{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b8-c4","title":{"source":"IV. В темноте","translated":"In the Dark"},"section":"Book VIII — Mitya","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b8-c4","lines":123},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b8-c3","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b8-c5","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b8-c4-s1","source":"Куда побежал он?","translation":"Where had he run off to?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"побежал","title":"Perfective of single onset","body":"«Побежал» is the perfective past of «бежать» (to run): the prefix по- marks the single, completed setting-off into motion — 'he set off running'. Against an imperfective «бежал» (was running), the perfective frames it as one decisive event, matching the abrupt question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Куда побежал он?","title":"Verb-before-subject inversion","body":"Standard order would be «Куда он побежал?»; placing «он» after the verb throws the weight onto the action and gives the free, narrated-thought rhythm of Mitya's racing mind. Russian's case endings let word order serve emphasis rather than grammar."}],"words":[{"surface":"Куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежал","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had run off"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побежал","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b8-c4-s2","source":"Известно: «Где же она могла быть, как не у Федора Павловича?","translation":"It was obvious: \"And where could she be, if not at Fyodor Pavlovitch's?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Где же она могла быть","title":"The particle «же» of insistence","body":"The modal particle «же» after the question word adds exasperated insistence — 'and where on earth could she be?'. It renders in English only as stress; here it conveys Mitya's certainty that the answer is obvious."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как не у Федора Павловича","title":"«у» + genitive for 'at someone's'","body":"«У Федора Павловича» uses the preposition «у» governing the genitive to mean 'at Fyodor Pavlovitch's place'. The construction «где, как не у…» ('where, if not at…') is a rhetorical 'where else but'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Известно","lemma":"известно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it was obvious"},{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Где","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Известно","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula complement of могла","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of idiom 'как не' (if not)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom 'как не' (if not)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федора","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of быть","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich's"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b8-c4-s3","source":"От Самсонова прямо и побежала к нему, теперь-то уж это ясно.","translation":"Straight from Samsonov's she had run to him—that much was clear now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"побежала к нему","title":"«к» + dative of destination","body":"The prefixed perfective «побежала» pairs with «к нему» — the preposition «к» governs the dative to mean motion 'toward him'. After the preposition the third-person pronoun takes the н- prefix («к нему»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"теперь-то уж это ясно","title":"Emphatic «-то» and «уж»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «теперь» underscores the known topic ('now, of all moments'), while «уж» (a worn form of «уже») adds finality — 'now it's all too clear'. These stacked particles give the inner monologue its insistent, speech-like texture."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Самсонова","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Самсонова","lemma":"самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежала","gloss":"Samsonov's"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежала","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies побежала (emphatic)","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"побежала","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had run"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ясно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to теперь","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ясно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the second clause (asyndetic)","gloss":"clear"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b8-c4-s4","source":"Вся интрига, весь обман теперь очевидны…»","translation":"The whole intrigue, the whole deception, was now plain to see…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"очевидны","title":"Short-form predicate adjective","body":"«Очевидны» is the short (predicative) form of «очевидный» (obvious), agreeing in plural with the compound subject «интрига… обман». Short adjectives can only predicate, never attribute, and carry a bookish, categorical ring — the deception simply is plain."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"интрига","title":"«интрига» — scheming plot","body":"«Интрига», a French/Latinate loan, means a contrived scheme or intrigue rather than the English emotional 'intrigue'. Paired with «обман» (deception, deceit), it casts Grushenka's supposed movements as a deliberate conspiracy against Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of интрига","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"интрига","lemma":"интрига","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of очевидны","gloss":"intrigue"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of обман","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"обман","lemma":"обман","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of очевидны","gloss":"deception"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очевидны","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"очевидны","lemma":"очевидный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"plain to see"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b8-c4-s5","source":"Всё это летело, как вихрь, в голове его.","translation":"All of this went whirling through his head like a gust of wind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё это летело, как вихрь","title":"Imperfective for ongoing swirl","body":"«Летело» (was flying) is imperfective past, viewing the rush of thoughts as an ongoing process, not a single event. The neuter «летело» agrees with the neuter subject «всё это»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вихрь","title":"«вихрь» — whirlwind","body":"«Вихрь» is a whirlwind or swirling gust; «как вихрь» ('like a whirlwind') is a stock simile for a rush of thought or motion, here capturing the dizzying spin of Mitya's mind."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of летело","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of летело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"летело","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went whirling"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking вихрь","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"вихрь","lemma":"вихрь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of летело","gloss":"a gust of wind"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of летело","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голове","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b8-c4-s6","source":"На двор к Марье Кондратьевне он не забежал: «Туда не надо, отнюдь не надо… чтобы ни малейшей тревоги… тотчас передадут и предадут… Марья Кондратьевна, очевидно, в заговоре, Смердяков тоже, тоже, все подкуплены!»","translation":"Into Marya Kondratyevna's yard he did not run: \"Not there, on no account there… not the slightest alarm must be raised… they would report me at once and betray me… Marya Kondratyevna is plainly in on the plot, and Smerdyakov too, yes, him too—they have all been bought!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не забежал","title":"Negated perfective of motion","body":"«Забежал» is the perfective of a prefixed motion verb «забежать» (to drop in, run in briefly); the prefix за- gives the sense of 'turning aside into' a place. Negated with «не», it states the completed non-event: he did not run in."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы ни малейшей тревоги","title":"Genitive of negation with «ни»","body":"«Ни малейшей тревоги» stands in the genitive — under the negative force of «ни» ('not the slightest'), the absent noun takes the genitive of negation. The clipped «чтобы ни малейшей тревоги» drops the verb in telegraphic inner speech: 'so that [there be] not the slightest alarm'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тотчас передадут и предадут","title":"Perfective futures of foreboding","body":"«Передадут» (they'll report) and «предадут» (they'll betray) are perfective futures — conjugated perfectives with future meaning — and the near-rhyme stages Mitya's paranoia: to pass on word is already to betray."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отнюдь не надо","title":"«отнюдь» — by no means","body":"«Отнюдь» is an emphatic 'by no means, not in the least', heightening the negation: 'not there, on no account there'. It is a bookish intensifier of «не», sharpening Mitya's resolve."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двор","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"двор","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition На","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Марье","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Марье","lemma":"Марья","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition к","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевне","lemma":"Кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марье","gloss":"Kondratyevna"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забежал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забежал","lemma":"забежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran by"},{"surface":"Туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"must go"},{"surface":"отнюдь","lemma":"отнюдь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"by no means"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with надо (w11)","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the (implied-verb) clause of тревоги","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies малейшей","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"малейшей","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies тревоги","gloss":"slightest"},{"surface":"тревоги","lemma":"тревога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"alarm"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передадут","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"передадут","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"they'd report me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"предадут","lemma":"предать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with передадут","gloss":"betray me"},{"surface":"Марья","lemma":"Марья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elided predicate (в заговоре)","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевна","lemma":"Кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марья","gloss":"Kondratyevna"},{"surface":"очевидно","lemma":"очевидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb modifying the clause","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заговоре","gloss":"in on"},{"surface":"заговоре","lemma":"заговор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, object of preposition в","gloss":"the plot"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated subject (also in the plot)","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Смердяков's implied clause","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats тоже for emphasis","gloss":"yes, too"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of подкуплены","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"подкуплены","lemma":"подкупить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main predicate of the final clause","gloss":"have been bought"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b8-c4-s7","source":"У него создалось другое намерение: он обежал большим крюком, чрез переулок, дом Федора Павловича, пробежал Дмитровскую улицу, перебежал потом мостик и прямо попал в уединенный переулок на задах, пустой и необитаемый, огороженный с одной стороны плетнем соседского огорода, а с другой — крепким высоким забором, обходившим кругом сада Федора Павловича.","translation":"He had formed another plan: he ran a wide loop, by way of a side lane, around Fyodor Pavlovitch's house, ran the length of Dmitrovsky Street, crossed the little footbridge after that, and came out straight onto a secluded alley behind the houses—empty and uninhabited, fenced on one side by the wattle hedge of a neighbour's kitchen garden, and on the other by the stout, high fence that ran all the way around Fyodor Pavlovitch's garden.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У него создалось другое намерение","title":"«-ся» middle: a plan 'formed itself'","body":"«Создалось» is the reflexive «создаться», a middle/intransitive use of «-ся»: the intention 'came to be, formed' of its own accord, with «у него» ('in him') as the dative-like experiencer rather than an active subject — Mitya does not so much decide as find a plan rising in him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обежал… пробежал… перебежал… попал","title":"Prefix chain on the run","body":"A cascade of prefixed perfectives of motion choreographs the route: «обежал» (ran around), «пробежал» (ran the length of), «перебежал» (ran across), «попал» (landed, came out). Each prefix paints a distinct vector, a hallmark of Russian motion description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"огороженный… обходившим","title":"Participles condensing the description","body":"The passive participle «огороженный» ('fenced') and the past active participle «обходившим» ('that ran around') compress two который-clauses into modifiers, agreeing with their nouns in case — the dense participial layering typical of literary Russian narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"плетень","title":"«плетень» — wattle hedge","body":"«Плетнём» (instrumental of «плетень») is a wattle fence of woven branches, the cheap rural enclosure of a kitchen garden («огород»), set against the «крепкий высокий забор» — the solid board fence of Fyodor Pavlovitch's grounds."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чрез","title":"Archaic «чрез» for «через»","body":"«Чрез» is the bookish, contracted form of «через» (through, by way of) — a non-pleophonic shortening that gives the narration its 19th-century literary patina."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition У (possessive: he had)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"создалось","lemma":"создаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"formed"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies намерение","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"намерение","lemma":"намерение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of создалось","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"обежал","lemma":"обежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"ran around"},{"surface":"большим","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крюком","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"крюком","lemma":"крюк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of обежал (manner)","gloss":"in a loop"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переулок","gloss":"by way of"},{"surface":"переулок","lemma":"переулок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition чрез","gloss":"the lane"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обежал","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich's"},{"surface":"пробежал","lemma":"пробежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обежал","gloss":"ran the length of"},{"surface":"Дмитровскую","lemma":"дмитровский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улицу","gloss":"Dmitrovsky"},{"surface":"улицу","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пробежал","gloss":"Street"},{"surface":"перебежал","lemma":"перебежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обежал","gloss":"crossed"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перебежал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мостик","lemma":"мостик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of перебежал","gloss":"the little bridge"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попал","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"попал","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обежал","gloss":"came out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переулок","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"уединенный","lemma":"уединённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies переулок","gloss":"secluded"},{"surface":"переулок","lemma":"переулок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, complement of попал","gloss":"alley"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking задах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"задах","lemma":"зад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies переулок","gloss":"the back"},{"surface":"пустой","lemma":"пустой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies переулок","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"необитаемый","lemma":"необитаемый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with пустой","gloss":"uninhabited"},{"surface":"огороженный","lemma":"огородить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying переулок","gloss":"fenced"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies стороны","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition с, complement of огороженный","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"плетнем","lemma":"плетень","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of огороженный","gloss":"the wattle fence"},{"surface":"соседского","lemma":"соседский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies огорода","gloss":"neighbor's"},{"surface":"огорода","lemma":"огород","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies плетнем","gloss":"kitchen garden"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другой (elliptical стороны)","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition с, elliptical for другой стороны","gloss":"the other [side]","note":"стороны is elided here, understood from the parallel с одной стороны above."},{"surface":"крепким","lemma":"крепкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies забором","gloss":"stout"},{"surface":"высоким","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies забором","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"забором","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of the elided огороженный, parallel to плетнем","gloss":"fence"},{"surface":"обходившим","lemma":"обходить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying забором","gloss":"that ran around"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сада","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"сада","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition кругом","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сада","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich's"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b8-c4-s8","source":"Тут он выбрал место и, кажется, то самое, где, по преданию, ему известному, Лизавета Смердящая перелезла когда-то забор.","translation":"Here he chose a spot—the very one, it seemed, where, by a tale he knew, Stinking Lizaveta had once climbed over the fence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по преданию, ему известному","title":"Postposed agreeing modifier in the dative","body":"«Ему известному» ('known to him') is an adjective phrase trailing its noun «преданию», both in the dative after «по»; «известному» agrees in case while «ему» is the dative of the experiencer — a compact, bookish 'by a tale [that was] known to him'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"перелезла когда-то забор","title":"Perfective with «когда-то»","body":"«Перелезла» (perfective: climbed over) with «когда-то» ('once, at some time') sets a single completed past act in the distance of legend. The prefix пере- carries the sense of 'over, across'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выбрал","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выбрал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"выбрал","lemma":"выбрать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"chose"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выбрал","gloss":"a spot"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to место","gloss":"the very one"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"intensifies то","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying то","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преданию","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"преданию","lemma":"предание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition по, parenthetical","gloss":"a tale"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of известному","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"известному","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies преданию","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"Лизавета","lemma":"Лизавета","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of перелезла","gloss":"Lizaveta"},{"surface":"Смердящая","lemma":"Смердящая","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Лизавета","gloss":"the Stinking","note":"an epithet/nickname, \"the Stinking [one]\"."},{"surface":"перелезла","lemma":"перелезть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause introduced by где","gloss":"climbed over"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-то","morphology":"adverb (first part of когда-то)","role":"part of adverb когда-то, modifies перелезла","gloss":"once","note":"когда-то (\"once, at some point\") is split across two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"когда-то","morphology":"adverb (second part of когда-то)","role":"combines with когда to form когда-то","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"забор","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of перелезла","gloss":"the fence"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b8-c4-s9","source":"«Если уж та смогла перелезть, — бог знает почему мелькнуло в его голове, — то как же бы я-то не перелез?»","translation":"\"If she could get over it—\" the thought flashed through his head, God knows why, \"—then how should I fail to climb it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как же бы я-то не перелез","title":"Conditional «бы» with «я-то»","body":"«Как же бы я… не перелез» is the subjunctive — past-form «перелез» plus the particle «бы» — voicing a rhetorical 'how should I fail to climb over?'. The clitic «-то» on «я» pits Mitya against Lizaveta ('I, of all people'), and «же» adds indignation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мелькнуло в его голове","title":"«мелькнуть» — to flash by","body":"«Мелькнуло» is the perfective 'flashed (through his head)', the standard verb for a fleeting thought. With «бог знает почему» ('God knows why') it captures an involuntary, irrational flicker of mind."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the если-clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смогла","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of смогла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"смогла","lemma":"смочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"перелезть,","lemma":"перелезть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смогла","gloss":"climb over"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb (бог знает почему)","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the reason clause modifying мелькнуло","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"мелькнуло","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reason clause","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of голове","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"голове,","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнуло","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the apodosis (then...)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перелез","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional/rhetorical mood of перелез","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of перелез","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to я (я-то)","gloss":"myself","note":"я-то, split across two tokens; -то is an emphatic suffix (\"I, of all people\")."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies перелез","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"перелез","lemma":"перелезть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis","gloss":"climbed over"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b8-c4-s10","source":"И действительно, он подскочил и мигом сноровил схватиться рукой за верх забора, затем энергически приподнялся, разом влез и сел на заборе верхом.","translation":"And in fact he sprang up and in an instant managed to grip the top of the fence with his hand, then with a vigorous heave pulled himself up, swung over all at once, and sat astride the fence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подскочил… приподнялся… влез и сел","title":"Perfective chain of the climb","body":"A string of perfective verbs renders the climb as a sequence of distinct completed acts: «подскочил» (sprang up), «приподнялся» (raised himself a little), «влез» (clambered up), «сел» (sat). Perfective narration advances the action beat by beat."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватиться рукой за верх забора","title":"Reflexive «-ся» + instrumental of means","body":"«Схватиться» ('to grab hold') takes «-ся» as a middle/self-directed grip, while «рукой» is the instrumental of means ('with his hand') and «за верх» the accusative of the thing grasped — three case mechanics packed into one gesture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сноровил","title":"«сноровить» — to manage deftly","body":"«Сноровил» (colloquial perfective of «сноровить») means to contrive, manage, or pull off with a knack; related to «сноровка» ('skill, knack'). It lends a folksy, physical deftness to Mitya's scramble."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb modifying the sentence","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подскочил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"подскочил","lemma":"подскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of сноровил","gloss":"in an instant"},{"surface":"сноровил","lemma":"сноровить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подскочил","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"схватиться","lemma":"схватиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сноровил","gloss":"to grip"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrument of схватиться","gloss":"with his hand"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking верх","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"верх","lemma":"верх","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"the top"},{"surface":"забора","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies верх","gloss":"of the fence"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приподнялся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"энергически","lemma":"энергически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приподнялся","gloss":"vigorously"},{"surface":"приподнялся","lemma":"приподняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подскочил","gloss":"pulled himself up"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of влез","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"влез","lemma":"влезть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подскочил","gloss":"swung over"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подскочил","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заборе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"заборе","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition на, complement of сел","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"верхом","lemma":"верхом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сел","gloss":"astride"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b8-c4-s11","source":"Тут вблизи в саду стояла банька, но с забора видны были и освещенные окна дома.","translation":"Close by in the garden stood the little bathhouse, but from the fence the lit windows of the house were visible as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с забора видны были… окна","title":"Short-form participle as predicate","body":"«Видны» is the short form of the passive participle «видный/видимый» ('visible'), predicating with «были»: 'the windows were visible'. «С забора» uses «с» + genitive for the vantage point ('from the fence')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"банька","title":"«банька» — little bathhouse","body":"«Банька» is the affectionate diminutive of «баня», the Russian steam bathhouse — a small outbuilding standing apart in the garden. The -ка suffix gives the cozy, miniaturizing tone Dostoevsky favours for this nocturnal scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стояла","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"вблизи","lemma":"вблизи","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of стояла","gloss":"close by"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"саду","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояла","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"стояла","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"банька","lemma":"банька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стояла","gloss":"the little bathhouse"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забора","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"забора","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition с, complement of видны","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"видны","lemma":"видный","morphology":"adjective, plural, short form","role":"predicate, coordinated with стояла","gloss":"visible"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to видны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies освещенные","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"освещенные","lemma":"освещённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies окна","gloss":"lit"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of видны","gloss":"windows"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies окна","gloss":"of the house"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b8-c4-s12","source":"«Так и есть, у старика в спальне освещено, она там!» — и он спрыгнул с забора в сад.","translation":"\"So it is—there's a light in the old man's bedroom, she's in there!\"—and he dropped down off the fence into the garden.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у старика в спальне освещено","title":"Impersonal «освещено»","body":"«Освещено» is a neuter short passive participle used impersonally — 'it is lit up (in the bedroom)' — with no nominative subject; «у старика в спальне» locates the state ('in the old man's bedroom'). A characteristically subjectless Russian construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спрыгнул с забора","title":"Prefix с- of downward motion","body":"«Спрыгнул» (perfective: jumped down/off) uses с- for motion off a surface, governing «с забора» in the genitive ('off the fence'). The prefix and preposition echo each other, a tidy Russian pairing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старика","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"the old man's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спальне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"спальне","lemma":"спальня","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of освещено","gloss":"the bedroom"},{"surface":"освещено","lemma":"осветить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the second clause","gloss":"there's a light"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of там","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"там!»","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of она's clause","gloss":"is there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спрыгнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"спрыгнул","lemma":"спрыгнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"dropped down"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забора","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"забора","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, complement of спрыгнул","gloss":"the garden"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b8-c4-s13","source":"Хоть он и знал, что Григорий болен, а может быть, и Смердяков в самом деле болен и что услышать его некому, но инстинктивно притаился, замер на месте и стал прислушиваться.","translation":"Though he knew that Grigory was ill, and that Smerdyakov too might really be ill, and that there was no one to hear him, all the same he instinctively held still, froze where he stood, and began to listen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хоть он и знал… но… притаился","title":"Concessive «хоть… а/но»","body":"«Хоть… (и)… а» is a concessive frame, 'though he knew…, all the same…'. The particle «и» after «хоть он» emphasises the concession, and the resumptive «но» (with «а» earlier) marks the contrastive turn to what he did regardless."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"услышать его некому","title":"Dative-subject «некому»","body":"«Услышать его некому» is an impersonal negative-existential: 'there is no one to hear him'. «Некому» is the negative dative pronoun governing the infinitive «услышать», with no nominative subject — a quintessential Russian experiencer construction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"притаился, замер","title":"«притаиться», «замереть» — to freeze still","body":"«Притаился» ('hid, kept still in hiding') and «замер» ('froze, went rigid') are perfectives of stealth and arrested motion; both -ся-less here, they stack to render Mitya's instinctive, breath-held stillness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of знал","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of болен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of болен","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"болен","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"is ill"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of болен","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"actual"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of болен","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"болен","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"coordinated with болен (w7)","gloss":"is ill"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subordinate clause (услышать его некому)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"услышать","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of некому","gloss":"to hear"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of услышать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"некому","lemma":"некому","morphology":"pronoun, dative (predicative: no one)","role":"predicate of the clause, governs услышать","gloss":"no one","note":"некому + infinitive is an impersonal construction: \"there is no one to [do X]\"."},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"инстинктивно","lemma":"инстинктивно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies притаился","gloss":"instinctively"},{"surface":"притаился","lemma":"притаиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the main clause, coordinated with замер and стал","gloss":"held still"},{"surface":"замер","lemma":"замереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with притаился","gloss":"froze"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of замер","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with притаился","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"прислушиваться","lemma":"прислушиваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to listen"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b8-c4-s14","source":"Но всюду было мертвое молчание и, как нарочно, полное затишье, ни малейшего ветерка.","translation":"But everywhere there was a deathly silence and, as if on purpose, a perfect stillness, not the faintest breath of wind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни малейшего ветерка","title":"Genitive of absence with «ни»","body":"«Ни малейшего ветерка» stands in the genitive of negation, the verbless tail of the absence: 'not the faintest little breath of wind'. «Ветерка» is itself a diminutive of «ветер», softening the stillness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как нарочно","title":"«как нарочно» — as if on purpose","body":"The idiom «как нарочно» means 'as if deliberately, just my luck' — fate seeming to arrange things to spite the speaker. Here the dead calm conspires against Mitya, who fears any sound will betray him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всюду","lemma":"всюду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"мертвое","lemma":"мёртвый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies молчание","gloss":"deathly"},{"surface":"молчание","lemma":"молчание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical как нарочно","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies затишье","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"полное","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies затишье","gloss":"perfect"},{"surface":"затишье","lemma":"затишье","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with молчание","gloss":"stillness"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the negated phrase ни малейшего ветерка","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"малейшего","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ветерка","gloss":"faintest"},{"surface":"ветерка","lemma":"ветерок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with затишье","gloss":"breath of wind"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b8-c4-s15","source":"«„И только шепчет тишина“, — мелькнул почему-то этот стишок в голове его, — вот только не услышал бы кто, как я перескочил; кажется, нет».","translation":"\"„And only the stillness whispers,“—that scrap of verse flashed through his head for some reason—\"if only no one heard me clamber over; it seems not.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только не услышал бы кто","title":"«бы» of anxious wish","body":"«Не услышал бы кто» is the subjunctive used as an apprehensive wish — 'if only no one heard me'. The past-form «услышал» plus «бы» expresses a feared, hoped-against possibility; «кто» here is indefinite 'anyone'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стишок","title":"«стишок» — scrap of verse","body":"«Стишок» is the diminutive of «стих» (a verse/line of poetry), here slightly dismissive — a 'little snatch of verse' surfacing unbidden. The half-quoted «И только шепчет тишина» ('And only the stillness whispers') is the kind of poetic fragment Mitya's overwrought mind throws up."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шепчет","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"шепчет","lemma":"шептать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted line","gloss":"whispers"},{"surface":"тишина“,","lemma":"тишина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of шепчет","gloss":"the stillness"},{"surface":"мелькнул","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the surrounding narration","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"adverb (first part of почему-то)","role":"part of adverb почему-то, modifies мелькнул","gloss":"for some reason","note":"почему-то is split across two tokens by the tagger."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"adverb (second part of почему-то)","role":"combines with почему to form почему-то","gloss":"for some reason"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стишок","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"стишок","lemma":"стишок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мелькнул","gloss":"scrap of verse"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стишок's motion, oblique complement of мелькнул","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"его,","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голове","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies услышал","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies услышал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"услышал","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the wish-clause","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the wishful/conditional mood of услышал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of услышал","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause complement of услышал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of перескочил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"перескочил","lemma":"перескочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause complement of услышал (what he might have heard)","gloss":"climbed over"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"predicate of the parenthetical (кажется, нет)","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b8-c4-s16","source":"Постояв минутку, он тихонько пошел по саду, по траве; обходя деревья и кусты, шел долго, скрадывая каждый шаг, к каждому шагу своему сам прислушиваясь.","translation":"Having stood a minute, he went softly across the garden, over the grass; skirting the trees and bushes, he walked a long while, stealing each step, listening himself to every step he took.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обходя деревья… скрадывая… прислушиваясь","title":"Gerunds of attendant manner","body":"Three imperfective present gerunds — «обходя» (skirting), «скрадывая» (stealthing/muffling), «прислушиваясь» (listening) — pile up simultaneous attendant actions around the main verb «шёл», all sharing Mitya as subject. This gerund-chaining is a signature of Dostoevsky's stealthy narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к каждому шагу своему сам прислушиваясь","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой» + «сам»","body":"«Своему» ('his own') reflexively points back to Mitya as subject, and the intensifier «сам» ('himself') stresses that he listens to his own footstep — a tense, self-watching attention. «-ся» on «прислушиваясь» makes the listening self-directed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Постояв","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пошел","gloss":"having stood"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Постояв","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тихонько","lemma":"тихонько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саду","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"саду","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking траве","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"траве","lemma":"трава","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"the grass"},{"surface":"обходя","lemma":"обходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on шел","gloss":"skirting"},{"surface":"деревья","lemma":"дерево","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of обходя","gloss":"trees"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кусты","lemma":"куст","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with деревья","gloss":"bushes"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шел","gloss":"for a long while"},{"surface":"скрадывая","lemma":"скрадывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on шел","gloss":"stealing"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of шаг","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"шаг","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of скрадывая","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шагу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"каждому","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of шагу","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"шагу","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition к, complement of прислушиваясь","gloss":"step"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of шагу","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying the implied subject of прислушиваясь","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"прислушиваясь","lemma":"прислушиваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on шел","gloss":"listening"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b8-c4-s17","source":"Минут с пять добирался он до освещенного окна.","translation":"It took him some five minutes to reach the lit window.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Минут с пять","title":"Approximation by inversion + «с»","body":"«Минут с пять» means 'about five minutes': inverting noun before numeral and adding «с» + accusative signals an approximate quantity. The plain «пять минут» would be exact; this loose order is colloquial 'some five minutes or so'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"добирался","title":"Imperfective of effortful process","body":"«Добирался» (imperfective: was making his way) frames the five-minute approach as a drawn-out process of effort rather than a single arrival — the perfective «добрался» would name only the completed reaching."}],"words":[{"surface":"Минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of добирался","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"approximation marker on пять","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies Минут","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"добирался","lemma":"добираться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took him"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of добирался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"освещенного","lemma":"освещённый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies окна","gloss":"the lit"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of добирался","gloss":"window"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b8-c4-s18","source":"Он помнил, что там под самыми окнами есть несколько больших, высоких, густых кустов бузины и калины.","translation":"He remembered that right there, under the windows themselves, stood several large, tall, dense bushes of elder and guelder-rose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"под самыми окнами есть несколько… кустов","title":"«несколько» + genitive plural","body":"The quantifier «несколько» ('several') governs the genitive plural «кустов», and the strung adjectives «больших, высоких, густых» agree with it in that case — the quantity-word triggering genitive like a numeral above four."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бузина и калина","title":"«бузина», «калина» — elder and guelder-rose","body":"«Бузина» is elder, «калина» the guelder-rose (snowball tree), whose bright red berries figure a few lines later. «Калина» carries deep folk-song and bridal-symbolism resonance in Russian, lending an eerie lyric undertone to the murder scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помнил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"помнил","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окнами","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"самыми","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies окнами","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"окнами","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"windows"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of помнил","gloss":"there stood"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on кустов","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"больших","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies кустов","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"высоких","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with больших","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"густых","lemma":"густой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with больших","gloss":"dense"},{"surface":"кустов","lemma":"куст","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"bushes"},{"surface":"бузины","lemma":"бузина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кустов","gloss":"of elder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"калины","lemma":"калина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with бузины","gloss":"guelder-rose"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b8-c4-s19","source":"Выходная дверь из дома в сад в левой стороне фасада была заперта, и он это нарочно и тщательно высмотрел проходя.","translation":"The door leading from the house into the garden, on the left side of the façade, was locked, and he had checked this deliberately and carefully as he passed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была заперта","title":"Past passive: a stated result","body":"«Была заперта» is the periphrastic passive — «быть» plus the short past passive participle «заперта» (от «запереть», to lock) — stating the door's resultant condition: it was (and stood) locked. The short participle agrees feminine with «дверь»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"высмотрел проходя","title":"Gerund of accompanying time","body":"«Проходя» is an imperfective gerund ('while passing'), giving the moment at which the main perfective act «высмотрел» ('made out, spotted') occurred — he checked the door in the act of going by. «Нарочно» ('on purpose') underlines his deliberate scouting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выходная","lemma":"выходной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дверь","gloss":"leading out"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заперта","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дома","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дверь","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дверь","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороне","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"левой","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стороне","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"стороне","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дверь","gloss":"the side"},{"surface":"фасада","lemma":"фасад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стороне","gloss":"the façade"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of заперта","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"заперта","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"locked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of высмотрел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of высмотрел","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высмотрел","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тщательно","lemma":"тщательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высмотрел","gloss":"carefully"},{"surface":"высмотрел","lemma":"высмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заперта","gloss":"had checked out"},{"surface":"проходя","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"modifies высмотрел","gloss":"as he passed"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b8-c4-s20","source":"Наконец достиг и кустов и притаился за ними.","translation":"At last he reached the bushes and hid himself behind them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"достиг и кустов","title":"«достичь» + genitive","body":"«Достиг» (perfective: reached, attained) governs the genitive «кустов» — 'reached the bushes'; the verb «достигать/достичь» always takes its goal in the genitive. The «и» ('also, even') ties this to «притаился» as the climactic arrival."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достиг","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"достиг","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reached"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies кустов","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"кустов","lemma":"куст","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of достиг","gloss":"the bushes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"притаился","lemma":"притаиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with достиг","gloss":"hid himself"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of притаился","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b8-c4-s21","source":"Он не дышал.","translation":"He did not breathe.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он не дышал.","title":"Imperfective negation of state","body":"«Не дышал» (imperfective past, negated) describes a sustained state of not breathing — 'he held his breath' — rather than a single act. The terse three-word sentence freezes the held moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дышал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дышал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дышал","lemma":"дышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"breathed"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b8-c4-s22","source":"«Переждать теперь надобно, — подумал он, — если они слышали мои шаги и теперь прислушиваются, то чтобы разуверились… как бы только не кашлянуть, не чихнуть…»","translation":"\"I must wait it out now,\" he thought, \"so that, if they heard my steps and are listening now, they'll be reassured… if only I don't cough, don't sneeze…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Переждать теперь надобно","title":"Dative-subject necessity (verb omitted)","body":"«Надобно» (archaic for «надо», 'one must/it is necessary') governs the infinitive «переждать» in an impersonal necessity construction; the implied experiencer is dative. No nominative subject appears — the typical Russian 'one must wait it out now'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы разуверились","title":"«чтобы» + past-form purpose","body":"«Чтобы разуверились» uses «чтобы» with the past-form (irrealis) verb to express purpose — 'so that they would be reassured'. «Разуверились» ('cease to suspect', -ся middle) is what Mitya wills them to do."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы только не кашлянуть, не чихнуть","title":"«как бы не» of apprehension","body":"«Как бы… не кашлянуть, не чихнуть» is the apprehensive 'if only I don't cough, don't sneeze', with «бы» plus negated infinitives expressing a feared possibility. «Кашлянуть»/«чихнуть» are semelfactive perfectives — a single cough, a single sneeze."}],"words":[{"surface":"Переждать","lemma":"переждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of надобно,","gloss":"wait it out"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Переждать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"надобно,","lemma":"надобно","morphology":"predicative particle","role":"main predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, introduces the quote","gloss":"he thought"},{"surface":"он,","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слышали","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слышали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of шаги","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"шаги","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of слышали","gloss":"steps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прислушиваются","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"прислушиваются","lemma":"прислушиваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слышали","gloss":"are listening"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the consequence clause разуверились","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of разуверились","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"разуверились","lemma":"разувериться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"they'll be reassured"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces как бы...не apprehensive construction, modifies кашлянуть","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of как бы construction","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не кашлянуть","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кашлянуть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"кашлянуть","lemma":"кашлянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"apprehensive clause introduced by как бы...не, coordinated with чихнуть","gloss":"cough"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чихнуть","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"чихнуть","lemma":"чихнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with кашлянуть","gloss":"sneeze"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b8-c4-s23","source":"Он переждал минуты две, но сердце его билось ужасно, и мгновениями он почти задыхался.","translation":"He waited some two minutes, but his heart was pounding terribly, and at moments he was almost gasping for breath.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сердце его билось ужасно","title":"Imperfective «билось» of ongoing throb","body":"«Билось» is the imperfective reflexive «биться» ('to beat, pound'), the -ся here marking the inherent intransitive throb; the past imperfective renders the heart's continuous pounding against the perfective «переждал» that frames it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мгновениями… задыхался","title":"«мгновениями», «задыхаться»","body":"«Мгновениями» is the instrumental of «мгновение» used adverbially, 'at moments, now and then'. «Задыхался» (imperfective) means 'was gasping/suffocating for breath' — recurrent catches of breath, fitting his panic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of переждал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"переждал","lemma":"переждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited out"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of переждал","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"quantifies минуты","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of билось","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"билось","lemma":"биться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with переждал","gloss":"was pounding"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies билось","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мгновениями","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of задыхался","gloss":"at moments"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задыхался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задыхался","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"задыхался","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with переждал","gloss":"was gasping"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b8-c4-s24","source":"«Нет, не пройдет сердцебиение, — подумал он, — не могу дольше ждать».","translation":"\"No, this pounding of the heart won't pass,\" he thought, \"I can't wait any longer.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не пройдет сердцебиение","title":"Negated perfective future","body":"«Не пройдёт» is the negated perfective future ('will not pass off'), predicting that the pounding won't subside. The subject «сердцебиение» follows the verb, throwing the new, dreaded fact to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могу дольше ждать","title":"Comparative adverb «дольше»","body":"«Дольше» is the comparative of «долго» ('long [in time]'), here 'any longer'. Paired with the negated imperfective «не могу… ждать», it states the breaking of his resolve to keep waiting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пройдет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пройдет","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"won't pass"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, introduces the quote","gloss":"he thought"},{"surface":"он,","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"дольше","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies ждать","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"wait"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b8-c4-s25","source":"Он стоял за кустом в тени; передняя половина куста была освещена из окна.","translation":"He stood behind the bush in shadow; the near half of the bush was lit from the window.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"передняя половина куста была освещена","title":"Past passive of the lit half","body":"«Была освещена» — «быть» plus the short past passive participle «освещена» (от «осветить») — states the result: the near half of the bush was lit. The participle agrees feminine with «половина», and «из окна» gives the source in the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кустом","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"кустом","lemma":"куст","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the bush"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тени","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тени","lemma":"тень","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"shadow"},{"surface":"передняя","lemma":"передний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половина","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"половина","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive освещена","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"куста","lemma":"куст","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies половина","gloss":"of the bush"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of освещена","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"освещена","lemma":"осветить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"lit"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of освещена","gloss":"the window"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b8-c4-s26","source":"«Калина, ягоды, какие красные!» — прошептал он, не зная зачем.","translation":"\"The guelder-rose, the berries, how red they are!\"—he whispered, not knowing why.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"какие красные","title":"Exclamatory «какой»","body":"«Какие красные!» uses the interrogative «какой» in its exclamatory sense — 'how red [they are]!' — agreeing plural with «ягоды». The short-form exclamation captures Mitya's startled, irrelevant sensory fixation on the berries."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не зная зачем","title":"Gerund «не зная»","body":"«Не зная зачем» ('not knowing why') is a negated imperfective gerund attached to «прошептал», the simultaneous mental state accompanying the whisper. It underscores the involuntary, dreamlike quality of his murmur."}],"words":[{"surface":"Калина","lemma":"калина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of exclamatory clause","gloss":"the guelder-rose"},{"surface":"ягоды","lemma":"ягода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with Калина","gloss":"the berries"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"introduces exclamation (какие красные, how red)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"прошептал","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошептал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зная","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прошептал","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зная","gloss":"why"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b8-c4-s27","source":"Тихо, раздельными неслышными шагами подошел он к окну и поднялся на цыпочки.","translation":"Quietly, with measured, noiseless steps, he came up to the window and rose onto the tips of his toes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"раздельными неслышными шагами","title":"Instrumental of manner","body":"«Раздельными неслышными шагами» ('with measured, inaudible steps') is the instrumental of manner — how he approached. The adjectives agree with «шагами» in the instrumental plural, a compact adverbial of stealth."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поднялся на цыпочки","title":"«на цыпочки» — on tiptoe","body":"«На цыпочки» (accusative of direction) is the fixed phrase 'onto tiptoe'; «подняться на цыпочки» = to rise on the tips of one's toes. «Неслышными» ('inaudible') and tiptoeing seal the soundless approach to the window."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подошел","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"раздельными","lemma":"раздельный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies шагами","gloss":"measured"},{"surface":"неслышными","lemma":"неслышный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies шагами","gloss":"noiseless"},{"surface":"шагами","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"steps"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came up"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окну","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"окну","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поднялся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цыпочки","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"цыпочки","lemma":"цыпочки","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поднялся","gloss":"his toes"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b8-c4-s28","source":"Вся спаленка Федора Павловича предстала пред ним как на ладони.","translation":"The whole of Fyodor Pavlovitch's little bedroom stood before him as if on the palm of his hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"предстала пред ним","title":"Archaic «пред» + instrumental","body":"«Предстала пред ним» pairs the bookish perfective «предстать» ('to appear, present itself') with the archaic preposition «пред» (for «перед», 'before') governing the instrumental «ним» — an elevated 'stood before him', heightening the theatrical revelation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как на ладони","title":"The idiom «как на ладони»","body":"Literally 'as on the palm of the hand', this fixed idiom means in plain, complete view — laid out so clearly you could be holding it. Note also «спаленка», a double diminutive of «спальня» ('bedroom'); Dostoevsky favours such -ка/-очка diminutives (банька, ширмочки, рюмочка) to colour the cramped, intimate scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of спаленка","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"спаленка","lemma":"спаленка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of предстала","gloss":"little bedroom"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies спаленка","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovitch's"},{"surface":"предстала","lemma":"предстать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предстала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative phrase","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладони","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ладони","lemma":"ладонь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предстала","gloss":"the palm of the hand"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b8-c4-s29","source":"Это была небольшая комнатка, вся разделенная поперек красными ширмочками, «китайскими», как называл их Федор Павлович.","translation":"It was a small room, divided crosswise by red folding screens, \"Chinese,\" as Fyodor Pavlovitch called them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вся разделенная поперек… ширмочками","title":"Participle + instrumental of means","body":"«Разделённая» is a past passive participle ('divided') agreeing with «комнатка»; «красными ширмочками» is the instrumental naming the means of division ('by red folding screens'). The participle replaces a который-clause, condensing the description."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ширмочки","title":"«ширмочки» — little screens","body":"«Ширмочки» is the diminutive plural of «ширма» (a folding screen). The petname suffix here is faintly mocking of Fyodor Pavlovitch's pretensions — his cheap «китайские» ('Chinese') screens dignified with a fond little name."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to комнатка","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"небольшая","lemma":"небольшой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнатка","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"комнатка","lemma":"комнатка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies разделенная","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"разделенная","lemma":"разделить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participial modifier of комнатка","gloss":"divided"},{"surface":"поперек","lemma":"поперёк","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разделенная","gloss":"crosswise"},{"surface":"красными","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies ширмочками","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"ширмочками","lemma":"ширмочка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of разделенная","gloss":"screens"},{"surface":"китайскими","lemma":"китайский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with ширмочками","gloss":"Chinese"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of называл","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"называл","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the как-clause","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of называл","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of называл","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b8-c4-s30","source":"«Китайские, — пронеслось в уме Мити, — а за ширмами Грушенька».","translation":"\"Chinese,\" it shot through Mitya's mind, \"and behind the screens is Grushenka.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пронеслось в уме Мити","title":"Reflexive «пронестись» of a darting thought","body":"«Пронеслось» (perfective «пронестись», 'to rush/flash through') uses -ся for the self-propelled rush of the thought; the neuter form agrees with the implied 'it' (the word «китайские»). «В уме Мити» locates it 'in Mitya's mind'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а за ширмами Грушенька","title":"Contrastive «а» and zero copula","body":"The mild contrastive «а» ('and/but') hinges to the new thought, and there is no verb 'to be': «за ширмами Грушенька» = '[and] behind the screens [is] Grushenka', the present-tense zero copula leaving subject and locative bare."}],"words":[{"surface":"Китайские,","lemma":"китайский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"elliptical predicate, exclamation","gloss":"Chinese"},{"surface":"пронеслось","lemma":"пронестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shot through"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пронеслось","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"Мити,","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ширмами","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"ширмами","lemma":"ширма","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of the elliptical есть clause","gloss":"the screens"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of elliptical есть, behind ширмами","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b8-c4-s31","source":"Он стал разглядывать Федора Павловича.","translation":"He began to study Fyodor Pavlovitch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал разглядывать","title":"«стать» + imperfective infinitive (inceptive)","body":"«Стал разглядывать» — «стать» plus an imperfective infinitive — is the inceptive 'began to study/scrutinise'. «Разглядывать» is imperfective (a prolonged looking-over), so «стал» supplies the onset of the ongoing act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"разглядывать","lemma":"разглядывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to study"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разглядывать","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovitch"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b8-c4-s32","source":"Тот был в своем новом полосатом шелковом халатике, которого никогда еще не видал у него Митя, подпоясанном шелковым же шнурком с кистями.","translation":"The old man was wearing his new striped silk dressing gown, one Mitya had never yet seen on him, belted with a silken cord that ended in tassels.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот был в своем… халатике","title":"Demonstrative «тот» tracking the referent","body":"«Тот» ('that one') here picks out Fyodor Pavlovitch as topic without naming him — the demonstrative does the discourse-tracking that free word order relies on. «В своём халатике» uses reflexive «свой» ('his own') and the prepositional of clothing-worn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого никогда еще не видал у него Митя","title":"Relative «который» in the genitive","body":"«Которого… не видал» — the relative «который» takes the genitive of negation as object of the negated «видал» ('had never seen [it]'). It agrees masculine-singular with «халатике» but draws its case from its own clause; note inverted «не видал у него Митя»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"халатик","title":"«халатик» — dandyish little dressing gown","body":"«Халатик», diminutive of «халат» (dressing gown/robe), with «шёлковый же шнурок с кистями» ('a silk cord too, with tassels'), paints Fyodor Pavlovitch's vain, lecherous primping. The «же» on «шёлковым» stresses 'silk as well', piling on the finery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to халатике","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking халатике","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of халатике","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"новом","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies халатике","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"полосатом","lemma":"полосатый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies халатике","gloss":"striped"},{"surface":"шелковом","lemma":"шёлковый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies халатике","gloss":"silk"},{"surface":"халатике","lemma":"халатик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dressing gown"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive object of видал (genitive of negation)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on халатике","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"подпоясанном","lemma":"подпоясанный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, locative, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"participial modifier of халатике","gloss":"belted"},{"surface":"шелковым","lemma":"шёлковый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шнурком","gloss":"silken"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шелковым","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"шнурком","lemma":"шнурок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подпоясанном","gloss":"cord"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кистями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кистями","lemma":"кисть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies шнурком","gloss":"tassels"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b8-c4-s33","source":"Из-под ворота халата выглядывало чистое щегольское белье, тонкая голландская рубашка с золотыми запонками.","translation":"From under the collar of the gown peeped clean, dandyish linen, a fine Holland shirt with gold studs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Из-под ворота… выглядывало… белье","title":"Subject-final word order","body":"The neuter «выглядывало» ('peeped out') precedes its subject «бельё», which arrives last as the new information; the compound preposition «из-под» governs the genitive «ворота» ('from under the collar'). Free order weights the reveal."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"щегольское… голландская рубашка","title":"«щегольской», «голландская рубашка»","body":"«Щегольское» means 'dandyish, foppish' (от «щёголь», a dandy). A «голландская рубашка» ('Holland shirt') was one of fine Dutch linen — a mark of expensive taste; with «золотыми запонками» ('gold studs') it completes the portrait of the old voluptuary dressed to seduce."}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ворота (compound из-под)","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ворота (compound из-под)","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"ворота","lemma":"ворот","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выглядывало","gloss":"the collar"},{"surface":"халата","lemma":"халат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ворота","gloss":"of the gown"},{"surface":"выглядывало","lemma":"выглядывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"peeped out"},{"surface":"чистое","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies белье","gloss":"clean"},{"surface":"щегольское","lemma":"щегольский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies белье","gloss":"dandyish"},{"surface":"белье","lemma":"бельё","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выглядывало","gloss":"linen"},{"surface":"тонкая","lemma":"тонкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рубашка","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"голландская","lemma":"голландский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рубашка","gloss":"Holland"},{"surface":"рубашка","lemma":"рубашка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with белье","gloss":"shirt"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking запонками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"золотыми","lemma":"золотой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies запонками","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"запонками","lemma":"запонка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies рубашка","gloss":"studs"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b8-c4-s34","source":"На голове у Федора Павловича была та же красная повязка, которую видел на нем Алеша.","translation":"On Fyodor Pavlovitch's head was that same red bandage Alyosha had seen on him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"та же красная повязка, которую видел… Алеша","title":"«тот же» + relative «которую»","body":"«Та же… повязка» ('that same bandage') uses «тот же» for identity with a known referent; the relative «которую» takes the accusative as object of «видел», agreeing feminine with «повязка». A neat instance of который drawing its own case."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федора","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голове","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovitch's"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of повязка","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies та","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"красная","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies повязка","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"повязка","lemma":"повязка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"bandage"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on повязка","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"Alyosha"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b8-c4-s35","source":"«Разоделся», — подумал Митя.","translation":"\"All dressed up,\" thought Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Разоделся","title":"«разодеться» — to be all dressed up","body":"«Разоделся» (perfective «разодеться») means to have dressed up showily, decked oneself out; the prefix раз- intensifies and the -ся makes it self-directed. Mitya's one-word verdict drips contempt at the old man's preening."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разоделся»,","lemma":"разодеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"all dressed up"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b8-c4-s36","source":"Федор Павлович стоял близ окна, по-видимому, в задумчивости, вдруг он вздернул голову, чуть-чуть прислушался и, ничего не услыхав, подошел к столу, налил из графина полрюмочки коньячку и выпил.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch was standing near the window, apparently lost in thought; suddenly he jerked up his head, listened a moment, and, hearing nothing, went to the table, poured half a small glass of brandy from the decanter, and drank it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вздернул… прислушался… подошел… налил… выпил","title":"Perfective sequence of discrete acts","body":"A run of perfectives stages the old man's actions one after another — «вздёрнул» (jerked up), «прислушался» (listened a moment), «подошёл» (went up to), «налил» (poured), «выпил» (drank up). Each prefixed perfective is a self-contained, completed beat."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не услыхав","title":"Perfective gerund of prior action","body":"«Ничего не услыхав» ('having heard nothing') is a perfective past gerund (от «услыхать») marking the completed action just before the main verb, with negative concord «ничего… не». It bridges his listening and his moving to the table."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"налил… полрюмочки коньячку","title":"Partitive genitive «коньячку»","body":"«Коньячку» is a special partitive genitive in -у (an old second genitive) of «коньяк» — 'some brandy', a measured portion. «Полрюмочки» ('half a little glass') with its double diminutive adds to the petty, furtive intimacy of the gesture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was standing"},{"surface":"близ","lemma":"близ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb (compound)","role":"modifies стоял","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"по-видимому","morphology":"adverb (compound)","role":"modifies стоял","gloss":"seemingly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking задумчивости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"задумчивости","lemma":"задумчивость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздернул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздернул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вздернул","lemma":"вздёрнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"jerked up"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вздернул","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прислушался (compound чуть-чуть)","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прислушался (compound чуть-чуть)","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"прислушался","lemma":"прислушаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of услыхав","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies услыхав","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"услыхав","lemma":"услыхать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"hearing"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"столу","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"налил","lemma":"налить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"poured"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking графина","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"графина","lemma":"графин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of налил","gloss":"the decanter"},{"surface":"полрюмочки","lemma":"пол-рюмочки","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of налил","gloss":"half a small glass"},{"surface":"коньячку","lemma":"коньячок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of налил","gloss":"of brandy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выпил","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"drank"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b8-c4-s37","source":"Затем вздохнул всею грудью, опять постоял, рассеянно подошел к зеркалу в простенке, правою рукой приподнял немного красную повязку со лба и стал разглядывать свои синяки и болячки, которые еще не прошли.","translation":"Then he heaved a sigh with his whole chest, stood awhile again, walked absently to the mirror in the pier between the windows, lifted the red bandage a little off his forehead with his right hand, and began examining his bruises and sores, which had not yet healed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вздохнул всею грудью","title":"Instrumental of bodily means","body":"«Всею грудью» ('with his whole chest') is the instrumental of means modifying «вздохнул» ('heaved a sigh'). «Всею» is the archaic/poetic instrumental of «весь» (modern «всей»), lending the gesture a heavy, full-bodied weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые еще не прошли","title":"Relative «которые» + negated perfective","body":"«Которые ещё не прошли» ('which had not yet healed/passed') is a relative clause; «который» agrees plural with «синяки и болячки» and is the subject of the negated perfective «прошли». «Ещё не» marks an expected result not yet reached."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в простенке","title":"«простенок» — the pier between windows","body":"«Простенок» is the strip of wall between two windows (or a window and a door) — the architectural 'pier' where the mirror hangs. The detail places the mirror, and so Fyodor Pavlovitch, in the line of Mitya's gaze."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздохнул","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вздохнул","lemma":"вздохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heaved a sigh"},{"surface":"всею","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies грудью","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"грудью","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вздохнул","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постоял","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"постоял","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздохнул","gloss":"stood awhile"},{"surface":"рассеянно","lemma":"рассеянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подошел","gloss":"absently"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздохнул","gloss":"walked up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зеркалу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"зеркалу","lemma":"зеркало","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"the mirror"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking простенке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"простенке","lemma":"простенок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies зеркалу","gloss":"the wall-space between windows"},{"surface":"правою","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рукой","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приподнял","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"приподнял","lemma":"приподнять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздохнул","gloss":"lifted"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приподнял","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"красную","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies повязку","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"повязку","lemma":"повязка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of приподнял","gloss":"the bandage"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лба","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"лба","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приподнял","gloss":"his forehead"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздохнул","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"разглядывать","lemma":"разглядывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to examine"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of синяки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"синяки","lemma":"синяк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of разглядывать","gloss":"bruises"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"болячки","lemma":"болячка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with синяки","gloss":"sores"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прошли","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошли","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прошли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прошли","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on болячки","gloss":"had healed"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b8-c4-s38","source":"«Он один, — подумал Митя, — по всем вероятностям один».","translation":"\"He's alone,\" thought Mitya, \"by all appearances, alone.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по всем вероятностям","title":"«по» + dative of judgement","body":"«По всем вероятностям» ('by all probabilities, in all likelihood') uses «по» governing the dative plural — the dative of basis/judgement. The short, repeated «один» frames Mitya's anxious, self-persuading deduction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of один,","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"один,","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Он","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Митя,","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вероятностям","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of вероятностям","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вероятностям","lemma":"вероятность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies один (по всем вероятностям, by all appearances)","gloss":"appearances"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, restates один","gloss":"alone"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b8-c4-s39","source":"Федор Павлович отошел от зеркала, вдруг повернулся к окну и глянул в него.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch stepped back from the mirror, suddenly turned to the window, and looked out of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повернулся… глянул в него","title":"Perfective turn and glance","body":"«Повернулся» (turned, with -ся middle) and «глянул» (perfective: shot a glance) render two quick completed acts. «В него» (accusative of direction after «в») means 'into it [the window]' — a sudden look out, the moment of danger."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отошел","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"отошел","lemma":"отойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stepped back"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зеркала","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"зеркала","lemma":"зеркало","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отошел","gloss":"the mirror"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отошел","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окну","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"окну","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулся","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"глянул","lemma":"глянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отошел","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глянул","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b8-c4-s40","source":"Митя мигом отскочил в тень.","translation":"In an instant Mitya darted back into the shadow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мигом отскочил в тень","title":"Instrumental adverb «мигом»","body":"«Мигом» ('in a flash, instantly') is the frozen instrumental of «миг» (a moment) used adverbially, intensifying the perfective «отскочил» ('darted/sprang back'). «В тень» is the accusative of motion into the shadow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отскочил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отскочил","gloss":"in an instant"},{"surface":"отскочил","lemma":"отскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"darted back"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тень","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"тень","lemma":"тень","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отскочил","gloss":"the shadow"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b8-c4-s41","source":"«Она, может быть, у него за ширмами, может быть уже спит», — кольнуло его в сердце.","translation":"\"She may be with him behind the screens, may already be asleep,\"—it stung him to the heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"может быть уже спит","title":"«может быть» as epistemic aside","body":"«Может быть» ('maybe, perhaps') is a frozen modal phrase, set off from the clause, voicing Mitya's uncertainty. «Уже спит» pairs the imperfective present «спит» ('is asleep') with «уже» ('already') for a feared completed state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кольнуло его в сердце","title":"Impersonal verb of inner pang","body":"«Кольнуло его в сердце» ('it stung him in the heart') is a subjectless impersonal: a neuter perfective with no nominative agent, the experiencer «его» in the accusative — a pang that simply happens to him. Such body-felt impersonals pervade Dostoevsky's inner life."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"modal verb governing быть","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ширмами","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"ширмами","lemma":"ширма","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of быть","gloss":"the screens"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the first может","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of the second может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спит","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"спит»,","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"complement of the second может","gloss":"asleep","note":"спит here is a real present-tense verb ('is asleep'), not an imperative — the tagger mis-split the punctuation into the lemma."},{"surface":"кольнуло","lemma":"кольнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it stung"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of кольнуло","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кольнуло","gloss":"the heart"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b8-c4-s42","source":"Федор Павлович от окна отошел.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch stepped away from the window.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Федор Павлович от окна отошел.","title":"Fronted source for emphasis","body":"Neutral order is «отошёл от окна»; fronting «от окна» before the verb foregrounds the movement away from the window — the very thing Mitya is anxiously watching. «Отошёл» is the perfective of stepping away, prefix от- = 'away from'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отошел","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отошел","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"отошел","lemma":"отойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stepped away"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b8-c4-s43","source":"«Это он в окошко ее высматривал, стало быть, ее нет: чего ему в темноту смотреть?.. нетерпение значит пожирает…»","translation":"\"He was watching for her at the window, which means she's not here: why else would he stare into the dark?.. so impatience is eating at him…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего ему в темноту смотреть","title":"Dative subject + rhetorical genitive «чего»","body":"«Чего ему… смотреть?» is an impersonal rhetorical question: the dative «ему» is the would-be doer and «чего» ('what for, why') governs the infinitive — 'why should he be looking into the dark?'. No nominative subject appears."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стало быть… значит","title":"Inferential connectives","body":"«Стало быть» ('therefore, so then') and «значит» ('means, so') are colloquial inferential markers threading Mitya's deduction. «Ее нет» is the genitive-of-negation existential ('she is not [here]'), «нетерпение пожирает» a vivid 'impatience devours'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive, cleft construction with он","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of высматривал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окошко","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"окошко","lemma":"окошко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of высматривал","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of высматривал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"высматривал","lemma":"высматривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was watching"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical idiom with быть (стало быть = 'that means')","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative existential predicate","role":"coordinated with высматривал","gloss":"isn't here"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial, 'what for' modifying смотреть","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of смотреть","gloss":"would he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темноту","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"темноту","lemma":"темнота","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"the dark"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"predicate infinitive of the rhetorical question","gloss":"stare"},{"surface":"нетерпение","lemma":"нетерпение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пожирает","gloss":"impatience"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical, colloquial 'so/must be')","role":"parenthetical modifier of пожирает","gloss":"must be"},{"surface":"пожирает","lemma":"пожирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is devouring"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b8-c4-s44","source":"Митя тотчас подскочил и опять стал глядеть в окно.","translation":"Mitya at once sprang up and again began to peer into the window.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал глядеть в окно","title":"Inceptive «стал» + imperfective","body":"«Стал глядеть» ('began to peer') again uses «стать» plus an imperfective infinitive for the onset of an ongoing look. «Опять» ('again') and «тотчас» ('at once') mark the restless oscillation of his approach-and-retreat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подскочил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подскочил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"подскочил","lemma":"подскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подскочил","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"глядеть","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to peer"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окно","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядеть","gloss":"the window"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b8-c4-s45","source":"Старик уже сидел пред столиком, видимо пригорюнившись.","translation":"The old man was already sitting before the little table, evidently in low spirits.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже сидел пред столиком","title":"Imperfective «сидел» of a posture held","body":"«Сидел» (imperfective) describes the old man's settled posture 'was sitting', not an act of sitting down; «уже» ('already') notes the change Mitya registers on looking back. «Пред столиком» again uses archaic «пред» with the diminutive «столик»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пригорюнившись","title":"Perfective gerund of state","body":"«Пригорюнившись» is a perfective past gerund of the folksy «пригорюниться» ('to grow wistful, sink into gloom', -ся). It names the completed onset of a mood now worn — 'having sunk into low spirits', evident on his face."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was sitting"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столиком","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"столиком","lemma":"столик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"the little table"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пригорюнившись","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"пригорюнившись","lemma":"пригорюниться","morphology":"verb, past, converb (gerund), perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сидел","gloss":"in low spirits"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b8-c4-s46","source":"Наконец облокотился и приложил правую ладонь к щеке.","translation":"At last he leaned on his elbow and pressed his right palm to his cheek.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"облокотился и приложил","title":"Reflexive + transitive pairing","body":"«Облокотился» (leaned on his elbow, -ся middle) and «приложил» (pressed, transitive) are both perfectives advancing the gesture. «Правую ладонь к щеке» — accusative object plus «к» + dative destination ('palm to cheek')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies облокотился","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"облокотился","lemma":"облокотиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leaned on his elbow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приложил","lemma":"приложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with облокотился","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"правую","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ладонь","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ладонь","lemma":"ладонь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of приложил","gloss":"palm"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking щеке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"щеке","lemma":"щека","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приложил","gloss":"his cheek"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b8-c4-s47","source":"Митя жадно вглядывался.","translation":"Mitya gazed greedily.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"жадно вглядывался","title":"Imperfective of straining gaze","body":"«Вглядывался» (imperfective of «вглядываться», 'to peer intently into') with «жадно» ('greedily, avidly') renders Mitya's prolonged, hungry staring. The в- prefix here means 'into', the gaze pressing in toward the lit room."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вглядывался","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"жадно","lemma":"жадно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вглядывался","gloss":"greedily"},{"surface":"вглядывался","lemma":"вглядываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gazed"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b8-c4-s48","source":"«Один, один! — твердил он опять. — Если б она была тут, у него было бы другое лицо».","translation":"\"Alone, alone!\" he kept repeating. \"If she were here, his face would be different.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если б она была тут, у него было бы другое лицо","title":"Contrary-to-fact conditional with «бы»","body":"A full counterfactual: «если б [бы]… была» in the protasis and «было бы… лицо» in the apodosis, both past-form plus «бы». It means 'were she here, his face would be different' — present-time hypothetical, the irrealis carrying no separate tense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"твердил","title":"«твердить» — to keep repeating","body":"«Твердил» (imperfective) means to say over and over, drum out insistently — perfect for Mitya's obsessive «Один, один!» ('Alone, alone!'). The verb implies dogged, anxious repetition rather than a single utterance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (predicate, elliptical 'he is alone')","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"один!","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"repeats Один for emphasis","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"твердил","lemma":"твердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept repeating"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of твердил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять.","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies твердил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks была as subjunctive (если б = 'if')","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause, modified by тут","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional marker for было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b8-c4-s49","source":"Странное дело: в его сердце вдруг закипела какая-то бессмысленная и чудная досада на то, что ее тут нет.","translation":"A strange thing: there suddenly boiled up in his heart some senseless and peculiar vexation that she was not there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в его сердце вдруг закипела… досада","title":"Subject-final «закипела… досада»","body":"«Закипела… досада» fronts the locative «в его сердце» and the verb, leaving the subject «досада» ('vexation') for last as the surprising new thing. «Закипела» (inceptive perfective, за- = 'began to') means 'boiled up' — a sudden welling of feeling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бессмысленная и чудная досада","title":"«досада», «чудный»","body":"«Досада» is vexation, peevish annoyance mixed with chagrin. «Чудная» here is 'strange, odd' (от «чудо», marvel/oddity) rather than 'lovely'—a false-friend trap; with «бессмысленная» ('senseless') it names the irrational pique that she is not there."}],"words":[{"surface":"Странное","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of закипела","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закипела","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"закипела","lemma":"закипеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause following the colon","gloss":"boiled up"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of досада","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with какая (какая-то = 'some kind of')","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"бессмысленная","lemma":"бессмысленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies досада","gloss":"senseless"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чудная","lemma":"чудный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with бессмысленная","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"досада","lemma":"досада","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of закипела","gloss":"vexation"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of закипела","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative existential predicate","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"isn't"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b8-c4-s50","source":"«Не на то, что ее тут нет, — осмыслил и сам ответил Митя себе тотчас же, — а на то, что никак наверно узнать не могу, тут она или нет».","translation":"\"Not that she isn't here,\" Mitya reasoned, and answered himself at once, \"but that there's simply no way I can know for certain whether she's in there or not.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"осмыслил и сам ответил Митя себе","title":"Reflexive «себе» + intensifier «сам»","body":"«Сам ответил… себе» — Mitya 'himself' («сам») answers 'to himself' (dative «себе», the reflexive pronoun pointing back to the subject). The doubling stages his mind splitting into question and reply."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никак наверно узнать не могу","title":"Negative concord «никак… не»","body":"«Никак… не могу» ('I simply cannot, by no means can') shows negative concord: the ни-word «никак» co-occurs with the verb's «не», two negatives one meaning. «Тут она или нет» is the embedded yes/no question ('whether she's here or not')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the на то clause","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"нет,","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative existential predicate","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"осмыслил","lemma":"осмыслить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with ответил","gloss":"reasoned out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of Митя","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with осмыслил","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил (and осмыслил)","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of ответил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же,","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with то (w3)","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies не могу","gloss":"no way"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнать","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause (modifies то)","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the embedded question тут она или нет","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative existential predicate","role":"alternative to тут (whether she's there or not)","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b8-c4-s51","source":"Митя припоминал потом сам, что ум его был в ту минуту ясен необыкновенно и соображал всё до последней подробности, схватывал каждую черточку.","translation":"Mitya recalled afterwards himself that his mind was at that moment extraordinarily clear and took in everything down to the last detail, seizing on every smallest trait.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ум его был… ясен","title":"Short adjective «ясен»","body":"«Ясен» is the short (predicative) form of «ясный» ('clear'), agreeing masculine with «ум»: 'his mind was clear'. The short form, with «необыкновенно» ('extraordinarily'), gives the bookish, categorical statement of his lucidity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"соображал… схватывал","title":"Imperfective of continuous apprehension","body":"«Соображал» ('was taking in, working out') and «схватывал» ('was seizing/grasping') are imperfectives picturing the mind's ongoing, simultaneous registering of every detail — process verbs against the imperfective framing verb «припоминал»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of припоминал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"припоминал","lemma":"припоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припоминал","gloss":"afterwards"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of Митя","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ясен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ясен","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ум","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ясен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ясен","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"ясен","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"необыкновенно","lemma":"необыкновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ясен","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"соображал","lemma":"соображать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ясен","gloss":"took in"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of соображал","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробности","gloss":"down to"},{"surface":"последней","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies подробности","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соображал","gloss":"detail"},{"surface":"схватывал","lemma":"схватывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with соображал","gloss":"seized on"},{"surface":"каждую","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of черточку","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"черточку","lemma":"чёрточка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of схватывал","gloss":"smallest trait"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b8-c4-s52","source":"Но тоска, тоска неведения и нерешимости нарастала в сердце его с быстротой непомерною.","translation":"But the toska—the toska of not knowing and not deciding—was mounting in his heart with an immeasurable swiftness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тоска неведения и нерешимости","title":"Chain of genitives","body":"«Тоска неведения и нерешимости» strings genitives of definition onto «тоска»: 'the toska of not-knowing and of indecision'. The repeated genitive specifies the anguish's source, while «нарастала» (imperfective) shows it mounting."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с быстротой непомерною","title":"Postposed long adjective «непомерною»","body":"«С быстротой непомерною» ('with immeasurable swiftness') trails the adjective after its noun in the instrumental, the archaic -ою ending («непомерною» for «непомерной») adding solemn, period weight to the surge of feeling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тоска","title":"The word «тоска»","body":"«Тоска» is a famously untranslatable Russian word for a deep ache of the soul—anguish, yearning, dread, and weariness at once. We keep the Russian word here; the repetition («тоска, тоска неведения…») intensifies it, a spiritual anguish rooted in «неведение» (not-knowing) and «нерешимость» (indecision)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тоска","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нарастала","gloss":"toska"},{"surface":"тоска","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"repeats тоска for emphasis","gloss":"toska"},{"surface":"неведения","lemma":"неведение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тоска","gloss":"of not knowing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нерешимости","lemma":"нерешимость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with неведения","gloss":"indecision"},{"surface":"нарастала","lemma":"нарастать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was mounting"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нарастала","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking быстротой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"быстротой","lemma":"быстрота","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нарастала","gloss":"swiftness"},{"surface":"непомерною","lemma":"непомерный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies быстротой","gloss":"immeasurable"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b8-c4-s53","source":"«Здесь она, наконец, или не здесь?» — злобно закипело у него в сердце.","translation":"\"Is she here, in the end, or not?\"—it boiled up spitefully in his heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Здесь она, наконец, или не здесь?","title":"Disjunctive question","body":"«Здесь… или не здесь?» is an either/or question, the alternatives bared without a verb (zero copula). «Злобно закипело у него в сердце» repeats the impersonal 'it boiled up in his heart', a subjectless welling of spite."}],"words":[{"surface":"Здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverb, head of the question","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Здесь","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier","gloss":"in the end"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the second здесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"здесь?»","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with the first Здесь (alternative)","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закипело","gloss":"spitefully"},{"surface":"закипело","lemma":"закипеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"boiled up"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закипело","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of закипело","gloss":"his heart"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b8-c4-s54","source":"И он вдруг решился, протянул руку и потихоньку постучал в раму окна.","translation":"And he suddenly made up his mind, stretched out his hand, and softly tapped on the window frame.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"решился, протянул… постучал","title":"Decisive perfective triple","body":"Three perfectives mark the turning point: «решился» (made up his mind, -ся), «протянул» (stretched out), «постучал» (gave a knock). Against the long imperfective hesitation before, this brisk perfective chain enacts the irrevocable decision."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made up his mind"},{"surface":"протянул","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with решился","gloss":"stretched out"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of протянул","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потихоньку","lemma":"потихоньку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies постучал","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"постучал","lemma":"постучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with решился","gloss":"tapped"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раму","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"раму","lemma":"рама","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of постучал","gloss":"the frame"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies раму","gloss":"of the window"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b8-c4-s55","source":"Он простучал условный знак старика со Смердяковым: два первые раза потише, а потом три раза поскорее: тук-тук-тук — знак, обозначавший, что «Грушенька пришла».","translation":"He tapped out the old man's signal agreed upon with Smerdyakov: the first two times more softly, and then three times more quickly—tap-tap-tap—the signal that meant \"Grushenka has come.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"условный знак старика со Смердяковым","title":"«с» + instrumental of joint arrangement","body":"«Со Смердяковым» uses «с» + instrumental ('with Smerdyakov') for the party with whom the signal was agreed; «со» is the form of «с» before consonant clusters. «Условный знак» = 'an agreed-upon, prearranged signal'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"знак, обозначавший, что «Грушенька пришла»","title":"Past active participle for который","body":"«Обозначавший» is a past active participle ('that meant/signified'), agreeing with «знак» and condensing a который-clause; it then takes a «что»-clause reporting the signal's meaning. «Грушенька пришла» = perfective 'Grushenka has come'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потише… поскорее","title":"Attenuative comparatives in по-","body":"«Потише» ('a bit softer') and «поскорее» ('a bit quicker') are comparatives with the softening prefix по-, meaning 'somewhat more'. They precisely choreograph the coded knock — two soft, then three quick."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of простучал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"простучал","lemma":"простучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tapped out"},{"surface":"условный","lemma":"условный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знак","gloss":"agreed-upon"},{"surface":"знак","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of простучал","gloss":"signal"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знак","gloss":"the old man's"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердяковым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Смердяковым","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знак (agreed with Smerdyakov)","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies раза","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"первые","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies раза","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial (times) modifying потише","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"потише","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies простучал (first two taps)","gloss":"more softly"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and then"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поскорее","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies раза","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial (times) modifying поскорее","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with потише, modifies простучал (last three taps)","gloss":"more quickly"},{"surface":"тук","lemma":"тук","morphology":"interjection (onomatopoeia)","role":"appositive to знак, illustrating the taps","gloss":"tap"},{"surface":"тук","lemma":"тук","morphology":"interjection (onomatopoeia)","role":"coordinated with тук (w17)","gloss":"tap"},{"surface":"тук","lemma":"тук","morphology":"interjection (onomatopoeia)","role":"coordinated with тук (w17-18)","gloss":"tap"},{"surface":"знак","lemma":"знак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to тук-тук-тук","gloss":"the signal"},{"surface":"обозначавший","lemma":"обозначать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying знак","gloss":"that meant"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пришла","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"пришла","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of обозначавший","gloss":"has come"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b8-c4-s56","source":"Старик вздрогнул, вздернул голову, быстро вскочил и бросился к окну.","translation":"The old man started, jerked up his head, leaped up quickly, and rushed to the window.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вздрогнул, вздернул… вскочил и бросился","title":"Perfective rush to the window","body":"Four perfectives fire in sequence — «вздрогнул» (started), «вздёрнул» (jerked up), «вскочил» (leaped up), «бросился» (flung himself, -ся) — staging the old man's eager lunge. «Бросился к окну» takes «к» + dative for the goal of motion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started"},{"surface":"вздернул","lemma":"вздёрнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнул","gloss":"jerked up"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вздернул","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочил","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнул","gloss":"leaped up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнул","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окну","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"окну","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"the window"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b8-c4-s57","source":"Митя отскочил в тень.","translation":"Mitya darted back into the shadow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отскочил в тень","title":"Perfective recoil (echo)","body":"«Отскочил в тень» ('darted back into the shadow') repeats the earlier perfective recoil verbatim, the prefix от- = 'back/away'. The clipped, recurring sentence underscores the reflexive choreography of stalker and watched."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отскочил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"отскочил","lemma":"отскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"darted back"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тень","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"тень","lemma":"тень","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отскочил","gloss":"the shadow"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b8-c4-s58","source":"Федор Павлович отпер окно и высунул всю свою голову.","translation":"Fyodor Pavlovitch unlatched the window and thrust out his whole head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"высунул всю свою голову","title":"Reflexive «свой» + intensive «весь»","body":"«Всю свою голову» pairs «весь» ('whole') with reflexive «свой» ('his own'): he thrust out his whole head, both modifiers agreeing accusative-feminine with «голову». «Высунул» (perfective, вы- = 'out') is the decisive protrusion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отпер","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федор","gloss":"Pavlovitch"},{"surface":"отпер","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"unlatched"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отпер","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"высунул","lemma":"высунуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отпер","gloss":"thrust out"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of голову","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of голову","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of высунул","gloss":"head"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b8-c4-s59","source":"— Грушенька, ты? Ты, что ли? — проговорил он каким-то дрожащим полушепотом. — Где ты, маточка, ангелочек, где ты? — Он был в страшном волнении, он задыхался.","translation":"\"Grushenka, is that you? Is it you?\" he said in a kind of trembling half-whisper. \"Where are you, little mother, little angel, where are you?\" He was in dreadful agitation, gasping for breath.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты, что ли?","title":"Tentative «что ли»","body":"«Что ли» is a colloquial tag of hesitant supposition — 'is it really you?, you or what?'. It softens the question into anxious uncertainty, the trembling old man unsure whom he addresses."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каким-то дрожащим полушепотом","title":"Present active participle in the instrumental","body":"«Дрожащим» is a present active participle ('trembling') agreeing with «полушёпотом» in the instrumental of manner ('in a trembling half-whisper'). «Каким-то» (indefinite «какой-то») adds 'some kind of', a vague, eerie quaver."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"маточка, ангелочек","title":"Diminutives of endearment","body":"«Маточка» and «ангелочек» are caressing diminutives the old man coos at Grushenka. «Ангелочек» is 'little angel'; «маточка», an affectionate term for a woman (root «мать», 'mother'), has no neat English equivalent—we render it 'little mother'. The -очка/-очек suffixes signal tenderness while exposing Fyodor Pavlovitch's lechery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address, head of the phrase","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject, elliptical predicate 'is it you'","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle (colloquial)","role":"combines with ли (что ли = doubt marker)","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ли?","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle, interrogative","role":"combines with что (что ли = 'is that so')","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of полушепотом","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with каким (каким-то = 'a kind of')","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"дрожащим","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, instrumental, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies полушепотом","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"полушепотом.","lemma":"полушепот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил (manner)","gloss":"half-whisper"},{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative adverb, head of the question","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Где","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"маточка","lemma":"маточка","morphology":"noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition to ты","gloss":"little mother"},{"surface":"ангелочек","lemma":"ангелочек","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with маточка (vocative)","gloss":"little angel"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats Где for emphasis","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ты?","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of где (second)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to волнении","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страшном","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies волнении","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"волнении","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задыхался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"задыхался","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был (second main clause)","gloss":"was gasping"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b8-c4-s60","source":"«Один!» — решил Митя.","translation":"\"Alone!\" Mitya decided.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"«Один!» — решил Митя.","title":"Verbless verdict + «решить»","body":"«Один!» stands as a complete one-word judgement (zero copula, 'He's alone!'), and «решил» here means 'decided, concluded' rather than 'solved'. The terse exclamation seals Mitya's fatal certainty as the chapter ends."}],"words":[{"surface":"Один!»","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the quoted phrase (predicate, elliptical 'he is alone')","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b8-c4-s61","source":"— Где же ты? — крикнул опять старик и высунул еще больше голову, высунул ее с плечами, озираясь на все стороны, направо и налево, — иди сюда; я гостинчику приготовил, иди, покажу!..","translation":"\"Well, where are you?\" the old man cried again, thrusting his head out farther still, thrusting it out shoulders and all, looking about on every side, to the right and to the left. \"Come here; I've got a little present ready for you, come, I'll show you!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Где же ты?","title":"Insistent «же»","body":"The particle «же» adds an impatient, insistent edge to the question — «but where ARE you?» rather than a plain «where are you?». It tints Fyodor Pavlovich's eager, fretful calling into the dark."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"озираясь на все стороны","title":"Gerund «озираясь»","body":"«Озираясь» is an imperfective gerund («деепричастие») — 'looking about' as an action simultaneous with the main verb «высунул». It shares the old man's subject and packs the attendant gesture into one adverbial form, a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гостинчику","title":"Coaxing diminutive «гостинчик»","body":"«Гостинец» is a little gift or treat brought for someone; «гостинчику» adds an endearing diminutive and stands in the partitive genitive («приготовил гостинчику»). The wheedling, sing-song tone is exactly how one lures a child or a coveted woman."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"иди, покажу","title":"Imperative and perfective future","body":"«Иди» is the imperative of «идти» ('come!'), and «покажу» is a perfective verb in present-form conjugation, which yields future meaning ('I'll show'). The bare conjugated future without any auxiliary is the perfective's signature."}],"words":[{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative adverb, head of the question","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты?","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of где","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"высунул","lemma":"высунуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with крикнул","gloss":"thrust out"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of высунул (degree)","gloss":"farther"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of высунул","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"высунул","lemma":"высунуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"repeats высунул (w8) for emphasis","gloss":"thrust out"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of высунул","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"плечами","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of высунул","gloss":"shoulders"},{"surface":"озираясь","lemma":"озираться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on высунул","gloss":"looking about"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of озираясь","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"направо","lemma":"направо","morphology":"adverb","role":"elaborates on все стороны (direction)","gloss":"to the right"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"налево,","lemma":"налево","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with направо","gloss":"to the left"},{"surface":"иди","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иди","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приготовил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"гостинчику","lemma":"гостинчик","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приготовил (partitive)","gloss":"a little treat"},{"surface":"приготовил","lemma":"приготовить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"prepared"},{"surface":"иди","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приготовил","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"покажу","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приготовил","gloss":"I'll show you"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b8-c4-s62","source":"«Это он про пакет с тремя тысячами», — мелькнуло у Мити.","translation":"\"He means the packet with the three thousand,\" flashed through Mitya's mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мелькнуло у Мити","title":"Impersonal «мелькнуло»","body":"The neuter past «мелькнуло» ('flashed') has no nominative subject — the thought itself is unstated, and «у Мити» ('at/with Mitya') locates whose mind it crossed. This subjectless flicker mirrors a thought arriving unbidden."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive, cleft construction with он","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пакет","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition про","gloss":"the packet"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тремя","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies тысячами","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячами»,","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies пакет","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"мелькнуло","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнуло","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b8-c4-s63","source":"— Да где же?.. Али у дверей? Сейчас отворю…","translation":"\"But where are you?.. At the door, perhaps? I'll open it at once…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Али","title":"Colloquial «али»","body":"«Али» is a folksy, archaic variant of «или» ('or') or «разве» ('is it that…?'), marking Fyodor Pavlovich's lapse into low, homely speech. It belongs to peasant and old-fashioned registers Dostoevsky uses to colour a voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сейчас отворю","title":"Perfective future «отворю»","body":"«Отворю» ('I'll open') is the perfective «отворить» conjugated like a present, so it means a single completed future act. «Сейчас» ('right now') reinforces the imminent, finished quality the perfective lends."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Али","lemma":"али","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces alternative question","gloss":"or maybe","note":"Dialectal/archaic form of 'или' ('or, perhaps'), used here as a folksy interjection."},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверей","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"дверей","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"Сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отворю","gloss":"right away"},{"surface":"отворю","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll open it"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b8-c4-s64","source":"И старик чуть не вылез из окна, заглядывая направо, в сторону, где была дверь в сад, и стараясь разглядеть в темноте.","translation":"And the old man all but climbed out of the window, peering to the right, toward where the door into the garden was, straining to make something out in the dark.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чуть не вылез","title":"Idiom «чуть не»","body":"«Чуть не» plus a perfective past means 'all but / nearly did' — an action on the very brink of happening but not completed. Here the old man 'nearly climbed out of the window' in his eagerness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заглядывая… и стараясь разглядеть","title":"Paired gerunds","body":"Two imperfective gerunds, «заглядывая» ('peering') and «стараясь» ('straining'), hang attendant circumstances off the main verb «вылез». Chaining gerunds this way to layer simultaneous gestures is characteristic of Dostoevsky's dense descriptive sentences."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вылез","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"almost","note":"'чуть не' is one idiom, 'all but/almost'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вылез","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вылез","lemma":"вылезти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"climbed out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вылез","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"заглядывая","lemma":"заглядывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вылез","gloss":"peering"},{"surface":"направо","lemma":"направо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заглядывая","gloss":"to the right"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with направо, modifies заглядывая","gloss":"the direction"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on сторону","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дверь","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стараясь","lemma":"стараться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заглядывая","gloss":"trying"},{"surface":"разглядеть","lemma":"разглядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of стараясь","gloss":"to make out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"темноте","lemma":"темнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разглядеть","gloss":"the dark"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b8-c4-s65","source":"Чрез секунду он непременно побежал бы отпирать двери, не дождавшись ответа Грушеньки.","translation":"In another second he would certainly have run to unlock the door, without waiting for Grushenka's answer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"побежал бы","title":"Conditional «побежал бы»","body":"Past-tense verb plus the particle «бы» builds the irrealis: 'he would (certainly) have run'. It frames a counterfactual — what was about to happen but was forestalled — heightening the suspense of the averted moment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не дождавшись ответа","title":"Negated gerund + genitive of negation","body":"«Не дождавшись» is a perfective gerund ('without having waited for'), and its object «ответа» stands in the genitive — partly the genitive that «дождаться» governs, partly reinforced by the negation. The gerund compresses a whole 'before he could…' clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Чрез","title":"Bookish «чрез»","body":"«Чрез» is the elevated, non-pleophonic doublet of «через» ('through, after'), a Church-Slavonic-flavoured contraction common in 19th-century prose. It lends a faint solemnity even to a plain phrase like 'in another second'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking секунду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"секунду","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежал","gloss":"a second"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежал","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have run"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional marker on побежал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"отпирать","lemma":"отпирать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of побежал","gloss":"to unlock"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of отпирать","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дождавшись","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"дождавшись","lemma":"дождаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отпирать","gloss":"waiting for"},{"surface":"ответа","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дождавшись","gloss":"the answer"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ответа","gloss":"Grushenka's"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b8-c4-s66","source":"Митя смотрел сбоку и не шевелился.","translation":"Mitya watched from the side and did not stir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не шевелился","title":"Reflexive «шевелиться» in the imperfective","body":"«Шевелиться» ('to stir, move') is a -ся verb here in middle/intransitive sense; the imperfective past «не шевелился» pictures a sustained state of stillness, not a single act. It sets Mitya frozen against the old man's busy movement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"сбоку","lemma":"сбоку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"from the side"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шевелился","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"шевелился","lemma":"шевелиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрел","gloss":"stir"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b8-c4-s67","source":"Весь столь противный ему профиль старика, весь отвисший кадык его, нос крючком, улыбающийся в сладостном ожидании, губы его, всё это ярко было освещено косым светом лампы слева из комнаты.","translation":"The old man's profile, so loathsome to him, his whole sagging Adam's apple, his hooked nose, smiling in sweet anticipation, his very lips—all of it was brightly lit by the lamp's slanting light from the room on the left.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё это ярко было освещено косым светом","title":"Passive participle + instrumental of means","body":"«Освещено» is the short-form past passive participle of «осветить», joined with «было» to state a result ('was lit up'). The light doing the illuminating, «косым светом», stands in the instrumental as the means."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"столь противный ему профиль","title":"Dative «ему» of feeling + bookish «столь»","body":"«Противный ему» means 'loathsome to him', with the experiencer in the dative — the person to whom something is repugnant. «Столь» ('so') is a bookish intensifier favoured in literary prose over the everyday «так»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кадык","title":"«Кадык» — Adam's apple","body":"«Кадык» is the Adam's apple; «отвисший кадык» ('sagging Adam's apple') fixes on the physical decrepitude of the old man's throat. The repeated cataloguing of his features builds the visceral, bodily revulsion Mitya feels."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"улыбающийся в сладостном ожидании","title":"Present active participle «улыбающийся»","body":"«Улыбающийся» ('smiling') is a present active participle from imperfective «улыбаться», agreeing like an adjective with «нос» and condensing a «который»-clause into one modifier. Its ongoing sense freezes the smile in the lamplight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of профиль","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies противный","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"противный","lemma":"противный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying профиль","gloss":"repugnant"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of противный","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"профиль","lemma":"профиль","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive освещено","gloss":"profile"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies профиль","gloss":"of the old man"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of кадык","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"отвисший","lemma":"отвиснуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying кадык","gloss":"sagging"},{"surface":"кадык","lemma":"кадык","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with профиль","gloss":"Adam's apple"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of кадык","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"нос","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with профиль","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"крючком","lemma":"крючок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies нос","gloss":"hooked","note":"Idiom 'нос крючком' = a hooked/beaked nose."},{"surface":"улыбающийся","lemma":"улыбаться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying нос","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ожидании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сладостном","lemma":"сладостный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ожидании","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"ожидании","lemma":"ожидание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of улыбающийся","gloss":"anticipation"},{"surface":"губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with профиль","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of губы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive освещено","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ярко","lemma":"ярко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies освещено","gloss":"brightly"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of освещено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"освещено","lemma":"осветить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lit"},{"surface":"косым","lemma":"косой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies светом","gloss":"slanting"},{"surface":"светом","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of освещено","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"лампы","lemma":"лампа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies светом","gloss":"of the lamp"},{"surface":"слева","lemma":"слева","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies освещено","gloss":"from the left"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слева","gloss":"the room"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b8-c4-s68","source":"Страшная, неистовая злоба закипела вдруг в сердце Мити: «Вот он, его соперник, его мучитель, мучитель его жизни!»","translation":"A dreadful, frenzied hatred suddenly boiled up in Mitya's heart: \"There he is, his rival, his tormentor, the tormentor of his life!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"злоба закипела вдруг в сердце Мити","title":"Inverted, weight-bearing word order","body":"The long subject «страшная, неистовая злоба» opens the clause and the verb «закипела» follows, then «в сердце Мити' lands the new information last. Topic-first, comment-last ordering lets the hatred mount before we learn where it boils up."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мучитель","title":"Anaphora of «мучитель»","body":"«Мучитель» ('tormentor') is repeated with rising intensity — «его мучитель, мучитель его жизни» — the rhetorical anaphora typical of Mitya's overheated inner exclamations."}],"words":[{"surface":"Страшная","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злоба","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"неистовая","lemma":"неистовый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злоба","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"злоба","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of закипела","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"закипела","lemma":"закипеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"boiled up"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закипела","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of закипела","gloss":"the heart"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to закипела","gloss":"he is"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies соперник","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"соперник","lemma":"соперник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with он","gloss":"rival"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies мучитель","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мучитель","lemma":"мучитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with он","gloss":"tormentor"},{"surface":"мучитель","lemma":"мучитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with он","gloss":"the tormentor"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мучитель","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b8-c4-s69","source":"Это был прилив той самой внезапной, мстительной и неистовой злобы, про которую, как бы предчувствуя ее, возвестил он Алеше в разговоре с ним в беседке четыре дня назад, когда ответил на вопрос Алеши: «Как можешь ты говорить, что убьешь отца?»","translation":"It was a surge of that very sudden, vengeful, frenzied hatred which, as though he had foreseen it, he had foretold to Alyosha in their talk in the arbour four days before, when he answered Alyosha's question: \"How can you say you'll kill your father?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"про которую… возвестил он Алеше","title":"Relative «которую» across the clause","body":"«Которую» agrees with its antecedent «злобы» in gender and number but takes the case its own clause demands — accusative after «про» ('about which'). The relative pronoun threads a long, looping subordinate sentence back to the hatred."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы предчувствуя ее","title":"Gerund softened by «как бы»","body":"«Предчувствуя» is an imperfective gerund ('foreseeing'), and «как бы» ('as though') hedges it into the unreal — he foretold the rage 'as if foreseeing it'. «Как бы» is a constant Dostoevskian qualifier blurring the line between knowing and merely sensing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возвестил","title":"Elevated «возвестить»","body":"«Возвестить» ('to proclaim, announce') is a lofty, almost prophetic verb — far weightier than plain «сказать». Applying it to Mitya's tavern confession to Alyosha lends his earlier words the gravity of a foretold doom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of прилив","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to прилив","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"прилив","lemma":"прилив","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a surge"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of злобы","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злобы","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"внезапной","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злобы","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"мстительной","lemma":"мстительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with внезапной","gloss":"vengeful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неистовой","lemma":"неистовый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with внезапной","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"злобы","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies прилив","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которую","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвестил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies предчувствуя","gloss":"as though","note":"'как бы' together forms one idiom, 'as though'."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"предчувствуя","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on возвестил","gloss":"sensing in advance"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предчувствуя","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"возвестил","lemma":"возвестить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on злобы","gloss":"had foretold"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возвестил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of возвестил","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговоре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"разговоре","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвестил","gloss":"the conversation"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговоре","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беседке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"беседке","lemma":"беседка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies разговоре","gloss":"the arbor"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвестил","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ответил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on возвестил","gloss":"he had answered"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"Alyosha's"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можешь","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to ответил","gloss":"can you"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of можешь","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убьешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убьешь","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорить","gloss":"you'll kill"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убьешь","gloss":"your father"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b8-c4-s70","source":"«Я ведь не знаю, не знаю, — сказал он тогда, — может, не убью, а может, убью.","translation":"\"I don't know, I don't know,\" he had said then, \"maybe I won't kill him, and maybe I will.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я ведь не знаю","title":"Appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'you know', 'after all' — softening and confiding the admission. It is one of the small particles that give Dostoevsky's dialogue its pleading, intimate texture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не убью, а может, убью","title":"Aspect and the contrastive «а»","body":"Both «убью» forms are the perfective future of «убить» ('I will kill [him]'), naming a single finished act. The hinge «а» sets the two possibilities lightly against each other — 'maybe not, and maybe yes' — the untranslatable contrastive 'and/but'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю,","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю,","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to знаю","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тогда,","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to убью","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убью","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сказал","gloss":"I'll kill him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to убью","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убью","gloss":"I will"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b8-c4-s71","source":"Боюсь, что ненавистен он вдруг мне станет ''своим лицом в ту самую минуту.''","translation":"I'm afraid he'll suddenly become hateful to me ''by his very face, at that very moment.''","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ненавистен он… станет","title":"Short adjective as predicate","body":"«Ненавистен» is the short (predicative) form of «ненавистный» ('hateful'), used with «станет» to assert a state — 'he will become hateful'. The short form is bookish and stresses an absolute, momentary condition, fitting the sudden onset Mitya dreads."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"своим лицом","title":"Instrumental of means «своим лицом»","body":"«Своим лицом» ('by his very face') is an instrumental naming the means by which he becomes hateful, with the reflexive possessive «свой' pointing back to the subject 'he'. The instrumental pins the loathing precisely on the man's own physiognomy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm afraid"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ненавистен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ненавистен","lemma":"ненавистный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of станет","gloss":"hateful"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of станет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies станет","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of станет","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"станет","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Боюсь","gloss":"will become"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицом","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of станет","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of станет (temporal, parallel to своим лицом)","gloss":"moment"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b8-c4-s72","source":"Ненавижу я его кадык, его нос, его глаза, его бесстыжую насмешку.","translation":"I hate that Adam's apple of his, his nose, his eyes, his shameless sneer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ненавижу я его кадык","title":"Verb-first emphasis","body":"Fronting the verb «ненавижу' ('I hate') before the pronoun «я» throws the weight onto the emotion itself. The accusative objects then pile up — «кадык, нос, глаза, насмешку» — in a breathless catalogue of revulsion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бесстыжую насмешку","title":"«Бесстыжий» — shameless","body":"«Бесстыжий» ('shameless, brazen', literally 'without shame') is a coarse, expressive epithet, and «насмешка» is a mocking sneer. Together they paint Fyodor Pavlovich's leer as insolent and obscene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ненавижу","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I hate"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Ненавижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of кадык","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"кадык","lemma":"кадык","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Ненавижу","gloss":"Adam's apple"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of нос","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"нос","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with кадык","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with кадык","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of насмешку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"бесстыжую","lemma":"бесстыжий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies насмешку","gloss":"shameless"},{"surface":"насмешку","lemma":"насмешка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with кадык","gloss":"sneer"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b8-c4-s73","source":"Личное омерзение чувствую.","translation":"I feel a personal disgust.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"омерзение","title":"«Омерзение» — loathing","body":"«Омерзение' is a strong, bookish word for physical loathing or disgust — stronger than «отвращение». Mitya's choice of so visceral a noun underscores that his hatred is bodily and immediate, not reasoned."}],"words":[{"surface":"Личное","lemma":"личный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies омерзение","gloss":"personal"},{"surface":"омерзение","lemma":"омерзение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of чувствую","gloss":"disgust"},{"surface":"чувствую","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I feel"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b8-c4-s74","source":"Вот этого боюсь, вот и не удержусь…»","translation":"That is what I'm afraid of—that I won't be able to hold myself back…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот этого боюсь","title":"«Бояться» + genitive","body":"«Бояться» ('to fear') is a -ся verb that governs the genitive: «этого боюсь» ('this is what I fear'). The fronted demonstrative «вот этого» points emphatically at the dread itself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не удержусь","title":"Reflexive perfective future «не удержусь»","body":"«Удержусь» is the perfective future of «удержаться» ('to hold/restrain oneself'), with -ся giving the reflexive sense; negated, it means 'I won't be able to hold back'. The perfective casts the failure as a single, decisive lapse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этого","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of боюсь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm afraid of"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удержусь","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удержусь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удержусь","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"удержусь","lemma":"удержаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with боюсь","gloss":"restrain myself"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b8-c4-s75","source":"Личное омерзение нарастало нестерпимо.","translation":"The personal disgust was growing unbearable.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нарастало нестерпимо","title":"Imperfective «нарастало» of mounting feeling","body":"The imperfective past «нарастало» ('was growing') views the disgust as an unfolding process, not a finished event — it swells unbearably as we watch. The imperfective is precisely the aspect for this kind of rising background pressure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Личное","lemma":"личный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies омерзение","gloss":"personal"},{"surface":"омерзение","lemma":"омерзение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нарастало","gloss":"disgust"},{"surface":"нарастало","lemma":"нарастать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was growing"},{"surface":"нестерпимо","lemma":"нестерпимый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"complement of нарастало","gloss":"unbearable"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b8-c4-s76","source":"Митя уже не помнил себя и вдруг выхватил медный пестик из кармана…","translation":"Mitya was no longer himself, and suddenly he snatched the brass pestle out of his pocket…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не помнил себя","title":"Idiom «не помнить себя»","body":"«Не помнить себя» ('not to remember oneself') is the set phrase for being beside oneself, out of one's mind with emotion. The reflexive «себя» carries the literal sense; the phrase recurs through this chapter to mark Mitya's loss of control."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"медный пестик","title":"The brass pestle","body":"«Пестик» is a pestle, the heavy brass tool for grinding in a mortar; Mitya had snatched it up earlier from Grushenka's table. As the murder weapon-that-wasn't, it becomes a crucial, ironic piece of physical evidence at his trial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помнил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помнил","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помнил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помнил","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered","note":"'не помнил себя' is idiomatic for 'was beside himself/no longer himself'."},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of помнил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выхватил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"выхватил","lemma":"выхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with помнил","gloss":"snatched"},{"surface":"медный","lemma":"медный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пестик","gloss":"brass"},{"surface":"пестик","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выхватил","gloss":"pestle"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармана","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"кармана","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выхватил","gloss":"his pocket"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b8-c4-s77","source":"«Бог, — как сам Митя говорил потом, — сторожил меня тогда»: как раз в то самое время проснулся на одре своем больной Григорий Васильевич.","translation":"\"God,\" as Mitya himself put it afterwards, \"was watching over me then\": at that very moment Grigory Vasilyevitch, who lay ill on his bed, woke up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сторожил меня","title":"«Сторожить» — to watch over","body":"«Сторожить» means to guard or keep watch over; Mitya's saying 'God was watching over me then' frames his providential failure to strike as divine intervention. The verb usually applies to a sentry guarding property — here applied to God guarding Mitya from himself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на одре своем","title":"Archaic «одр»","body":"«Одр» is an archaic, elevated word for a bed — especially a sickbed or deathbed («на одре болезни»). «На одре своем» lends Grigory's pallet a solemn, almost liturgical colour befitting the providential turn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бог,","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сторожил","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Митя","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying Бог...сторожил","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"потом,","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"afterwards"},{"surface":"сторожил","lemma":"сторожить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was watching over"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of сторожил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сторожил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проснулся","gloss":"just","note":"'как раз' together is one idiom, 'exactly/just then'."},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проснулся","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"проснулся","lemma":"проснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Бог сторожил","gloss":"woke up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одре","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одре","lemma":"одр","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проснулся","gloss":"his bed"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of одре","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Григорий","gloss":"ailing"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проснулся","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевич","lemma":"Васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григорий","gloss":"Vasilyevitch"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b8-c4-s78","source":"К вечеру того же дня он совершил над собою известное лечение, о котором Смердяков рассказывал Ивану Федоровичу, то есть вытерся весь с помощию супруги водкой с каким-то секретным крепчайшим настоем, а остальное выпил с «некоторою молитвой», прошептанною над ним супругой, и залег спать.","translation":"Toward evening of that same day he had carried out on himself the well-known treatment Smerdyakov had described to Ivan Fyodorovitch—that is, with his wife's help he had rubbed his whole body with vodka steeped in some secret, exceedingly strong infusion, drunk what was left with \"a certain prayer\" that his wife whispered over him, and lain down to sleep.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вытерся весь… водкой","title":"Idiom and instrumental «водкой»","body":"«Вытереться» (-ся, reflexive) means to rub oneself down; «водкой с… настоем» is the instrumental of means — 'rubbed himself all over WITH vodka steeped in an infusion'. This is the folk remedy Smerdyakov later mentions."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прошептанною над ним супругой","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«Прошептанною» is a past passive participle ('whispered'), here in archaic instrumental-feminine -ою, modifying «молитвой»; the one doing the whispering, «супругой», stands in the instrumental as the agent. The participle compresses 'a prayer that his wife whispered'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с помощию","title":"Archaic ending «с помощию»","body":"«С помощию» is the older, bookish instrumental of «помощь» ('with the help of'), where modern Russian writes «с помощью». The retained -ию is a 19th-century literary spelling that flavours the narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"залег спать","title":"«Залечь» — to bed down","body":"«Залечь» ('to lie down [for a long stretch], bed down') is more colloquial and emphatic than «лечь», suggesting settling in to sleep heavily. It suits the picture of the old man drugged by his potent vodka cure."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечеру","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"вечеру","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of совершил","gloss":"the evening"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дня","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вечеру","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of совершил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"совершил","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carried out"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of совершил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"известное","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лечение","gloss":"the well-known"},{"surface":"лечение","lemma":"лечение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of совершил","gloss":"treatment"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказывал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказывал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on лечение","gloss":"had described"},{"surface":"Ивану","lemma":"Иван","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказывал","gloss":"to Ivan"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ивану","gloss":"Fyodorovitch"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom то есть","gloss":"that","note":"'то есть' together is one idiom, 'that is [to say]'."},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"вытерся","lemma":"вытереться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"explanatory clause introduced by то есть","gloss":"rubbed himself down"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вытерся","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помощию","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"помощию","lemma":"помощь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытерся","gloss":"the help","note":"Archaic instrumental form of 'помощь' ('помощью')."},{"surface":"супруги","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies помощию","gloss":"of his wife"},{"surface":"водкой","lemma":"водка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытерся (instrument, not part of помощию phrase)","gloss":"with vodka"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking настоем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of настоем","gloss":"some","note":"'какой-то' together is one idiom, 'some kind of'."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase каким","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"секретным","lemma":"секретный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies настоем","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"крепчайшим","lemma":"крепкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies настоем","gloss":"strongest"},{"surface":"настоем","lemma":"настой","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies водкой","gloss":"infusion"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"остальное","lemma":"остальное","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выпил","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"выпил","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вытерся","gloss":"drank"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молитвой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"некоторою","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies молитвой","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"молитвой","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выпил","gloss":"prayer"},{"surface":"прошептанною","lemma":"прошептанный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, instrumental, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies молитвой","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies прошептанною","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"супругой","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"agent of прошептанною","gloss":"by his wife"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"залег","lemma":"залечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выпил","gloss":"lay down"},{"surface":"спать","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of залег","gloss":"to sleep"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b8-c4-s79","source":"Марфа Игнатьевна вкусила тоже и, как непьющая, заснула подле супруга мертвым сном.","translation":"Marfa Ignatyevna had partaken too, and, being a non-drinker, had fallen asleep beside her husband in a dead sleep.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вкусила","title":"Elevated «вкусить»","body":"«Вкусить» ('to taste, partake of') is a solemn, Church-Slavonic-tinged verb — the language of communion and Scripture — applied half-ironically to Marfa's nip of the medicinal vodka. The lofty word over so humble an act is gently comic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как непьющая","title":"Active participle as noun «непьющая»","body":"«Непьющая» is a present active participle of «пить» ('drinking') with negative «не-», substantivized to mean 'a non-drinker, a teetotaller'. «Как непьющая» ('being a non-drinker') gives the reason she dropped so heavily asleep."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мертвым сном","title":"Idiom «мертвым сном»","body":"«Заснуть мертвым сном» ('to fall into a dead sleep') is a fixed expressive phrase for sleeping like the dead — utterly insensible. The instrumental «мертвым сном» names the manner of sleeping; the deathly image quietly foreshadows the night's violence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"Марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вкусила","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"Игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"вкусила","lemma":"вкусить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had partaken"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вкусила","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of непьющая","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"непьющая","lemma":"непьющий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on заснула","gloss":"a non-drinker"},{"surface":"заснула","lemma":"заснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вкусила","gloss":"fell asleep"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking супруга","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"супруга","lemma":"супруг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подле","gloss":"her husband"},{"surface":"мертвым","lemma":"мёртвый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сном","gloss":"a dead"},{"surface":"сном","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заснула","gloss":"sleep"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b8-c4-s80","source":"Но вот совсем неожиданно Григорий вдруг проснулся в ночи, сообразил минутку и хоть тотчас же опять почувствовал жгучую боль в пояснице, но поднялся на постели.","translation":"But then, quite unexpectedly, Grigory suddenly woke in the night, considered for a moment, and, though he at once felt again the burning pain in the small of his back, raised himself on the bed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"проснулся… сообразил… почувствовал… поднялся","title":"A chain of perfectives","body":"The string «проснулся, сообразил, почувствовал, поднялся» is all perfective past, moving the action forward event by event — woke, considered, felt, raised himself. This is the perfective's narrative job: discrete completed steps against the imperfective background."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"боль в пояснице","title":"«Поясница» — the small of the back","body":"«Поясница» is the lower back or loins; Grigory's «жгучая боль в пояснице» (burning pain there) is the lumbago that should have kept him abed. The recurring detail makes his rising to investigate all the more dogged and fateful."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проснулся","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проснулся","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проснулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"проснулся","lemma":"проснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"woke"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночи","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ночи","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проснулся","gloss":"the night"},{"surface":"сообразил","lemma":"сообразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проснулся","gloss":"took stock"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сообразил","gloss":"for a moment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствовал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проснулся","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"жгучую","lemma":"жгучий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies боль","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"боль","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of почувствовал","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пояснице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пояснице","lemma":"поясница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies боль","gloss":"the small of his back"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"поднялся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проснулся","gloss":"raised himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постели","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"постели","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднялся","gloss":"the bed"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b8-c4-s81","source":"Затем опять что-то обдумал, встал и наскоро оделся.","translation":"Then he turned something over in his mind again, got up, and dressed in haste.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то обдумал","title":"Indefinite «что-то»","body":"«Что-то» ('something') is built from interrogative «что» plus the clitic «-то», marking a specific but unspecified thing — he turned over some particular thought we are not told. The vagueness keeps Grigory's inner reasoning half-hidden."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наскоро","title":"«Наскоро» — hastily","body":"«Наскоро» means 'hurriedly, in a rush, anyhow' — dressing quickly and carelessly. It conveys the old man's urgency despite his pain, rising in the dead of night to do his duty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обдумал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обдумал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of обдумал","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что (что-то = something)","gloss":"-thing (indefinite)"},{"surface":"обдумал","lemma":"обдумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned over (in his mind)"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обдумал","gloss":"got up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наскоро","lemma":"наскоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оделся","gloss":"hastily"},{"surface":"оделся","lemma":"одеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обдумал","gloss":"dressed"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b8-c4-s82","source":"Может быть, угрызение совести кольнуло его за то, что он спит, а дом без сторожа «в такое опасное время».","translation":"Perhaps a pang of conscience stung him for sleeping while the house was without a watchman \"at such a dangerous time.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"угрызение совести","title":"Idiom «угрызение совести»","body":"«Угрызение совести» ('gnawing of conscience', a pang of remorse) is a set phrase; «угрызение» literally is a 'gnawing bite'. The verb «кольнуло» ('pricked, stung') keeps the bodily metaphor alive — conscience as something that physically jabs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за то, что он спит","title":"«За то, что» — causal subordination","body":"«За то, что» ('for the fact that') introduces the reason the conscience stung him; «что» opens a reported-fact clause. The correlative «то» plus «что» is the standard way to nominalize a whole clause as the object of a preposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"угрызение","lemma":"угрызение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кольнуло","gloss":"a pang"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies угрызение","gloss":"of conscience"},{"surface":"кольнуло","lemma":"кольнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stung"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of кольнуло","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кольнуло","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"спит","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"was sleeping"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of an elided был (the house [was] without a watchman)","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторожа","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сторожа","lemma":"сторож","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"a watchman"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"опасное","lemma":"опасный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"dangerous"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided был (time expression)","gloss":"a time"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b8-c4-s83","source":"Разбитый падучею Смердяков лежал в другой каморке без движения.","translation":"Smerdyakov, prostrated by his falling sickness, lay motionless in the other little room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Разбитый падучею","title":"«Падучая» — the falling sickness","body":"«Падучая (болезнь)» is the old folk name for epilepsy, the 'falling sickness'; «разбитый падучею» means 'prostrated by his epileptic fit'. Smerdyakov's seizures — real or feigned — are central to the murder's mechanics. The instrumental «падучею» (archaic -ею) names the cause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"каморке","title":"Diminutive «каморка»","body":"«Каморка» is a tiny, cramped little room or closet — a diminutive-flavoured word stressing meanness of space. It places Smerdyakov in the household's lowliest quarters."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разбитый","lemma":"разбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies Смердяков","gloss":"prostrated"},{"surface":"падучею","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of Разбитый (agent: by the falling sickness)","gloss":"the falling sickness"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каморке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies каморке","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"каморке","lemma":"каморка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"little room"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking движения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"движения","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"movement"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b8-c4-s84","source":"Марфа Игнатьевна не шевелилась.","translation":"Marfa Ignatyevna did not stir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не шевелилась","title":"Imperfective stillness, echoed","body":"«Не шевелилась» ('did not stir') repeats the reflexive «шевелиться» from Mitya's scene, now of the drugged Marfa. The imperfective past again paints a continuing motionless state, and the verbal echo binds the two sleepers into the night's eerie stillness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of шевелилась","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шевелилась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"шевелилась","lemma":"шевелиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stirred"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b8-c4-s85","source":"«Ослабела баба», — подумал, глянув на нее, Григорий Васильевич и кряхтя вышел на крылечко.","translation":"\"The woman's worn out,\" thought Grigory Vasilyevitch, glancing at her, and, grunting, he stepped out onto the little porch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ослабела баба","title":"«Баба» — peasant 'woman'","body":"«Баба» is a homely, low-register word for a (married, peasant) woman — affectionate or dismissive depending on tone. In Grigory's gruff inner comment ('the woman's worn out') it captures his blunt, old-servant speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"глянув на нее… и кряхтя вышел","title":"Perfective and imperfective gerunds together","body":"«Глянув» is a perfective gerund (a prior, completed glance) while «кряхтя» is an imperfective gerund (a groaning that accompanies the going-out). The pair distinguishes a finished action from a simultaneous one within a single sentence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на крылечко","title":"Diminutive «крылечко»","body":"«Крылечко» is the affectionate diminutive of «крыльцо» (a porch or front steps). Russian sprinkles such diminutives over homely objects; the cosy little word sits oddly against the grim errand that follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ослабела","lemma":"ослабеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause (Grigory's thought)","gloss":"is worn out"},{"surface":"баба»,","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Ослабела","gloss":"the woman"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with вышел","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"глянув","lemma":"глянуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on подумал","gloss":"glancing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"нее","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глянув","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"Васильевич","lemma":"васильевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григорий","gloss":"Vasilyevitch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кряхтя","lemma":"кряхтеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вышел","gloss":"grunting"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with подумал","gloss":"stepped out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крылечко","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"крылечко","lemma":"крылечко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"the little porch"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b8-c4-s86","source":"Конечно, он хотел только глянуть с крылечка, потому что ходить был не в силах, боль в пояснице и в правой ноге была нестерпимая.","translation":"Of course, he only meant to glance out from the porch, for he was in no state to walk—the pain in the small of his back and in his right leg was unbearable.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ходить был не в силах","title":"Idiom «не в силах» + multidirectional «ходить»","body":"«Не в силах» ('not up to it, in no state to') is a fixed predicate of inability. It takes «ходить», the multidirectional motion verb for walking about in general, rather than «идти» for a single trip — he simply couldn't walk at all."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"боль… была нестерпимая","title":"Long-form predicate adjective","body":"«Нестерпимая» ('unbearable') is the full (long) adjective used predicatively after «была», agreeing with «боль» in feminine. The long form here ascribes the pain as a settled quality rather than a momentary state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глянуть","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"глянуть","lemma":"глянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to glance"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крылечка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"крылечка","lemma":"крылечко","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of глянуть","gloss":"the porch"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что (because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of был (idiom не в силах ходить = unable to walk)","gloss":"to walk"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the потому-что clause, governs в силах","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies силах","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"силах","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"complement of был (idiom не в силах = unable)","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"боль","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нестерпимая","gloss":"the pain"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пояснице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пояснице","lemma":"поясница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies боль","gloss":"the small of the back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"правой","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ноге","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ноге","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with пояснице","gloss":"leg"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нестерпимая","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"нестерпимая","lemma":"нестерпимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, complement of была, describing боль","gloss":"unbearable"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b8-c4-s87","source":"Но как раз вдруг припомнил, что калитку в сад он с вечера на замок не запер.","translation":"But just then he suddenly recalled that he had not locked the gate into the garden that evening.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"калитку… он… не запер","title":"Object word order under negation","body":"The object «калитку» (accusative, animate-inanimate aside) is fronted as the topic, with the negated verb «не запер' ('had not locked') landing at the end for emphasis. Here the concrete, specific gate stays accusative rather than shifting to the genitive of negation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"калитку","title":"«Калитка» — the wicket gate","body":"«Калитка' is a small gate — a wicket — set within or beside a larger gate, for foot traffic. This unlocked little garden gate is the hinge on which the whole night's fate turns."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"(part of как раз = just)"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припомнил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"припомнил","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of запер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"калитку","lemma":"калитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of запер","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies калитку","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of запер","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечера","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"вечера","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запер","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking замок","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"замок","lemma":"замок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запер","gloss":"the lock"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies запер","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"запер","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of припомнил","gloss":"had locked"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b8-c4-s88","source":"Это был человек аккуратнейший и точнейший, человек раз установившегося порядка и многолетних привычек.","translation":"He was a most punctilious and exact man, a man of long-settled order and many years' habits.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"человек аккуратнейший и точнейший","title":"Superlative suffix «-ейший»","body":"«Аккуратнейший» and «точнейший» are bookish superlatives in «-ейший» ('most punctilious', 'most exact'), formed by suffix rather than with «самый». Their elevated ring, plus the postposed position after «человек», gives the characterization a formal, summing-up weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"раз установившегося порядка","title":"Past active participle «установившегося»","body":"«Установившегося» is a past active participle from reflexive «установиться» ('to become established'), in the genitive agreeing with «порядка»: 'of an order once settled'. The participle packs 'an order that had set itself once and for all' into a single modifier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to человек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal complement of был","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"аккуратнейший","lemma":"аккуратный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"most punctilious"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"точнейший","lemma":"точный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with аккуратнейший","gloss":"most exact"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человек","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies установившегося","gloss":"once and for all"},{"surface":"установившегося","lemma":"установиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies порядка","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"порядка","lemma":"порядок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек (genitive of quality)","gloss":"of order"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"многолетних","lemma":"многолетний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies привычек","gloss":"many years'"},{"surface":"привычек","lemma":"привычка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with порядка","gloss":"habits"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b8-c4-s89","source":"Хромая и корчась от боли, сошел он с крылечка и направился к саду.","translation":"Limping and writhing with pain, he came down from the porch and made his way toward the garden.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хромая и корчась от боли","title":"Opening gerund pair","body":"«Хромая» ('limping') and «корчась» ('writhing') are imperfective gerunds fronted before the main verb «сошел», setting the attendant manner of his descent. Leading with gerunds is a favourite Dostoevskian rhythm, painting the body's struggle before the act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"направился к саду","title":"«К» + dative of direction","body":"«Направился к саду» ('made his way toward the garden') uses «к» governing the dative «саду» to express motion toward. The reflexive «направиться» (-ся) means to set off in a direction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хромая","lemma":"хромать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сошел","gloss":"limping"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"корчась","lemma":"корчиться","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Хромая","gloss":"writhing"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боли","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"боли","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of корчась","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"сошел","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came down"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крылечка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"крылечка","lemma":"крылечко","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошел","gloss":"the porch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"направился","lemma":"направиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сошел","gloss":"made his way"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саду","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"саду","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направился","gloss":"the garden"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b8-c4-s90","source":"Так и есть, калитка совсем настежь.","translation":"Just as he thought: the gate stood wide open.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Так и есть","title":"Idiom «так и есть»","body":"«Так и есть» ('just so', 'sure enough', 'just as I thought') is a fixed confirming exclamation. It marks the moment a suspicion is borne out — here, that the gate was indeed left open."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"настежь","title":"«Настежь» — wide open","body":"«Настежь» is an adverb meaning 'wide open' (of doors, gates, windows) — flung fully ajar. «Совсем настежь» ('all the way open') drives home the careless, ominous state of the gate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так и есть (sure enough)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"калитка","lemma":"калитка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of an elided была (the gate [was] wide open)","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies настежь","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"настежь","lemma":"настежь","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of калитка (elided copula была)","gloss":"wide open"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b8-c4-s91","source":"Машинально ступил он в сад: может быть, ему что померещилось, может, услыхал какой-нибудь звук, но, глянув налево, увидал отворенное окно у барина, пустое уже окошко, никто уже из него не выглядывал.","translation":"Mechanically he stepped into the garden: perhaps something had seemed to flit before him, perhaps he had heard some sound, but, glancing to the left, he saw the master's window standing open—an empty window now, with no one looking out of it any longer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему что померещилось","title":"Dative experiencer «ему»","body":"«Ему… померещилось» ('something seemed to flit before him') is an impersonal construction: no nominative subject, the experiencer in the dative «ему», the verb neuter. «Что» here is colloquial for «что-то» ('something'). The dative-experiencer frame is exactly how Russian renders a half-glimpsed impression."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"у барина","title":"«Барин» — the master","body":"«Барин» is the master of the house, the gentleman an servant serves; «окно у барина» is 'the master's window'. The word carries the whole social world of master and household servant that orders Grigory's loyalties."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"окошко","title":"Diminutive «окошко»","body":"Within one breath Dostoevsky shifts from «окно» to its diminutive «окошко» ('little window'). The softening diminutive lends the now-empty window a touch of forlorn intimacy — the master gone from it, the scene suddenly hushed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Машинально","lemma":"машинально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ступил","gloss":"mechanically"},{"surface":"ступил","lemma":"ступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ступил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ступил","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase может быть (perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of померещилось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of померещилось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"померещилось","lemma":"померещиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to ступил","gloss":"seemed to flit"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverb-like, introduces услыхал clause (perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"услыхал","lemma":"услыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to померещилось","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of звук","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какой (какой-нибудь = some sort of)","gloss":"-ever (indefinite)"},{"surface":"звук","lemma":"звук","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of услыхал","gloss":"a sound"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"глянув","lemma":"глянуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on увидал","gloss":"glancing"},{"surface":"налево","lemma":"налево","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глянув","gloss":"to the left"},{"surface":"увидал","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with услыхал","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"отворенное","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies окно","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of увидал","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барина","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies окно (whose window)","gloss":"the master's"},{"surface":"пустое","lemma":"пустой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies окошко","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустое","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"окошко","lemma":"окошко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to окно","gloss":"little window"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of выглядывал","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выглядывал","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выглядывал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выглядывал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выглядывал","lemma":"выглядывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of final clause, parallel to увидал","gloss":"was looking out"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b8-c4-s92","source":"«Почему отворено, теперь не лето!» — подумал Григорий, и вдруг, как раз в то самое мгновение прямо пред ним в саду замелькало что-то необычайное.","translation":"\"Why is it open? It's not summer now!\" thought Grigory, and suddenly, at that very instant, right before him in the garden something extraordinary went flickering.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"теперь не лето","title":"Zero copula + negation","body":"«Теперь не лето» ('it's not summer now') has no verb 'to be' — the present copula is simply absent, and «не» negates the predicate noun «лето». This zero-copula present is the bedrock of Russian nominal sentences."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"замелькало что-то необычайное","title":"Inceptive perfective «замелькало»","body":"The prefix «за-» on «мелькать» makes «замелькало' inceptive — 'began to flicker, started flashing'. The neuter agrees with «что-то необычайное» ('something extraordinary'), and the verb-first placement makes the apparition burst onto the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отворено","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"отворено","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"is open"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided лето (now it's not summer)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the elided лето (it's not summer)","gloss":"not","note":"The word 'лето' (summer) that 'не' and 'теперь' modify is missing from the source parse — likely dropped by the tagger before the exclamation mark."},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, introduces the quoted thought","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замелькало","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мгновение (как раз = just, exactly)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"(part of как раз = just)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мгновение","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самое","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мгновение","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of замелькало","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пред","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"ним","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of замелькало","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"саду","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of замелькало","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"замелькало","lemma":"замелькать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with подумал","gloss":"went flickering"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of замелькало","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase что (что-то = something), subject of замелькало","gloss":"-thing (indefinite)"},{"surface":"необычайное","lemma":"необычайный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то, describing the subject","gloss":"extraordinary"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b8-c4-s93","source":"Шагах в сорока пред ним как бы пробегал в темноте человек, очень быстро двигалась какая-то тень.","translation":"Some forty paces ahead of him a man seemed to be running through the dark; a shape of some kind was moving very fast.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Шагах в сорока","title":"Approximation by inversion + numeral case","body":"Reversing noun and numeral — «шагах в сорока» instead of «в сорока шагах» — signals approximation: 'some forty paces off'. The numeral «сорока» and noun «шагах» both stand in the prepositional after «в», governed together."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы пробегал","title":"Hedged imperfective «как бы пробегал»","body":"«Как бы» ('as if, seemingly') hedges the imperfective past «пробегал», rendering the uncertain glimpse — a man 'seemed to be running'. The imperfective captures the motion in progress as Grigory strains to make it out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Шагах","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial expression of distance, modifies пробегал","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сорока","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"сорока","lemma":"сорок","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"modifies Шагах (approximate quantity: some forty paces)","gloss":"forty"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"ahead of"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"ним","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробегал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase бы (как бы = as if)","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как (как бы = as if)","gloss":"(part of как бы)"},{"surface":"пробегал","lemma":"пробегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was running"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"темноте","lemma":"темнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробегал","gloss":"the dark"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробегал","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies быстро","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies двигалась","gloss":"fast"},{"surface":"двигалась","lemma":"двигаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пробегал","gloss":"was moving"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тень","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какая (какая-то = some kind of)","gloss":"-kind of (indefinite)"},{"surface":"тень","lemma":"тень","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of двигалась","gloss":"a shape"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b8-c4-s94","source":"«Господи!» — проговорил Григорий и, не помня себя, забыв про свою боль в пояснице, пустился наперерез бегущему.","translation":"\"Lord!\" cried Grigory, and, beside himself, forgetting the pain in the small of his back, he set off to head off the runner.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не помня себя, забыв про свою боль","title":"Imperfective and perfective gerunds contrasted","body":"«Не помня» is imperfective ('not [in the act of] remembering himself') and «забыв» perfective ('having forgotten his pain') — a simultaneous state set beside a completed one. Both share Grigory's subject as he flings himself after the figure."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пустился наперерез","title":"«Пуститься наперерез»","body":"«Пуститься» means to dash off, set off at a run; «наперерез» (бегущему) is 'to cut across / head off' the runner. The pair vividly stages the old man's lunge to intercept the fleeing shape."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господи!»","lemma":"господи","morphology":"interjection","role":"quoted exclamation","gloss":"Lord!"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помня","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помня","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пустился","gloss":"remembering"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of помня","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"забыв","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пустился, coordinated with помня","gloss":"forgetting"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking боль","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of боль","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"боль","lemma":"боль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыв","gloss":"the pain"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пояснице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пояснице","lemma":"поясница","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies боль","gloss":"the small of the back"},{"surface":"пустился","lemma":"пуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проговорил","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"наперерез","lemma":"наперерез","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бегущему","gloss":"to head off"},{"surface":"бегущему","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"complement of пустился","gloss":"the one running"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b8-c4-s95","source":"Он взял короче, сад был ему, видимо, знакомее, чем бегущему; тот же направлялся к бане, пробежал за баню, бросился к стене…","translation":"He took a shorter line; the garden was plainly more familiar to him than to the runner; the latter was making for the bathhouse, ran behind it, flung himself at the wall…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сад был ему… знакомее, чем бегущему","title":"Comparative «знакомее» + dative of the one who knows","body":"«Знакомее» is the predicative comparative ('more familiar'), and the persons to whom the garden is familiar stand in the dative — «ему… чем бегущему» ('to him than to the runner'). «Знаком кому-то' regularly takes the dative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тот же направлялся к бане","title":"Demonstrative «тот» with «же»","body":"«Тот же» here means 'the latter / that same one' — «тот» picks out the runner as the referent, and «же» links back contrastively. «Тот» as a tracking demonstrative is essential to following who-does-what when word order is loose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"короче","lemma":"короче","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"a shorter way"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знакомее","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to знакомее","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of знакомее","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знакомее (parenthetical: evidently)","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"знакомее","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate adjective, complement of был, describing сад","gloss":"more familiar"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бегущему","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"бегущему","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знакомее","gloss":"the runner"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of направлялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"for his part"},{"surface":"направлялся","lemma":"направляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"was heading"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бане","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"бане","lemma":"баня","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направлялся","gloss":"the bathhouse"},{"surface":"пробежал","lemma":"пробежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking баню","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"баню","lemma":"баня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробежал","gloss":"the bathhouse"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"flung himself"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стене","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"стене","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"the wall"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b8-c4-s96","source":"Григорий следил его, не теряя из виду, и бежал не помня себя.","translation":"Grigory tracked him, not losing sight of him, and ran beside himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не теряя из виду","title":"Negated imperfective gerund","body":"«Не теряя из виду» ('not losing [him] from sight') is an imperfective gerund of attendant circumstance, simultaneous with «следил» and «бежал». «Терять из виду» is the set idiom for losing sight of someone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не помня себя","title":"«Не помня себя», once more","body":"The phrase «не помня себя» ('beside himself') now attaches to Grigory, having earlier marked Mitya — the narration spreads the same loss of self-possession across pursuer and pursued. The repetition binds the two in one frenzy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of следил","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"следил","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tracked"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of следил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теряя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"теряя","lemma":"терять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on следил","gloss":"losing"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виду","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, partitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of теряя","gloss":"sight"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бежал","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with следил","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помня","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помня","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бежал","gloss":"remembering"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of помня","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b8-c4-s97","source":"Он добежал до забора как раз в ту минуту, когда беглец уже перелезал забор.","translation":"He reached the fence just at the moment when the fugitive was already climbing over it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда беглец уже перелезал забор","title":"Imperfective «перелезал» of an action in progress","body":"«Перелезал» is imperfective past ('was climbing over') — the fugitive caught mid-act, not yet over, just as Grigory reaches him. «Уже… перелезал' freezes the precise instant of overlap that lets the old man seize his leg."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беглец","title":"«Беглец» — the fugitive","body":"«Беглец» ('fugitive, one who flees', from «бежать») recasts the running figure as a man in flight from a deed. The shift from neutral «бегущий» ('the runner') to «беглец» quietly loads the scene with guilt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of добежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"добежал","lemma":"добежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reached (at a run)"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забора","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"забора","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of добежал","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies минуту (как раз = exactly)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"(part of как раз = just)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of добежал","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перелезал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"беглец","lemma":"беглец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перелезал","gloss":"the fugitive"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перелезал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"перелезал","lemma":"перелезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause, modifies минуту","gloss":"was climbing over"},{"surface":"забор","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of перелезал","gloss":"the fence"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b8-c4-s98","source":"Вне себя завопил Григорий, кинулся и вцепился обеими руками в его ногу.","translation":"Beside himself, Grigory let out a howl, lunged, and clutched his leg with both hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вне себя завопил Григорий","title":"Inversion for dramatic onset","body":"The clause opens with «вне себя» ('beside himself') and the verb «завопил' before the subject — fronting the emotion and the cry for shock effect. The «за-» prefix makes «завопить' inceptive: he 'let out a howl'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вцепился обеими руками","title":"Instrumental of means «обеими руками»","body":"«Вцепиться» ('to clutch, dig into') takes «в» + accusative for what is gripped, and «обеими руками» ('with both hands') stands in the instrumental of means. The numeral «обеими» governs the noun in this plural instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вне","lemma":"вне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of завопил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let out a howl"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"кинулся","lemma":"кинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with завопил","gloss":"lunged"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вцепился","lemma":"вцепиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with завопил","gloss":"clutched"},{"surface":"обеими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine","role":"modifies руками","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вцепился","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногу","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"determiner of ногу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ногу","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вцепился","gloss":"leg"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b8-c4-s99","source":"Так и есть, предчувствие не обмануло его; он узнал его, это был он, «изверг-отцеубивец»!","translation":"Just as he had thought: his foreboding had not deceived him; he recognized him, it was he, the \"monster, the parricide\"!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"предчувствие не обмануло его","title":"Negated perfective «не обмануло»","body":"«Не обмануло его» ('did not deceive him') is the negated perfective past; the object «его' remains accusative — a definite, specific 'him' resists the genitive of negation. The grim confirmation lands as a single completed fact."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"изверг-отцеубивец","title":"«Изверг-отцеубивец» — monster-parricide","body":"«Изверг» is a monster, a fiend; «отцеубивец» ('father-killer, parricide') is a heavy, archaic-flavoured compound. Grigory's branding of the figure as a 'monster-parricide' — before any blow is even certain — anticipates the false charge that will hound Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так и есть (sure enough)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"предчувствие","lemma":"предчувствие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обмануло","gloss":"the foreboding"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обмануло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обмануло","lemma":"обмануть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with есть","gloss":"had deceived"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обмануло","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recognized"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of узнал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to он","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal complement of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"изверг","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он (predicate nominal)","gloss":"the monster"},{"surface":"отцеубивец","lemma":"отцеубивец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with изверг (compound epithet)","gloss":"the parricide"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b8-c4-s100","source":"— Отцеубивец! — прокричал старик на всю окрестность, но только это и успел прокричать; он вдруг упал как пораженный громом.","translation":"\"Parricide!\" the old man yelled out for the whole neighbourhood to hear, but that was all he managed to yell; he suddenly dropped as if struck by thunder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только это и успел прокричать","title":"Emphatic «только… и»","body":"The frame «только это и успел» ('that was all he managed to') uses «и' as an emphatic restrictive particle — 'only this and nothing more'. «Успеть» + perfective infinitive «прокричать» means to manage to do it in time before collapse."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как пораженный громом","title":"Simile «как пораженный громом»","body":"«Пораженный громом» ('struck by thunder', the past passive participle of «поразить») is a stock simile for sudden, felling shock — like 'thunderstruck'. The biblical force of the image marks the instant Grigory drops."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отцеубивец!","lemma":"отцеубивец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"independent exclamation (predicate noun)","gloss":"Parricide!","note":"Colloquial/dialectal variant of отцеубийца (parricide)."},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"yelled out"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окрестность","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of окрестность","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"окрестность","lemma":"окрестность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокричал","gloss":"neighbourhood"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прокричал","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"прокричать","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to yell"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of упал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"упал","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dropped"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пораженный","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"пораженный","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on упал","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"громом","lemma":"гром","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пораженный","gloss":"by thunder"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b8-c4-s101","source":"Митя соскочил опять в сад и нагнулся над поверженным.","translation":"Mitya jumped back down into the garden and bent over the fallen man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"соскочил опять в сад","title":"Prefixed perfective «соскочил»","body":"«Соскочить» ('to jump down/off') is a perfective with the prefix «с-» giving downward direction, a single completed leap. «Опять» ('again') notes that Mitya, having half-cleared the fence, drops back down on the garden side."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"над поверженным","title":"Participle as noun «поверженный»","body":"«Поверженный» is a past passive participle ('the felled/stricken one') substantivized into a noun — 'the fallen man'. The elevated, almost epic word («повергнуть' = to lay low) dignifies the prostrate old servant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of соскочил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"соскочил","lemma":"соскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"jumped down"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соскочил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскочил","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нагнулся","lemma":"нагнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with соскочил","gloss":"bent"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поверженным","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"поверженным","lemma":"поверженный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of нагнулся","gloss":"the fallen man"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b8-c4-s102","source":"В руках Мити был медный пестик, и он машинально отбросил его в траву.","translation":"In Mitya's hand was the brass pestle, and he mechanically flung it into the grass.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"машинально","title":"«Машинально» — mechanically","body":"«Машинально» ('mechanically, automatically') recurs through this scene to mark Mitya's actions as unwilled, done in a daze. The repeated word insists he is not in command of himself — crucial to the question of his guilt."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отбросил его в траву","title":"Perfective «отбросил» + «в» of motion","body":"«Отбросить» ('to fling away') is perfective, a single tossing-off, and «в траву» ('into the grass') uses «в» + accusative for motion toward. This careless throw — its exact landing-place fatefully wrong — is set up by the next sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"the hands"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies руках","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula of the locative construction (руках ... пестик)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"медный","lemma":"медный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пестик","gloss":"brass"},{"surface":"пестик","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"pestle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отбросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"машинально","lemma":"машинально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отбросил","gloss":"mechanically"},{"surface":"отбросил","lemma":"отбросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"flung"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отбросил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking траву","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"траву","lemma":"трава","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отбросил","gloss":"the grass"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b8-c4-s103","source":"Пестик упал в двух шагах от Григория, но не в траву, а на тропинку, на самое видное место.","translation":"The pestle fell two paces from Grigory, but not into the grass—onto the path, in the most conspicuous spot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не в траву, а на тропинку","title":"Corrective «не… а…»","body":"«Не в траву, а на тропинку» ('not into the grass, but onto the path') is the corrective construction with contrastive «а» — denying one and asserting its replacement. The structure sharpens the cruel irony: the pestle lands exactly where it will be found."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пестик упал в двух шагах","title":"Numeral «два» + genitive singular","body":"«В двух шагах» ('two paces away') shows the numeral two governing the noun — here both in the prepositional after «в». In the base count «два шага» the noun would be genitive singular «шага'; numbers 2–4 always take that form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пестик","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of упал","gloss":"The pestle"},{"surface":"упал","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шагах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies шагах","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"шагах","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of упал","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Григория","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of от, modifying шагах","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies траву","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking траву","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"траву","lemma":"трава","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упал, negated by не","gloss":"the grass"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but rather"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тропинку","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"тропинку","lemma":"тропинка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упал","gloss":"the path"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies видное","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"видное","lemma":"видный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"conspicuous"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of упал, coordinated with тропинку","gloss":"spot"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b8-c4-s104","source":"Несколько секунд рассматривал он лежащего пред ним.","translation":"For several seconds he examined the man lying before him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассматривал он лежащего","title":"Imperfective duration + participle object","body":"The imperfective «рассматривал» ('examined, kept looking at') over «несколько секунд' draws out the gazing as a process. Its object «лежащего' is a present active participle ('the one lying [there]') used as a noun, in the animate accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on секунд","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"секунд","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of рассматривал","gloss":"seconds"},{"surface":"рассматривал","lemma":"рассматривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"examined"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассматривал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"лежащего","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"direct object of рассматривал","gloss":"the man lying"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition (archaic form of перед)","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежащего","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b8-c4-s105","source":"Голова старика была вся в крови; Митя протянул руку и стал ее ощупывать.","translation":"The old man's head was all covered in blood; Mitya stretched out his hand and began feeling it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал ее ощупывать","title":"Inceptive «стал» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Стал… ощупывать» ('began to feel/grope at it') pairs perfective «стать» with an imperfective infinitive to mark the onset of an ongoing action. Russian regularly expresses 'began doing' this way rather than with a single verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Голова… была вся в крови","title":"«Весь» intensifier + «в» of state","body":"«Вся в крови» ('all [covered] in blood') uses «весь» as an intensifier and «в крови' (prepositional) for the state of being smeared with something. The construction «в + prepositional' for 'covered in' is idiomatic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Голова","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"The head"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Голова","gloss":"the old man's"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking Голова to вся в крови","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Голова","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of была","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of протянул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"протянул","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stretched out"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of протянул","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with протянул","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ощупывать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ощупывать","lemma":"ощупывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to feel"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b8-c4-s106","source":"Он припомнил потом ясно, что ему ужасно захотелось в ту минуту «вполне убедиться», проломил он череп старику или только «огорошил» его пестиком по темени?","translation":"He remembered clearly afterwards that he had felt a terrible craving at that moment \"to make quite sure\" whether he had cracked the old man's skull or had only \"stunned\" him on the crown with the pestle.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему ужасно захотелось… убедиться","title":"Dative-subject «захотелось»","body":"«Ему захотелось» ('he was seized by a craving to') is a classic impersonal, dative-experiencer construction: no nominative, the person in the dative «ему», the -ся verb neuter. It frames the urge as something that came over Mitya rather than something he chose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проломил он череп… или только огорошил","title":"Embedded yes/no question without «ли»","body":"The indirect question 'whether he had cracked the skull or only stunned him' is built as two perfective alternatives, «проломил… или… огорошил», the inversion «проломил он» marking the interrogative. Both perfectives ask which single completed result occurred."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"огорошил","title":"Colloquial «огорошить»","body":"«Огорошить» normally means to dumbfound or take aback; in Mitya's mouth, in quotation marks, it is wrenched to mean 'stunned [with a blow]'. The slangy, almost flippant word over so grave an act marks his dazed, unreal state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of припомнил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"припомнил","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припомнил","gloss":"afterwards"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припомнил","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захотелось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of захотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захотелось","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"захотелось","lemma":"захотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of припомнил","gloss":"craved"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of захотелось","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убедиться","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"убедиться","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотелось","gloss":"make sure"},{"surface":"проломил","lemma":"проломить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the embedded question complement of убедиться","gloss":"had cracked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проломил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"череп","lemma":"череп","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of проломил","gloss":"the skull"},{"surface":"старику","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of проломил","gloss":"the old man's"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies огорошил","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"огорошил","lemma":"огорошить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проломил","gloss":"stunned"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of огорошил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пестиком","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of огорошил","gloss":"with the pestle"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темени","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"темени","lemma":"темя","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of по, modifying огорошил","gloss":"the crown of the head","note":"Темя = crown/top of the head; dative темени."}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b8-c4-s107","source":"Но кровь лилась, лилась ужасно и мигом облила горячею струей дрожащие пальцы Мити.","translation":"But the blood flowed, flowed terribly, and in an instant drenched Mitya's trembling fingers in a hot stream.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кровь лилась, лилась ужасно","title":"Imperfective repetition for flow","body":"The doubled imperfective «лилась, лилась» ('flowed, flowed') iconically prolongs the gushing — the imperfective views the bleeding as unbroken process, and the repetition makes it relentless. The verb «литься' is a -ся middle ('to pour, flow')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"облила горячею струей","title":"Perfective «облила» + instrumental","body":"Against the flowing imperfective, perfective «облила» ('drenched [in one go]') marks the single completed soaking of his fingers, with «горячею струей» ('in a hot stream', archaic instrumental -ею) as the means. The aspect switch turns sustained flow into a sudden result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лилась","gloss":"the blood"},{"surface":"лилась","lemma":"литься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flowed"},{"surface":"лилась","lemma":"литься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лилась","gloss":"kept flowing"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лилась","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies облила","gloss":"in an instant"},{"surface":"облила","lemma":"облить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with лилась","gloss":"drenched"},{"surface":"горячею","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular (archaic ending)","role":"modifies струей","gloss":"hot"},{"surface":"струей","lemma":"струя","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of облила","gloss":"stream"},{"surface":"дрожащие","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies пальцы","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"пальцы","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of облила","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пальцы","gloss":"Mitya's"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b8-c4-s108","source":"Он помнил, что выхватил из кармана свой белый новый платок, которым запасся, идя к Хохлаковой, и приложил к голове старика, бессмысленно стараясь оттереть кровь со лба и с лица.","translation":"He remembered snatching from his pocket the clean new white handkerchief he had stocked up with on his way to Madame Hohlakov's, and pressing it to the old man's head, senselessly trying to wipe the blood from his forehead and face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"платок, которым запасся","title":"Relative «которым» in the instrumental","body":"«Запастись» ('to stock up on, provide oneself with') governs the instrumental, so the relative «которым» appears in the instrumental, agreeing with «платок' in gender/number but taking its own case. The clause tucks in the telling backstory of the clean handkerchief."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"идя к Хохлаковой","title":"Gerund of motion «идя»","body":"«Идя» is the imperfective gerund of «идти» ('while going, on his way'), with «к Хохлаковой' (dative after «к») giving the destination. The gerund neatly times the earlier provisioning to his walk to Madame Hohlakov's."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бессмысленно стараясь оттереть","title":"«Бессмысленно» — senselessly","body":"«Бессмысленно стараясь» ('senselessly trying') again paints Mitya's actions as futile and unwilled. The handkerchief he tries to clean the blood with becomes, soaked, one of the trial's most damning material clues."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помнил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"помнил","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выхватил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"выхватил","lemma":"выхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of помнил","gloss":"snatched"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кармана","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выхватил","gloss":"his pocket"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of платок","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"белый","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies платок","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"новый","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies платок","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выхватил","gloss":"handkerchief"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запасся","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"запасся","lemma":"запастись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying платок","gloss":"he had stocked up"},{"surface":"идя","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on запасся","gloss":"on his way"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Хохлаковой","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идя","gloss":"Khokhlakova's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приложил","lemma":"приложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выхватил","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приложил","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голове","gloss":"the old man's"},{"surface":"бессмысленно","lemma":"бессмысленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стараясь","gloss":"senselessly"},{"surface":"стараясь","lemma":"стараться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on приложил","gloss":"trying"},{"surface":"оттереть","lemma":"оттереть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of стараясь","gloss":"to wipe"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оттереть","gloss":"the blood"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лба","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"лба","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оттереть","gloss":"his forehead"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лица","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with лба","gloss":"his face"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b8-c4-s109","source":"Но и платок мигом весь намок кровью.","translation":"But the handkerchief, too, was at once soaked through with blood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и платок мигом весь намок","title":"Emphatic «и» + perfective «намок»","body":"Here «и» means 'too, even' — 'the handkerchief, too, soaked through'. «Намок» is perfective ('became soaked', a completed change of state), and «мигом» ('in an instant') compresses the soaking to a single moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies платок","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of намок","gloss":"the handkerchief"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies намок","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies платок","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"намок","lemma":"намокнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was soaked through"},{"surface":"кровью","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies намок","gloss":"with blood"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b8-c4-s110","source":"«Господи, да для чего это я? — очнулся вдруг Митя, — коли уж проломил, то как теперь узнать… Да и не всё ли теперь равно! — прибавил он вдруг безнадежно, — убил так убил… Попался старик и лежи!» — громко проговорил он и вдруг кинулся на забор, перепрыгнул в переулок и пустился бежать.","translation":"\"Lord, why ever am I doing this?\" Mitya suddenly came to himself. \"If I've cracked it open, how can I find out now… And anyway, isn't it all the same now!\" he added suddenly, in despair. \"If I've killed him, I've killed him… You're done for, old man, so lie there!\" he said aloud, and suddenly flung himself at the fence, vaulted over into the lane, and set off running.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да для чего это я?","title":"Particle «да» + elliptical verb","body":"«Да» here is an emphatic, exclamatory opener ('Lord, why ever…'), not 'yes'. The verb is omitted — «для чего это я [делаю]?» — leaving a startled, broken cry; «для чего» ('what for, to what end') asks the purpose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли уж проломил, то как теперь узнать","title":"Colloquial conditional «коли»","body":"«Коли» is a folksy, archaic «если» ('if'), with «то» marking the apodosis. «Как теперь узнать» ('how to find out now') uses a bare infinitive for a deliberative question — 'how is one to know?' — the dative experiencer left unspoken."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"убил так убил","title":"Resigned «X так X» construction","body":"«Убил так убил» ('killed, then killed — so be it') is the fatalistic «сделал так сделал» pattern: repeat the verb to mean 'if it's done, it's done, no use grieving'. It captures Mitya's flat, despairing acceptance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Попался старик и лежи!","title":"Imperative «лежи!»","body":"«Лежи!» is the imperative of «лежать» ('lie there!'), flung at the fallen old man, and «попался» ('you're caught / done for') is a perfective past used as a verdict. The brutal command-to-a-corpse shows Mitya's reckless bravado in the moment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"independent vocative exclamation","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle introducing the question","gloss":"why ever"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of для, in the exclamation","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (это ... я)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"очнулся","lemma":"очнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"came to himself"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очнулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Митя,","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of очнулся","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (archaic/colloquial, = если)","role":"introduces the conditional clause modifying узнать","gloss":"if","note":"Коли is an archaic/colloquial conditional conjunction equivalent to если (if)."},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies проломил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"проломил","lemma":"проломить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the conditional clause introduced by коли","gloss":"cracked it open"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle (marks the apodosis)","role":"marks the apodosis, introducing как теперь узнать","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"predicate infinitive of the apodosis clause","gloss":"to find out"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё, emphatic","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of равно","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the rhetorical question","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies равно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"равно!","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb (predicate, idiom всё равно)","role":"predicate, forms the idiom всё равно with всё","gloss":"the same","note":"Idiom всё равно = \"all the same, no matter.\""},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"безнадежно,","lemma":"безнадежно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"in despair"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation (idiom убил так убил)","gloss":"killed him","note":"Idiom \"X так X\" = a resigned repetition, \"well, X is X.\""},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the second убил, correlative","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with the first убил (idiom construction)","gloss":"killed him"},{"surface":"Попался","lemma":"попасться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"he's done for"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Попался","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кинулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"кинулся","lemma":"кинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проговорил","gloss":"flung himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забор","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"забор","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кинулся","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"перепрыгнул","lemma":"перепрыгнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проговорил","gloss":"vaulted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переулок","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"переулок","lemma":"переулок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перепрыгнул","gloss":"the lane"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пустился","lemma":"пуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проговорил","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"бежать","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пустился","gloss":"running"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b8-c4-s111","source":"Намокший кровью платок был скомкан у него в правом кулаке, и он на бегу сунул его в задний карман сюртука.","translation":"The blood-soaked handkerchief was crumpled in his right fist, and as he ran he stuffed it into the back pocket of his frock coat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Намокший кровью платок","title":"Past active participle «намокший»","body":"«Намокший» is a past active participle from «намокнуть» ('having become soaked'), modifying «платок» as a fronted adjective, with «кровью' (instrumental) for what soaked it. The participle compresses 'the handkerchief that had soaked through with blood' into one modifier."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сюртука","title":"«Сюртук» — the frock coat","body":"«Сюртук» is a 19th-century man's frock coat, a knee-length formal coat. Its «задний карман» ('back pocket') — where Mitya stuffs the bloody handkerchief — fixes a precise detail that the investigation will later seize on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Намокший","lemma":"намокнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying платок","gloss":"Soaked"},{"surface":"кровью","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Намокший","gloss":"with blood"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive скомкан","gloss":"the handkerchief"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of скомкан","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"скомкан","lemma":"скомкать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crumpled"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скомкан","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кулаке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"правом","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кулаке","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"кулаке","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скомкан","gloss":"fist"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сунул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бегу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"бегу","lemma":"бег","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сунул","gloss":"the run"},{"surface":"сунул","lemma":"сунуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with скомкан","gloss":"stuffed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сунул","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карман","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"задний","lemma":"задний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies карман","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"карман","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сунул","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"сюртука","lemma":"сюртук","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies карман","gloss":"of his frock coat"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b8-c4-s112","source":"Он бежал сломя голову, и несколько редких прохожих, повстречавшихся ему в темноте, на улицах города, запомнили потом, как встретили они в ту ночь неистово бегущего человека.","translation":"He ran headlong, and the few rare passers-by who met him in the dark, on the town's streets, remembered afterwards how they had encountered that night a man running wildly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сломя голову","title":"Idiom «сломя голову»","body":"«Бежать сломя голову» ('to run headlong', literally 'having broken one's head') is a frozen idiom — «сломя' is an old perfective gerund surviving only in this phrase. It means to rush recklessly, at breakneck speed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прохожих, повстречавшихся ему","title":"Past active participle + dative","body":"«Повстречавшихся ему» ('who had met him') is a past active participle of reflexive «повстречаться», in the genitive plural agreeing with «прохожих'; «ему' is the dative the verb governs. It replaces a «которые повстречались ему»-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"запомнили потом, как встретили","title":"Witnesses foreshadowed","body":"The perfectives «запомнили… встретили» record that the passers-by 'remembered… how they had met' the running man — the narrator already planting the future witnesses whose testimony will weigh against Mitya. Aspect marks each as a completed, recallable event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бежал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"бежал","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"сломя","lemma":"сломя","morphology":"converb (frozen idiom, from сломить), perfective","role":"adverbial idiom modifying бежал","gloss":"headlong"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сломя","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on прохожих","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"редких","lemma":"редкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies прохожих","gloss":"rare"},{"surface":"прохожих","lemma":"прохожий","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of запомнили","gloss":"passers-by"},{"surface":"повстречавшихся","lemma":"повстречаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying прохожих","gloss":"who had met"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of повстречавшихся","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"темноте","lemma":"темнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повстречавшихся","gloss":"the dark"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"улицах","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with темноте","gloss":"the streets"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies улицах","gloss":"of the town"},{"surface":"запомнили","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with бежал","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запомнили","gloss":"afterwards"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встретили","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"встретили","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of запомнили","gloss":"they had met"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of встретили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встретили","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"неистово","lemma":"неистово","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бегущего","gloss":"wildly"},{"surface":"бегущего","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying человека","gloss":"running"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встретили","gloss":"a man"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b8-c4-s113","source":"Летел он опять в дом Морозовой.","translation":"He was flying again to Morozova's house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Летел он опять","title":"Unidirectional «лететь» + inversion","body":"«Лететь» ('to fly, race') is the unidirectional motion verb, here imperfective for the headlong dash in progress, used figuratively of Mitya's running. Fronting the verb «летел' before «он' lends the line breathless momentum."}],"words":[{"surface":"Летел","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was flying"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Летел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Летел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Летел","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"Морозовой","lemma":"морозова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to дом","gloss":"Morozova's"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b8-c4-s114","source":"Давеча Феня, тотчас по уходе его, бросилась к старшему дворнику Назару Ивановичу и «Христом-богом» начала молить его, чтоб он «не впускал уж больше капитана ни сегодня, ни завтра».","translation":"Earlier that day, the moment he had left, Fenya had rushed to the senior porter, Nazar Ivanovitch, and begun begging him \"by Christ and God\" not to \"let the captain in again, today or tomorrow.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Давеча","title":"Colloquial «давеча»","body":"«Давеча» is a homely, dated adverb meaning 'a little while ago, earlier today'. It belongs to the servants' and townsfolk's speech and sets the flashback to Fenya's earlier plea."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб он не впускал","title":"«Чтоб» + past-form irrealis","body":"«Чтоб(ы)' introduces a willed, hypothetical outcome and demands the irrealis: the imperfective past «не впускал' ('not to let in'). The imperfective here stresses the standing prohibition — keep refusing him entry, 'today or tomorrow'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дворнику","title":"«Дворник» — the yard-keeper","body":"«Дворник» is the porter or yard-keeper of a house — caretaker, gatekeeper, and often informal watchman. The «старший дворник» Nazar Ivanovitch controls who is let through the gate, which is why Fenya appeals to him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросилась","gloss":"earlier that day"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бросилась","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросилась","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уходе","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"уходе","lemma":"уход","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"the departure"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уходе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворнику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"старшему","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дворнику","gloss":"senior"},{"surface":"дворнику","lemma":"дворник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"the porter"},{"surface":"Назару","lemma":"назар","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to дворнику","gloss":"Nazar"},{"surface":"Ивановичу","lemma":"иванович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Назару","gloss":"Ivanovitch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Христом","lemma":"христос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молить (idiom \"by Christ and God\")","gloss":"by Christ","note":"Христом-богом молить = an intense idiomatic entreaty, \"to beg by Christ and God.\""},{"surface":"богом","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Христом, complement of молить","gloss":"and God"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросилась","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"молить","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начала","gloss":"to beg"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of молить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of впускал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of впускал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies впускал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"впускал","lemma":"впускать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of молить","gloss":"let in"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies впускал","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"капитана","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of впускал","gloss":"the captain"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies впускал","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with сегодня","gloss":"tomorrow"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b8-c4-s115","source":"Назар Иванович, выслушав, согласился, но на грех отлучился наверх к барыне, куда его внезапно позвали, и на ходу, встретив своего племянника, парня лет двадцати, недавно только прибывшего из деревни, приказал ему побыть на дворе, но забыл приказать о капитане.","translation":"Nazar Ivanovitch, having heard her out, agreed, but as ill luck would have it he was called away upstairs to the mistress, where he was suddenly summoned, and on his way, meeting his nephew—a lad of about twenty, only lately come from the country—he told him to keep watch in the yard, but forgot to give any order about the captain.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выслушав… встретив… приказал","title":"Perfective gerunds staging a sequence","body":"«Выслушав» ('having heard out') and «встретив» ('having met') are perfective past gerunds marking prior completed acts that lead into the main verb «приказал» ('he ordered'). The chain compresses a whole train of events around the fateful forgotten instruction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на грех","title":"Idiom «на грех»","body":"«На грех» ('as ill luck would have it', literally 'to [one's] sin') is a fixed expression for an unlucky coincidence with a faint moral tinge — fate conspiring through a small lapse. It marks the porter's chance absence as the hinge that lets Mitya slip in."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"парня лет двадцати","title":"Approximative «лет двадцати»","body":"«Лет двадцати» ('of about twenty years') is the genitive of approximate age, with «лет' (genitive plural of «год' after the numeral) before «двадцати' to signal 'roughly'. «Парень' ('lad, young fellow') is a colloquial term for a young man."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"к барыне","title":"«Барыня» — the mistress","body":"«Барыня' is the lady of the house, the feminine of «барин' — the mistress to whom Nazar is summoned upstairs. The word fixes the household's hierarchy of masters and servants in a single noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Назар","lemma":"назар","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of согласился","gloss":"Nazar"},{"surface":"Иванович","lemma":"иванович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Назар","gloss":"Ivanovich"},{"surface":"выслушав","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on согласился","gloss":"having heard her out"},{"surface":"согласился","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"agreed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms the idiom на грех","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"грех","lemma":"грех","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отлучился","gloss":"ill luck","note":"Idiom: на грех = \"as ill luck would have it.\""},{"surface":"отлучился","lemma":"отлучиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with согласился","gloss":"he was called away"},{"surface":"наверх","lemma":"наверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отлучился","gloss":"upstairs"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барыне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"барыне","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отлучился","gloss":"the mistress"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on барыне","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of позвали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позвали","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"позвали","lemma":"позвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on барыне","gloss":"he was summoned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms the phrase на ходу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ходу","lemma":"ход","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal modifier of приказал","gloss":"his way"},{"surface":"встретив","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on приказал","gloss":"having met"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of племянника","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"племянника","lemma":"племянник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встретив","gloss":"nephew"},{"surface":"парня","lemma":"парень","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to племянника","gloss":"a lad"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to парня (age phrase)","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"двадцати","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"about twenty"},{"surface":"недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибывшего","gloss":"recently"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибывшего","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"прибывшего","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying племянника","gloss":"having arrived"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деревни","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"деревни","lemma":"деревня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибывшего","gloss":"the country"},{"surface":"приказал","lemma":"приказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with согласился","gloss":"he told"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of приказал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"побыть","lemma":"побыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of приказал","gloss":"to keep watch"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дворе","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побыть","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with согласился","gloss":"he forgot"},{"surface":"приказать","lemma":"приказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of забыл","gloss":"to give any order"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking капитане","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"капитане","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приказать","gloss":"the captain"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b8-c4-s116","source":"Добежав до ворот, Митя постучался.","translation":"Reaching the gate, Mitya knocked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Добежав до ворот, Митя постучался","title":"Perfective gerund «добежав»","body":"«Добежав до ворот» ('having run up to the gate') is a perfective past gerund; the prefix «до-' marks arrival at the goal, and «до ворот' takes the genitive after «до». It sets the completed approach before the main act «постучался' ('knocked')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Добежав","lemma":"добежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on постучался","gloss":"having run up"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ворот","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ворот","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of Добежав","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of постучался","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"постучался","lemma":"постучаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knocked"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b8-c4-s117","source":"Парень мигом узнал его: Митя не раз уже давал ему на чай.","translation":"The lad recognized him in an instant: Mitya had more than once given him a tip already.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не раз уже давал ему на чай","title":"Imperfective of repeated action","body":"«Давал' is imperfective past with «не раз» ('more than once') — the imperfective is exactly the aspect for habitual, repeated action. «Давать на чай» ('to give for tea') is the set idiom for tipping."}],"words":[{"surface":"Парень","lemma":"парень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"The lad"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recognized"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of узнал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of давал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the idiom не раз","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies давал","gloss":"once","note":"Idiom: не раз = \"more than once.\""},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"давал","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to узнал","gloss":"had given"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of давал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms the idiom на чай","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чай","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of давал","gloss":"a tip","note":"Idiom: на чай = a tip (literally \"for tea\")."}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b8-c4-s118","source":"Тотчас же отворил ему калитку, впустил и, весело улыбаясь, предупредительно поспешил уведомить, что «ведь Аграфены Александровны теперь дома-то и нет-с».","translation":"He opened the gate to him at once, let him in, and, smiling cheerfully, obligingly hastened to inform him that \"Agrafena Alexandrovna, you know, isn't home just now, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"весело улыбаясь, предупредительно поспешил","title":"Gerund of manner «улыбаясь»","body":"«Весело улыбаясь» ('smiling cheerfully') is an imperfective gerund of attendant manner, simultaneous with «поспешил уведомить» ('hastened to inform'). The cheerful smile, set against the news Mitya least wants, sharpens the dramatic irony."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дома-то и нет-с","title":"Topic «-то», negation, and servile «-с»","body":"«Дома-то… нет» pairs the emphatic clitic «-то» (foregrounding the known topic) with the genitive-of-absence «нет' ('isn't [here]'). The tacked-on «-с» (from «сударь', 'sir') is the obsequious particle of deferential speech — the lad's servile politeness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отворил","gloss":"At once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"отворил","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отворил","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"калитку","lemma":"калитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворил","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"впустил","lemma":"впустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отворил","gloss":"let him in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбаясь","gloss":"cheerfully"},{"surface":"улыбаясь","lemma":"улыбаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on поспешил","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"предупредительно","lemma":"предупредительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поспешил","gloss":"obligingly"},{"surface":"поспешил","lemma":"поспешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отворил","gloss":"hastened"},{"surface":"уведомить","lemma":"уведомить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of поспешил","gloss":"to inform him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"Аграфены","lemma":"аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive subject of нет","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровны","lemma":"александровна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Аграфены","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes дома","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential suffix on нет","gloss":"sir","note":"The colloquial honorific particle -с (short for сударь), added for deference."}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b8-c4-s119","source":"— Где же она, Прохор? — вдруг остановился Митя.","translation":"\"Where is she, then, Prohor?\" Mitya stopped short suddenly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Где же она, Прохор?","title":"Urgent «же» again","body":"«Где же она?» ('Where IS she, then?') carries the same insistent «же» that opened the chapter in Fyodor Pavlovich's mouth — now Mitya's, stopping short in alarm. The particle conveys anxious, pressing demand."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг остановился Митя","title":"Dialogue tag by inversion","body":"«Вдруг остановился Митя' ('Mitya suddenly stopped short') puts verb before subject in the speech-tag — a constant device for attaching action to a line of dialogue. «Остановиться' is a perfective -ся verb for the abrupt halt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative, asks the location of она","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Где","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the omitted copula (is)","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"Прохор?","lemma":"прохор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Prohor"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped short"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b8-c4-s120","source":"— Давеча уехала, часа с два тому, с Тимофеем, в Мокрое.","translation":"\"She left earlier, some two hours ago, with Timofey, for Mokroe.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"часа с два тому","title":"Approximation «часа с два»","body":"«Часа с два (тому назад)» means 'about two hours ago' — the preposition «с» + accusative numeral expresses approximate quantity, and the inverted «часа… два» softens it further. «Тому (назад)' is the set phrase for 'ago'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уехала","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"уехала","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she left"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in approximate construction with два","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking два (approximation)","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"object of preposition с (approximates часа)","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies часа","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Тимофеем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Тимофеем","lemma":"тимофей","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уехала","gloss":"Timofey"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокрое","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Мокрое","lemma":"мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уехала","gloss":"Mokroe"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b8-c4-s121","source":"— Зачем? — крикнул Митя.","translation":"— What for? — cried Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Зачем?","title":"«Зачем» — to what end?","body":"«Зачем» asks for purpose or aim — 'what for? to what end?' — as distinct from «почему» ('why?', asking for a cause). Mitya's one-word cry demands the reason behind the departure he has just been told of."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"крикнул","title":"Perfective past «крикнул»","body":"«Крикнул» is the perfective of «кричать»/«крикнуть»; the «-ну-» stem marks a single, instantaneous burst — one shout, not a sustained cry. The perfective past drives the action forward as a discrete event, agreeing in masculine gender with «Митя» through the «-л» ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем?","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative, main word of the question","gloss":"What for?"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b8-c4-s122","source":"— Этого знать не могу-с, к офицеру какому-то, кто-то их позвал оттудова и лошадей прислали…","translation":"— That I couldn't say, sir; to some officer or other, somebody called them out there and sent horses for them…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"-с","title":"The deferential «-с»","body":"The clitic «-с» tacked onto «могу» (and on «знать не могу-с») is the «словоерс», a contraction of the old «сударь» ('sir'). It marks obsequious, deferential speech from a social inferior to a superior — here the coachman to the gentleman Mitya — and has no English equivalent beyond a peppering of 'sir'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Этого знать не могу-с","title":"Genitive «этого» under negation","body":"The object of the negated «не могу [знать]» appears as genitive «этого» rather than accusative «это» — the genitive of negation, especially natural with an abstract, non-specific 'that'. Fronting it ('that, I cannot know') gives the topic-comment weight of a deferential brush-off."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к офицеру какому-то","title":"Dative after «к» + indefinite «-то»","body":"«К» governs the dative, so 'to (some) officer' becomes «к офицеру». The trailing «какому-то» ('some… or other') carries the indefinite clitic «-то», marking a referent that is specific but unknown to the speaker, and itself agrees in the dative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто-то их позвал","title":"Indefinite «кто-то» — somebody","body":"«Кто-то» ('somebody', specific but unidentified) again uses the «-то» series; the coachman knows someone summoned them but not who. The object «их» ('them') is the plural personal pronoun in the accusative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оттудова","title":"Dialectal «оттудова»","body":"«Оттудова» is a rustic, non-standard variant of «оттуда» ('from there'). The folksy ending is class-marking speech, placing the coachman among the common people — Dostoevsky lets the form do the characterisation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лошадей прислали","title":"Genitive-plural animate object «лошадей»","body":"«Лошадей» is the genitive/accusative plural of «лошадь» ('horse'); because horses are animate, the accusative borrows the genitive form. The subjectless «прислали» ('they sent') is an impersonal third-person plural, leaving the senders vague — 'horses were sent for them'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знать","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"couldn't"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential suffix on могу","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking офицеру","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"офицеру","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of elided verb (she went)","gloss":"officer"},{"surface":"какому","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"combines with то (indefinite 'some')","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with какому (indefinite 'some')","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"combines with то (indefinite 'someone')","gloss":"somebody"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with кто (indefinite 'someone')","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of позвал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"позвал","lemma":"позвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"оттудова","lemma":"оттудова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позвал","gloss":"from out there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лошадей","lemma":"лошадь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of прислали","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"прислали","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with позвал","gloss":"sent"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b8-c4-s123","source":"Митя бросил его и как полоумный вбежал к Фене.","translation":"Mitya dropped him and, half out of his wits, dashed in to Fenya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросил его","title":"Perfective «бросил» — a single, sharp act","body":"«Бросил» is the perfective past of «бросать»/«бросить» ('to throw, drop, abandon'); here Mitya lets go of the man he was gripping. The perfective frames it as one completed motion, and «его» is the accusative of «он»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вбежал к Фене","title":"Prefixed motion «вбежал» + dative «к Фене»","body":"«Вбежал» is the «в-» (into) prefix on «бежать», a perfective verb of motion meaning 'ran in'; the prefix supplies both direction and completion. «К Фене» — «к» governing the dative of the diminutive name «Феня» — gives the goal: 'in to Fenya'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как полоумный","title":"«Полоумный» — half-witted, frantic","body":"«Полоумный» ('half-witted', literally 'half-minded', from «пол-» + «ум») here functions almost adverbially — 'like one out of his wits'. It conveys Mitya's frantic, unhinged state at the height of his jealous panic rather than literal madness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dropped"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бросил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison for вбежал","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"полоумный","lemma":"полоумный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"describes Митя (comparison)","gloss":"a madman"},{"surface":"вбежал","lemma":"вбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросил","gloss":"dashed in"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Фене","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Фене","lemma":"феня","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вбежал","gloss":"Fenya"}]}]}