trouble.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за ночлег, за свечку и за беспокойство","title":"«за» + accusative of payment","body":"The triple «за ночлег, за свечку, за беспокойство» uses «за» + accusative in its 'in exchange for / in payment for' sense — what the fifty copecks are for. Note the diminutive «свечку»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вынул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кармана","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынул","gloss":"his pocket"},{"surface":"мелочью","lemma":"мелочь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынул","gloss":"in small change"},{"surface":"пятьдесят","lemma":"пятьдесят","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on копеек","gloss":"fifty"},{"surface":"копеек","lemma":"копейка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of вынул","gloss":"copecks"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынул","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of положил","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночлег","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ночлег","lemma":"ночлег","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of положил","gloss":"the night's lodging"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свечку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"свечку","lemma":"свечка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ночлег","gloss":"the candle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспокойство","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"беспокойство","lemma":"беспокойство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with ночлег","gloss":"the trouble"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b8-c2-s119","source":"Выйдя из избы, он увидал, что кругом только лес и ничего больше.","translation":"Coming out of the hut, he saw that all around there was only forest and nothing more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выйдя из избы, он увидал","title":"Gerund «выйдя»","body":"«выйдя» is the perfective past gerund of the prefixed motion verb «выйти» ('having come out'), setting the prior exit before the main «увидал». Prefixed «вы-» + the perfective gives the single completed leaving."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только лес и ничего больше","title":"Emphatic «ничего больше»","body":"«ничего больше» ('nothing more') leans on the negative pronoun «ничего» for desolate emphasis after «только лес». The bleak tautology — only forest, and nothing else — frames Mitya's total disorientation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выйдя","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on увидал","gloss":"coming out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избы","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"избы","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Выйдя","gloss":"the hut"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увидал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"увидал","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лес","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the что-clause","gloss":"all around"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лес","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лес","lemma":"лес","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the что-clause","gloss":"forest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"coordinated with лес, second subject","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b8-c2-s120","source":"Он пошел наугад, даже не помня, куда поворотить из избы — направо или налево; вчера ночью, спеша сюда с батюшкой, он дороги не заметил.","translation":"He walked off at random, not even remembering which way to turn from the hut — to the right or to the left; the night before, hurrying here with the priest, he had not noticed the road.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не помня, куда поворотить ... направо или налево","title":"Gerund «не помня» + deliberative infinitive","body":"«не помня» is a negated imperfective gerund ('not remembering'), governing an indirect question «куда поворотить» with a deliberative infinitive — 'which way to turn'. The structure renders thought in motion, lost between right and left."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спеша сюда с батюшкой ... дороги не заметил","title":"Gerund «спеша» + genitive of negation","body":"«спеша» (hurrying, imperfective gerund of attendant circumstance) sets the manner of the prior night's travel; the main clause «дороги не заметил» shifts the negated object «дорогу» to the genitive «дороги» — he hadn't noted the road."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с батюшкой","title":"«батюшка» — affectionate 'father (priest)'","body":"«батюшка» is the warm diminutive of «батя/отец», the customary affectionate term for an Orthodox priest (here Father Pavel of the earlier scene). The cosy word sits poignantly against Mitya's present lostness in the empty wood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked off"},{"surface":"наугад","lemma":"наугад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"at random"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помня","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помня","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помня","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пошел","gloss":"remembering"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поворотить","gloss":"which way"},{"surface":"поворотить","lemma":"поворотить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of помня","gloss":"to turn"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"избы","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поворотить","gloss":"the hut"},{"surface":"направо","lemma":"направо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with налево, modifies поворотить","gloss":"to the right"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"налево","lemma":"налево","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with направо","gloss":"to the left"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил, part of temporal phrase with ночью","gloss":"the night before"},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"part of temporal phrase with вчера, modifies заметил","gloss":"at night"},{"surface":"спеша","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заметил","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спеша","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking батюшкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"батюшкой","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спеша","gloss":"the priest"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"дороги","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заметил (genitive of negation)","gloss":"the road","note":"Genitive instead of accusative because заметил is negated."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"noticed"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b8-c2-s121","source":"Никакой мести ни к кому не было в душе его, даже к Самсонову.","translation":"There was no vengeance in his soul toward anyone, not even toward Samsonov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никакой мести ни к кому не было","title":"Piled-up negation","body":"Russian demands negative concord: «никакой» (no… at all), «ни к кому» (toward no one), and «не было» all carry the negation together, where English collapses them into a single 'no'. The intensifying «ни» here strengthens the «не» rather than cancelling it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никакой мести… не было","title":"Genitive of absence","body":"With negated «не было» the thing that fails to exist stands in the genitive: «мести» (gen. of «месть», vengeance) rather than a nominative «месть». This is the obligatory genitive of the absent subject — literally 'of vengeance there was none'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"месть","title":"«месть» — vengeance","body":"A bookish, weighty abstract noun (f., soft -ь) for revenge or retribution, more elevated than the plainer «отместка». Its presence frames Mitya's inner state in moral-dramatic terms."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никакой","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мести","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"мести","lemma":"месть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"vengeance"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кому","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кому","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Самсонову","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Самсонову","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Самсонову","lemma":"Самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with кому","gloss":"Samsonov"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b8-c2-s122","source":"Он шагал по узенькой лесной дорожке бессмысленно, потерянно, с «потерянною идеей» и совсем не заботясь о том, куда идет.","translation":"He strode along the narrow forest path senselessly, lost, with his \"lost idea,\" and caring nothing at all about where he was going.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"узенькой… дорожке","title":"Double diminutive","body":"Both words are softened: «узенькой» (from «узкий», narrow) with the affectionate -еньк- suffix, and «дорожке» (a little path, from «дорога»). The pairing makes the forest track feel small and intimate, almost tender, against Mitya's despair."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не заботясь о том, куда идет","title":"Gerund of attendant manner","body":"«заботясь» is an imperfective present деепричастие (from «заботиться», to care/worry), 'caring', describing a circumstance simultaneous with «шагал». It shares the main subject and condenses 'and he did not care' into a single adverbial phrase — a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"шагал… бессмысленно, потерянно","title":"Imperfective of aimless process","body":"«шагал» (was striding) is imperfective past, viewing the walking as ongoing, directionless process rather than a completed journey — reinforced by the adverbs «бессмысленно, потерянно» (senselessly, lost)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шагал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"шагал","lemma":"шагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"strode"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дорожке","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"узенькой","lemma":"узенький","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дорожке","gloss":"narrow"},{"surface":"лесной","lemma":"лесной","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дорожке","gloss":"forest"},{"surface":"дорожке","lemma":"дорожка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагал","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"бессмысленно","lemma":"бессмысленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шагал","gloss":"senselessly"},{"surface":"потерянно","lemma":"потерянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with бессмысленно, modifies шагал","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking идеей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"потерянною","lemma":"потерянный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies идеей","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"идеей","lemma":"идея","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагал","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заботясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заботясь","lemma":"заботиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with шагал","gloss":"caring"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заботясь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идет","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"he was going"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b8-c2-s123","source":"Его мог побороть встречный ребенок, до того он вдруг обессилел душой и телом.","translation":"A child coming the other way could have overpowered him, so suddenly had he gone weak in soul and body.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его мог побороть встречный ребенок","title":"Object first for emphasis","body":"The sentence opens with the object «его» (him, acc.) before subject and verb, throwing the weight onto Mitya as the one who could be overpowered. The free case-marked word order lets the new information — that even a child could do it — land last."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того… обессилел","title":"«до того… что» — to such a degree","body":"The correlative «до того… (что)» means 'to such an extent that', here with «до того он вдруг обессилел» explaining the preceding clause. «обессилел» is perfective past (from «обессилеть», to grow weak), naming the completed onset of weakness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"встречный","title":"«встречный» — coming the other way","body":"An adjective meaning 'oncoming, met along the way' (from «встречать», to meet). «встречный ребенок» is a child encountered head-on on the path — the casual passer-by who, the narrator says, could have bested him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of побороть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"побороть","lemma":"побороть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"overpower"},{"surface":"встречный","lemma":"встречный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ребенок","gloss":"coming the other way"},{"surface":"ребенок","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обессилел (до того = to such a degree)","gloss":"such a degree"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обессилел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обессилел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"обессилел","lemma":"обессилеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the до того clause","gloss":"had gone weak"},{"surface":"душой","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обессилел","gloss":"in soul"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"телом","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with душой","gloss":"in body"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b8-c2-s124","source":"Кое-как он, однако, из лесу выбрался: предстали вдруг сжатые обнаженные поля на необозримом пространстве.","translation":"Somehow, however, he made his way out of the wood: all at once the bare, mown fields opened before him across a boundless expanse.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из лесу выбрался","title":"Stressed -у genitive after «из»","body":"«из лесу» uses the special partitive/locative ending «-у» of «лес» after «из» (out of the wood), a survival in a small set of masculine nouns. The reflexive «выбрался» (from «выбраться», to get out) shows -ся as a change-of-state middle, not a true reflexive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"предстали","title":"«предстать» — to appear before","body":"An elevated, slightly archaic verb (perfective) for something suddenly presenting itself to the gaze — 'there rose up / opened before him'. More solemn than «появились», it lends the bare fields a vision-like force."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сжатые обнаженные поля на необозримом пространстве","title":"«необозримый», «сжатые» — vast, harvested","body":"«сжатые» (reaped, from «сжать», to mow/harvest) and «обнаженные» (bared, stripped) describe fields after the harvest; «необозримый» means 'beyond surveying', boundless to the eye. The bookish diction paints a desolate autumn vista matching Mitya's despair."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кое","lemma":"кое-как","morphology":"adverb (first part of split idiom)","role":"modifies выбрался","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"кое-как","morphology":"adverb (second part of split idiom)","role":"modifies выбрался","gloss":"somehow","note":"«Кое-как» is one adverb meaning \"with difficulty, somehow\", split here into two tokens."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выбрался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выбрался","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лесу","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"лесу","lemma":"лес","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбрался","gloss":"the wood"},{"surface":"выбрался","lemma":"выбраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made his way out"},{"surface":"предстали","lemma":"предстать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"opened before him"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предстали","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"сжатые","lemma":"сжатый","morphology":"adjective/participle, nominative, plural","role":"modifies поля","gloss":"mown"},{"surface":"обнаженные","lemma":"обнажённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies поля","gloss":"bare"},{"surface":"поля","lemma":"поле","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of предстали","gloss":"the fields"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пространстве","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"необозримом","lemma":"необозримый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пространстве","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"пространстве","lemma":"пространство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of предстали","gloss":"expanse"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b8-c2-s125","source":"«Какое отчаяние, какая смерть кругом!» — повторял он, всё шагая вперед и вперед.","translation":"\"What despair, what death all around!\" he kept repeating, still striding on and on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какое отчаяние, какая смерть","title":"Exclamatory «какой»","body":"«какой» (which/what kind) is used here exclamatively — 'what despair, what death!' — and agrees in gender with each noun: neuter «какое отчаяние», feminine «какая смерть». No verb is needed; the bare nominatives carry the cry."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повторял он, всё шагая вперед","title":"Iterative imperfective + gerund","body":"«повторял» (kept repeating) is imperfective for a repeated action, reinforced by «всё» ('still, keep on'). «шагая» is again a present gerund of simultaneous manner — striding while repeating."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of отчаяние","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"отчаяние","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of exclamatory phrase","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of смерть","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"смерть","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with отчаяние","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"повторял","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept repeating"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шагая","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"шагая","lemma":"шагать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on повторял","gloss":"striding"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шагая","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with the previous вперед, modifies шагая","gloss":"on"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b8-c2-s126","source":"Его спасли проезжие: извозчик вез по проселку какого-то старичка купца.","translation":"Travelers passing by were his salvation: a driver was carting some little old merchant along the country road.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его спасли проезжие","title":"Object-first, then the saviours","body":"Again the object «его» (him) opens the clause ahead of the subject «проезжие» (passers-by, a substantivized adjective), so the new information — who saved him — falls at the end. «спасли» is perfective past, a single completed rescue."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старичка купца","title":"«старичок» — a dear little old man","body":"«старичка» is the affectionate-pitying diminutive of «старик» (old man), here in animate accusative, paired with «купца» (merchant). The suffix conveys a fond, slightly amused warmth toward the small old merchant — characteristic Dostoevskian texture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"спасли","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saved"},{"surface":"проезжие","lemma":"проезжий","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of спасли","gloss":"travelers passing by"},{"surface":"извозчик","lemma":"извозчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вез","gloss":"a driver"},{"surface":"вез","lemma":"везти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"was carting"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking проселку","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"проселку","lemma":"проселок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вез","gloss":"the country road"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular (first part of split idiom)","role":"determiner of старичка","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle (second part of split idiom)","role":"determiner of старичка","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"старичка","lemma":"старичок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вез","gloss":"little old"},{"surface":"купца","lemma":"купец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старичка","gloss":"merchant"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b8-c2-s127","source":"Когда поровнялись, Митя спросил про дорогу, и оказалось, что те тоже едут на Воловью.","translation":"When they drew level, Mitya asked about the road, and it turned out that they too were heading to Volovya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда поровнялись","title":"Reciprocal -ся, subject dropped","body":"«поровнялись» (drew level with each other, from «поровняться») uses -ся reciprocally — the two parties came alongside one another. The subject is left unstated, recoverable from context, a frequent economy in Russian narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"те тоже едут","title":"«те» as 'they over there'","body":"«те» is the far demonstrative «тот» in the plural, here standing in for 'those people, they' — the merchant's party as distinct from Mitya. «едут» is the unidirectional motion verb «ехать» (going by conveyance), present-for-reported one-way travel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поровнялись","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"поровнялись","lemma":"поравняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросил","gloss":"they drew level"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дорогу","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросил","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with спросил","gloss":"it turned out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of едут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of едут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies едут","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"едут","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of оказалось","gloss":"were heading"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Воловью","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Воловью","lemma":"Воловья","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of едут","gloss":"Volovya"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b8-c2-s128","source":"Вступили в переговоры и посадили Митю попутчиком.","translation":"They struck a bargain and took Mitya aboard as a fellow traveler.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вступили… посадили","title":"Subjectless perfective chain","body":"Two perfective past verbs run with no expressed subject — 'they entered into negotiations and seated Mitya'. The events move the narrative forward as discrete completed steps, the perfective's natural work."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"посадили Митю попутчиком","title":"Instrumental of role","body":"«попутчиком» (instrumental of «попутчик», fellow traveler) names the capacity in which Mitya was taken aboard — 'as a fellow traveler'. This predicate/role instrumental marks a temporary, assumed status."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вступили","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they struck"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переговоры","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"переговоры","lemma":"переговоры","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Вступили","gloss":"negotiations"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"посадили","lemma":"посадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Вступили","gloss":"took aboard"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посадили","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"попутчиком","lemma":"попутчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of посадили","gloss":"as a fellow traveler"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b8-c2-s129","source":"Часа через три доехали.","translation":"In about three hours they arrived.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Часа через три","title":"«часа через три» — about three hours","body":"Inverting the numeral and noun — «часа через три» instead of «через три часа» — signals approximation, 'in some three hours'. «часа» is genitive singular as governed by «три»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"доехали","title":"Prefixed motion verb, perfective","body":"«доехали» (from «доехать», to reach a destination by vehicle) carries the prefix до- 'all the way to'; the prefix turns the motion verb into a plain perfective meaning 'arrived'. The subject is again dropped."}],"words":[{"surface":"Часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of через, modifies доехали","gloss":"hour","note":"«Часа через три» is an inverted idiom for \"in about three hours\"."},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Часа","gloss":"in about"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies Часа","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"доехали","lemma":"доехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they arrived"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b8-c2-s130","source":"На Воловьей станции Митя тотчас же заказал почтовых в город, а сам вдруг догадался, что до невозможности голоден.","translation":"At the Volovya station Mitya at once ordered post-horses for town, and then suddenly realized that he was hungry beyond bearing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"до невозможности голоден","title":"Short adjective predicate","body":"«голоден» is the short (predicative) form of «голодный» (hungry), used after «догадался, что» to state a temporary state — 'that he was hungry'. The phrase «до невозможности» ('to impossibility') intensifies it to 'unbearably hungry'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а сам вдруг догадался","title":"Contrastive «а» and intensive «сам»","body":"«а» here is the mild contrastive 'and/then' hinging two actions; «сам» ('himself') stresses that Mitya only now, on his own, noticed his hunger. Together they mark the shift from arranging horses to a sudden bodily realization."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking станции","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Воловьей","lemma":"воловий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies станции","gloss":"Volovya"},{"surface":"станции","lemma":"станция","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заказал","gloss":"the station"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заказал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заказал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"заказал","lemma":"заказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"почтовых","lemma":"почтовый","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative, plural","role":"direct object of заказал","gloss":"post-horses"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking город","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заказал","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the subject of догадался","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадался","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заказал","gloss":"realized"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of голоден","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking невозможности","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"невозможности","lemma":"невозможность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of голоден","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"голоден","lemma":"голодный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of догадался","gloss":"hungry"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b8-c2-s131","source":"Пока впрягали лошадей, ему смастерили яичницу.","translation":"While they were harnessing the horses, someone whipped him up an omelet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пока впрягали лошадей","title":"«пока» + imperfective background","body":"The subordinator «пока» ('while') sets a durative background, and «впрягали» (were harnessing) is imperfective for the ongoing process against which the next event unfolds. The harnessers are an unstated 'they'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему смастерили яичницу","title":"Dative recipient, impersonal 'someone'","body":"«ему» (dat., for him) marks the beneficiary, while the bare 3rd-plural «смастерили» ('they whipped up') is the impersonal 'someone made him' — Russian's way of leaving the agent vague."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смастерили","title":"«смастерить» — to knock together","body":"A colloquial, slightly jaunty perfective (from «мастерить», to craft/contrive) for quickly putting something together by hand. Applied to an omelet it has a homely, improvised flavor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of впрягали","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"впрягали","lemma":"впрягать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on смастерили","gloss":"they were harnessing"},{"surface":"лошадей","lemma":"лошадь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of впрягали","gloss":"the horses"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of смастерили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"смастерили","lemma":"смастерить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"whipped up"},{"surface":"яичницу","lemma":"яичница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of смастерили","gloss":"an omelet"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b8-c2-s132","source":"Он мигом съел ее всю, съел весь большой ломоть хлеба, съел нашедшуюся колбасу и выпил три рюмки водки.","translation":"In an instant he ate the whole of it, ate a big hunk of bread, ate some sausage he found, and drank three glasses of vodka.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"съел… съел… съел… выпил","title":"Anaphora of perfectives","body":"The repeated perfective «съел» (ate up, from «съесть») and final «выпил» (drank) stack completed actions in a rapid list, each emphasizing the result — everything devoured whole. The triple repetition of «съел» is a rhetorical drumbeat of ravenous haste."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нашедшуюся колбасу","title":"Past active participle","body":"«нашедшуюся» is a past active participle of «найтись» (to turn up, be found), declined to agree with «колбасу» (acc. f.) — 'sausage that had turned up'. It packs a whole который-clause into one bookish modifier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of съел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of съел","gloss":"in an instant"},{"surface":"съел","lemma":"съесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ate"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of съел","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ее","gloss":"all of"},{"surface":"съел","lemma":"съесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with съел","gloss":"ate"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ломоть","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ломоть","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"ломоть","lemma":"ломоть","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of съел","gloss":"hunk"},{"surface":"хлеба","lemma":"хлеб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ломоть","gloss":"of bread"},{"surface":"съел","lemma":"съесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with съел","gloss":"ate"},{"surface":"нашедшуюся","lemma":"нашедшийся","morphology":"verb, past, middle, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies колбасу","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"колбасу","lemma":"колбаса","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of съел","gloss":"sausage"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выпил","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with съел","gloss":"drank"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies рюмки","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"рюмки","lemma":"рюмка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выпил","gloss":"glasses"},{"surface":"водки","lemma":"водка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рюмки","gloss":"of vodka"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b8-c2-s133","source":"Подкрепившись, он ободрился, и в душе его опять прояснело.","translation":"Fortified, he took heart, and in his soul it grew bright once more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подкрепившись","title":"Perfective gerund of prior action","body":"«Подкрепившись» is a perfective past деепричастие (from «подкрепиться», to fortify oneself with food) in -вши/-сь — 'having fortified himself'. It marks an action completed before the main verbs «ободрился… прояснело»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в душе его опять прояснело","title":"Impersonal 'it grew bright'","body":"«прояснело» is a subjectless neuter perfective — literally 'it cleared up / grew bright' in his soul, with no nominative subject, the same impersonal frame Russian uses for weather and inner states. «в душе его» localizes the change within him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подкрепившись","lemma":"подкрепиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ободрился","gloss":"fortified"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ободрился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ободрился","lemma":"ободриться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took heart"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прояснело","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прояснело","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"прояснело","lemma":"прояснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ободрился","gloss":"grew bright"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b8-c2-s134","source":"Он летел по дороге, погонял ямщика и вдруг составил новый, и уже «непреложный», план, как достать еще сегодня же до вечера «эти проклятые деньги».","translation":"He flew along the road, urging the driver on, and suddenly hatched a new and now \"infallible\" plan for how to lay hands, this very day before evening, on \"this accursed money.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он летел… погонял… составил","title":"Imperfective rush, perfective resolve","body":"«летел» (flew, imperf.) and «погонял» (kept urging on, imperf.) give the ongoing rush of the ride, then perfective «составил» ('drew up, hatched') marks the single completed act of forming a plan — aspect switching from motion to outcome."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ямщика","title":"«ямщик» — the coachman","body":"«ямщик» (acc. «ямщика») is the driver of a hired carriage or post-troika, a stock figure of the Russian road. The word descends from the old «ям», a posting-station obligation, and carries strong folk-song associations."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"непреложный","title":"«непреложный» — immutable, infallible","body":"A bookish, solemn adjective meaning 'unalterable, not to be revoked' (from «преложить», to alter). The scare-quotes around «непреложный» let the narrator gently mock Mitya's overconfidence in his new plan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of летел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"летел","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flew"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороге","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"дороге","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of летел","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"погонял","lemma":"погонять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with летел","gloss":"urging on"},{"surface":"ямщика","lemma":"ямщик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of погонял","gloss":"the driver"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies составил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"составил","lemma":"составить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with летел","gloss":"hatched"},{"surface":"новый","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies план","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies непреложный","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"непреложный","lemma":"непреложный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with новый, modifies план","gloss":"infallible"},{"surface":"план","lemma":"план","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of составил","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"достать","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies план","gloss":"to lay hands on"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достать","gloss":"this very day"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"this very"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечера","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вечера","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сегодня","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"проклятые","lemma":"проклятый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"accursed"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of достать","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b8-c2-s135","source":"«И подумать, только подумать, что из-за этих ничтожных трех тысяч пропадает судьба человеческая! — воскликнул он презрительно. — Сегодня же порешу!»","translation":"\"To think, only to think, that a man's whole fate should be ruined over these paltry three thousand! he exclaimed contemptuously. This very day I shall settle it!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И подумать, только подумать, что","title":"Bare infinitive of exclamation","body":"The bare imperfective infinitive «подумать» ('to think!'), doubled with «только подумать», is an exclamatory construction expressing astonished indignation — 'and to think that…'. It needs no subject or finite verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ничтожных трех тысяч","title":"«ничтожный» — paltry, worthless","body":"«ничтожных» (gen. pl., from «ничтожный», related to «ничто», nothing) means trifling, contemptible — the three thousand reduced to nothing. The word drips with Mitya's scorn that so 'paltry' a sum should decide a fate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сегодня же порешу!","title":"Emphatic «же» + perfective future","body":"The particle «же» fastens to «сегодня» to insist 'this very day'. «порешу» is a colloquial perfective future (from «порешить», to settle/finish off), conjugated like a present but meaning a single completed future act."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подумать","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"exclamatory infinitive, head of the exclamation","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумать (repeated)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"подумать","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"repeats подумать for emphasis","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пропадает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (first part of split idiom)","role":"preposition marking тысяч","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (second part of split idiom)","role":"preposition marking тысяч","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of тысяч","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"ничтожных","lemma":"ничтожный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies тысяч","gloss":"paltry"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пропадает (object of из-за)","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"пропадает","lemma":"пропадать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of подумать","gloss":"should be ruined"},{"surface":"судьба","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пропадает","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"человеческая!","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies судьба","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"he exclaimed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"презрительно.","lemma":"презрительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"contemptuously"},{"surface":"Сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies порешу","gloss":"this very day"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Сегодня","gloss":"this very"},{"surface":"порешу","lemma":"порешить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I shall settle it"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b8-c2-s136","source":"И если бы только не беспрерывная мысль о Грушеньке и о том, не случилось ли с ней чего, то он стал бы, может быть, опять совсем весел.","translation":"And were it not for the unceasing thought of Grushenka, and of whether something might have happened to her, he might perhaps have become quite cheerful again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы только не… то он стал бы","title":"Contrary-to-fact conditional","body":"The whole sentence is an irrealis built on the particle «бы»: «если бы не…» (were it not for) in the protasis and «он стал бы» (he might have become) in the apodosis, both with past-form verbs. «бы» plus the past is Russian's single way to say 'would / might have'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не случилось ли с ней чего","title":"Embedded «ли» — 'whether'","body":"«не случилось ли с ней чего» is an indirect question introduced by the enclitic «ли»: 'whether something had happened to her'. «чего» is the genitive of «что» under negation, and «с ней» (with her) localizes the dreaded mishap."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the condition","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates мысль (elided было)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"беспрерывная","lemma":"беспрерывный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"unceasing"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of implied было (conditional clause)","gloss":"the thought"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Грушеньке","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause explaining том","gloss":"had happened"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случилось","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случилось (genitive of negation)","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, correlative","role":"introduces the clause of стал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have become"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the condition of стал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective (parenthetical может быть)","role":"parenthetical, modifies весел","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может (parenthetical)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies весел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies весел","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"весел","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"cheerful"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b8-c2-s137","source":"Но мысль о ней вонзалась в его душу поминутно как острый нож.","translation":"But the thought of her stabbed into his soul every minute like a sharp knife.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мысль о ней вонзалась… поминутно","title":"Imperfective of recurrence","body":"«вонзалась» (kept stabbing in, imperf. past of «вонзаться») with «поминутно» ('every minute') views the pain as repeated, recurring action rather than one stab. The -ся makes the verb intransitive — the thought drives itself in."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как острый нож","title":"Simile with «как»","body":"«как острый нож» ('like a sharp knife') is a comparative simile introduced by «как»; the noun phrase stays nominative because «как» here means 'like, as' rather than introducing a clause. The image literalizes the thought's pain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вонзалась","gloss":"the thought"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"вонзалась","lemma":"вонзаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stabbed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вонзалась","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"поминутно","lemma":"поминутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вонзалась","gloss":"every minute"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative phrase, modifies вонзалась","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"острый","lemma":"острый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies нож","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"нож","lemma":"нож","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"object of comparison как, modifies вонзалась","gloss":"knife"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b8-c2-s138","source":"Наконец приехали, и Митя тотчас же побежал к Грушеньке.","translation":"At last they arrived, and Mitya ran straight off to Grushenka.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Наконец приехали","title":"Prefixed arrival verb","body":"«приехали» (from «приехать», to arrive by vehicle) carries the prefix при- 'arriving here', converting the motion pair into a plain perfective. The subject is again dropped, recoverable as 'they'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"побежал к Грушеньке","title":"Inceptive по- + dative goal","body":"«побежал» (set off running, perfective with inceptive по-) marks the start of the motion, and «к Грушеньке» (dat. after «к») gives the goal 'to Grushenka'. The preposition «к» governs the dative of the person headed toward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехали","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"приехали","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they arrived"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побежал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежал","gloss":"straight off"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"straight off"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приехали","gloss":"ran off"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежал","gloss":"Grushenka"}]}]}