{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b8-c5","title":{"source":"V. Внезапное решение","translated":"A Sudden Resolution"},"section":"Book VIII — Mitya","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b8-c5","lines":280},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b8-c4","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b8-c6","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b8-c5-s1","source":"Та сидела в кухне с бабушкой, обе собирались ложиться спать.","translation":"She was sitting in the kitchen with the old woman, the two of them just about to go to bed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Та сидела","title":"«Та» as a topic-tracking demonstrative","body":"The sentence opens with «Та» (literally 'that [one, fem.]') rather than a name, picking up Fenya from the previous chapter — the demonstrative «тот/та» works as a tracking pronoun, 'the said woman.' Starting a sentence with a bare «Та» is a typically Russian way of carrying a known referent forward."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"собирались ложиться спать","title":"Imperfective «собирались» — 'were about to'","body":"«собирались ложиться» is imperfective past: not 'gathered' but 'were getting ready / were about to' lie down. The imperfective frames it as an unfinished intention interrupted by Mitya's arrival — exactly the standing background against which the next perfective verbs strike."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бабушка","title":"«бабушка» — the old woman, not literally 'grandmother'","body":"Though «бабушка» means 'grandmother,' here it is used loosely for the old cook of the household (called «старуха кухарка» below) — an affectionate, folksy way of referring to any old peasant woman."}],"words":[{"surface":"Та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сидела","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"сидела","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was sitting"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кухне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кухне","lemma":"кухня","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидела","gloss":"the kitchen"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бабушкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"бабушкой","lemma":"бабушка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидела","gloss":"the old woman"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"subject of собирались","gloss":"the two of them"},{"surface":"собирались","lemma":"собираться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидела","gloss":"were about to"},{"surface":"ложиться","lemma":"ложиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of собирались","gloss":"go to"},{"surface":"спать","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of ложиться","gloss":"bed"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b8-c5-s2","source":"Надеясь на Назара Ивановича, они изнутри опять-таки не заперлись.","translation":"Trusting in Nazar Ivanovich, once again they had not bolted themselves in from the inside.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Надеясь на Назара Ивановича","title":"Present gerund «надеясь» — 'trusting'","body":"«Надеясь» is an imperfective present деепричастие (adverbial participle) from «надеяться», 'while trusting / because they trusted.' It shares the subject of the main clause (the two women) and compresses a whole 'because they relied on…' clause into one word — a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не заперлись","title":"Reflexive «запереться» and «-ся»","body":"«заперлись» is the reflexive «запереться», 'to lock/bolt oneself in.' The «-ся» turns transitive «запереть» (to lock something) into an action the subject does to its own enclosure; with «изнутри», 'they had not bolted themselves in from within.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"опять-таки","title":"«опять-таки» — 'once again, as so often'","body":"The particle «-таки» fused to «опять» gives 'once again, predictably enough' — it carries a faint note of fateful repetition: they had carelessly left the door unbarred yet another time, the small negligence the plot turns on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надеясь","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заперлись","gloss":"Trusting"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Назара","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Назара","lemma":"назар","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Надеясь","gloss":"Nazar"},{"surface":"Ивановича","lemma":"иванович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Назара","gloss":"Ivanovich"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заперлись","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"изнутри","lemma":"изнутри","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заперлись","gloss":"from the inside"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заперлись","gloss":"once again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies опять","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заперлись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заперлись","lemma":"запереться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bolted themselves in"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b8-c5-s3","source":"Митя вбежал, кинулся на Феню и крепко схватил ее за горло.","translation":"Mitya rushed in, flung himself at Fenya, and seized her tightly by the throat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вбежал, кинулся… схватил","title":"A chain of perfectives drives the action","body":"Three perfective past verbs fire in sequence — «вбежал» (ran in), «кинулся» (flung himself), «схватил» (seized) — each a single completed event moving the story forward against the imperfective background of the women settling down. This is aspect doing narrative work."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватил ее за горло","title":"«за» + accusative for the body part seized","body":"Russian says 'seized her by the throat' as «схватил её за горло» — «за» governs the accusative «горло» to name the part grabbed, while «её» is the person. This «глагол + за + часть тела» pattern is the standard way to express grasping someone by a limb or throat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вбежал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"вбежал","lemma":"вбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed in"},{"surface":"кинулся","lemma":"кинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вбежал","gloss":"flung himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Феню","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Феню","lemma":"феня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кинулся","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватил","gloss":"tightly"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вбежал","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горло","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"горло","lemma":"горло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"the throat"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b8-c5-s4","source":"— Говори сейчас, где она, с кем теперь в Мокром? — завопил он в исступлении.","translation":"\"Tell me this instant, where is she, who is she with now at Mokroe?\" he howled in a frenzy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Говори сейчас","title":"Imperfective imperative «Говори» — urgency","body":"«Говори!» is the imperfective imperative of «говорить», not the perfective «скажи». The imperfective command demands the immediate launching of the action — 'start talking, now!' — and is harsher and more insistent than the neutral perfective, fitting Mitya's frenzy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в исступлении","title":"«исступление» — frenzy, transport","body":"«исступление» is a strong, bookish word for a state of being beside oneself — frenzy, ecstasy, derangement of feeling. Dostoevsky reaches for it again and again to name the extreme emotional pitch at which his characters act; «завопил в исступлении» = 'howled in a frenzy.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Tell me"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Говори","gloss":"this instant"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces question (understood 'is')","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the omitted copula","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of the omitted copula","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кем","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of the omitted copula","gloss":"Mokroe"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"howled"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"исступлении","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of завопил","gloss":"a frenzy"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b8-c5-s5","source":"Обе женщины взвизгнули.","translation":"Both women shrieked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"взвизгнули","title":"«взвизгнуть» — to let out a shriek","body":"«взвизгнули» is the perfective of «взвизгивать», a sharp expressive verb: to give a sudden high shriek or squeal. The prefix «вз-» captures the abrupt upward burst of sound — a single yelp from both women at once."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on женщины","gloss":"Both"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of взвизгнули","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"взвизгнули","lemma":"взвизгнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shrieked"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b8-c5-s6","source":"— Ай скажу, ай, голубчик Дмитрий Федорович, сейчас всё скажу, ничего не потаю, — прокричала скороговоркой насмерть испуганная Феня. — Она в Мокрое к офицеру поехала.","translation":"\"Oh, I'll tell you, oh, dear Dmitri Fyodorovich, I'll tell you everything this minute, I'll hide nothing,\" Fenya rattled off in a gabble, frightened half to death. \"She's gone to Mokroe, to the officer.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубчик","title":"golubchik — a term of endearment","body":"«голубчик» literally means 'little dove' (from «голубь», dove) and is a warm, pleading form of address — we render it here as 'dear.' Frightened common folk use it to soften and appease the person they are speaking to; English equivalents range across 'my dear,' 'darling,' and 'dear.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не потаю","title":"Negative concord: «ничего… не»","body":"«ничего не потаю» = 'I'll hide nothing,' literally 'nothing not I-will-hide.' Russian requires negative concord: the negative pronoun «ничего» and the negator «не» on the verb both appear for a single negation. «потаю» is the perfective future of bookish «потаить», to conceal."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скороговоркой","title":"«скороговоркой» — in a rapid gabble","body":"«скороговорка» (from «скоро», fast + «говорить», to speak) means 'patter, a tongue-twister, rapid speech'; in the instrumental «скороговоркой» it works adverbially — 'rattling off at top speed.' It paints Fenya's terror-driven gabble, repeated again in the next segment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ай","lemma":"ай","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, not syntactically integrated","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll tell you"},{"surface":"ай","lemma":"ай","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, not syntactically integrated","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to голубчик","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу (w9)","gloss":"this minute"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу (w9)","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with потаю","gloss":"I'll tell"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of потаю","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"потаю","lemma":"потаить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with скажу","gloss":"I'll hide"},{"surface":"прокричала","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"rattled off"},{"surface":"скороговоркой","lemma":"скороговорка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокричала","gloss":"in a gabble"},{"surface":"насмерть","lemma":"насмерть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испуганная","gloss":"half to death"},{"surface":"испуганная","lemma":"испуганный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Феня","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прокричала","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поехала","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокрое","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мокрое","lemma":"мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поехала","gloss":"Mokroe"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking офицеру","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"офицеру","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поехала","gloss":"the officer"},{"surface":"поехала","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gone"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b8-c5-s7","source":"— К какому офицеру? — вопил Митя.","translation":"\"What officer?\" Mitya bellowed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"К какому офицеру?","title":"«к» + dative; «какому» agreeing","body":"«К какому офицеру?» = 'To what officer?' — the preposition «к» governs the dative, so both the interrogative «какому» and the noun «офицеру» stand in the dative. «к» here marks motion/direction toward a person, the case Fenya echoes back from her own «к офицеру поехала»."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking офицеру","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"какому","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of офицеру","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"офицеру","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"goal of the implied journey (question)","gloss":"officer"},{"surface":"вопил","lemma":"вопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bellowed"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вопил","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b8-c5-s8","source":"— К прежнему офицеру, к тому самому, к прежнему своему, пять лет тому который был, бросил и уехал, — тою же скороговоркой протрещала Феня.","translation":"\"The former officer, that very one, her own from before, the one who five years ago threw her over and went away,\" Fenya rapped out in the same gabble.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к прежнему своему","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой» — 'her own'","body":"«своему» is the reflexive possessive «свой», 'her own [officer],' referring back to the subject (Grushenka). Russian uses «свой» rather than «её» when the possessor is the clause's own subject; here it underlines that the officer was hers, from before."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пять лет тому который был… бросил и уехал","title":"Colloquial relative «который» word order","body":"Fenya's breathless syntax scrambles the relative clause: «который… бросил и уехал», 'who threw her over and went away.' «который» agrees in gender/number with «офицер» but the clause spills out of order — a deliberately oral, ungrammatical-sounding tumble that mimics her panic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"протрещала","title":"«протрещать» — to rattle out","body":"«протрещала» literally 'crackled/rattled through' (from «трещать», to crackle, chatter), an expressive verb of speech: she rapped the words out like a magpie. With «тою же скороговоркой» it doubles down on Fenya's machine-gun delivery."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking офицеру","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies офицеру","gloss":"the former"},{"surface":"офицеру","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"goal of the implied journey; antecedent of который","gloss":"officer"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to офицеру","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"very one"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking своему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies своему","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to офицеру","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"temporal modifier of был/бросил","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying офицеру","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with был, relative clause on офицеру","gloss":"threw her over"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уехал","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросил","gloss":"went away"},{"surface":"тою","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies скороговоркой","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тою","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"скороговоркой","lemma":"скороговорка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of протрещала","gloss":"gabble"},{"surface":"протрещала","lemma":"протрещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rapped out"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of протрещала","gloss":"Fenya"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b8-c5-s9","source":"Дмитрий Федорович отнял руки, которыми сжимал ей горло.","translation":"Dmitri Fyodorovich let go of the hands with which he had been gripping her throat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"руки, которыми сжимал ей горло","title":"«которыми» in the instrumental","body":"«которыми сжимал» = 'with which he was gripping' — the relative «который» takes the instrumental plural «которыми» because the hands are the instrument of the gripping. The case is set by the verb's government inside the relative clause, not by the antecedent «руки»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сжимал ей горло","title":"Dative «ей» of the affected possessor","body":"Instead of 'her throat' as a possessive, Russian says «сжимал ей горло» — dative «ей», 'gripped the throat to/for her,' the dative naming the person the body part belongs to. This dative-of-possession is the idiomatic way to speak of acting on someone's body."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отнял","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"отнял","lemma":"отнять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let go of"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of отнял","gloss":"the hands"},{"surface":"которыми","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"instrumental complement of сжимал","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"сжимал","lemma":"сжимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on руки","gloss":"had been gripping"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сжимал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"горло","lemma":"горло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сжимал","gloss":"throat"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b8-c5-s10","source":"Он стоял пред нею бледный как мертвец и безгласный, но по глазам его было видно, что он всё разом понял, всё, всё разом с полслова понял до последней черточки и обо всем догадался.","translation":"He stood before her, pale as a corpse and speechless, but by his eyes one could see that he had understood it all at once — all of it, all at once, grasped it from half a word down to the last little detail, and had guessed everything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бледный как мертвец и безгласный","title":"Predicate adjectives, including bookish «безгласный»","body":"«бледный… и безгласный» are predicate adjectives describing how he stood. «безгласный» ('voiceless, mute', from Church-Slavonic «глас» for «голос») belongs to the elevated literary layer — Dostoevsky chooses the solemn non-pleophonic «глас»-form over plain «голос» for gravity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по глазам его было видно","title":"Impersonal «было видно» + «по» + dative","body":"«по глазам… было видно, что…» is an impersonal construction: 'by his eyes it was visible that…' There is no nominative subject; «было видно» is the neuter impersonal predicate, and «по глазам» ('by/from his eyes') uses «по» + dative for the evidence read off something."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с полслова понял","title":"«с полслова» — to grasp from half a word","body":"«понять с полслова» is an idiom: to understand instantly, 'from half a word,' before the speaker even finishes. Heaped here with «всё разом… до последней чёрточки» ('all at once… down to the last little stroke'), it conveys Mitya's lightning, total comprehension."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"бледный","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicative modifier of Он","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking мертвец","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"мертвец","lemma":"мертвец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бледный","gloss":"a corpse"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безгласный","lemma":"безгласный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бледный","gloss":"speechless"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"глазам","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of видно","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глазам","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to видно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"apparent"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of понял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понял (w20)","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies понял (w20)","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понял (w26)","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to всё (w21)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies понял (w26)","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полслова","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"полслова","lemma":"полслова","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies понял (w26)","gloss":"half a word","note":"Idiom: понять с полслова = to understand instantly, from the barest hint."},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with понял (w20)","gloss":"grasped"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черточки","gloss":"down to"},{"surface":"последней","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies черточки","gloss":"the last"},{"surface":"черточки","lemma":"чёрточка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понял (w26)","gloss":"little detail"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of догадался","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"догадался","lemma":"догадаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with понял","gloss":"guessed"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b8-c5-s11","source":"Не бедной Фене, конечно, было наблюдать в ту секунду, понял он или нет.","translation":"It was not for poor Fenya, of course, to be observing in that second whether he understood or not.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не бедной Фене… было наблюдать","title":"Dative + infinitive: 'it was not for her to…'","body":"«Не бедной Фене было наблюдать» is a dative-plus-infinitive impersonal: 'it was not for poor Fenya to observe.' The experiencer «Фене» stands in the dative and the fronted «Не» negates the whole proposition — an elegant, slightly archaic way to say something was beyond her in that moment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"понял он или нет","title":"Embedded yes/no question without «ли»","body":"«наблюдать… понял он или нет» = 'to observe… whether he understood or not.' The indirect question is built with the «… или нет» frame ('…or not') rather than the particle «ли»; word order «понял он» fronts the verb as the focus of the doubt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бедной","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Фене","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"Фене","lemma":"феня","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of наблюдать","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies наблюдать","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula with наблюдать","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"наблюдать","lemma":"наблюдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to be observing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking секунду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of секунду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"секунду","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наблюдать","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the embedded question, object of наблюдать","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with понял","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b8-c5-s12","source":"Она как была, сидя на сундуке, когда он вбежал, так и осталась теперь, вся трепещущая и, выставив пред собою руки, как бы желая защититься, так и замерла в этом положении.","translation":"Just as she had been when he rushed in, sitting on the trunk, so she stayed now, all atremble, and with her hands thrust out before her as if wishing to ward him off, she froze stock-still in that posture.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как была… так и осталась… так и замерла","title":"The «как… так и» correlative — 'just as… so'","body":"The sentence is framed by the correlative «как была… так и осталась… так и замерла»: 'just as she was… so she stayed… so she froze.' The repeated «так и» binds her former and present posture into one frozen image — she did not stir from how she had been."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выставив пред собою руки","title":"Perfective gerund «выставив» — 'having thrust out'","body":"«выставив» is a perfective past деепричастие, 'having thrust out [her hands].' It names a completed action prior to / underlying the main «замерла» (froze), and «пред собою» uses the reflexive «себя» in the instrumental — 'before herself.' Stacked gerunds like this are pure literary syntax."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред собою","title":"«пред» — the elevated form of «перед»","body":"«пред» is the bookish, shortened variant of the preposition «перед» ('before, in front of'), favoured in 19th-century literary prose for its slightly archaic, weighty tone. It recurs throughout this passage («пред нею», «пред ним», «пред собою»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of осталась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of была","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the clause on Она","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"сидя","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on была","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сундуке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сундуке","lemma":"сундук","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидя","gloss":"the trunk"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вбежал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вбежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вбежал","lemma":"вбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сидя","gloss":"rushed in"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with осталась (так и)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"осталась","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осталась","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of трепещущая","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"трепещущая","lemma":"трепещущий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with осталась, predicative on Она","gloss":"atremble"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выставив","lemma":"выставить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on замерла","gloss":"thrusting out"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of выставив","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of выставив","gloss":"her hands"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы (желая)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"желая","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on выставив","gloss":"wishing"},{"surface":"защититься","lemma":"защититься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желая","gloss":"to ward him off"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with замерла (так и)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"замерла","lemma":"замереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with осталась","gloss":"froze stock-still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of положении","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"положении","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of замерла","gloss":"posture"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b8-c5-s13","source":"Испуганными, расширенными от страха зрачками глаз впилась она в него неподвижно.","translation":"With the pupils of her eyes frightened and dilated by terror, she fixed them on him without moving.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Испуганными, расширенными от страха зрачками","title":"Past passive participles as modifiers","body":"Both «испуганными» (frightened) and «расширенными» (dilated) are past passive participles in -нн-, declined into the instrumental plural to agree with «зрачками» ('with eyes/pupils…that were frightened and dilated'). «расширенными от страха» even takes its own agent-like phrase, 'widened by terror.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"впилась она в него","title":"Reflexive «впиться» — to fix/fasten on","body":"«впилась» is the reflexive «впиться» (в + пить-stem + ся), 'to fasten onto, dig into, fix upon' — here her eyes 'bored into' him. The «-ся» makes it intransitive and intense; «впиться в кого-то взглядом» is to stare fixedly, and «в него» takes the accusative after «в» of direction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Испуганными","lemma":"испуганный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies зрачками","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"расширенными","lemma":"расширенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with Испуганными, modifies зрачками","gloss":"dilated"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страха","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страха","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расширенными","gloss":"terror"},{"surface":"зрачками","lemma":"зрачок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of впилась","gloss":"pupils"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies зрачками","gloss":"of her eyes"},{"surface":"впилась","lemma":"впиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fixed her gaze"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of впилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of впилась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"неподвижно","lemma":"неподвижно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies впилась","gloss":"without moving"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b8-c5-s14","source":"А у того как раз к тому обе руки были запачканы в крови.","translation":"And on top of it all, his two hands happened to be smeared with blood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А у того… обе руки были запачканы в крови","title":"«у» + genitive possession; passive «были запачканы»","body":"Russian has no verb 'to have' here: «у того… руки были запачканы» = 'on that one… the hands were smeared.' «у того» is «у» + genitive marking the possessor, and «были запачканы» is a short past passive participle joined to «были» — the periphrastic passive stating a result."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А у того как раз к тому","title":"«А» + «как раз к тому» — narrative hinge","body":"The sentence opens with contrastive «А» ('and/but, meanwhile') plus «как раз к тому» ('right on top of that, just then') — a colloquial connective heaping one dreadful circumstance onto another. «того» is the tracking demonstrative for Mitya, keeping him the topic without naming him."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"on top of it"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition к","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"determiner of руки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of passive запачканы","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of запачканы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"запачканы","lemma":"запачкать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smeared"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запачканы","gloss":"blood"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b8-c5-s15","source":"Дорогой, когда бежал, он, должно быть, дотрогивался ими до своего лба, вытирая с лица пот, так что и на лбу, и на правой щеке остались красные пятна размазанной крови.","translation":"On the way, while running, he must have touched them to his forehead, wiping the sweat from his face, so that on his brow and on his right cheek there were left red smears of blood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"должно быть, дотрогивался","title":"«должно быть» + imperfective for inference","body":"«должно быть» ('he must have…') is an impersonal modal hedge, and the verb «дотрогивался» (was touching, repeatedly) is imperfective — the narrator reconstructs a probable, repeated action: he kept touching his face while running. The imperfective suits a reconstructed habit rather than a single event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вытирая с лица пот","title":"Present gerund «вытирая» — simultaneous action","body":"«вытирая» is an imperfective present деепричастие, 'while wiping [the sweat],' an action going on at the same time as «дотрогивался». It shares the main subject (Mitya) and adds the attendant circumstance — the very mechanism by which the blood got onto his face."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так что… остались красные пятна","title":"«так что» — result clause","body":"«так что» introduces a clause of result: 'so that… red smears were left.' «остались» (perfective, 'were left, remained') reports the outcome, with «на лбу» and «на правой щеке» both in the prepositional after «на» locating where the marks remained."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дорогой","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дотрогивался","gloss":"on the way"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бежал","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"бежал","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on дотрогивался","gloss":"was running"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дотрогивался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"predicate adverb","role":"modifies дотрогивался (должно быть)","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"дотрогивался","lemma":"дотрогиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"touched"},{"surface":"ими","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of дотрогивался","gloss":"with them"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лба","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of лба","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лба","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дотрогивался","gloss":"forehead"},{"surface":"вытирая","lemma":"вытирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on дотрогивался","gloss":"wiping"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лица","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытирая","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"пот","lemma":"пот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вытирая","gloss":"sweat"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of остались","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"correlates with the second и (и...и)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лбу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лбу","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остались","gloss":"his brow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking щеке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"правой","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies щеке","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"щеке","lemma":"щека","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остались","gloss":"cheek"},{"surface":"остались","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the так что clause","gloss":"were left"},{"surface":"красные","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies пятна","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"пятна","lemma":"пятно","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of остались","gloss":"smears"},{"surface":"размазанной","lemma":"размазанный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies крови","gloss":"smeared"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пятна","gloss":"blood"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b8-c5-s16","source":"С Феней могла сейчас начаться истерика, старуха же кухарка вскочила и глядела как сумасшедшая, почти потеряв сознание.","translation":"Fenya was on the verge of hysterics, while the old cook had sprung up and was staring like a madwoman, all but fainting away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С Феней могла… начаться истерика","title":"Reflexive «начаться» with a non-person subject","body":"«могла начаться истерика» = 'hysterics could start.' The grammatical subject is «истерика» (feminine, hence «могла»), and «начаться» is the reflexive intransitive 'to begin' (vs transitive «начать»). «С Феней» ('with/in Fenya') locates whom it would seize — the event happens to her, not by her."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"старуха же кухарка","title":"Contrastive particle «же»","body":"«старуха же кухарка» — the particle «же» here is not emphatic 'indeed' but a soft contrastive pivot, 'the old cook, for her part / meanwhile,' setting the cook against Fenya. This adversative «же» is one of Russian's commonest ways of marking a shift of subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти потеряв сознание","title":"Perfective gerund «потеряв» — 'having nearly lost'","body":"«потеряв сознание» is a perfective past деепричастие, 'having lost consciousness,' softened by «почти» to 'all but fainting.' It runs parallel to «глядела» as an attendant state — she stared even as she nearly passed out."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Феней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Феней","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of могла","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was about to"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начаться","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"начаться","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"истерика","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начаться","gloss":"hysterics"},{"surface":"старуха","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскочила","gloss":"the old"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies старуха (contrastive)","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"кухарка","lemma":"кухарка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to старуха","gloss":"cook"},{"surface":"вскочила","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with могла","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"глядела","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вскочила","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сумасшедшая","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"сумасшедшая","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on глядела","gloss":"a madwoman"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потеряв","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"потеряв","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on глядела","gloss":"fainting away"},{"surface":"сознание","lemma":"сознание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of потеряв","gloss":"consciousness"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b8-c5-s17","source":"Дмитрий Федорович простоял с минуту и вдруг машинально опустился возле Фени на стул.","translation":"Dmitri Fyodorovich stood a minute and then suddenly, mechanically, sank down on a chair beside Fenya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"простоял с минуту","title":"«про-» of duration + «с» 'about'","body":"«простоял» carries the prefix «про-» meaning 'to spend a span doing' — 'stood [for a while].' «с минуту» uses «с» + accusative for an approximate quantity, 'about a minute.' This «про-» of measured duration recurs in the chapter («простоял с минуту»)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"машинально","title":"«машинально» — mechanically","body":"«машинально» (from «машина», machine) means 'mechanically, automatically, without conscious will.' It is a keynote of this whole scene — Mitya acts «машинально» twice (here and at s33), his body moving while his mind is fixed elsewhere on the catastrophe."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of простоял","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"простоял","lemma":"простоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту (approximation)","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простоял","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опустился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"машинально","lemma":"машинально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опустился","gloss":"mechanically"},{"surface":"опустился","lemma":"опуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with простоял","gloss":"sank down"},{"surface":"возле","lemma":"возле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Фени","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"Фени","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опустился","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стул","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опустился","gloss":"a chair"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b8-c5-s18","source":"Он сидел и не то чтобы соображал, а был как бы в испуге, точно в каком-то столбняке.","translation":"He sat there, and not so much thinking as if seized by fright, as though sunk in some kind of stupor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то чтобы соображал, а был","title":"«не то чтобы… а» — 'not so much… as'","body":"«не то чтобы соображал, а был как бы в испуге» is the set frame «не то чтобы X, а Y» — 'not exactly that he was thinking it through, but rather he was…' It refines a description by denying the first term and substituting a truer second; «чтобы» here is part of the fixed phrase, not a purpose clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"столбняк","title":"«столбняк» — stupor, tetanus-like rigidity","body":"«столбняк» (from «столб», post/pillar) literally names tetanus, but figuratively a state of being rooted to the spot, stunned into rigidity 'like a post.' «точно в каком-то столбняке» = 'as if in some kind of stupor' — Mitya frozen and uncomprehending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не то чтобы","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не то чтобы","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of соображал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"соображал","lemma":"соображать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"was thinking clearly"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to испуге","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking испуге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"испуге","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of был","gloss":"a fright"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был (parallel clause)","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столбняке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of столбняке","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase каком-то","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"столбняке","lemma":"столбняк","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"stupor"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b8-c5-s19","source":"Но всё было ясно как день: этот офицер — он знал про него, знал ведь отлично всё, знал от самой же Грушеньки, знал, что месяц назад он письмо прислал.","translation":"But everything was clear as day: this officer — he knew about him, knew everything about him perfectly well, knew it from Grushenka herself, knew that a month ago he had sent a letter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"знал… знал ведь… знал… знал","title":"Anaphoric repetition of «знал»","body":"The fourfold hammering «знал… знал ведь… знал… знал» renders Mitya's stunned interior insistence — the imperfective past «знал» ('he knew, all along') circling back on itself. The repetition is free indirect discourse: the narrator's words shading into Mitya's own racing thought."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"знал ведь отлично всё","title":"Particle «ведь» — 'after all, you know'","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared, self-evident knowledge — here Mitya berating himself, 'he knew it, after all, knew it perfectly well.' It carries the exasperated 'and yet!' that the rest of the paragraph builds on. Such particles give Dostoevsky's inner monologue its spoken texture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от самой же Грушеньки","title":"Intensifier «сам» + «же»","body":"«от самой же Грушеньки» = 'from Grushenka herself, of all people.' «самой» (genitive of «сама») intensifies — the news came from her own lips — and the particle «же» sharpens the irony of it. «от» governs the genitive of source."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ясно","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ясно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison of день","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ясно","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of офицер","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"офицер","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic, resumed by он","gloss":"officer"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the elaborating clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал (w10)","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"отлично","lemma":"отлично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал (w13)","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Грушеньки","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самой","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал (w17)","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прислал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прислал","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прислал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"письмо","lemma":"письмо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прислал","gloss":"a letter"},{"surface":"прислал","lemma":"прислать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал (w22)","gloss":"had sent"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b8-c5-s20","source":"Значит, месяц, целый месяц это дело велось в глубокой от него тайне до самого теперешнего приезда этого нового человека, а он-то и не думал о нем!","translation":"So for a month, a whole month, this affair had been carried on in deep secret from him, right up until the present arrival of this new man, and he had never once thought of him!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в глубокой от него тайне","title":"Adjective–noun agreement wrapped around «от него»","body":"«в глубокой… тайне» = 'in deep secrecy' — «глубокой» is a long adjective in the prepositional feminine, agreeing with «тайне». Russian's free word order lets «от него» ('from him') slot inside the noun phrase, between adjective and noun: 'in deep-from-him secrecy.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это дело велось","title":"Imperfective passive «велось»","body":"«велось» is the «-ся» passive of «вести» — 'this affair was being conducted/carried on.' The reflexive «-ся» on an imperfective verb yields a passive without an expressed agent, foregrounding the long covert process rather than who ran it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а он-то и не думал о нем","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» and «и» of insistence","body":"«он-то и не думал» — the clitic «-то» pins emphasis on the topic ('he, for his part / he of all people') and «и» adds 'simply, actually': 'and he never so much as thought of him!' The combination dramatizes the bitter self-reproach."}],"words":[{"surface":"Значит","lemma":"значит","morphology":"discourse particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to месяц (w4)","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месяц (w4)","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of велось (duration)","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of велось","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"велось","lemma":"вестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been carried on"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тайне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глубокой","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тайне","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тайне","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тайне","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of велось","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приезда","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies теперешнего","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"теперешнего","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приезда","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"приезда","lemma":"приезд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человека","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"нового","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приезда","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to он (он-то)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with велось","gloss":"had thought"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b8-c5-s21","source":"Но как мог, как мог он не думать о нем?","translation":"But how could he, how could he not have thought of him?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но как мог, как мог он не думать","title":"Repetition + word order for anguished emphasis","body":"«Но как мог, как мог он не думать о нём?» doubles «как мог» before naming the subject — a rhetorical reduplication that throws the stress onto the impossibility. Russian's flexible order lets the verb-phrase front and «он» fall late, weighting the question as a cry rather than a query."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог (w3)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог (w5), emphatic repetition","gloss":"could he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог (w5)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думать","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b8-c5-s22","source":"Почему он так-таки и забыл тогда про этого офицера, забыл тотчас же, как узнал про него?","translation":"Why had he simply forgotten about this officer back then, forgotten him the very moment he learned of him?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так-таки и забыл","title":"«так-таки и» — 'just up and forgot'","body":"«так-таки и забыл» piles particles for colloquial vehemence: «так» + the intensifier «-таки» + the 'simply' «и» — 'simply went and forgot, just like that.' It conveys Mitya's incredulous self-accusation at the sheer completeness of his forgetting."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тотчас же, как узнал","title":"«как» = 'as soon as'","body":"Here «как» functions as a temporal conjunction meaning 'as soon as / the moment that': «забыл… тотчас же, как узнал про него» — 'forgot him the very instant he learned of him.' «тотчас же» ('at once, immediately') reinforces the instantaneity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так-таки","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так-таки","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgotten"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking офицера","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of офицера","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"офицера","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыл","gloss":"officer"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with забыл (w6)","gloss":"forgotten him"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыл (w11)","gloss":"the very moment"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узнал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on забыл (w11)","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b8-c5-s23","source":"Вот вопрос, который стоял пред ним, как какое-то чудище.","translation":"That was the question that stood before him like some kind of monster.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вопрос, который стоял пред ним","title":"Relative «который» in the nominative","body":"«вопрос, который стоял пред ним» — the relative «который» is masculine singular to match «вопрос», and nominative because it is the subject of its own clause ('the question that stood before him'). The comma-set который-clause is the standard literary relative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чудище","title":"«чудище» — a monstrous, fairy-tale beast","body":"«чудище» is an expressive, folktale-flavoured word for a monster (related to «чудо», marvel; «чудовище»), with a touch of the grotesque and uncanny. The question rises before Mitya «как какое-то чудище» — like the dragon-beast of a Russian skazka, an apt image picked up in the next sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"that was"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on вопрос","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison of чудище","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чудище","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какое-то","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"чудище","lemma":"чудище","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"monster"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b8-c5-s24","source":"И он созерцал это чудище действительно в испуге, похолодев от испуга.","translation":"And he contemplated this monster truly in fright, gone cold with terror.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"похолодев от испуга","title":"Perfective gerund «похолодев» — 'having gone cold'","body":"«похолодев» is a perfective past деепричастие from «похолодеть», 'having gone cold.' It expresses the state into which he had passed while contemplating the monster; «от испуга» ('from fright') gives the cause with «от» + genitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"созерцал","title":"«созерцать» — to contemplate, behold","body":"«созерцал» is a lofty, contemplative verb — 'to contemplate, gaze upon' — with an almost religious or aesthetic colouring (one «созерцает» an icon or a vision). Applied to the 'monster' of his own forgetting, it lends Mitya's terror a strange, exalted register."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of созерцал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"созерцал","lemma":"созерцать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"contemplated"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чудище","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"чудище","lemma":"чудище","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of созерцал","gloss":"monster"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies созерцал","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking испуге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"испуге","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of созерцал","gloss":"fright"},{"surface":"похолодев","lemma":"похолодеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on созерцал","gloss":"gone cold"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking испуга","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"испуга","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of похолодев","gloss":"terror"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b8-c5-s25","source":"Но вдруг он тихо и кротко, как тихий и ласковый ребенок, заговорил с Феней, совсем точно и забыв, что сейчас ее так перепугал, обидел и измучил.","translation":"But suddenly, softly and gently, like a quiet and tender child, he began to speak with Fenya, as though entirely forgetting that he had just so frightened, offended, and tormented her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как тихий и ласковый ребенок","title":"Simile with «как» + nominative","body":"«как тихий и ласковый ребёнок» — 'like a quiet and tender child.' In a simile «как» ('like, as') takes the nominative for the thing compared, and the adjectives «тихий», «ласковый» agree with «ребёнок» in nominative masculine. The image marks the sudden, eerie gentling of Mitya's manner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем точно и забыв","title":"Perfective gerund «забыв» — 'as though forgetting'","body":"«точно… забыв» = 'as if having forgotten.' «забыв» is a perfective past деепричастие, here governed by «точно» ('as though') to frame a hypothetical attendant circumstance — he spoke gently as if he had forgotten how he had just terrorized her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кротко","lemma":"кротко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with тихо, modifies заговорил","gloss":"gently"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison of ребенок","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"тихий","lemma":"тихий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ребенок","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ласковый","lemma":"ласковый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with тихий","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"ребенок","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of как (comparison)","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began to speak"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Феней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Феней","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорил","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies точно","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыв","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"забыв","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заговорил","gloss":"forgetting"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перепугал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перепугал","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of перепугал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перепугал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"перепугал","lemma":"перепугать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of забыв","gloss":"had frightened"},{"surface":"обидел","lemma":"обидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перепугал","gloss":"had offended"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"измучил","lemma":"измучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перепугал","gloss":"had tormented"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b8-c5-s26","source":"Он вдруг с чрезвычайною и даже удивительною в его положении точностью принялся расспрашивать Феню.","translation":"Suddenly he set about questioning Fenya with an extraordinary, even — given his condition — astonishing precision.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с чрезвычайною… точностью","title":"Archaic instrumental ending -ою","body":"«с чрезвычайною… точностью» = 'with extraordinary precision.' The adjective ending «-ою» (for modern «-ой») in the feminine instrumental is the older, bookish variant favoured in 19th-century prose; it recurs through this chapter («с удивительною готовностью», «с какою-то радостью»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"принялся расспрашивать","title":"«приняться» + imperfective infinitive — 'set about'","body":"«принялся расспрашивать» = 'set about questioning.' The perfective «приняться» (to set to, begin energetically) takes an imperfective infinitive «расспрашивать» for the ongoing activity it launches. The prefix «рас-» on «расспрашивать» gives thorough, exhaustive questioning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принялся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чрезвычайною","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies точностью","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies удивительною","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"удивительною","lemma":"удивительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with чрезвычайною, modifies точностью","gloss":"astonishing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положении","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of положении","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"положении","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удивительною","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"точностью","lemma":"точность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принялся","gloss":"precision"},{"surface":"принялся","lemma":"приняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set about"},{"surface":"расспрашивать","lemma":"расспрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принялся","gloss":"questioning"},{"surface":"Феню","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of расспрашивать","gloss":"Fenya"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b8-c5-s27","source":"А Феня хоть и дико смотрела на окровавленные руки его, но тоже с удивительною готовностью и поспешностью принялась отвечать ему на каждый вопрос, даже как бы спеша выложить ему всю «правду правдинскую».","translation":"And Fenya, though she stared wildly at his bloodied hands, nonetheless set about answering his every question with an astonishing readiness and haste, even as if eager to lay before him the whole \"honest-to-goodness truth.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и дико смотрела… но","title":"Concessive «хоть… но» — 'although… nonetheless'","body":"«хоть и дико смотрела… но тоже… принялась отвечать» is the concessive frame «хоть (и)… но» — 'although she stared wildly… nonetheless she set about answering.' «хоть» concedes, «но» reverses, capturing the contradiction between Fenya's horror and her eager helpfulness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"окровавленные руки","title":"Past passive participle «окровавленные»","body":"«окровавленные» ('bloodied, blood-covered') is a past passive participle from «окровавить», declined into the accusative plural to modify «руки». Russian compresses 'hands that had been covered in blood' into a single attributive participle — typical of the language's bookish economy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"правду правдинскую","title":"«правда правдинская» — the honest-to-God truth","body":"«правду правдинскую» is a folksy reduplicative intensifier — noun plus a coined adjective from the same root — meaning 'the truest truth, the honest-to-goodness truth.' The narrator sets it in quotation marks as Fenya's own peasant idiom. Such root-echoing emphasis («чин чином», «давным-давно») is deeply Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of смотрела","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause with смотрела","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть, emphasizes смотрела","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"дико","lemma":"дико","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрела","gloss":"wildly"},{"surface":"смотрела","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the concessive хоть-clause","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"окровавленные","lemma":"окровавить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"bloodied"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрела (via на)","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of руки (possessive)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принялась","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking готовностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"удивительною","lemma":"удивительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies готовностью","gloss":"astonishing"},{"surface":"готовностью","lemma":"готовность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принялась (via с)","gloss":"readiness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поспешностью","lemma":"поспешность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with готовностью","gloss":"haste"},{"surface":"принялась","lemma":"приняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set about"},{"surface":"отвечать","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принялась","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отвечать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечать (via на)","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спеша","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы, modifies спеша","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"спеша","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on принялась, governs выложить","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"выложить","lemma":"выложить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of спеша","gloss":"to lay out"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of выложить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of правду","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выложить","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"правдинскую","lemma":"правдинский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies правду","gloss":"honest-to-goodness","note":"A folksy, half-invented intensifier ('truthy truth') rather than a real adjective — Fenya's rustic idiom for 'the plain, whole truth.'"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b8-c5-s28","source":"Мало-помалу, даже с какою-то радостью начала излагать все подробности, и вовсе не желая мучить, а как бы спеша изо всех сил от сердца услужить ему.","translation":"Little by little, even with a kind of joy, she began to set out all the details — not in the least wishing to torment him, but as if hurrying with all her might, from the heart, to be of service to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Мало-помалу","title":"«мало-помалу» — little by little","body":"«мало-помалу» is a fixed adverbial pair, 'little by little, gradually,' built from «мало» (little) + «помалу» (a bit at a time). It opens the sentence to mark Fenya's mounting, accelerating eagerness as her fear gives way."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вовсе не желая мучить","title":"Negated present gerund «не желая»","body":"«вовсе не желая мучить» = 'not in the least wishing to torment' — «желая» is an imperfective present деепричастие negated by «не» and intensified by «вовсе» ('at all'). The gerund again shares the subject (Fenya) and runs in counterpoint to «спеша… услужить»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спеша… услужить ему","title":"Gerund «спеша» + dative «услужить ему»","body":"«спеша… услужить ему» — present gerund «спеша» ('hurrying') governing «услужить» ('to do a service'), which takes the dative «ему», 'to oblige him.' «услужить» means to be of service, to do someone a kindness; «изо всех сил» ('with all her might') heightens her heartfelt zeal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мало","lemma":"мало-помалу","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound adverb мало-помалу, modifies начала","gloss":"Little"},{"surface":"помалу","lemma":"мало-помалу","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound adverb мало-помалу","gloss":"by little"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies радостью","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"какою","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of радостью","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite phrase какою-то","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"радостью","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начала (via с)","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"излагать","lemma":"излагать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начала","gloss":"to set out"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of подробности","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of излагать","gloss":"details"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"желая","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on начала","gloss":"wishing"},{"surface":"мучить","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of желая","gloss":"to torment"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы, modifies спеша","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"спеша","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on желая, governs услужить","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сил","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies спеша (idiom изо всех сил, 'with all her might')","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies спеша (от сердца, 'from the heart')","gloss":"the heart"},{"surface":"услужить","lemma":"услужить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of спеша","gloss":"to be of service"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of услужить","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b8-c5-s29","source":"До последней подробности рассказала она ему и весь сегодняшний день, посещение Ракитина и Алеши, как она, Феня, стояла на сторожах, как барыня поехала и что она прокричала в окошко Алеше поклон ему, Митеньке, и чтобы «вечно помнил, как любила она его часочек».","translation":"Down to the last particular she told him the whole of that day too: the visit of Rakitin and Alyosha, how she, Fenya, had kept watch, how the mistress had driven off, and what she had called out through the little window to Alyosha — her bow to him, to Mitenka, and that he should \"remember forever how she had loved him for one little hour.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"барыня","title":"«барыня» — the mistress","body":"«барыня» is the feminine of «барин» (master, gentleman) — 'the lady, the mistress' of the household, as a servant calls her employer. Fenya so styles Grushenka, marking the social gulf and her own servant's-eye perspective; «барин» returns at s38 for Mitya himself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митенька","title":"«Митенька» — the tenderest diminutive","body":"Grushenka's parting message names him «Митенька», the doubly-affectionate diminutive of Дмитрий (Дмитрий → Митя → Митенька). The «-еньк-» suffix soaks the name in tenderness; that she used it is the very thing that makes Mitya flush (s30) and that he clings to at s44–45."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"часочек","title":"«часочек» — one little hour","body":"«часочек» is the diminutive of «час» (hour), with «-очек» — 'one little hour, one short hour.' The endearing suffix turns the brief span of her love into something precious and fleeting; Grushenka's «как любила она его часочек» is the message Mitya treasures."}],"words":[{"surface":"До","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробности","gloss":"down to"},{"surface":"последней","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies подробности","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказала","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"рассказала","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of рассказала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, 'too', modifies весь день","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"сегодняшний","lemma":"сегодняшний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"today's"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of рассказала, coordinated with посещение","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"посещение","lemma":"посещение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассказала, coordinated with день","gloss":"the visit"},{"surface":"Ракитина","lemma":"Ракитин","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies посещение","gloss":"of Rakitin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Алеши","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Ракитина","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стояла","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стояла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to она","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"стояла","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal object of рассказала, coordinated with посещение","gloss":"had kept watch"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторожах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сторожах","lemma":"сторож","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стояла (idiom стоять на сторожах, 'to keep watch')","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поехала","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"барыня","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поехала","gloss":"the mistress"},{"surface":"поехала","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal object of рассказала, coordinated with стояла","gloss":"had driven off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прокричала","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прокричала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"прокричала","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal object of рассказала, coordinated with поехала","gloss":"had called out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окошко","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"окошко","lemma":"окошко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокричала","gloss":"the little window"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прокричала","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"поклон","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прокричала","gloss":"a bow"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative recipient of поклон, in apposition with Митеньке — refers to Mitya (Dmitri), not to Алеша, who is only the addressee of прокричала","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Митеньке","lemma":"Митенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ему, clarifying the greeting's recipient as Mitya — not Алеша","gloss":"Mitenka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помнил, coordinated with поклон","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вечно","lemma":"вечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помнил","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"помнил","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любила","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"любила","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of помнил","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"часочек","lemma":"часочек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal accusative complement of любила (duration)","gloss":"a little hour"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b8-c5-s30","source":"Выслушав о поклоне, Митя вдруг усмехнулся, и на бледных щеках его вспыхнул румянец.","translation":"Hearing of the bow, Mitya suddenly gave a smile, and on his pale cheeks a flush flared up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выслушав о поклоне","title":"Perfective gerund «выслушав» — 'having heard out'","body":"«Выслушав о поклоне» opens with a perfective past деепричастие, 'having heard [the message about] the bow.' «вы-» gives the sense of hearing right through to the end; the gerund marks the completed prior action before «усмехнулся». «о поклоне» = «о» + prepositional, 'about the bow.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вспыхнул румянец","title":"Subject-final word order","body":"«на бледных щеках его вспыхнул румянец» places the subject «румянец» ('a flush') last — the new, vivid information — after the locative and verb. Russian's topic-comment order lets the flush 'flare up' as the climactic word of the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выслушав","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on усмехнулся","gloss":"having heard"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поклоне","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"поклоне","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Выслушав","gloss":"the bow"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave a smile"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking щеках","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"бледных","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies щеках","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"щеках","lemma":"щека","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вспыхнул","gloss":"cheeks"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of щеках (possessive)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"вспыхнул","lemma":"вспыхнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with усмехнулся","gloss":"flared up"},{"surface":"румянец","lemma":"румянец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспыхнул","gloss":"a flush"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b8-c5-s31","source":"Феня в ту же минуту сказала ему, уже ни крошечки не боясь за свое любопытство:","translation":"At that very moment Fenya said to him, no longer the least bit afraid of being thought too curious:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже ни крошечки не боясь","title":"«ни крошечки» + «не» — 'not the least bit'","body":"«ни крошечки не боясь» = 'no longer afraid in the slightest.' «ни» + the diminutive «крошечка» (a tiny crumb) intensifies the negation — 'not a crumb's worth of fear' — and the verb still carries «не» (negative concord). «боясь» is the present gerund of «бояться»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"крошечки","title":"«крошечка» — a tiny crumb","body":"«крошечка» is a double diminutive of «крошка» (crumb, from «кроха»), 'a wee crumb.' In «ни крошечки» it serves as an affectionate, folksy measure of 'the tiniest amount' — a peasant turn entirely in Fenya's voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сказала","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту (emphatic, 'that very')","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal accusative complement of сказала","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказала","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ни (idiom уже ни ... не, 'no longer')","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies крошечки","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"крошечки","lemma":"крошечка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies боясь (degree, idiom ни крошечки не, 'not the least bit')","gloss":"the least bit"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боясь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказала","gloss":"being afraid"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытство","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of любопытство","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"любопытство","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of боясь","gloss":"curiosity"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b8-c5-s32","source":"— Руки-то какие у вас, Дмитрий Федорович, все-то в крови!","translation":"\"Your hands, Dmitri Fyodorovich, what hands you have — all covered in blood!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Руки-то какие у вас","title":"Emphatic «-то» and exclamatory «какие»","body":"«Руки-то какие у вас!» — the clitic «-то» tags «руки» as the marked topic ('those hands of yours!'), and «какие» is exclamatory, 'what [hands]!'. «у вас» ('on you') uses «у» + genitive of possession. The whole is a vivid spoken exclamation, not a question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"все-то в крови","title":"«у вас» — polite plural «вы»","body":"Fenya addresses Mitya with «вы» (here in «у вас»), the polite/respectful form a servant uses to a master, even mid-fright. The same «вы»-register runs through her speech to him, against his familiar «ты» back to her."}],"words":[{"surface":"Руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"topicalized head of the exclamation","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Руки","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"exclamative modifier of Руки","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас (idiom у вас, 'you have')","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of у","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"patronymic, coordinated with Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies крови (intensifier, 'all')","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to все","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement, modifies Руки","gloss":"blood"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b8-c5-s33","source":"— Да, — ответил машинально Митя, рассеянно посмотрел на свои руки и тотчас забыл про них и про вопрос Фени.","translation":"\"Yes,\" Mitya answered mechanically, glanced absently at his hands, and at once forgot about them and about Fenya's question.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ответил… посмотрел… забыл","title":"Three perfectives for a chain of quick acts","body":"«ответил… посмотрел… забыл» — three perfective past verbs in a row, each a single completed flick of action: answered, glanced, forgot. The terse perfective sequence mirrors how mechanically and momentarily Mitya registers his bloody hands."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рассеянно","title":"«рассеянно» — absently, distractedly","body":"«рассеянно» (from «рассеять», to scatter/disperse) means 'absent-mindedly, with a scattered mind.' It pinpoints Mitya's divided attention — his eyes on his hands, his mind scattered far off — a state the chapter returns to («очень рассеян», s58)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection, direct speech","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"машинально","lemma":"машинально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"mechanically"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"рассеянно","lemma":"рассеянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"absently"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ответил","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of руки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ответил","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of забыл","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыл","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"Фени","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"Fenya's"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b8-c5-s34","source":"Он опять погрузился в молчание.","translation":"He sank into silence again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"погрузился в молчание","title":"Reflexive «погрузиться» + «в» + accusative","body":"«погрузился в молчание» = 'sank into silence.' The reflexive «погрузиться» ('to immerse/plunge oneself, sink') takes «в» + accusative «молчание» for the state plunged into. The «-ся» makes the immersion something that happens to the subject — he sank, intransitively."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of погрузился","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погрузился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"погрузился","lemma":"погрузиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sank"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молчание","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"молчание","lemma":"молчание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of погрузился","gloss":"silence"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b8-c5-s35","source":"С тех пор как вбежал он, прошло уже минут двадцать.","translation":"Some twenty minutes had already passed since he had rushed in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С тех пор как вбежал он, прошло… минут двадцать","title":"«С тех пор как…» — 'ever since' + impersonal time","body":"«С тех пор как вбежал он» is the temporal frame 'ever since he rushed in.' The main clause «прошло… минут двадцать» is impersonal — neuter «прошло» with no nominative subject — and «минут двадцать» inverts numeral and noun to mean 'some twenty minutes,' approximate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"минут двадцать","title":"Inverted numeral = approximation","body":"Putting the noun before the numeral — «минут двадцать» instead of «двадцать минут» — signals 'about, roughly twenty minutes.' The genitive plural «минут» is governed by the numeral, and the inversion is a standard, idiomatic way to hedge a quantity."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор как, 'since'","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вбежал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вбежал","lemma":"вбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial temporal clause modifying прошло","gloss":"rushed in"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вбежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прошло","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had passed"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies минут","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of прошло (approximative numeral construction)","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies минут","gloss":"twenty"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b8-c5-s36","source":"Давешний испуг его прошел, но, видимо, им уже овладела вполне какая-то новая непреклонная решимость.","translation":"His earlier fright had passed, but evidently some new, unbending resolve had now taken complete possession of him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"им… овладела… решимость","title":"Instrumental «им» governed by «овладеть»","body":"«им… овладела… решимость» = 'a resolve had taken possession of him.' The verb «овладеть» ('to take possession of, seize') governs the instrumental, so the person seized stands in the instrumental «им» — literally 'a resolve mastered itself by means of him.' The subject is «решимость»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"непреклонная решимость","title":"«непреклонный» — unbending, inflexible","body":"«непреклонная решимость» = 'unbending resolve.' «непреклонный» (не- + «преклонить», to bend/incline) literally 'that cannot be bent,' an elevated word for iron, inflexible determination. It names the fatal new resolve — Mitya's decision to take his own life — that now grips him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Давешний","title":"«давешний» — earlier, of a moment ago","body":"«давешний» is a colloquial-archaic adjective from «давеча» ('a while ago, earlier today') meaning 'the earlier, the recent.' «Давешний испуг его» = 'his fright of a few moments ago.' The word, dated even for Dostoevsky's day, gives the narration a homely, period flavour; «давеча» itself appears at s47, s48, s53."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давешний","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies испуг","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"испуг","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошел","gloss":"fright"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of испуг (possessive)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had passed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies овладела","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of овладела (instrumental object)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies овладела","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"овладела","lemma":"овладеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошел","gloss":"had taken possession"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies какая","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of решимость","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite phrase какая-то","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"новая","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies решимость","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"непреклонная","lemma":"непреклонный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies решимость","gloss":"unbending"},{"surface":"решимость","lemma":"решимость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of овладела","gloss":"resolve"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b8-c5-s37","source":"Он вдруг встал с места и задумчиво улыбнулся.","translation":"Suddenly he rose from his place and gave a pensive smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встал с места и задумчиво улыбнулся","title":"Reflexive «улыбнуться»","body":"«улыбнулся» is the perfective «улыбнуться», a verb that exists only with «-ся» (one cannot 'улыбнуть' anything) — the «-ся» is lexically bound, like «бояться» or «смеяться». «встал с места» = 'rose from his place,' a common collocation for getting up."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of встал","gloss":"his place"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"задумчиво","lemma":"задумчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"pensively"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"smiled"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b8-c5-s38","source":"— Барин, что с вами это такое было? — проговорила Феня, опять показывая ему на его руки, — проговорила с сожалением, точно самое близкое теперь к нему в горе его существо.","translation":"\"Master, what is it that's happened to you?\" said Fenya, pointing again at his hands — said it with pity, as if she were now the creature closest to him in his grief.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Барин","title":"«барин» — master, gentleman","body":"«Барин» is the address a servant gives a gentleman of the landowning class — 'master, sir.' Fenya now calls Mitya «Барин», placing him as the gentry figure she serves; the word carries the whole pre-emancipation social order in a single syllable-pair."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что с вами это такое было","title":"Impersonal «что с вами было» — 'what's happened to you'","body":"«что с вами… было» = 'what was/has happened with you.' It is an impersonal idiom of misfortune: «что с + instrumental»? — 'what's the matter with…?' The neuter «было» has no personal subject, and «это такое» heightens it to 'what on earth is this that has come over you.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самое близкое… существо","title":"Superlative «самое близкое»","body":"«самое близкое… существо» = 'the closest creature [to him].' The superlative is formed with «самый» ('the very, the most'), here neuter «самое» agreeing with «существо» — the most intimate being now near him in his grief. «самый» declines along with the adjective it heads."}],"words":[{"surface":"Барин","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Master"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было (interrogative)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of с","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это (intensifier)","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (copula) of the embedded question","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показывая","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"показывая","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорила","gloss":"pointing"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показывая","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of руки (possessive)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of показывая","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"repeated verb, restates проговорила (w8)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сожалением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сожалением","lemma":"сожаление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорила (w16)","gloss":"pity"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause with существо","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies близкое (intensifier)","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"близкое","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существо","gloss":"closest"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies близкое","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of близкое","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of близкое","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of существо (possessive)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominative in точно-clause, parallel to Феня","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b8-c5-s39","source":"Митя опять посмотрел себе на руки.","translation":"Mitya looked at his hands again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"посмотрел себе на руки","title":"Reflexive dative «себе» of the body part","body":"«посмотрел себе на руки» = 'looked at his [own] hands.' The reflexive «себе» (dative of «себя») marks that the hands are his own — Russian idiomatically inserts «себе» where English just says 'his.' Compare «посмотрел на свои руки»; the «себе»-construction is warmer and more colloquial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"ethical dative, indirect object of посмотрел","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"hands"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b8-c5-s40","source":"— Это кровь, Феня, — проговорил он, со странным выражением смотря на нее, — это кровь человеческая и, боже, зачем она пролилась!","translation":"\"This is blood, Fenya,\" he said, gazing at her with a strange expression, \"this is human blood, and — God, why was it spilled!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"боже","title":"«боже» — the vocative 'O God'","body":"«боже» is the surviving Church-Slavonic vocative of «Бог», used in exclamation and prayer — 'O God!'. Modern Russian has no living vocative case, but these frozen religious vocatives («Боже», «Господи», «отче») persist; Mitya's «боже, зачем она пролилась!» is half-cry, half-prayer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она пролилась","title":"Reflexive «пролиться» — '[it] was spilled'","body":"«пролилась» is the reflexive «пролиться», the intransitive 'to be spilled, to flow out' (vs transitive «пролить»). The «-ся» removes any agent — the blood 'spilled itself' — and «она» refers back to «кровь». The agentless form lets Mitya voice the horror without naming who shed it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кровь (zero-copula)","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominative","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выражением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"странным","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражением","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"выражением","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кровь (zero-copula, second clause)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominative, parallel to first это кровь","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"человеческая","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кровь","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"interjection","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пролилась","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пролилась","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"пролилась","lemma":"пролиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"was spilled"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b8-c5-s41","source":"Но… Феня… тут один забор (он глядел на нее как бы загадывая ей загадку), один высокий забор и страшный на вид, но… завтра на рассвете, когда «взлетит солнце», Митенька через этот забор перескочит…","translation":"\"But... Fenya... there's a fence here\" (he looked at her as though setting her a riddle), \"a single high fence, dreadful to look at, but... tomorrow at daybreak, when 'the sun takes wing,' Mitenka will leap over that fence...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда «взлетит солнце»","title":"Perfective future «взлетит» — the riddling 'will rise'","body":"«взлетит» is the perfective future of «взлететь» ('to fly up, take wing') — a perfective verb conjugated like a present yields future meaning, 'will take wing.' The strange poetic «взлетит солнце» ('the sun will take flight') is Mitya's own riddling image, marked off in quotes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митенька… перескочит","title":"Mitya speaks of himself in the third person","body":"«Митенька через этот забор перескочит» — Mitya names himself in the third person, «Митенька», with the perfective future «перескочит» ('will leap over'). Referring to oneself by one's own diminutive is a marked, childlike or theatrical move, here charged with his fey, riddling exaltation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"забор","title":"«забор» — the fence as veiled metaphor","body":"«забор» is a plain wooden fence, but Mitya turns it into a riddle «загадывая ей загадку» — the 'high fence, dreadful to look at,' that he will leap 'at daybreak' is his veiled image for death, the boundary he means to cross by suicide. Fenya cannot read it (s42), and the reader is left to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the implied existential verb (есть), 'here'","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies забор","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"забор","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the implied existential (есть)","gloss":"fence"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, main verb of the aside","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы, modifies загадывая","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"загадывая","lemma":"загадывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on глядел","gloss":"posing"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of загадывая","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"загадку","lemma":"загадка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of загадывая","gloss":"a riddle"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies забор (w17)","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"высокий","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies забор","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"забор","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"restates and coordinates with забор (w5)","gloss":"fence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страшный","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with забор","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вид","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of страшный","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перескочит","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассвете","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"рассвете","lemma":"рассвет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перескочит","gloss":"daybreak"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взлетит","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"взлетит","lemma":"взлететь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"temporal clause modifying перескочит","gloss":"takes flight"},{"surface":"солнце","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of взлетит","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"Митенька","lemma":"Митенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перескочит","gloss":"Mitenka"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забор","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of забор","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"забор","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перескочит","gloss":"fence"},{"surface":"перескочит","lemma":"перескочить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will leap over"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b8-c5-s42","source":"Не понимаешь, Феня, какой забор, ну да ничего… всё равно, завтра услышишь и всё поймешь… а теперь прощай!","translation":"\"You don't understand, Fenya, what kind of fence — well, never mind... it doesn't matter, tomorrow you'll hear and understand it all... and now, farewell!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"завтра услышишь и всё поймешь","title":"Perfective futures «услышишь», «поймёшь»","body":"«услышишь… поймёшь» are perfective futures (of «услышать», «понять») conjugated like presents — 'you will hear and will understand it all.' The perfectives promise single, completed future events; «завтра» anchors them to the fatal morning Mitya foresees."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не понимаешь… какой забор","title":"Indirect question with «какой»","body":"«Не понимаешь… какой забор» = 'you don't understand what kind of fence.' The interrogative «какой» ('what sort of') heads an embedded question after «понимаешь»; «какой» agrees as a masculine adjective with «забор». The whole sustains Mitya's deliberate riddling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates понимаешь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of забор","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"забор","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"logical object of понимаешь (what she doesn't understand)","gloss":"fence"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom ну да ничего","gloss":"well","note":"\"ну да ничего\" is a fixed phrase meaning \"never mind, it's nothing.\""},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause (idiom with ну да)","gloss":"never mind"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom всё равно","gloss":"all the same","note":"\"всё равно\" = \"it doesn't matter.\""},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom всё равно, with всё","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies услышишь","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"услышишь","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"you'll hear"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of поймешь","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"поймешь","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with услышишь","gloss":"you'll understand"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прощай","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"farewell"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b8-c5-s43","source":"Не помешаю и устранюсь, сумею устраниться.","translation":"\"I won't stand in the way, I'll step aside — I'll know how to step aside.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не помешаю и устранюсь","title":"Reflexive «устраниться» in the perfective future","body":"«устранюсь… сумею устраниться» — «устраниться» is the reflexive «устранить + ся», 'to remove oneself, step aside, withdraw.' «устранюсь» is its perfective future, 'I will step aside,' the «-ся» turning the transitive 'remove' into a self-effacing withdrawal. «Не помешаю» = 'I won't get in the way.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates помешаю","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"помешаю","lemma":"помешать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stand in the way"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"устранюсь","lemma":"устраниться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with помешаю","gloss":"I'll step aside"},{"surface":"сумею","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with помешаю","gloss":"I'll know how"},{"surface":"устраниться","lemma":"устраниться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумею","gloss":"to step aside"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b8-c5-s44","source":"Живи, моя радость… любила меня часок, так и помни навеки Митеньку Карамазова…","translation":"\"Live, my joy... you loved me for an hour, so remember Mitenka Karamazov forever...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Живи, моя радость… помни навеки","title":"Imperatives «живи» and «помни»","body":"«Живи!» and «помни!» are imperatives in -и (from «жить», «помнить»): 'Live!' and 'Remember!'. Singular and familiar — Mitya uses «ты» with Grushenka — they sound the tender, valedictory note of a man taking leave. «навеки» = 'forever, for ages,' a solemn, slightly bookish 'evermore.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"моя радость","title":"«моя радость» — 'my joy' as endearment","body":"«моя радость» literally 'my joy' is a common Russian term of endearment for a beloved — 'my darling, my joy.' Mitya pours into Grushenka's parting message the same tender register she gave him with «Митенька»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Живи","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of радость","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"радость","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"любила","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"you loved"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of любила","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"часок","lemma":"часок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of любила (duration)","gloss":"for an hour"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with и, introduces помни","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase так и, intensifies помни","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"помни","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помни","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"Митеньку","lemma":"Митенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of помни","gloss":"Mitenka"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Митеньку (surname)","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b8-c5-s45","source":"Ведь она меня всё называла Митенькой, помнишь?","translation":"\"She always called me Mitenka, you know — remember?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митенька","title":"Diminutives: Mitya, Mityenka","body":"Russian builds affectionate diminutives by stacking suffixes. Дмитрий becomes Митя (Mitya), then the tenderer Митенька (Mityenka). The deeper the diminutive, the more intimate the feeling; Mitya cherishes that Grushenka used the most loving form for him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь она меня всё называла","title":"«ведь» appealing to shared memory","body":"«Ведь она меня всё называла Митенькой, помнишь?» — the particle «ведь» appeals to shared knowledge ('after all, you know, remember?'), reinforced by the tag «помнишь?». «всё» here is the adverb 'always, all the time.' «называла… Митенькой» takes the instrumental for the name called."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"называла Митенькой","title":"Instrumental of the name in «называть»","body":"«называла… Митенькой» — the verb «называть» ('to call [by a name]') puts the name in the instrumental, «Митенькой», not the accusative: 'called me [by the name] Mityenka.' This predicate-instrumental after naming-verbs is a fixed Russian pattern."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle, frames называла","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of называла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of называла","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies называла","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"называла","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"Митенькой","lemma":"Митенька","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of называла","gloss":"Mitenka"},{"surface":"помнишь","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the tag question","gloss":"remember"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b8-c5-s46","source":"И с этими словами вдруг вышел из кухни.","translation":"And with these words he suddenly walked out of the kitchen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вышел из кухни","title":"Prefixed motion verb «выйти»","body":"«вышел» is the perfective of the prefixed motion verb «выйти» ('to go out, exit'): the prefix «вы-» ('out') gives direction and makes it a plain perfective. «из кухни» pairs with it — «из» + genitive marks motion out of an enclosed space, mirroring the «в»/«в кухне» of arrival."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этими","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of словами","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"словами","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кухни","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"кухни","lemma":"кухня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"kitchen"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b8-c5-s47","source":"А Феня выхода этого испугалась чуть не больше еще, чем когда он давеча вбежал и бросился на нее.","translation":"And Fenya was almost more frightened by this exit than she had been a moment before, when he rushed in and flung himself at her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выхода этого испугалась","title":"Genitive object of «испугаться»","body":"«выхода этого испугалась» = 'was frightened of this exit.' The reflexive verb «испугаться» ('to take fright at') governs the genitive of what one fears, so «выхода… этого» stands in the genitive. The reflexive «-ся» and the genitive object together are the standard frame for 'to be afraid of X.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чуть не больше еще, чем","title":"Comparative «больше… чем»","body":"«испугалась чуть не больше… чем когда…» = 'was frightened almost more than when…'. «больше» is the suppletive comparative of «много/большой», and «чем» introduces the standard of comparison (the earlier moment). «чуть не» ('almost, nearly') softens it."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of испугалась","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"выхода","lemma":"выход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of испугалась (frightened of)","gloss":"exit"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выхода","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"испугалась","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was frightened"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom чуть не (almost)","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom чуть не, modifies больше","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испугалась","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies больше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вбежал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вбежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вбежал","gloss":"a while ago"},{"surface":"вбежал","lemma":"вбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"ran in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вбежал","gloss":"flung himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b8-c5-s48","source":"Ровно десять минут спустя Дмитрий Федорович вошел к тому молодому чиновнику, Петру Ильичу Перхотину, которому давеча заложил пистолеты.","translation":"Exactly ten minutes later Dmitri Fyodorovich called on that young official, Pyotr Ilyich Perhotin, with whom he had pawned his pistols a little earlier.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которому давеча заложил пистолеты","title":"Relative «которому» in the dative","body":"«которому… заложил пистолеты» — the relative «который» appears as dative «которому» because «заложить кому» ('to pawn/pledge to someone') governs the dative of the person pledged to. The case is dictated by the verb inside the relative clause, not by the antecedent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies десять минут","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies минут","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"temporal adverbial modifying вошел","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"preposition (postposed)","role":"marks минут as elapsed time before вошел","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий (patronymic)","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чиновнику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of чиновнику","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"молодому","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чиновнику","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"чиновнику","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"Петру","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to чиновнику","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильичу","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петру (patronymic)","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"Перхотину","lemma":"Перхотин","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петру (surname)","gloss":"Perhotin"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of заложил","gloss":"to whom"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заложил","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"заложил","lemma":"заложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying Перхотину","gloss":"had pawned"},{"surface":"пистолеты","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of заложил","gloss":"pistols"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b8-c5-s49","source":"Было уже половина девятого, и Петр Ильич, напившись дома чаю, только что облекся снова в сюртук, чтоб отправиться в трактир «Столичный город» поиграть на биллиарде.","translation":"It was already half past eight, and Pyotr Ilyich, having taken his tea at home, had just put his frock coat back on to set off for the tavern \"The Capital City\" for a game of billiards.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"напившись дома чаю","title":"Perfective gerund «напившись» + partitive «чаю»","body":"«напившись… чаю» is a perfective past деепричастие, 'having drunk his fill of tea.' The reflexive «напиться» ('to drink one's fill') takes the partitive genitive «чаю» (the old -у genitive of «чай»), 'some tea.' The gerund sets the completed prior action before «облёкся»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"облекся… в сюртук","title":"«облечься в сюртук» — to don a frock-coat","body":"«облечься» (reflexive, «в» + accusative) is an elevated, almost ceremonial verb for clothing oneself — 'to clothe/array oneself in.' Used of putting on a «сюртук» (a frock-coat, the formal day-dress of a gentleman) it lends a faint ironic grandeur to Perhotin's ordinary act of getting ready for billiards."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal)","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Было","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"половина","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Было","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"девятого","lemma":"девятый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies половина","gloss":"past eight"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of облекся","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр (patronymic)","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"напившись","lemma":"напиться","morphology":"verb, past, reflexive, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on облекся","gloss":"having drunk"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напившись","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"чаю","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"partitive object of напившись","gloss":"tea","note":"Partitive genitive: \"напиться чаю\" = drink one's fill of tea."},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom только что (just now)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom только что","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"облекся","lemma":"облечься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had put on"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies облекся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сюртук","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сюртук","lemma":"сюртук","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of облекся","gloss":"frock coat"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of отправиться","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"отправиться","lemma":"отправиться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying облекся","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактир","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"трактир","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправиться","gloss":"tavern"},{"surface":"Столичный","lemma":"столичный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies город","gloss":"Capital"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to трактир (tavern's name)","gloss":"City"},{"surface":"поиграть","lemma":"поиграть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose complement of отправиться","gloss":"to play"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking биллиарде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"биллиарде","lemma":"биллиард","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поиграть","gloss":"billiards"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b8-c5-s50","source":"Митя захватил его на выходе.","translation":"Mitya caught him on his way out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"захватил его на выходе","title":"Perfective «захватить» — 'caught him just as'","body":"«захватил» is the perfective of «захватывать», here 'caught, intercepted' — Mitya caught Perhotin «на выходе», 'on his way out, just as he was leaving.' The perfective marks the single neat coincidence of timing; «на выходе» uses «на» + prepositional for the moment/situation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захватил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"захватил","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of захватил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выходе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"выходе","lemma":"выход","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of захватил","gloss":"his way out"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b8-c5-s51","source":"Тот, увидев его и его запачканное кровью лицо, так и вскрикнул:","translation":"Seeing him, and his face smeared with blood, the other man fairly cried out:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот, увидев его… так и вскрикнул","title":"Perfective gerund «увидев» + tracking «Тот»","body":"«Тот, увидев его… вскрикнул» — the demonstrative «Тот» tracks Perhotin ('the other man'), and «увидев» is a perfective past деепричастие, 'having caught sight of him,' the completed action that triggers the main «вскрикнул». «так и вскрикнул» = 'fairly cried out,' «так и» emphasising the involuntary outburst."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскрикнул","gloss":"the other man"},{"surface":"увидев","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскрикнул","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увидев","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"запачканное","lemma":"запачкать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying лицо","gloss":"smeared"},{"surface":"кровью","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement (means) of запачканное","gloss":"with blood"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"second direct object of увидев, coordinated with его","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom так и, modifies вскрикнул","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase так и","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"вскрикнул","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b8-c5-s52","source":"— Господи! Да что это с вами?","translation":"\"Lord! What's the matter with you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Господи","title":"«Господи» — the vocative 'O Lord'","body":"«Господи!» is the Church-Slavonic vocative of «Господь» (the Lord), surviving as a fixed exclamation of shock or dismay — 'Lord! Good heavens!'. Like «Боже», it is a frozen vocative with no place in the modern case system, used here as an involuntary cry at Mitya's bloodied face."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да что это с вами?","title":"Particle «да» + impersonal «что с вами»","body":"«Да что это с вами?» — the opening «да» is not 'yes' but an emphatic conversational particle, 'why, but, well.' «что… с вами?» is again the impersonal idiom of alarm, «что с + instrumental?», 'what's the matter with you?'. Together: 'But what on earth is the matter with you?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"Господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular (interjection)","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the question","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of the clause","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b8-c5-s53","source":"— А вот, — быстро проговорил Митя, — за пистолетами моими пришел и вам деньги принес. С благодарностию. Тороплюсь, Петр Ильич, пожалуйста поскорее.","translation":"\"Here's the thing,\" Mitya said quickly, \"I've come for my pistols and brought you the money. With thanks. I'm in a hurry, Pyotr Ilyich, please be quick.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за пистолетами моими пришел","title":"«за» + instrumental = 'to fetch'","body":"«за пистолетами… пришёл» = 'came for / to fetch the pistols.' The preposition «за» with the instrumental «пистолетами» expresses purpose — going after something to bring it back. Contrast «за» + accusative ('behind'); the instrumental is specifically the 'errand' sense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"С благодарностию","title":"Archaic instrumental «-ию» in «благодарностию»","body":"«С благодарностию» ('with thanks') shows the older instrumental ending «-ию» for the soft feminine noun «благодарность», where modern Russian writes «-ью» (благодарностью). The «-ию» form is a 19th-century literary spelling, slightly formal and dated."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тороплюсь… поскорее","title":"Reflexive «торопиться» + comparative «поскорее»","body":"«Тороплюсь» is the reflexive «торопиться» ('to be in a hurry'), a verb that lives only with «-ся». «поскорее» is the comparative of «скоро» with the prefix «по-» softening to 'a bit quicker, as fast as you can' — the «по-» + comparative giving a polite, urging 'do hurry.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase А вот (here's the thing)","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пистолетами","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"пистолетами","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"pistols"},{"surface":"моими","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies пистолетами","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I've come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of принес","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of принес","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"принес","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пришел","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благодарностию","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"благодарностию","lemma":"благодарность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"thanks","note":"Archaic instrumental form of благодарностью."},{"surface":"Тороплюсь","lemma":"торопиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm in a hurry"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр (patronymic)","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"пожалуйста","lemma":"пожалуйста","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поскорее","gloss":"please"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"поскорее","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with Тороплюсь","gloss":"be quick"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b8-c5-s54","source":"Петр Ильич всё больше и больше удивлялся: в руках Мити он вдруг рассмотрел кучу денег, а главное, он держал эту кучу и вошел с нею, как никто деньги не держит и никто с ними не входит: все кредитки нес в правой руке, точно напоказ, прямо держа руку пред собою.","translation":"Pyotr Ilyich grew more and more astonished: in Mitya's hands he suddenly made out a heap of money, and what was more, the man was holding that heap and had come in with it the way no one holds money and no one comes in — he was carrying all the notes in his right hand, as if on display, holding the hand straight out before him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё больше и больше удивлялся","title":"«всё больше и больше» + imperfective — mounting state","body":"«всё больше и больше удивлялся» = 'grew more and more astonished.' «всё» before a comparative means 'ever, increasingly,' and the doubled «больше и больше» plus the imperfective «удивлялся» paints a continuous, swelling reaction rather than a single moment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как никто деньги не держит и никто… не входит","title":"Double negative concord «никто… не»","body":"«как никто… не держит и никто… не входит» = 'the way no one holds money and no one comes in.' Each clause pairs the negative «никто» with «не» on the verb — obligatory negative concord. The repeated «никто… не» underlines how singular and suspect Mitya's manner is."}],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удивлялся","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom всё больше и больше","gloss":"more and more"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивлялся","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with больше","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"удивлялся","lemma":"удивляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew astonished"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of рассмотрел","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of руках","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассмотрел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмотрел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"рассмотрел","lemma":"рассмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause (elaborating удивлялся)","gloss":"made out"},{"surface":"кучу","lemma":"куча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of рассмотрел","gloss":"heap"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies кучу","gloss":"of money"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical modifying the clause","gloss":"what's more"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of держал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"держал","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with рассмотрел","gloss":"was holding"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кучу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кучу","lemma":"куча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of держал","gloss":"heap"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with держал","gloss":"had come in"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause modifying вошел","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of держит","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of держит","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates держит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"держит","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the как-comparative clause","gloss":"holds"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of входит","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of входит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates входит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"входит","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with держит","gloss":"comes in"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of кредитки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"кредитки","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of нес","gloss":"notes"},{"surface":"нес","lemma":"нести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"was carrying"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"правой","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руке","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"руке","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нес","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напоказ","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"напоказ","lemma":"напоказ","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with нес","gloss":"on display"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies держа","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"держа","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on нес","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of держа","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of держа","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b8-c5-s55","source":"Мальчик, слуга чиновника, встретивший Митю в передней, сказывал потом, что он так и в переднюю вошел с деньгами в руках, стало быть, и по улице всё так же нес их пред собою в правой руке.","translation":"The boy, the official's servant who had met Mitya in the entryway, related afterward that he had come into the entry just so, with the money in his hands, which meant that he had carried it down the street the same way, before him in his right hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сказывал","title":"«сказывать» — folksy 'to relate, tell'","body":"«сказывал» is the imperfective «сказывать», an older, folk-coloured verb for 'to tell, recount, relate' (where modern speech prefers «рассказывал»). It suits the boy-servant's humble status and gives the reported testimony a homely, narrational tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стало быть","title":"«стало быть» — 'which meant, therefore'","body":"«стало быть» is a fixed parenthetical inferential, 'so then, which meant, consequently' — literally 'it came to be.' The narrator (relaying the boy) draws the deduction: since Mitya entered the hall with money in hand, «стало быть» he had carried it openly down the street too."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в передней","title":"«передняя» — the front hall / vestibule","body":"«передняя» (a substantivized adjective, 'the front [room]') is the entrance hall or vestibule of a house, where outdoor coats were left and servants met callers. The boy meets Mitya «в передней» — the threshold space whose witnesses matter so much to the later inquiry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказывал","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"слуга","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Мальчик","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"чиновника","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слуга","gloss":"of the official"},{"surface":"встретивший","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying слуга","gloss":"who had met"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встретивший","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking передней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"передней","lemma":"передняя","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встретивший","gloss":"the entryway"},{"surface":"сказывал","lemma":"сказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"related"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказывал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вошел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase так и, modifies вошел","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase так и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переднюю","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"переднюю","lemma":"передняя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"the entryway"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказывал","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньгами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies деньгами","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"part of idiom стало быть, parenthetical","gloss":"which meant"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало (idiom)","gloss":"which meant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улице","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"улице","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нес","gloss":"the street"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom всё так же, modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нес","gloss":"the same way"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes так","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"нес","lemma":"нести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вошел","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of нес","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of нес","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"правой","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руке","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"руке","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нес","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b8-c5-s56","source":"Бумажки были всё сторублевые, радужные, придерживал он их окровавленными пальцами.","translation":"The notes were all hundred-rouble bills, the rainbow kind, and he was holding them in his bloodstained fingers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Бумажки","title":"«бумажки» — banknotes (lit. 'little papers')","body":"«бумажки» is the diminutive of «бумага» (paper) used colloquially for paper money — 'bills, notes.' The casual diminutive, alongside «сторублёвые» ('hundred-rouble') and «радужные», keeps the narration close to the wondering, everyday eye of the witnesses."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"придерживал он их окровавленными пальцами","title":"Instrumental of instrument «окровавленными пальцами»","body":"«придерживал… окровавленными пальцами» = 'held them with bloodstained fingers.' The fingers are the instrument of the holding, hence the instrumental «пальцами», with the past passive participle «окровавленными» agreeing. The imperfective «придерживал» frames a steady, ongoing grip."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бумажки","lemma":"бумажка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"the notes"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking Бумажки to сторублевые","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies Бумажки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сторублевые","lemma":"сторублёвый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"hundred-rouble"},{"surface":"радужные","lemma":"радужный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with сторублевые","gloss":"rainbow-colored"},{"surface":"придерживал","lemma":"придерживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"was holding"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придерживал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of придерживал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"окровавленными","lemma":"окровавленный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies пальцами","gloss":"bloodstained"},{"surface":"пальцами","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental complement (means) of придерживал","gloss":"fingers"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b8-c5-s57","source":"Петр Ильич потом на позднейшие вопросы интересовавшихся лиц: сколько было денег? — заявлял, что тогда сосчитать на глаз трудно было, может быть, две тысячи, может быть, три, но пачка была большая, «плотненькая».","translation":"Pyotr Ilyich, when interested parties later asked him how much money there had been, declared that it had been hard to reckon by eye at the time — perhaps two thousand, perhaps three, but the wad was a big one, \"nice and thick.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"интересовавшихся лиц","title":"Past active participle «интересовавшихся»","body":"«интересовавшихся лиц» = 'of the interested parties / persons who had been taking an interest.' «интересовавшихся» is a past active participle of the reflexive «интересоваться», declined into the genitive plural with the «-ся» preserved — a dense, bookish way to say 'people who were curious about it.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"может быть, две тысячи, может быть, три","title":"Numerals + genitive in an estimate","body":"«две тысячи… три [тысячи]» — «две» and «три» each govern the genitive singular «тысячи» ('two thousand, three thousand'). The hedging «может быть… может быть» ('perhaps… perhaps') frames Perhotin's eyeball estimate of the suspicious sum."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"плотненькая","title":"«плотненькая» — 'nice and thick'","body":"«плотненькая» is the diminutive-affectionate form of «плотный» ('dense, thick, packed'), describing the wad of notes — 'a nice fat little bundle.' The «-еньк-» suffix gives an admiring, almost relishing tone, and the narrator sets it in quotes as Perhotin's own word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заявлял","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заявлял","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"позднейшие","lemma":"поздний","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, plural","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заявлял","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"интересовавшихся","lemma":"интересоваться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies лиц","gloss":"who were interested"},{"surface":"лиц","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"parties"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"heads the embedded question, complement of было","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the embedded question, in apposition to вопросы","gloss":"had there been"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"logical subject of было","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"заявлял","lemma":"заявлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of трудно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сосчитать","gloss":"at the time"},{"surface":"сосчитать","lemma":"сосчитать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on трудно","gloss":"to reckon"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаз","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сосчитать","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"трудно","lemma":"трудно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"clausal complement of заявлял","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to трудно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть = maybe), modifies тысячи","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может (idiom)","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, singular","role":"estimated quantity, in apposition to денег","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть = maybe), modifies три","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может (idiom)","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пачка","lemma":"пачка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"the wad"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to большая","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"большая","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"плотненькая","lemma":"плотненький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with большая","gloss":"nice and thick"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b8-c5-s58","source":"Сам же Дмитрий Федорович, как показывал он тоже потом, «был как бы тоже совсем не в себе, но не пьян, а точно в каком-то восторге, очень рассеян, а в то же время как будто и сосредоточен, точно об чем-то думал и добивался и решить не мог. Очень торопился, отвечал резко, очень странно, мгновениями же был как будто вовсе не в горе, а даже весел».","translation":"Dmitri Fyodorovich himself, as he too testified afterward, \"was likewise altogether not himself, yet not drunk, but as though in some kind of rapture, very distracted, and at the same time as if concentrated, as though pondering something and trying to work it out and unable to decide. He was in a great hurry, answered abruptly and very strangely, and at moments seemed not to be in any grief at all, but even cheerful.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был как бы тоже совсем не в себе","title":"«не в себе» — 'not himself'","body":"«не в себе» (literally 'not in himself') is a fixed idiom, 'beside oneself, not oneself, deranged.' Built on the reflexive «себя» in the prepositional, it states a disordered mental state without a verb. Perhotin's hedges «как бы», «точно», «как будто» cluster around it to qualify everything he reports."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто и сосредоточен","title":"Short-form participle «сосредоточен»","body":"«сосредоточен» is the short (predicative) form of the past passive participle «сосредоточенный» ('concentrated, focused'). The short form makes it a predicate — 'he was [as if] concentrated' — paired antithetically with «рассеян» ('distracted'), itself a short adjective, in Perhotin's paradoxical portrait."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"об чем-то","title":"«об чём-то» — colloquial «о» before a consonant","body":"«об чём-то думал» shows the colloquial/older use of «об» (rather than «о») before «чём» — modern standard prefers «о чём-то». The indefinite «-то» on «чём» marks a specific-but-unspecified something he was pondering. Such forms keep Perhotin's speech idiomatic and period."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular, emphatic","role":"modifies Дмитрий","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"contrastive particle after Сам","gloss":"for his part"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of показывал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"показывал","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause modifying был","gloss":"testified"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of показывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показывал","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показывал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking Дмитрий to the string of predicates (себе, пьян, восторге...)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"forms как бы (as if) with бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как (как бы = as if)","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies себе","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies себе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"predicate of the idiom не в себе (not himself)","gloss":"himself","note":"«не в себе» is an idiom meaning \"beside oneself / not oneself\"."},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пьян","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, second in the series (contrasted with себе by но)","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восторге","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of восторге (какой-то = some sort of)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle completing какой-то","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"восторге","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, third in the series","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассеян","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"рассеян","lemma":"рассеянный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, fourth in the series","gloss":"distracted"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время (то же время = the same time)","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies то (то же = the very same)","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial phrase (в то же время) modifying сосредоточен","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"forms как будто (as if) with будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сосредоточен","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"сосредоточен","lemma":"сосредоточить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate, fifth in the series","gloss":"concentrated"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of думал (о чём-то = about something)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle completing чем-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated predicate describing Дмитрий (subject same as был)","gloss":"was thinking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"добивался","lemma":"добиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with думал","gloss":"trying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"решить","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"decide"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with думал","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"Очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies торопился","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"торопился","lemma":"торопиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hurried"},{"surface":"отвечал","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with торопился","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"резко","lemma":"резко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвечал","gloss":"abruptly"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies странно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвечал, coordinated with резко","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"мгновениями","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"adverbial phrase (at moments) modifying был","gloss":"at moments"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мгновениями","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to the predicates горе/весел","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"forms как будто (as if) with будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies горе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate with был (не в горе = not in grief)","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies весел","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"весел","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate coordinated with горе (contrasted by а)","gloss":"cheerful"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b8-c5-s59","source":"— Да с вами-то что, с вами-то что теперь? — прокричал опять Петр Ильич, дико рассматривая гостя. — Как это вы так раскровенились, упали, что ли, посмотрите!","translation":"\"But what is the matter with you, what is the matter now?\" Pyotr Ilyich cried out again, eyeing his guest wildly. \"How did you get so bloodied — did you fall, or what? Look at yourself!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да с вами-то что","title":"«да» + «-то» piling on the alarm","body":"«Да с вами-то что… с вами-то что теперь?» repeats the impersonal «с вами что?» ('what's with you?') with the emphatic clitic «-то» ('what's with you, of all things?') and the urging «да». The doubled, particle-laden question conveys Perhotin's mounting, baffled alarm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"упали, что ли","title":"«что ли» — tentative 'or what?'","body":"«упали, что ли?» = 'did you fall, or what?'. The particle phrase «что ли» tags a guess with hesitant uncertainty — the speaker floats a possible explanation he isn't sure of. «упали» is here the polite-plural perfective past addressed to Mitya as «вы»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"раскровенились","title":"«раскровениться» — to get all bloodied","body":"«раскровениться» is an expressive, colloquial reflexive coined on «кровь» (blood) — 'to become covered/smeared with blood, to bleed all over.' The prefix «рас-» spreads the effect ('all over'), and «-ся» makes it intransitive: 'how did you get yourself so bloodied?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle opening the utterance","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"head of the phrase (elliptical predicate with что)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"colloquial emphatic particle attached to вами","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"elliptical predicate (что с вами = what's wrong with you)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"head of the second, repeated phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"colloquial emphatic particle attached to вами","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with the first что","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration (reporting clause)","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокричал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"дико","lemma":"дико","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассматривая","gloss":"wildly"},{"surface":"рассматривая","lemma":"рассматривать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прокричал","gloss":"eyeing"},{"surface":"гостя","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of рассматривая","gloss":"guest"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of раскровенились","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with раскровенились (как это = how is it that)","gloss":"is it that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of раскровенились","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раскровенились","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"раскровенились","lemma":"раскровениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the question clause","gloss":"get bloodied"},{"surface":"упали","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated question, alternative to раскровенились","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что ли (or what), modifying упали","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что ли","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"посмотрите","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"separate imperative exclamation","gloss":"look"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b8-c5-s60","source":"Он схватил его за локоть и поставил к зеркалу.","translation":"He grabbed him by the elbow and stood him in front of the mirror.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватил его за локоть","title":"«за» + accusative for the limb grasped","body":"«схватил его за локоть» = 'grabbed him by the elbow' — the same «глагол + за + часть тела» construction as in s3 («схватил её за горло»): «его» is the person, «за локоть» (accusative after «за») names the limb seized. The pattern frames Perhotin physically steering Mitya to the mirror."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поставил к зеркалу","title":"«к» + dative of direction toward","body":"«поставил к зеркалу» = 'stood him at/by the mirror.' The preposition «к» governs the dative «зеркалу» to mark motion up to a point — he positioned Mitya right up against the looking-glass, forcing him to confront the blood on his own face."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grabbed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking локоть","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"локоть","lemma":"локоть","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"elbow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поставил","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватил","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зеркалу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"зеркалу","lemma":"зеркало","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставил","gloss":"mirror"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b8-c5-s61","source":"Митя, увидав свое запачканное кровью лицо, вздрогнул и гневно нахмурился.","translation":"Mitya, catching sight of his blood-smeared face, gave a start and frowned angrily.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"увидав свое запачканное кровью лицо","title":"Perfective gerund «увидав»","body":"«Увидав» is a past adverbial participle («деепричастие») from perfective «увидеть» — 'on catching sight of'. It marks the prior, completed action that triggers the main verbs, sharing Mitya's subject: he saw, then started and frowned."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"запачканное кровью лицо","title":"Passive participle + instrumental of means","body":"«Запачканное» is a past passive participle ('smeared') agreeing with «лицо»; «кровью» is the instrumental naming what it was smeared with — 'smeared WITH blood'. The participle compresses a whole relative clause into one adjective."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вздрогнул","title":"«вздрогнуть» — to give a start","body":"A perfective verb for a single involuntary flinch or shudder, distinct from «дрожать» (to tremble continuously). The в-…-нуть pattern names one sudden jerk of the body."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"увидав","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вздрогнул","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"запачканное","lemma":"запачкать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying лицо","gloss":"smeared"},{"surface":"кровью","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запачканное","gloss":"with blood"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of увидав","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flinched"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гневно","lemma":"гневно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нахмурился","gloss":"angrily"},{"surface":"нахмурился","lemma":"нахмуриться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнул","gloss":"frowned"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b8-c5-s62","source":"— Э, черт! Этого недоставало, — пробормотал он со злобой, быстро переложил из правой руки кредитки в левую и судорожно выдернул из кармана платок.","translation":"\"Ah, the devil! That's all I needed,\" he muttered with vexation, quickly shifted the notes from his right hand to his left, and convulsively yanked a handkerchief out of his pocket.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Этого недоставало","title":"Genitive of negation in an idiom","body":"«Этого недоставало» — literally 'of this there was lacking' — puts the missing thing in the genitive («этого») after the negative «недоставать». It is sarcastic: 'that's the one thing that was missing', i.e. 'that's all I needed'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кредитки","title":"«кредитки» — banknotes","body":"Colloquial for paper money: «кредитный билет» was the imperial credit note, the everyday banknote. Mitya is juggling a wad of these from hand to hand."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"переложил... выдернул","title":"Chain of perfectives moves the action","body":"«Пробормотал», «переложил», «выдернул» are all perfective pasts, firing off the sequence of completed gestures one after another. Perfectives are the engine that drives narrative forward, event by event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Э","lemma":"э","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Э","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"Этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of недоставало","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"недоставало","lemma":"недоставать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was lacking"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"злобой","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробормотал","gloss":"vexation"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переложил","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"переложил","lemma":"переложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пробормотал","gloss":"shifted"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"правой","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переложил","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"кредитки","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of переложил","gloss":"notes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking elided руку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"левую","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies elided руку (into the left hand)","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"судорожно","lemma":"судорожно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выдернул","gloss":"convulsively"},{"surface":"выдернул","lemma":"выдернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пробормотал","gloss":"yanked"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кармана","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выдернул","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выдернул","gloss":"handkerchief"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b8-c5-s63","source":"Но и платок оказался весь в крови (этим самым платком он вытирал голову и лицо Григорию): ни одного почти местечка не было белого, и не то что начал засыхать, а как-то заскоруз в комке и не хотел развернуться.","translation":"But the handkerchief too proved to be all blood (with this very handkerchief he had wiped Grigory's head and face): scarcely a single spot of it was white, and it had not so much begun to dry as somehow stiffened into a wad and would not unfold.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"платок оказался весь в крови","title":"«оказаться» + the result 'all in blood'","body":"«Оказался» (perfective, reflexive «-ся») means 'turned out / proved to be'. «Весь в крови» — 'all in blood' — uses «в» + prepositional to state the condition the thing is covered in, a common Russian way to say 'covered in'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни одного почти местечка не было белого","title":"Genitive of negation in an existential","body":"With negated «не было» the absent subject goes genitive: «ни одного местечка не было» — 'not a single spot was [there]'. The «ни» reinforces the negation (negative concord), and «белого» agrees with «местечка» in the genitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"местечка","title":"Diminutive «местечко»","body":"A diminutive of «место» ('spot, place'), here softening to 'a little spot'. The genitive «местечка» follows «ни одного»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"заскоруз в комке","title":"«заскоруз(нуть)» — stiffened into a crust","body":"An expressive, slightly rustic verb meaning to grow hard, caked, or crusty. Here the bloody handkerchief has «заскоруз в комке» — stiffened into a wad — and 'would not unfold' («не хотел развернуться»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то что начал засыхать, а как-то заскоруз","title":"Correlative «не то что... а»","body":"«Не то что X, а Y» is a corrective construction — 'not so much X as Y'. It withdraws the first description («начал засыхать», had begun to dry) in favour of the more vivid second."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies платок (also)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оказался","gloss":"handkerchief"},{"surface":"оказался","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the predicate of оказался","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies весь","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of платком","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies платком (этим самым = this very)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"платком","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытирал","gloss":"handkerchief"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вытирал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вытирал","lemma":"вытирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying крови","gloss":"had wiped"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вытирал","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with голову","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"Григорию","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of вытирал","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies местечка","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies местечка","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"местечка","lemma":"местечко","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"spot"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to белого","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"белого","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective, genitive with negation (не было ... белого)","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то что (not so much as)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то что","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom не то что","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оказался (first option of the не то...а contrast)","gloss":"begun"},{"surface":"засыхать","lemma":"засыхать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to dry"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (second option of the contrast)","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"forms как-то (somehow) with то","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"заскоруз","lemma":"заскорузнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оказался","gloss":"stiffened"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комке","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"комке","lemma":"комок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies заскоруз","gloss":"a wad"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заскоруз","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"развернуться","lemma":"развернуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"unfold"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b8-c5-s64","source":"Митя злобно шваркнул его об пол.","translation":"Mitya flung it angrily to the floor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шваркнул его об пол","title":"«шваркнуть» — to fling down with a smack","body":"A loud, expressive colloquial verb: to hurl or slam something down so it smacks. «Об пол» ('against the floor') uses «об» + accusative for the surface struck."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шваркнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шваркнул","gloss":"angrily"},{"surface":"шваркнул","lemma":"шваркнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flung"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of шваркнул","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пол","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шваркнул","gloss":"floor"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b8-c5-s65","source":"— Э, черт! Нет ли у вас какой тряпки… обтереться бы…","translation":"\"Ah, the devil! Haven't you got some sort of rag... to wipe myself off with...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нет ли у вас какой тряпки","title":"«нет» + genitive, softened by «ли»","body":"«Нет... тряпки» is the negative-existential genitive ('isn't there a rag'), and the particle «ли» turns it into a tentative yes/no question — 'haven't you got some sort of rag?' «Какой» here means 'some kind of', non-specific."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обтереться бы","title":"«бы» + infinitive as a wish","body":"«Обтереться бы» — 'to wipe oneself off, if only' — is the irrealis particle «бы» attached to an infinitive to voice a wish or vague intention. The reflexive «-ся» makes it 'wipe oneself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Э","lemma":"э","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Э","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"negative existential predicate","role":"main verb/predicate of the sentence","gloss":"isn't there"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"interrogative particle","role":"modifies Нет","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of Нет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тряпки","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"тряпки","lemma":"тряпка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Нет","gloss":"rag"},{"surface":"обтереться","lemma":"обтереться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"desiderative infinitive clause","gloss":"to wipe myself"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional/desiderative","role":"marks the desiderative construction with обтереться","gloss":"if only"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b8-c5-s66","source":"— Так вы только запачкались, а не ранены? Так уж лучше вымойтесь, — ответил Петр Ильич. — Вот рукомойник, я вам подам.","translation":"\"So you've only smeared yourself, you're not wounded? Then you'd best wash up,\" answered Pyotr Ilyich. \"Here's the washstand, I'll pour for you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только запачкались, а не ранены","title":"Short passive participle «ранены»","body":"«Ранены» is the short-form past passive participle of «ранить» ('wounded'), used predicatively: 'you are not wounded'. The contrastive «а» sets the smear against the wound. «Запачкались» is the reflexive 'got yourself smeared'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лучше вымойтесь","title":"Imperative «вымойтесь»","body":"«Вымойтесь» is a perfective reflexive imperative (-те polite) — 'wash yourself up'. «Лучше» softens it to advice: 'you'd best wash up'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рукомойник","title":"«рукомойник» — a washstand","body":"A hanging hand-basin or washstand, often a simple tip-spout vessel one pours from. Pyotr Ilyich offers to «подам» (hand/pour) the water for Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запачкались","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of запачкались","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies запачкались","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"запачкались","lemma":"запачкаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got smeared"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ранены","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ранены","lemma":"ранить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural","role":"coordinated with запачкались","gloss":"wounded"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies лучше","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вымойтесь","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"вымойтесь","lemma":"вымыться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wash up"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рукомойник","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"рукомойник","lemma":"рукомойник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"washstand"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подам","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of подам","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подам","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"pour"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b8-c5-s67","source":"— Рукомойник? Это хорошо… только куда же я это дену? — в каком-то совсем уж странном недоумении указал он Петру Ильичу на свою пачку сторублевых, вопросительно глядя на него, точно тот должен был решить, куда ему девать свои собственные деньги.","translation":"\"The washstand? That's good... only where am I to put this?\" — in a perfectly strange bewilderment he pointed Pyotr Ilyich to his wad of hundreds, gazing at him questioningly, as if the other were the one who had to decide where he should stow his own money.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"куда же я это дену","title":"Perfective future «дену» + particle «же»","body":"«Дену» is the conjugated form of perfective «деть» ('to put/stow') — a perfective present-form that reads as future: 'where am I to stow this?' The particle «же» adds anxious emphasis: 'where on earth...'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно тот должен был решить, куда ему девать свои собственные деньги","title":"«точно» = 'as if'; dative «ему» of the one who must","body":"«Точно» here means 'as if'. Inside, «куда ему девать» uses a dative experiencer — 'where he is to stow' — the dative naming the person on whom the action falls. «Свои собственные» is the emphatic reflexive possessive: his own money."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пачку сторублевых","title":"«сторублёвая» — a hundred-rouble note","body":"«Сторублёвая» (from «сто рублей», a hundred roubles) is a hundred-rouble banknote; «пачка» is the wad. A staggering sum to flash in a provincial town — hence Perhotin's amazement."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"недоумении","title":"«недоумение» — bewilderment","body":"A bookish noun for blank perplexity, not knowing what to make of something — built on «не-» + «уметь/ум». Dostoevsky uses it repeatedly for Mitya's dazed, dissociated state this night."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рукомойник","lemma":"рукомойник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"washstand"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of хорошо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of Это","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies куда","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дену","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies куда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дену","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дену","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дену","lemma":"деть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недоумении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of недоумении (какой-то = some sort of)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle completing какой-то","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уж","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies странном","gloss":"downright"},{"surface":"странном","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies недоумении","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"недоумении","lemma":"недоумение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of указал","gloss":"bewilderment"},{"surface":"указал","lemma":"указать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pointed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of указал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Петру","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of указал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильичу","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петру","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пачку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of пачку","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"пачку","lemma":"пачка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указал","gloss":"wad"},{"surface":"сторублевых","lemma":"сторублёвый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural, used substantively","role":"modifies пачку","gloss":"hundred-ruble notes"},{"surface":"вопросительно","lemma":"вопросительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядя","gloss":"questioningly"},{"surface":"глядя","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on указал","gloss":"gazing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядя","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of должен","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the subordinate clause introduced by точно","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula with должен (был должен = had to)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"решить","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"decide"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies девать","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of девать","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"девать","lemma":"девать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of решить","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"собственные","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of девать","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b8-c5-s68","source":"— В карман суньте али на стол вот здесь положите, не пропадут.","translation":"\"Stick it in your pocket, or set it here on the table — it won't go missing.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В карман суньте али на стол... положите","title":"Paired imperatives with object fronted","body":"Two perfective imperatives — «суньте» (stick) and «положите» (lay) — each with its destination fronted («в карман», «на стол» + accusative of motion-toward). Russian's free word order puts the place first for emphasis on where."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"али","title":"«али» — folk 'or'","body":"A rustic, colloquial variant of «или» ('or'). It flavours Perhotin's speech (and recurs in Mitya's) with a homely, popular register typical of Dostoevsky's spoken voices."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не пропадут","title":"Perfective future «не пропадут»","body":"«Пропадут» is the perfective future of «пропасть» ('to be lost/vanish'); negated, 'they won't go missing'. The plural agrees with the banknotes («деньги», «кредитки»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карман","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"карман","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of суньте","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"суньте","lemma":"сунуть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stick"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction, colloquial (= или)","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of положите","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies положите","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"положите","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with суньте","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пропадут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пропадут","lemma":"пропасть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with суньте","gloss":"go missing"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b8-c5-s69","source":"— В карман? Да, в карман. Это хорошо… Нет, видите ли, это всё вздор! — вскричал он, как бы вдруг выходя из рассеянности. — Видите: мы сперва это дело кончим, пистолеты-то, вы мне их отдайте, а вот ваши деньги… потому что мне очень, очень нужно… и времени, времени ни капли…","translation":"\"In my pocket? Yes, in my pocket. That's good... No, you see, this is all nonsense!\" he cried, as if suddenly coming out of his abstraction. \"Look: let's first finish this business — the pistols, hand them over to me — and here's your money... because I have great, great need... and I've not a drop of time, not a drop...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы вдруг выходя из рассеянности","title":"Present gerund «выходя» + hedging «как бы»","body":"«Выходя» is an imperfective present gerund ('coming out of'), naming the simultaneous manner of his cry. «Как бы» ('as if, as it were') hedges the description — a favourite Dostoevskian softener for half-perceived states."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это дело кончим, пистолеты-то, вы мне их отдайте","title":"Topic «пистолеты-то», then imperative","body":"Mitya names the topic — «пистолеты-то» (the pistols, you know), with emphatic clitic «-то» — then issues the command «отдайте» (hand them over), the pronouns «вы мне их» piling subject, recipient, object. The loose, restarting syntax mimics agitated speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"времени, времени ни капли","title":"Genitive of absence: «времени ни капли»","body":"'Not a drop of time': «времени» is genitive after the implied «нет», and «ни капли» ('not a drop') is the genitive intensifier of negation. The doubling «времени, времени» conveys breathless urgency."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карман","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"карман","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"affirming remark, parallel to карман","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карман","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"карман","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of хорошо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, predicate use","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is good"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to вздор","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel clause to вздор","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the fixed parenthetical видите ли","gloss":"(parenthetical filler)","note":"«видите ли» is a set filler phrase meaning \"you see\", not a real question."},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вздор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"intensifying determiner of это (agrees in gender with это, not with masculine вздор)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he cried out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies выходя","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выходя","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"выходя","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскричал","gloss":"coming out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассеянности","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"рассеянности","lemma":"рассеянность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходя","gloss":"his distraction"},{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of кончим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"сперва","lemma":"сперва","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончим","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of кончим","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"кончим","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"we'll finish"},{"surface":"пистолеты","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"dislocated topic, resumed by их in отдайте","gloss":"the pistols"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to пистолеты","gloss":"(topic marker)"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отдайте","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отдайте","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of отдайте","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"отдайте","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"give back"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"presentative particle, modifies деньги","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase, presented by вот","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что, introduces reason clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer subject of нужно","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нужно, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, predicate use","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"need it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of капли","gloss":"of time"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"repeats времени for emphasis","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"negating particle, modifies капли","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"капли","lemma":"капля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, parallel to нужно","gloss":"drop"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b8-c5-s70","source":"И, сняв с пачки верхнюю сторублевую, он протянул ее чиновнику.","translation":"And peeling the topmost hundred off the wad, he held it out to the official.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сняв с пачки верхнюю сторублевую","title":"Perfective gerund «сняв»","body":"«Сняв» is the perfective past gerund of «снять» ('having taken off / peeled'), the prior act before he holds the note out. «С пачки» — 'off the wad' — uses «с» + genitive for removal from a surface."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сняв","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on протянул","gloss":"peeling off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пачки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"пачки","lemma":"пачка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сняв","gloss":"the wad"},{"surface":"верхнюю","lemma":"верхний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сторублевую","gloss":"the top"},{"surface":"сторублевую","lemma":"сторублёвая","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сняв","gloss":"hundred-ruble note"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of протянул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"протянул","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held out"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of протянул","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"чиновнику","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of протянул","gloss":"to the official"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b8-c5-s71","source":"— Да у меня и сдачи не будет, — заметил тот, — у вас мельче нет?","translation":"\"But I won't have any change,\" the other remarked. \"Haven't you anything smaller?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у меня и сдачи не будет","title":"Genitive after «не будет»","body":"«Сдачи не будет» — 'there will be no change' — puts «сдача» (change) in the genitive after the negated future «не будет». The «и» here means 'even / for that matter': 'I won't have any change to give'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у вас мельче нет?","title":"Comparative «мельче»","body":"«Мельче» is the predicative comparative of «мелкий» ('small, fine') — here 'smaller [denominations]'. With «нет» it asks 'haven't you anything smaller?' Note the suppletive-style stem change мелкий → мельче."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"contrastive, parallel clause to будет","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of будет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies сдачи","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сдачи","lemma":"сдача","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"change"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to будет","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"the other man"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мельче","lemma":"мелкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative, used substantively","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"anything smaller"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative particle, negation of existence","role":"parallel clause to заметил","gloss":"there isn't"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b8-c5-s72","source":"— Нет, — сказал Митя, поглядев опять на пачку, и, как бы неуверенный в словах своих, попробовал пальцами две-три бумажки сверху, — нет, всё такие же, — прибавил он и опять вопросительно поглядел на Петра Ильича.","translation":"\"No,\" said Mitya, glancing again at the wad, and, as if unsure of his own words, he tried two or three of the notes from the top with his fingers. \"No, they're all the same,\" he added, and looked questioningly at Pyotr Ilyich again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поглядев опять на пачку","title":"Perfective gerund «поглядев»","body":"«Поглядев» (perfective past gerund of «поглядеть») marks the completed glance preceding his words. The prefix по- adds a sense of a brief, bounded look."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы неуверенный в словах своих","title":"Short adjective «неуверенный» + reflexive «своих»","body":"«Неуверенный в словах своих» — 'unsure of his own words'. «В словах» is prepositional after «в», and «своих» is the reflexive possessive pointing back to Mitya himself. «Как бы» again hedges."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"две-три бумажки","title":"«бумажка» — a banknote (lit. 'little paper')","body":"Diminutive of «бумага» ('paper'), colloquial for a paper note. «Две-три» ('two or three') is an approximate-number idiom; «бумажки» stands in the genitive singular form required after «две/три»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to такие","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Нет","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"поглядев","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сказал","gloss":"glancing"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядев","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пачку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"пачку","lemma":"пачка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядев","gloss":"the wad"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies неуверенный","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"неуверенный","lemma":"неуверенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing он, parallel to поглядев","gloss":"unsure"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of неуверенный","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies словах","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"попробовал","lemma":"попробовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказал","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"пальцами","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of попробовал","gloss":"with his fingers"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"quantifies бумажки","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"quantifies бумажки","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"бумажки","lemma":"бумажка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of попробовал","gloss":"notes"},{"surface":"сверху","lemma":"сверху","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попробовал","gloss":"from the top"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of такие","gloss":"all of them"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такие","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to такие","gloss":"he added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"вопросительно","lemma":"вопросительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядел","gloss":"questioningly"},{"surface":"поглядел","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прибавил","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петра","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Петра","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядел","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильича","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петра","gloss":"Ilyich"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b8-c5-s73","source":"— Да откуда вы так разбогатели? — спросил тот. — Постойте, я мальчишку своего пошлю сбегать к Плотниковым. Они запирают поздно — вот не разменяют ли. Эй, Миша! — крикнул он в переднюю.","translation":"\"How did you come into such riches?\" the other asked. \"Hold on, I'll send my boy running over to the Plotnikovs'. They close late — perhaps they'll change it. Hey, Misha!\" he called into the entryway.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"откуда вы так разбогатели?","title":"Perfective «разбогатеть» — became rich","body":"«Разбогатели» is the perfective past of «разбогатеть» ('to get rich'), viewing the enrichment as a completed event: 'how did you come into such riches?' «Откуда» ('from where') asks the source."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот не разменяют ли","title":"«ли» = 'perhaps... whether'","body":"«Не разменяют ли» uses the particle «ли» with negation to voice a hopeful 'perhaps they'll change it / let's see whether they will'. «Разменять» is to break a large note into smaller money."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мальчишку своего пошлю сбегать","title":"«мальчишка» + «сбегать»","body":"«Мальчишка» is an expressive, slightly rough word for 'boy, lad' (the errand-boy Misha). «Пошлю сбегать» — 'I'll send [him] to run over' — pairs a perfective future with the perfective «сбегать» (make a quick round trip)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle, modifies разбогатели","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разбогатели","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of разбогатели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разбогатели","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"разбогатели","lemma":"разбогатеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got so rich"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"Постойте","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пошлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мальчишку","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пошлю","gloss":"my boy"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчишку","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"пошлю","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, coordinated with Постойте","gloss":"I'll send"},{"surface":"сбегать","lemma":"сбегать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пошлю","gloss":"to run over"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Плотниковым","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Плотниковым","lemma":"плотников","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сбегать","gloss":"the Plotnikovs'"},{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of запирают","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"запирают","lemma":"запирать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"close up"},{"surface":"поздно","lemma":"поздно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запирают","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разменяют","gloss":"let's see"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of не...ли, modifies разменяют","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"разменяют","lemma":"разменять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to запирают","gloss":"they'll change it"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of не...ли, modifies разменяют","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"Эй","lemma":"эй","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hey"},{"surface":"Миша","lemma":"миша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Эй","gloss":"Misha"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Эй","gloss":"he called out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переднюю","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"переднюю","lemma":"передняя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"the entryway"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b8-c5-s74","source":"— В лавку к Плотниковым — великолепнейшее дело! — крикнул и Митя, как бы осененный какою-то мыслью. — Миша, — обернулся он к вошедшему мальчику, — видишь, беги к Плотниковым и скажи, что Дмитрий Федорович велел кланяться и сейчас сам будет…","translation":"\"To the Plotnikovs' shop — a capital idea!\" Mitya cried too, as if struck by some thought. \"Misha,\" he turned to the boy who had come in, \"look here, run to the Plotnikovs' and tell them that Dmitri Fyodorovich sends his compliments and will be there himself directly...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы осененный какою-то мыслью","title":"Past passive participle «осенённый» + instrumental","body":"«Осенённый» is a past passive participle ('overshadowed / struck'), with «какою-то мыслью» in the instrumental naming what struck him. «Какою-то» is the older instrumental ending (modern «какой-то»), and «-то» marks a specific-but-unnamed thought."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"беги к Плотниковым и скажи","title":"Imperatives «беги», «скажи»","body":"Two singular imperatives to the boy: «беги» (run, from «бежать») and perfective «скажи» (tell). The familiar singular form fits an adult addressing a child servant."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"лавку","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the destination phrase","gloss":"the shop"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Плотниковым","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Плотниковым","lemma":"плотников","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies лавку","gloss":"the Plotnikovs'"},{"surface":"великолепнейшее","lemma":"великолепный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular, superlative","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to дело","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies Митя","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies осененный","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"осененный","lemma":"осенённый","morphology":"adjective (past passive participle), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying Митя","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"какою","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мыслью","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase какою-то","gloss":"(indefinite suffix)"},{"surface":"мыслью","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осененный","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Миша","lemma":"миша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, head of the phrase","gloss":"Misha"},{"surface":"обернулся","lemma":"обернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Миша","gloss":"he turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обернулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вошедшему","lemma":"вошедший","morphology":"adjective (past active participle), dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчику","gloss":"who had come in"},{"surface":"мальчику","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обернулся","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel clause to обернулся","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"беги","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Плотниковым","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Плотниковым","lemma":"плотников","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies беги","gloss":"the Plotnikovs'"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with беги","gloss":"tell them"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of велел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of велел","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of скажи","gloss":"sends word"},{"surface":"кланяться","lemma":"кланяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"his compliments"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the implied subject он, parallel to велел","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will be there"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b8-c5-s75","source":"Да слушай, слушай: чтобы к его приходу приготовили шампанского, этак дюжинки три, да уложили как тогда, когда в Мокрое ездил…","translation":"\"Now listen, listen: have them get champagne ready against his coming, say three dozen, and pack it the way they did the time I drove to Mokroe...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы к его приходу приготовили шампанского","title":"«чтобы» + past-form for an indirect command","body":"After 'tell them', «чтобы приготовили» uses «чтобы» + past-tense form to give an indirect order — 'that they get ready'. «Шампанского» is partitive genitive: 'some champagne', a quantity of it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дюжинки три","title":"Diminutive + inverted numeral «дюжинки три»","body":"«Дюжинка» is a diminutive of «дюжина» (dozen), here breezily casual. Putting the noun before the numeral («дюжинки три» rather than «три дюжины») signals approximation: 'say three dozen or so'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слушай","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слушай","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приготовили","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приходу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of приходу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"приходу","lemma":"приход","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приготовили","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"приготовили","lemma":"приготовить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to слушай","gloss":"they prepare"},{"surface":"шампанского","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"partitive direct object of приготовили","gloss":"champagne"},{"surface":"этак","lemma":"этак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дюжинки, approximation","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"дюжинки","lemma":"дюжина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"counted by три, in apposition to шампанского","gloss":"dozen"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies дюжинки","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уложили","lemma":"уложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with приготовили","gloss":"pack it"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of тогда","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уложили","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ездил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокрое","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мокрое","lemma":"мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ездил","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"ездил","lemma":"ездить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on тогда","gloss":"I went"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b8-c5-s76","source":"Я тогда четыре дюжины у них взял, — вдруг обратился он к Петру Ильичу, — они уж знают, не беспокойся, Миша, — повернулся он опять к мальчику.","translation":"\"I took four dozen off them that time,\" he suddenly turned to Pyotr Ilyich, \"they know how, don't worry. Misha,\" he turned back to the boy again,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"четыре дюжины у них взял","title":"Genitive singular after «четыре»","body":"«Четыре дюжины»: the numeral four governs the genitive singular «дюжины» (two, three, four take gen. sg.). «У них взял» — 'took off them' — uses «у» + genitive for the source."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не беспокойся","title":"Negated imperative «не беспокойся»","body":"An imperfective reflexive imperative under negation — 'don't worry'. With negation Russian strongly prefers the imperfective imperative, which reads as a general 'don't be doing this'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies дюжины","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"дюжины","lemma":"дюжина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"dozen"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I took"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to взял","gloss":"he turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петру","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Петру","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильичу","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петру","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знают","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знают","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"знают","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to взял","gloss":"they know"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокойся","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"беспокойся","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to знают","gloss":"worry"},{"surface":"Миша","lemma":"миша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, head of new clause","gloss":"Misha"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Миша","gloss":"he turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мальчику","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулся","gloss":"the boy"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b8-c5-s77","source":"Да слушай: чтобы сыру там, пирогов страсбургских, сигов копченых, ветчины, икры, ну и всего, всего, что только есть у них, рублей этак на сто или на сто двадцать, как прежде было…","translation":"\"now listen: have them put in cheese, Strasbourg pies, smoked whitefish, ham, caviar, well, and everything, everything they've got, say to a hundred or a hundred and twenty roubles' worth, as it was before...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы сыру там, пирогов страсбургских, сигов копченых, ветчины, икры","title":"Partitive genitives after «чтобы»","body":"The whole shopping list stands in the genitive — «сыру, пирогов, сигов, ветчины, икры» — partitive 'some of': have them put in [some] cheese, pies, whitefish, ham, caviar. «Сыру» shows the old partitive genitive in -у."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сигов копченых","title":"«сиг» — whitefish","body":"«Сиг» is a whitefish (a prized lake fish of the salmon family); «копчёный» means smoked. Genitive plural «сигов» continues the partitive list."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слушай","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical clause ending in было","gloss":"have them"},{"surface":"сыру","lemma":"сыр","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement in the elliptical existential clause","gloss":"cheese"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"particle","role":"filler, modifies сыру","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"пирогов","lemma":"пирог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with сыру","gloss":"pies"},{"surface":"страсбургских","lemma":"страсбургский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies пирогов","gloss":"Strasbourg"},{"surface":"сигов","lemma":"сиг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with пирогов","gloss":"whitefish"},{"surface":"копченых","lemma":"копчёный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies сигов","gloss":"smoked"},{"surface":"ветчины","lemma":"ветчина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сыру","gloss":"ham"},{"surface":"икры","lemma":"икра","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сыру","gloss":"caviar"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всего","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with сыру","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"repeats всего for emphasis","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on всего","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"quantity noun, amount specified by на сто","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"этак","lemma":"этак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies на сто","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сто","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сто","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on на","gloss":"a hundred"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сто двадцать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сто","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on на, combines with двадцать","gloss":"a hundred"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"coordinated with сто","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause прежде было","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the comparative clause","gloss":"it was"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b8-c5-s78","source":"Да слушай: гостинцев чтобы не забыли, конфет, груш, арбуза два или три, аль четыре — ну нет, арбуза-то одного довольно, а шоколаду, леденцов, монпансье, тягушек — ну всего, что тогда со мной в Мокрое уложили, с шампанским рублей на триста чтобы было…","translation":"\"And listen: don't let them forget the treats — sweets, pears, two or three watermelons, or maybe four — well no, one watermelon is enough — and chocolate, barley sugar, fruit drops, taffy, well, everything they packed for me to Mokroe that time, so that with the champagne it comes to about three hundred roubles...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"гостинцев чтобы не забыли","title":"Fronted object + «чтобы не забыли»","body":"«Гостинцев» (gen. pl. of «гостинец», the negated object) is fronted for emphasis before «чтобы не забыли» — 'mind they don't forget the treats'. The genitive follows the negated verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гостинцев","title":"«гостинец» — a treat brought as a present","body":"A warm, homely word for a small gift or treat (often sweets) brought to someone, especially to children. It colours the spree with festive, indulgent generosity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"леденцов, монпансье, тягушек","title":"A spill of sweets","body":"«Леденцы» are boiled hard candies; «монпансье» (from French 'Montpensier') are little fruit drops in a tin; «тягушки» are pulled, chewy taffy. The piling-up of candy names conveys Mitya's manic abundance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"арбуза-то одного довольно","title":"Genitive with «довольно» + clitic «-то»","body":"«Арбуза одного довольно» — 'one watermelon is enough' — puts the noun in the genitive after «довольно» ('enough of'). The emphatic «-то» on «арбуза» picks the watermelon out as the topic he's reconsidering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слушай","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"гостинцев","lemma":"гостинец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of забыли","gloss":"treats"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of забыли","gloss":"make sure"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забыли","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the чтобы clause","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"конфет","lemma":"конфета","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with гостинцев (object of забыли)","gloss":"sweets"},{"surface":"груш","lemma":"груша","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with конфет","gloss":"pears"},{"surface":"арбуза","lemma":"арбуз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with груш, quantified by два","gloss":"watermelons"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies арбуза","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links два and три","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"coordinated with два","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction (dialectal, = или)","role":"links три and четыре","gloss":"or","note":"Dialectal Russian form of или (\"or\")."},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"coordinated with три","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker, retracts the previous suggestion","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"арбуза","lemma":"арбуз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantified by одного, complement of довольно","gloss":"watermelon"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic, attached to арбуза)","role":"emphasizes арбуза","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"Colloquial emphatic enclitic (арбуза-то); no direct English equivalent."},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies арбуза","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb, predicate use","role":"predicate of the clause (арбуза ... довольно)","gloss":"is enough"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"шоколаду","lemma":"шоколад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with гостинцев (object of забыли)","gloss":"chocolate"},{"surface":"леденцов","lemma":"леденец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with шоколаду","gloss":"barley sugar"},{"surface":"монпансье","lemma":"монпансье","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular, indeclinable","role":"coordinated with леденцов","gloss":"fruit drops"},{"surface":"тягушек","lemma":"тягушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with монпансье","gloss":"taffy"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with гостинцев (object of забыли), modified by the что-clause","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"introduces the clause of уложили, object of уложили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уложили","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of уложили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокрое","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мокрое","lemma":"мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уложили","gloss":"Mokroe"},{"surface":"уложили","lemma":"уложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying всего","gloss":"packed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шампанским","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"шампанским","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the cost phrase leading to было","gloss":"champagne"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural, quantified by триста","role":"subject-complement of было","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking триста","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"триста","lemma":"триста","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"object of на, quantifies рублей","gloss":"three hundred"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the чтобы clause","gloss":"it came to"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b8-c5-s79","source":"Ну, вот и теперь чтобы так же точно.","translation":"\"Well, now have it be exactly the same again.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы так же точно","title":"Elliptical «чтобы» command","body":"A clipped indirect order with the verb dropped: «чтобы [было] так же точно» — 'have it be exactly the same'. «Так же точно» means 'just exactly so', echoing the earlier feast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies точно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the desiderative clause","gloss":"let it be"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies точно","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"exactly"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b8-c5-s80","source":"Да вспомни ты, Миша, если ты Миша… Ведь его Мишей зовут? — опять обратился он к Петру Ильичу.","translation":"\"And mind you remember it, Misha, if you are Misha... His name is Misha, isn't it?\" he turned to Pyotr Ilyich once more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вспомни ты, Миша, если ты Миша","title":"Imperative + emphatic «ты»","body":"«Вспомни» is a perfective imperative ('do remember'); the normally-dropped «ты» is added for insistence and direct appeal. The repetition «если ты Миша» shows Mitya's distraction — he is unsure of the boy's name."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь его Мишей зовут?","title":"Particle «ведь» + instrumental of naming","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'his name is Misha, isn't it?' «Мишей зовут» uses the instrumental «Мишей» in the 'they call him X' construction (зовут + instr.), the standard way to give a name."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Миша","title":"«Миша» — pet form of Mikhail","body":"The affectionate diminutive of «Михаил». Mitya, in his giddy warmth, leans on the boy's pet name even as he can't quite hold onto it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вспомни","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вспомни","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вспомни","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Миша","lemma":"миша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ты","gloss":"Misha"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause ты Миша","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the copular clause","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Миша","lemma":"миша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of ты","gloss":"Misha"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зовут","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of зовут","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Мишей","lemma":"миша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of зовут","gloss":"Misha"},{"surface":"зовут","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петру","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Петру","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильичу","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петру","gloss":"Ilyich"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b8-c5-s81","source":"— Да постойте, — перебил Петр Ильич, с беспокойством его слушая и рассматривая, — вы лучше сами пойдете, тогда и скажете, а он переврет.","translation":"\"Now hold on,\" Pyotr Ilyich broke in, listening to him and studying him uneasily, \"you'd do better to go yourself and tell them then, or he'll garble it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы лучше сами пойдете, тогда и скажете","title":"Perfective futures «пойдёте... скажете»","body":"Both verbs are perfective futures of motion/speech ('you'll go... and tell'), conjugated like a present but future in meaning. «Сами» ('yourself') and the «тогда и» ('and then') chain the advised sequence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"переврет","title":"«переврать» — to garble in the retelling","body":"A vivid verb (пере- + «врать», to lie) meaning to get a message wrong, mangle, or garble it in passing it on. Perhotin fears Misha «переврёт» Mitya's elaborate orders."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с беспокойством его слушая и рассматривая","title":"Paired present gerunds «слушая... рассматривая»","body":"Two imperfective present gerunds describe how Perhotin breaks in — 'listening to and studying him' simultaneously and with unease («с беспокойством», instrumental of manner)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies постойте","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"постойте","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"hold on"},{"surface":"перебил","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative sentence","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перебил","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспокойством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"беспокойством","lemma":"беспокойство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of слушая","gloss":"unease"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слушая","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"слушая","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial modifier of перебил, coordinated with рассматривая","gloss":"listening"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассматривая","lemma":"рассматривать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial modifier of перебил, coordinated with слушая","gloss":"studying"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пойдете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдете","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"пойдете","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажете","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажете","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скажете","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пойдете","gloss":"tell them"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of переврет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"переврет","lemma":"переврать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойдете","gloss":"will garble it"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b8-c5-s82","source":"— Переврет, вижу, что переврет! Эх, Миша, а я было тебя поцеловать хотел за комиссию…","translation":"\"He'll garble it, I can see he'll garble it! Ah, Misha, and I'd meant to give you a kiss for the errand...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я было тебя поцеловать хотел","title":"The particle «было» — an intention undone","body":"«Было» here is the special particle of an aborted or unfulfilled action: 'I had meant / was about to kiss you'. It signals that the intention is now cancelled — Misha will garble the errand, so the kiss is off."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"за комиссию","title":"«комиссия» — an errand, a commission","body":"Here «комиссия» means a task or errand entrusted to someone (the French 'commission'), not a committee. Mitya would have rewarded Misha for running the errand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Переврет","lemma":"переврать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he'll garble it"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Переврет","gloss":"I can see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of переврет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"переврет","lemma":"переврать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"he'll garble it"},{"surface":"Эх","lemma":"эх","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"Миша","lemma":"миша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Misha"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle (marks an intention that was not carried out)","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"had (almost)"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"поцеловать","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"meant to"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комиссию","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"комиссию","lemma":"комиссия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотел","gloss":"the errand"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b8-c5-s83","source":"Коли не переврешь, десять рублей тебе, скачи скорей… Шампанское, главное шампанское чтобы выкатили, да и коньячку, и красного, и белого, и всего этого, как тогда… Они уж знают, как тогда было.","translation":"\"If you don't garble it, ten roubles for you — off you gallop, quick... Champagne, the main thing is to have the champagne brought out, and brandy too, and red, and white, and all of it, just like that time... They know how it was that time.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Коли не переврешь, десять рублей тебе","title":"«коли» = if; dative «тебе» of the recipient","body":"«Коли» is a colloquial/archaic 'if' for «если». «Десять рублей тебе» is verbless — 'ten roubles [are] for you' — with the dative «тебе» marking who gets them. «Десять рублей» takes gen. pl. after a number above four."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"скачи скорей","title":"Imperative «скачи»","body":"«Скачи» is the imperative of «скакать» ('to gallop, dash'), urging the boy to race off. «Скорей» (comparative of «скоро») intensifies: 'quick, faster'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"главное шампанское чтобы выкатили","title":"«чтобы выкатили» — willed outcome","body":"«Чтобы выкатили» ('have them roll out / bring out') is again «чтобы» + past-form for a willed command. «Главное» ('the main thing') fronts the champagne as the priority."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of переврешь","gloss":"if","note":"Archaic/dialectal form of если (\"if\")."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies переврешь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"переврешь","lemma":"переврать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"garble it"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"head of the reward phrase","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of the reward phrase","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"скачи","lemma":"скакать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gallop"},{"surface":"скорей","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies скачи","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"Шампанское","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выкатили","gloss":"champagne"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical, \"the main thing\")","role":"parenthetical, modifies the чтобы clause","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"шампанское","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Шампанское","gloss":"champagne"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выкатили","gloss":"is that"},{"surface":"выкатили","lemma":"выкатить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the чтобы clause","gloss":"bring out"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"коньячку","lemma":"коньяк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Шампанское (object of выкатили)","gloss":"brandy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"красного","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective used as noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with коньячку","gloss":"red wine"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"белого","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective used as noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with красного","gloss":"white wine"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of этого","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with белого","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical clause of тогда","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of как","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знают","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знают","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"знают","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знают","gloss":"it was"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b8-c5-s84","source":"— Да слушайте вы! — с нетерпением уже перебил Петр Ильич. — Я говорю: пусть он только сбегает разменять да прикажет, чтобы не запирали, а вы пойдете и сами скажете… Давайте вашу кредитку. Марш, Миша, одна нога там, другая тут! —","translation":"\"Now you listen to me!\" Pyotr Ilyich broke in at last, impatient now. \"What I'm saying is: let him just run to get it changed and tell them not to close up, and you'll go yourself and give the orders... Hand over your note. March, Misha — one foot here, the other there!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть он только сбегает разменять","title":"«пусть» + 3rd-person imperative","body":"«Пусть он сбегает» is the third-person imperative formed with «пусть» + a finite verb — 'let him just run'. «Сбегать разменять» chains 'run to change it', the perfective «сбегать» a quick there-and-back."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прикажет, чтобы не запирали","title":"«чтобы не запирали» — order not to close","body":"After «прикажет» ('let him order'), «чтобы не запирали» is the negated «чтобы» + past-form indirect command: 'that they not lock up'. Imperfective «запирали» views the closing as the whole process."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"одна нога там, другая тут","title":"Idiom: «одна нога там, другая тут»","body":"Literally 'one foot there, the other here' — a lively idiom meaning 'go and come back in a flash, look sharp'. «Марш!» ('March!', from the military) reinforces the order to dash off."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слушайте","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"слушайте","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слушайте","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нетерпением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нетерпением","lemma":"нетерпение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of перебил","gloss":"impatience"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перебил","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"перебил","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative sentence","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перебил","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am saying"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сбегает","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сбегает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сбегает","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"сбегает","lemma":"сбегать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорю","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"разменять","lemma":"разменять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сбегает","gloss":"get it changed"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прикажет","lemma":"приказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сбегает","gloss":"tell them"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of запирали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies запирали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"запирали","lemma":"запирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of прикажет","gloss":"close up"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пойдете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пойдете","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорю","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphasizes вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"скажете","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пойдете","gloss":"tell them"},{"surface":"Давайте","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hand over"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кредитку","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"кредитку","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Давайте","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"Марш","lemma":"марш","morphology":"interjection (command)","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"march"},{"surface":"Миша","lemma":"миша","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Misha"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies нога","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"нога","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical clause","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нога","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"другая","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with нога","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies другая","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b8-c5-s85","source":"Петр Ильич, кажется, нарочно поскорей прогнал Мишу, потому что тот как стал пред гостем, выпуча глаза на его кровавое лицо и окровавленные руки с пучком денег в дрожавших пальцах, так и стоял, разиня рот от удивления и страха, и, вероятно, мало понял изо всего того, что ему наказывал Митя.","translation":"Pyotr Ilyich, it seems, deliberately got Misha off as quickly as he could, because the moment the boy stood before the guest, goggling at his bloodied face and gore-smeared hands with the wad of money in their trembling fingers, he simply stayed where he was, mouth agape with astonishment and fear, and probably understood little of all that Mitya had charged him with.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как стал пред гостем... так и стоял","title":"Correlative «как... так и»","body":"«Как стал... так и стоял» — 'the moment he stood... he just stayed put'. This «как... так и» frame links the instant of standing to his frozen immobility. «Пред» is the bookish/old form of «перед» (before, + instr.)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выпуча глаза... разиня рот","title":"Archaic gerunds «выпуча», «разиня»","body":"«Выпуча» (goggling) and «разиня» (gaping) are old/colloquial present-gerund forms — modern Russian would say «выпучив», «разинув». These frozen folk participles paint the boy's astonished posture vividly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мало понял изо всего того, что ему наказывал Митя","title":"Correlative «всего того, что» + dative «ему»","body":"«Изо всего того, что» ('of all that which') uses the correlative «то, что» with «изо» (variant of «из» + genitive). «Наказывал ему» — 'charged him', dative recipient — uses «наказывать» in the older sense 'to instruct, enjoin'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кровавое лицо и окровавленные руки","title":"«кровавый» vs «окровавленный»","body":"Two adjectives from «кровь» (blood): «кровавое» (bloody, blood-coloured) for the face, «окровавленные» (a past passive participle, 'covered in blood') for the hands. The pairing intensifies the gory image the boy gapes at."}],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прогнал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies прогнал","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прогнал","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"поскорей","lemma":"поскорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прогнал","gloss":"as quickly as possible"},{"surface":"прогнал","lemma":"прогнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent off"},{"surface":"Мишу","lemma":"миша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прогнал","gloss":"Misha"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb (part of потому что)","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part of потому что)","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the стал clause (correlates with так)","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the как-clause, modifies прогнал","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"гостем","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"the guest"},{"surface":"выпуча","lemma":"выпучить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial modifier, coordinated with стал","gloss":"goggling"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of выпуча","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"кровавое","lemma":"кровавый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"bloodied"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of на, coordinated with руки","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"окровавленные","lemma":"окровавить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"blood-smeared"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"object of на, coordinated with лицо","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пучком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пучком","lemma":"пучок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"wad"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies пучком","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальцах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дрожавших","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, locative, imperfective","role":"modifies пальцах","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"пальцах","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies пучком","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb (correlates with как)","role":"resumes the main clause after the как-clause","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (emphatic, part of так и)","role":"emphasizes так","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"разиня","lemma":"разинуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial modifier of стоял","gloss":"gaping","note":"Archaic converb of разинуть (to gape open); разиня рот = \"with his mouth hanging open.\""},{"surface":"рот","lemma":"рот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разиня","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивления","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"удивления","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies разиня","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страха","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with удивления","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вероятно","lemma":"вероятно","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, modifies понял","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of того","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of понял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of наказывал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of наказывал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"наказывал","lemma":"наказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying того","gloss":"charged"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наказывал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b8-c5-s86","source":"— Ну, теперь пойдемте мыться, — сурово сказал Петр Ильич. — Положите деньги на стол али суньте в карман… Вот так, идем. Да снимите сюртук.","translation":"\"Now then, let's go wash up,\" Pyotr Ilyich said sternly. \"Put the money on the table or stick it in your pocket... There, like that, come along. And take off your frock coat.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пойдемте мыться","title":"«пойдёмте» — let's go (hortative)","body":"«Пойдёмте» is the first-person-plural hortative ('let's go', with polite -те). «Мыться» is the reflexive infinitive 'to wash oneself'. So: 'let's go [and] wash up'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Положите... али суньте... снимите","title":"Brisk chain of imperatives","body":"Pyotr Ilyich takes command with a string of perfective imperatives — «положите» (put), «суньте» (stick), «снимите» (take off) — the staccato orders marking his new upper hand over Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"now then"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдемте","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пойдемте","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let's go"},{"surface":"мыться","lemma":"мыться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пойдемте","gloss":"wash up"},{"surface":"сурово","lemma":"сурово","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"sternly"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"Положите","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Положите","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Положите","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction (dialectal, = или)","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or","note":"Dialectal form of или (\"or\")."},{"surface":"суньте","lemma":"сунуть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Положите","gloss":"stick"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карман","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"карман","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of суньте","gloss":"your pocket"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"идем","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come along"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies снимите","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"снимите","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take off"},{"surface":"сюртук","lemma":"сюртук","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of снимите","gloss":"your frock coat"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b8-c5-s87","source":"И он стал ему помогать снять сюртук и вдруг опять вскрикнул:","translation":"And he began helping him off with the frock coat, and suddenly cried out again:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал ему помогать снять сюртук","title":"«стать» + imperfective infinitive; dative «ему»","body":"«Стал помогать» — 'began to help' — uses «стать» (perfective) plus the imperfective infinitive «помогать», which governs the dative «ему» ('help him'). The phasal «стать» marks the onset of the ongoing action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг опять вскрикнул","title":"Perfective «вскрикнул»","body":"«Вскрикнул» (perfective, в-…-нуть) names one sudden outcry. «Вдруг» ('suddenly') and «опять» ('again') frame the abrupt, repeated startles that punctuate the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of помогать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"помогать","lemma":"помогать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"снять","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of помогать","gloss":"take off"},{"surface":"сюртук","lemma":"сюртук","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of снять","gloss":"frock coat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскрикнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскрикнул","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"вскрикнул","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"cried out"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b8-c5-s88","source":"— Смотрите, у вас и сюртук в крови!","translation":"\"Look, your coat's bloody too!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у вас и сюртук в крови","title":"«у вас... в крови» — possession + condition","body":"«У вас» ('on/with you', у + genitive) plus «в крови» ('in blood') states that the coat too is bloodied. The «и» means 'also': not just the handkerchief, the coat as well."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смотрите","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"possessor in the у вас construction","gloss":"you","note":"у вас + nominative is the standard Russian possessive construction (\"you have\")."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (meaning \"even/also\")","role":"modifies сюртук","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сюртук","lemma":"сюртук","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the possessive clause","gloss":"your coat"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement, modifies сюртук","gloss":"blood"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b8-c5-s89","source":"— Это… это не сюртук. Только немного тут у рукава… А это вот только здесь, где платок лежал. Из кармана просочилось. Я на платок-то у Фени сел, кровь-то и просочилась, — с какою-то удивительною доверчивостью тотчас же объяснил Митя.","translation":"\"This... this isn't the coat. Only a little here on the cuff... And this bit is only here, where the handkerchief lay. It soaked through from the pocket. I sat down on the handkerchief at Fenya's, and the blood soaked through,\" Mitya explained at once, with a kind of astonishing trustfulness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Из кармана просочилось. ...кровь-то и просочилась","title":"«просочиться» — soaked through (reflexive)","body":"«Просочилось / просочилась» is the perfective reflexive «-ся» verb 'to seep / soak through'. The first is neuter impersonal ('it soaked through'), the second agrees with «кровь» (f.). The clitic «-то» on «кровь-то» foregrounds the blood as the known topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я на платок-то у Фени сел","title":"Motion-result «сел на» + topic «-то»","body":"«Сел на платок» ('sat down on the handkerchief') uses «на» + accusative for motion onto a surface. «У Фени» (у + genitive) means 'at Fenya's place'. «Платок-то» again marks the known topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с какою-то удивительною доверчивостью","title":"Old instrumental endings -ою","body":"«Какою-то удивительною доверчивостью» shows the 19th-century full feminine instrumental ending -ою (modern -ой): 'with a kind of astonishing trustfulness'. The whole phrase is instrumental of manner after «с»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the (omitted) copula","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates сюртук","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сюртук","lemma":"сюртук","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of это","gloss":"the coat"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies немного","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рукава","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"рукава","lemma":"рукав","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тут","gloss":"the cuff"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of здесь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause on здесь","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"the handkerchief"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on здесь","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кармана","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просочилось","gloss":"the pocket"},{"surface":"просочилось","lemma":"просочиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"soaked through"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking платок","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"the handkerchief"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on платок","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"Colloquial -то suffix adds emphasis; not translated on its own."},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Фени","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Фени","lemma":"феня","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"Fenya's"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of просочилась","gloss":"the blood"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on кровь","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"Colloquial -то suffix; not separately translated."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"просочилась","lemma":"просочиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сел","gloss":"soaked through"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доверчивостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"какою","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of доверчивостью","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle on какою","gloss":"(indefinite)","note":"какой-то = 'some kind of'."},{"surface":"удивительною","lemma":"удивительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доверчивостью","gloss":"astonishing"},{"surface":"доверчивостью","lemma":"доверчивость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of объяснил","gloss":"trustfulness"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объяснил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"объяснил","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сел","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объяснил","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b8-c5-s90","source":"Петр Ильич выслушал, нахмурившись.","translation":"Pyotr Ilyich listened, frowning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выслушал, нахмурившись","title":"Perfective gerund «нахмурившись»","body":"«Нахмурившись» (perfective past gerund of reflexive «нахмуриться», 'to frown') describes Perhotin's attendant state as he heard Mitya out — 'listened, frowning'. «Выслушал» (perfective) = heard to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выслушал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"выслушал","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"нахмурившись","lemma":"нахмуриться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on выслушал","gloss":"frowning"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b8-c5-s91","source":"— Угораздило же вас; подрались, должно быть, с кем, — пробормотал он.","translation":"\"You've gotten yourself into something; you must have had a fight with somebody,\" he muttered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Угораздило же вас","title":"Impersonal «угораздить» — 'to get oneself into'","body":"«Угораздило» is an impersonal perfective with the affected person in the accusative («вас») — 'the devil prompted you / you managed to get yourself into [it]'. It carries a wry, faintly exasperated note; «же» sharpens it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подрались, должно быть, с кем","title":"«должно быть» — inferential 'must have'","body":"«Должно быть» ('must be, presumably') is the parenthetical inference: 'you must have had a fight'. «Подрались с кем» uses reflexive-reciprocal «-ся» («подраться», to fight each other) with «с кем» = 'with someone'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Угораздило","lemma":"угораздить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got you into this","note":"Impersonal verb: 'угораздило вас' = 'you were unlucky enough to'."},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Угораздило","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Угораздило","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подрались","lemma":"подраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Угораздило","gloss":"you fought"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"predicative, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical modifying подрались","gloss":"must have"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of подрались","gloss":"somebody"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Угораздило","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b8-c5-s92","source":"Начали мыться. Петр Ильич держал кувшин и подливал воду.","translation":"They began to wash. Pyotr Ilyich held the jug and poured the water.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Начали мыться. ...держал кувшин и подливал воду","title":"Aspect contrast: «начали» vs imperfective background","body":"«Начали» (perfective) marks the onset; then «держал» and «подливал» (imperfective pasts) supply the ongoing background — he was holding the jug and pouring as the washing went on. This is the perfective-event/imperfective-process interplay of narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"мыться","lemma":"мыться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Начали","gloss":"to wash"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of держал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"держал","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"кувшин","lemma":"кувшин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of держал","gloss":"the jug"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подливал","lemma":"подливать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with держал","gloss":"poured"},{"surface":"воду","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подливал","gloss":"the water"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b8-c5-s93","source":"Митя торопился и плохо было намылил руки. (Руки у него дрожали, как припомнил потом Петр Ильич).","translation":"Mitya was in a hurry and lathered his hands poorly. (His hands were trembling, as Pyotr Ilyich recalled afterward.)","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"плохо было намылил руки","title":"Aspect + «было»: an action barely begun","body":"«Было намылил» pairs the perfective «намылил» with the particle «было», hinting the soaping was scarcely done — 'had lathered poorly'. Reflexive subject is absent here; «руки» is the direct object washed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Руки у него дрожали, как припомнил потом Петр Ильич","title":"Imperfective «дрожали» of duration","body":"«Дрожали» (imperfective past) frames the trembling as a lasting state. «У него» (у + genitive) = 'his'; «как припомнил потом» is a parenthetical flash-forward to Perhotin's later recollection."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of торопился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"торопился","lemma":"торопиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was hurrying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"плохо","lemma":"плохо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies намылил","gloss":"poorly"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle-like auxiliary, past","role":"modifies намылил","gloss":"(started to)","note":"'было' + past verb marks an action begun/attempted; не a true copula here."},{"surface":"намылил","lemma":"намылить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with торопился","gloss":"lathered"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of намылил","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"Руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of дрожали","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дрожали","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"дрожали","lemma":"дрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were trembling"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of припомнил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"припомнил","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to дрожали","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припомнил","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of припомнил","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b8-c5-s94","source":"Петр Ильич тотчас же велел намылить больше и тереть больше.","translation":"Pyotr Ilyich at once told him to lather up more and scrub harder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"велел намылить больше и тереть больше","title":"«велел» + infinitives","body":"«Велел» ('told, ordered') takes bare infinitives: «намылить» (perfective, lather up) and «тереть» (imperfective, keep scrubbing). The aspect choice tells: lather once, scrub on and on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of велел","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies велел","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told him"},{"surface":"намылить","lemma":"намылить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"to lather"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies намылить","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тереть","lemma":"тереть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with намылить","gloss":"to scrub"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тереть","gloss":"harder"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b8-c5-s95","source":"Он как будто брал какой-то верх над Митей в эту минуту, чем дальше, тем больше.","translation":"He seemed to be gaining a kind of upper hand over Mitya in that minute — more and more, the longer it went on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"брал какой-то верх над Митей","title":"Imperfective «брал верх» — was gaining the upper hand","body":"«Брал верх над» ('was getting the upper hand over', над + instrumental «Митей») in the imperfective renders an ongoing, incremental ascendancy — matched by «чем дальше, тем больше» below."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем дальше, тем больше","title":"Correlative «чем... тем» with comparatives","body":"«Чем дальше, тем больше» — 'the further [it went], the more [so]' — is the standard 'the more... the more' frame, built from two comparatives. It conveys a steadily growing effect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of брал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"брал","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was gaining"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of верх","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle on какой","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"верх","lemma":"верх","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of брал","gloss":"upper hand"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Митей","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"Митей","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of верх","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of брал","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the чем...тем construction with дальше","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"дальше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"adverbial clause on брал","gloss":"longer it went"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the чем...тем construction with больше","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"adverbial clause on дальше","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b8-c5-s96","source":"Заметим кстати: молодой человек был характера неробкого.","translation":"Let us note in passing: the young man was of no timid character.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Заметим кстати","title":"Authorial «Заметим» — let us note","body":"«Заметим» is a first-person-plural perfective form used hortatively — 'let us note'. The narrator steps forward in his own voice, a hallmark of Dostoevsky's chronicler. «Кстати» = 'by the way, in passing'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был характера неробкого","title":"Genitive of quality «характера неробкого»","body":"'Was of no timid character': «был» takes a genitive-of-description («характера неробкого»), a bookish way of attributing a quality. The adjective «неробкого» (от «робкий», timid) agrees with «характера»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Заметим","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let us note"},{"surface":"кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Заметим","gloss":"in passing"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to характера","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"характера","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive predicate complement of был","gloss":"of ... character"},{"surface":"неробкого","lemma":"неробкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характера","gloss":"not timid"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b8-c5-s97","source":"— Смотрите, не отмыли под ногтями; ну, теперь трите лицо, вот тут: на висках, у уха… Вы в этой рубашке и поедете? Куда это вы едете? Смотрите, весь обшлаг правого рукава в крови.","translation":"\"Look, you haven't washed out under your nails; now scrub your face, here, look: on the temples, by your ear... Are you going to drive off in that shirt? Where is it you're off to? Look, the whole cuff of the right sleeve is in blood.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не отмыли под ногтями; ...трите лицо","title":"Perfective vs imperfective imperatives","body":"«Не отмыли» (perfective past, 'you haven't washed out') reports a result; «трите» (imperfective imperative) urges continued scrubbing 'keep rubbing your face'. The imperfective fits an ongoing instruction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы в этой рубашке и поедете?","title":"Perfective future «поедете» + emphatic «и»","body":"«Поедете» is the perfective future of «поехать» ('to set off [by vehicle]'). The «и» is emphatic-incredulous: 'you're going to drive off in THAT shirt?' «В рубашке» (в + prepositional) describes attire."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обшлаг","title":"«обшлаг» — a cuff","body":"A turned-back cuff of a sleeve (from German 'Aufschlag'). The whole right «обшлаг» is soaked in blood — a damning detail Perhotin keeps spotting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смотрите","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отмыли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отмыли","lemma":"отмыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Смотрите","gloss":"washed off"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногтями","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"ногтями","lemma":"ноготь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отмыли","gloss":"your nails"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трите","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"трите","lemma":"тереть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to отмыли","gloss":"scrub"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of трите","gloss":"your face"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трите","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking висках","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"висках","lemma":"висок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of тут","gloss":"the temples"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уха","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"уха","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with висках","gloss":"the ear"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поедете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рубашке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of рубашке","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"рубашке","lemma":"рубашка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поедете","gloss":"shirt"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on поедете","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"поедете","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you go"},{"surface":"Куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies едете","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on Куда","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of едете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"едете","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are going"},{"surface":"Смотрите","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of обшлаг","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"обшлаг","lemma":"обшлаг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject (copula omitted)","gloss":"the cuff"},{"surface":"правого","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рукава","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"рукава","lemma":"рукав","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обшлаг","gloss":"sleeve"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of обшлаг","gloss":"blood"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b8-c5-s98","source":"— Да, в крови, — заметил Митя, рассматривая обшлаг рубашки.","translation":"\"Yes, in blood,\" Mitya remarked, examining the cuff of his shirt.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассматривая обшлаг рубашки","title":"Present gerund «рассматривая»","body":"«Рассматривая» (imperfective present gerund of «рассматривать», to scrutinise) gives the simultaneous action — Mitya remarks 'yes, in blood' while examining the cuff, oddly detached."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"рассматривая","lemma":"рассматривать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заметил","gloss":"examining"},{"surface":"обшлаг","lemma":"обшлаг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of рассматривая","gloss":"the cuff"},{"surface":"рубашки","lemma":"рубашка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обшлаг","gloss":"of the shirt"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b8-c5-s99","source":"— Так перемените белье.","translation":"\"Then change your linen.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"перемените белье","title":"Perfective imperative «перемените»","body":"«Перемените» (perfective, пере- 'change over') commands a single completed change of linen. «Бельё» is underclothing / linen as a collective neuter noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перемените","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"перемените","lemma":"переменить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"change"},{"surface":"белье","lemma":"бельё","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of перемените","gloss":"your linen"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b8-c5-s100","source":"— Некогда. А я вот, вот видите… — продолжал с тою же доверчивостью Митя, уже вытирая полотенцем лицо и руки и надевая сюртук, — я вот здесь край рукава загну, его и не видно будет под сюртуком… Видите!","translation":"\"No time. But here, you see...\" Mitya went on with the same trustfulness, already wiping his face and hands with a towel and putting on his frock coat, \"I'll just turn the edge of the sleeve under here, and it won't show under the coat... See!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Некогда","title":"Impersonal «некогда» — no time","body":"«Некогда» is a negative impersonal predicate ('there's no time [to]'), part of the не-кого/не-где family. It takes a dative experiencer (here unspoken 'for me') and an infinitive: 'I've no time'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"продолжал... вытирая полотенцем... и надевая сюртук","title":"Imperfective gerunds of accompanying action","body":"«Вытирая» and «надевая» are imperfective present gerunds describing what Mitya does while speaking — wiping and putting on his coat at once. «Полотенцем» is instrumental: 'with a towel'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"край рукава загну, его и не видно будет","title":"Perfective future «загну» + impersonal «не видно»","body":"«Загну» is perfective future ('I'll tuck under'). «Его не видно будет» is the impersonal 'it won't be visible' construction («видно» + genitive «его»), with future «будет»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Некогда","lemma":"некогда","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no time"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видите","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"filler after я","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видите","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вот","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to видите","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доверчивостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тою","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of доверчивостью","gloss":"that same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces тою","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"доверчивостью","lemma":"доверчивость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжал","gloss":"trustfulness"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вытирая","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"вытирая","lemma":"вытирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжал","gloss":"wiping"},{"surface":"полотенцем","lemma":"полотенце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытирая","gloss":"with a towel"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вытирая","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with лицо","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надевая","lemma":"надевать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вытирая","gloss":"putting on"},{"surface":"сюртук","lemma":"сюртук","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of надевая","gloss":"his coat"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of загну","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies загну","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"край","lemma":"край","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of загну","gloss":"the edge"},{"surface":"рукава","lemma":"рукав","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies край","gloss":"of the sleeve"},{"surface":"загну","lemma":"загнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll fold under"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видно","lemma":"видно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with загну","gloss":"visible"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to видно","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сюртуком","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"сюртуком","lemma":"сюртук","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видно","gloss":"the coat"},{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b8-c5-s101","source":"— Говорите теперь, где это вас угораздило? Подрались, что ли, с кем? Не в трактире ли опять, как тогда? Не опять ли с капитаном, как тогда, били его и таскали? — как бы с укоризною припомнил Петр Ильич. — Кого еще прибили… али убили, пожалуй?","translation":"\"Now tell me, where did you get yourself into this? Had a fight with somebody, did you? Not at the tavern again, like that time? Not with the captain again, like that time, beating him and dragging him about?\" Pyotr Ilyich recalled, as if reproachfully. \"Who else have you thrashed... or done in, maybe?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"где это вас угораздило?","title":"Impersonal «угораздило вас» again","body":"Repeated impersonal «угораздило» with accusative «вас» — 'where did you manage to get yourself into this?' The «это» is a colloquial intensifier of the question, not a true pronoun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не в трактире ли опять... Не опять ли с капитаном","title":"«не... ли» — leading questions","body":"The «не... ли» frame voices a suspecting guess — 'wasn't it at the tavern again?', 'not with the captain again?'. The fronted «не» + enclitic «ли» make insinuating yes/no questions."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прибили... убили","title":"Wordplay «прибить» / «убить»","body":"«Прибить» here means 'to thrash, beat up'; «убить» 'to kill'. The near-rhyme (при-/у-бить) makes Perhotin's grim half-joke land — 'thrashed... or killed, maybe?' — chilling given what Mitya may have done."}],"words":[{"surface":"Говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell (me)"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Говорите","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of угораздило","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on где","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of угораздило","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"угораздило","lemma":"угораздить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"did you get into this"},{"surface":"Подрались","lemma":"подраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you fight"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom что ли, modifies Подрались","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle, part of что ли","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of Подрались","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трактире","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактире","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"трактире","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle, modifies трактире","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трактире","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of тогда","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трактире","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies опять","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies били","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle, modifies опять","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking капитаном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"капитаном","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опять","gloss":"the captain"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of тогда","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to били","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"били","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beating"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of били","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"таскали","lemma":"таскать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with били","gloss":"dragging"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking укоризною","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"укоризною","lemma":"укоризна","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of припомнил","gloss":"reproach"},{"surface":"припомнил","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of припомнил","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"Кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of прибили","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибили","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"прибили","lemma":"прибить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beaten"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"убили","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with прибили","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to убили","gloss":"perhaps"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b8-c5-s102","source":"— Вздор! — проговорил Митя.","translation":"\"Nonsense!\" said Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вздор","title":"«вздор» — nonsense, rubbish","body":"A curt, dismissive word for nonsense or rot. Mitya throws it off to wave away the questioning — and it becomes a small refrain in the exchange («Как вздор?»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Nonsense"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Вздор","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b8-c5-s103","source":"— Как вздор?","translation":"\"How nonsense?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как вздор?","title":"Elliptical echo question","body":"A verbless echo — 'How [is it] nonsense?' Russian readily drops the copula and any verb, leaving the bare interrogative «как» plus the picked-up word to challenge Mitya's dismissal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, exclamatory","role":"modifies вздор","gloss":"What do you mean"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"nonsense"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b8-c5-s104","source":"— Не надо, — сказал Митя и вдруг усмехнулся. — Это я старушонку одну на площади сейчас раздавил.","translation":"\"Never mind,\" said Mitya, and suddenly grinned. \"It's that I just ran over a little old woman in the square.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг усмехнулся","title":"Perfective reflexive «усмехнулся»","body":"«Усмехнуться» (perfective, «-ся») is to give a single wry grin or smirk. «Вдруг» marks the sudden shift to grim levity as Mitya makes his black joke."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старушонку","title":"Pejorative diminutive «старушонка»","body":"«Старушонка» adds the slighting/affectionate-rough suffix -онк- to «старуха» (old woman) — 'a wretched/scrap of an old woman'. The expressive suffix colours Mitya's reckless, callous joke about running her over."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это я старушонку одну на площади сейчас раздавил","title":"Marked word order: object before subject","body":"«Старушонку одну... я... раздавил» fronts the object for grim emphasis. «Раздавить» is perfective 'to crush, run over'. The «это» cleft and free order put the shocking deed first — only later revealed as a joke."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"necessary","note":"'Не надо' is idiomatic for 'never mind.'"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to надо","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказал","gloss":"grinned"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic pronoun anticipating the clause","gloss":"It's that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of раздавил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"старушонку","lemma":"старушонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of раздавил","gloss":"an old woman"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies старушонку","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking площади","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"площади","lemma":"площадь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздавил","gloss":"the square"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздавил","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"раздавил","lemma":"раздавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran over"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b8-c5-s105","source":"— Раздавили? Старушонку?","translation":"\"Ran over? A little old woman?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Раздавили? Старушонку?","title":"Incredulous echo","body":"Perhotin echoes the verb and object back as stunned questions — perfective «раздавили» and accusative «старушонку». Bare repetition, with rising intonation, carries the disbelief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Раздавили","lemma":"раздавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Ran over"},{"surface":"Старушонку","lemma":"старушонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"An old woman"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b8-c5-s106","source":"— Старика! — крикнул Митя, смотря Петру Ильичу прямо в лицо, смеясь и крича ему как глухому.","translation":"\"An old man!\" cried Mitya, looking Pyotr Ilyich straight in the face, laughing and shouting at him as if at a deaf man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотря Петру Ильичу прямо в лицо, смеясь и крича","title":"Three present gerunds chained","body":"«Смотря», «смеясь», «крича» are imperfective present gerunds piling up the simultaneous manner of his cry — looking, laughing, shouting all at once. «Петру Ильичу... в лицо» = looking into his face (dative + в + accusative)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"крича ему как глухому","title":"Dative in the simile «как глухому»","body":"«Как глухому» — 'as [to] a deaf man' — keeps the dative («глухому») governed by «крича ему» (shouting to him). The case carries across the comparison, a neat economy of Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"An old man"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Старика","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on крикнул","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"Петру","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильичу","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петру","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"смеясь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on смотря","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крича","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеясь","gloss":"shouting"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of крича","gloss":"at him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of глухому","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"глухому","lemma":"глухой","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крича","gloss":"to a deaf man"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b8-c5-s107","source":"— Э, черт возьми, старика, старушонку… Убили, что ли, кого?","translation":"\"Eh, the devil take it, an old man, a little old woman... Did you kill somebody, or what?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"черт возьми","title":"Oath «чёрт возьми»","body":"Literally 'may the devil take [it]', a common mild expletive — 'the devil take it / damn it'. «Возьми» is a frozen imperative. Such devil-oaths recur all through this agitated scene («Э, чёрт!»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Убили, что ли, кого?","title":"Tag «что ли» + indefinite «кого»","body":"«Что ли» is a colloquial dubitative tag — 'or what?'. «Кого» here is the indefinite 'somebody' (interrogative pronoun pressed into 'anyone'). Together: 'did you kill somebody, or what?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Э","lemma":"э","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Eh"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of возьми","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"возьми","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Э","gloss":"take it"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Э","gloss":"an old man"},{"surface":"старушонку","lemma":"старушонка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Э","gloss":"an old woman"},{"surface":"Убили","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you kill"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom что ли, modifies Убили","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle, part of что ли","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of Убили","gloss":"somebody"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b8-c5-s108","source":"— Помирились. Сцепились — и помирились. В одном месте. Разошлись приятельски. Один дурак… он мне простил, теперь уж наверно простил… Если бы встал, так не простил бы, — подмигнул вдруг Митя, — только знаете, к черту его, слышите, Петр Ильич, к черту, не надо! В сию минуту не хочу! — решительно отрезал Митя.","translation":"\"We made it up. We came to blows — and made it up. In a certain place. Parted as friends. One fool... he forgave me, by now he's surely forgiven me... If he'd gotten up, he wouldn't have forgiven me,\" Mitya suddenly winked. \"Only, you know, to the devil with him — do you hear, Pyotr Ilyich, to the devil, never mind! At this minute I don't want to!\" Mitya cut it off decisively.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Помирились. Сцепились — и помирились. ...Разошлись приятельски","title":"Reciprocal «-ся» perfectives","body":"«Помирились» (made up), «сцепились» (came to blows), «разошлись» (parted) are all reciprocal «-ся» perfectives — actions two parties do to/with each other. The clipped one-word sentences mimic Mitya's evasive jerks."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если бы встал, так не простил бы","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «бы»","body":"A pure counterfactual: «если бы встал... не простил бы» — 'if he had got up, he wouldn't have forgiven'. Past-tense forms + «бы» build the irrealis; «так» introduces the apodosis. The chilling implication: the man did not get up."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"В сию минуту не хочу!","title":"Archaic «сию» — 'this very'","body":"«В сию минуту» ('at this very minute') uses the bookish/archaic demonstrative «сей» (here acc. f. «сию»), a period-elevated equivalent of «эту». It lends a sudden formal, declamatory note to Mitya's refusal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помирились","lemma":"помириться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made it up"},{"surface":"Сцепились","lemma":"сцепиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to blows"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помирились","lemma":"помириться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сцепились","gloss":"made it up"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies месте","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"Разошлись","lemma":"разойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"parted"},{"surface":"приятельски","lemma":"приятельски","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Разошлись","gloss":"as friends"},{"surface":"Один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies дурак","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"дурак","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"fool"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of простил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of простил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"простил","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgave"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простил (w18)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наверно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простил (w18)","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"простил","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with простил (w14)","gloss":"forgiven"},{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of встал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"protasis verb of the conditional","gloss":"gotten up"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простил (w24)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простил (w24)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"простил","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis","gloss":"forgiven"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of простил (w24)","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"подмигнул","lemma":"подмигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"winked"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подмигнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подмигнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb addressing the listener","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"черту","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"idiom к черту (to the devil)","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement in the idiom к черту","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"слышите","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb addressing Пётр Ильич","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"черту","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"repeated idiom к черту","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"main predicate of the exclamation","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сию","lemma":"сей","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying хочу","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезал","gloss":"decisively"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cut off"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b8-c5-s109","source":"— Я ведь к тому, что охота же вам со всяким связываться… как тогда из пустяков с этим штабс-капитаном… Подрались и кутить теперь мчитесь — весь ваш характер. Три дюжины шампанского — это куда же столько?","translation":"\"I only mean — what makes you want to tangle with every soul... like that time over nothing with that staff captain... You have a fight, and now you're tearing off to carouse — that's your whole character. Three dozen of champagne — what do you want with so much?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"охота же вам со всяким связываться","title":"Impersonal «охота» + dative «вам»","body":"«Охота вам» is an impersonal predicate of inclination — 'you feel like / what makes you want', with the dative experiencer «вам». «Связываться со всяким» = 'to get entangled with anyone at all'. The «же» adds reproachful astonishment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подрались и кутить теперь мчитесь","title":"Aspect tells a sequence","body":"«Подрались» (perfective past — had a fight, done) then «мчитесь кутить» (imperfective present — you're tearing off to carouse, ongoing). The shift from finished event to rushing present captures the impulsive pattern Perhotin names."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"штабс-капитаном","title":"«штабс-капитан» — staff captain","body":"A specific army rank below «капитан», borne by the humiliated Snegiryov. The instrumental «штабс-капитаном» follows «с» ('with'). Such precise ranks place a character exactly in the imperial hierarchy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это куда же столько?","title":"Idiomatic «куда столько» + «же»","body":"«Куда столько?» literally 'whither so much?' is an idiom meaning 'what do you need so much for?'. «Же» sharpens the incredulous tone — three dozen bottles of champagne is absurd."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (к тому, что = the point is that)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of связываться","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"охота","lemma":"охота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of связываться","gloss":"urge"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies охота","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative experiencer with охота","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всяким","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всяким","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of связываться","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"связываться","lemma":"связываться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of охота","gloss":"to tangle"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal adverbial in the comparison clause","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пустяков","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"пустяков","lemma":"пустяк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement in the comparison clause","gloss":"trifles"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этим","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies капитаном","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular (part of compound)","role":"first element of compound noun with капитаном","gloss":"staff"},{"surface":"капитаном","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"second element of compound noun, oblique complement of связываться","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"Подрались","lemma":"подраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fought"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кутить","lemma":"кутить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose infinitive complement of мчитесь","gloss":"to carouse"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мчитесь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"мчитесь","lemma":"мчаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushing off"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of характер","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of характер","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal in elliptical exclamation (no это/copula present in this clause — that это belongs to the following sentence, Три дюжины шампанского — это...)","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"Три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on дюжины","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дюжины","lemma":"дюжина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the dislocated topic phrase, resumed by это","gloss":"dozen"},{"surface":"шампанского","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дюжины","gloss":"champagne"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun","role":"resumes the topic, subject of куда","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase (what for)","gloss":"what for"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies куда","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"pronoun/adverb","role":"modifies куда","gloss":"so much"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b8-c5-s110","source":"— Браво! Давайте теперь пистолеты. Ей-богу, нет времени. И хотел бы с тобой поговорить, голубчик, да времени нет. Да и не надо вовсе, поздно говорить. А! где же деньги, куда я их дел? — вскрикнул он и принялся совать по карманам руки.","translation":"\"Bravo! Now give me the pistols. By God, there's no time. I'd have liked to talk with you, my dear fellow, but there's no time. And there's no need at all, it's too late to talk. Ah! where's the money, where did I put it?\" he cried, and began thrusting his hands into his pockets.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И хотел бы с тобой поговорить, голубчик, да времени нет","title":"«хотел бы» + the shift to «ты»","body":"«Хотел бы поговорить» is the conditional of wish — 'I'd have liked to talk'. Note Mitya slips into the intimate «с тобой» (ты) and «голубчик», warming toward Perhotin even as he rushes off. «Да» = 'but'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубчик","title":"Endearment «голубчик»","body":"A tender diminutive ('little dove') used as an affectionate address — 'my dear fellow'. From «голубь» (dove) + «-чик», it is one of the warmest terms in spoken Russian and signals Mitya's expansive tenderness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"куда я их дел?","title":"Perfective past «дел» — where did I put it","body":"«Дел» is the past of «деть» ('to put/stow'), perfective: 'where did I put them?'. Mitya, scatterbrained, has already lost track of the money he set down moments ago."}],"words":[{"surface":"Браво","lemma":"браво","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Bravo"},{"surface":"Давайте","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Давайте","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пистолеты","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Давайте","gloss":"pistols"},{"surface":"Ей","lemma":"ей-богу","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom ей-богу (by God)","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular (part of idiom)","role":"part of idiom ей-богу","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative particle, negative existential","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"there's no"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of нет","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have liked"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of хотел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of поговорить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"поговорить","lemma":"поговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to talk"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"my dear fellow"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrastive clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of нет","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative particle, negative existential","role":"main predicate of the contrastive clause","gloss":"there's none"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies не надо","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"поздно","lemma":"поздно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate, coordinated with the надо clause","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on поздно","gloss":"to talk"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies где","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of где","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дел","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of дел","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"дел","lemma":"деть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"вскрикнул","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскрикнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"принялся","lemma":"приняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскрикнул","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"совать","lemma":"совать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принялся","gloss":"thrusting"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карманам","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"карманам","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of совать","gloss":"pockets"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of совать","gloss":"hands"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b8-c5-s111","source":"— На стол положили… сами… вон они лежат. Забыли? Подлинно деньги у вас точно сор аль вода. Вот ваши пистолеты. Странно, в шестом часу давеча заложил их за десять рублей, а теперь эвона у вас, тысяч-то. Две или три небось?","translation":"\"You put it on the table... yourself... there it lies. Forgot? Truly, money is no more to you than dirt or water. Here are your pistols. Strange — at five o'clock just now you pawned them for ten roubles, and now look at you, thousands of it. Two or three, I'll wager?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На стол положили… сами… вон они лежат","title":"Fronted place + deictic «вон»","body":"«На стол положили» fronts the destination (на + accusative). «Сами» ('yourself') and «вон они лежат» ('there they lie', deictic «вон» pointing) re-orient Mitya — Russian's free order lets the salient bit lead."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подлинно деньги у вас точно сор аль вода","title":"Zero-copula simile with «точно»","body":"'Truly money to you is just like dirt or water' — no verb 'to be' in the present; «точно» ('exactly, just like') links money to «сор» (litter) and «вода». «Подлинно» ('truly') is a bookish sentence adverb. «Аль» = folk 'or'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча... эвона","title":"Folk deictics «давеча», «эвона»","body":"«Давеча» means 'a little while ago, earlier today'; «эвона» is an expressive folk 'look there! / lo!'. Both flavour Perhotin's speech with homely, vernacular Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of положили","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"положили","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural, emphatic","role":"emphasizes the subject of положили","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лежат","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of лежат","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"лежат","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"Забыли","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"Подлинно","lemma":"подлинно","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb, modifies the whole clause","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of the predicate сор","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement, possessor","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сор","gloss":"just like"},{"surface":"сор","lemma":"сор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, compared to деньги","gloss":"dirt"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordination with вода","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"вода","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated predicate nominal with сор","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"presentative particle, head of the phrase","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of пистолеты","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"пистолеты","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pistols"},{"surface":"Странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicative adverb commenting on the following clause","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"шестом","lemma":"шестой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies часу","gloss":"sixth"},{"surface":"часу","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заложил","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заложил","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"заложил","lemma":"заложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pawned"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of заложил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рублей","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заложил","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies эвона","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"эвона","lemma":"эвона","morphology":"particle","role":"presentative particle, head of the phrase","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of эвона","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition, quantifies the amount","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes тысяч","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"elliptical quantity, subject of the question","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with Две","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"небось","lemma":"небось","morphology":"particle, modal","role":"main predicate of the question","gloss":"I'll wager"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b8-c5-s112","source":"— Три небось, — засмеялся Митя, суя деньги в боковой карман панталон.","translation":"\"Three, I'll wager,\" Mitya laughed, stuffing the money into the side pocket of his trousers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"суя деньги в боковой карман","title":"Present gerund «суя»","body":"«Суя» (imperfective present gerund of «совать», to stuff) names what Mitya does as he laughs — stuffing the money into his trouser pocket. «В карман» (в + accusative) marks motion into."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"небось","title":"«небось» — I daresay, I'll wager","body":"A folksy modal word (originally 'don't fear') meaning 'probably, I bet, I daresay'. Both speakers toss it into the guess about how many thousands — 'three, I'll wager'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"elliptical subject of небось","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"небось","lemma":"небось","morphology":"particle, modal","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"I'll wager"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"суя","lemma":"совать","morphology":"verb, converb (gerund), present, active, imperfective","role":"adverbial participle modifying засмеялся","gloss":"stuffing"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of суя","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карман","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"боковой","lemma":"боковой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies карман","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"карман","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of суя","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"панталон","lemma":"панталоны","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies карман","gloss":"trousers"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b8-c5-s113","source":"— Потеряете этак-то. Золотые прииски у вас, что ли?","translation":"\"You'll lose it that way. Have you got gold mines, or what?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Потеряете этак-то","title":"Perfective future «потеряете» + «этак-то»","body":"«Потеряете» is the perfective future ('you'll lose [it]'). «Этак-то» — 'in that way, like that' — pairs the manner adverb «этак» with the topic-emphatic clitic «-то», a colloquial 'carrying on like that'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потеряете","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll lose"},{"surface":"этак","lemma":"этак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Потеряете","gloss":"that way"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes этак","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Золотые","lemma":"золотой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies прииски","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"прииски","lemma":"прииск","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"mines"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"possessor complement (у вас = you have)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun","role":"part of idiom что ли","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что (idiom что ли = or what)","gloss":"or"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b8-c5-s114","source":"— Прииски? Золотые прииски! — изо всей силы закричал Митя и закатился смехом. — Хотите, Перхотин, на прииски? Тотчас вам одна дама здесь три тысячи отсыплет, чтобы только ехали. Мне отсыпала, уж так она прииски любит! Хохлакову знаете?","translation":"\"Mines? Gold mines!\" Mitya shouted at the top of his voice and dissolved into laughter. \"Do you want to go to the mines, Perhotin? There's a lady here who'll instantly pour out three thousand to you, just to make you go. She poured it out to me — that's how she loves the mines! Do you know Madame Khokhlakova?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"изо всей силы закричал... и закатился смехом","title":"«изо всей силы»; «закатиться смехом»","body":"«Изо всей силы» ('with all his might', изо + genitive) intensifies the shout. «Закатился смехом» — 'rolled off into laughter' — uses inceptive за- with the instrumental «смехом» of manner: he burst out laughing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тотчас вам одна дама здесь три тысячи отсыплет, чтобы только ехали","title":"Perfective future «отсыплет» + «чтобы ехали»","body":"«Отсыплет» (perfective future of «отсыпать», to pour out a portion) — 'she'll pour out three thousand to you'. «Чтобы только ехали» is a «чтобы» purpose-clause with the past-form: 'just so that you'd go'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прииски","lemma":"прииск","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"mines"},{"surface":"Золотые","lemma":"золотой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies прииски","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"прииски","lemma":"прииск","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"mines"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закричал","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закричал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"закатился","lemma":"закатиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with закричал","gloss":"dissolved into"},{"surface":"смехом","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закатился","gloss":"laughter"},{"surface":"Хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you want"},{"surface":"Перхотин","lemma":"перхотин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Perhotin"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прииски","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"прииски","lemma":"прииск","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of implied ехать, object of на","gloss":"mines"},{"surface":"Тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отсыплет","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of отсыплет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies дама","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"дама","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отсыплет","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отсыплет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отсыплет","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"отсыплет","lemma":"отсыпать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will pour out"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ехали","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ехали","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"ехали","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отсыплет","gloss":"you'd go"},{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отсыпала","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"отсыпала","lemma":"отсыпать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"poured out"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"прииски","lemma":"прииск","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"the mines"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"Хохлакову","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"Madame Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b8-c5-s115","source":"— Незнаком, а слыхал и видал. Неужто это она вам три тысячи дала? Так и отсыпала? — недоверчиво глядел Петр Ильич.","translation":"\"I'm not acquainted with her, but I've heard of her and seen her. Can it be that she really gave you three thousand? Just poured it out like that?\" Pyotr Ilyich gazed at him incredulously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Незнаком, а слыхал и видал","title":"Short adjective «незнаком»; iterative «слыхал/видал»","body":"«Незнаком» is a short-form adjective predicate ('[I'm] not acquainted'). «Слыхал» and «видал» are the colloquial, iterative-flavoured variants of «слышал/видел» — 'I've heard of and seen [her]'. «А» softly contrasts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Неужто это она вам три тысячи дала?","title":"«неужто» — surely not?","body":"«Неужто» (folk variant of «неужели») is the particle of astonished disbelief — 'can it really be that...?'. «Вам... дала» (dative recipient) asks whether she truly gave him the three thousand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Незнаком","lemma":"незнакомый","morphology":"adjective, short form, predicative, masculine, singular","role":"main predicate (implicit subject я)","gloss":"not acquainted"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"слыхал","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Незнаком","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Незнаком","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"Неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"can it be"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic","role":"part of the rhetorical question, emphasizes она дала","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of дала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дала","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"дала","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отсыпала","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"idiom так и (just like that), part of the phrase Так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"отсыпала","lemma":"отсыпать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (implicit subject она)","gloss":"poured out"},{"surface":"недоверчиво","lemma":"недоверчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"incredulously"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b8-c5-s116","source":"— А вы завтра, как солнце взлетит, вечно юный-то Феб как взлетит, хваля и славя бога, вы завтра пойдите к ней, Хохлаковой-то, и спросите у ней сами: отсыпала она мне три тысячи али нет? Справьтесь-ка.","translation":"\"Tomorrow, when the sun takes wing — the eternally youthful Phoebus, when it takes wing, praising and glorifying God — tomorrow you go to her, to Madame Khokhlakova, and ask her yourself: did she pour out three thousand to me or not? Go and find out.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как солнце взлетит, вечно юный-то Феб как взлетит","title":"«как» + perfective future = 'when'","body":"«Как солнце взлетит» — 'when the sun takes wing' — uses «как» with the perfective future «взлетит» to mean 'as soon as / when'. The mock-solemn repetition and «-то» on «Феб» mark Mitya's flight into grand rhetoric."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пойдите к ней... и спросите у ней сами","title":"Imperatives «пойдите», «спросите»","body":"Two perfective imperatives — «пойдите» (go) and «спросите» (ask) — sending Perhotin to verify. «Справьтесь-ка» below adds the softening/urging particle «-ка»: 'do go and find out'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пойдите (w19)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдите","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взлетит","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"солнце","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of взлетит","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"взлетит","lemma":"взлететь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"temporal clause modifying пойдите","gloss":"takes wing"},{"surface":"вечно","lemma":"вечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies юный","gloss":"eternally"},{"surface":"юный","lemma":"юный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Феб","gloss":"youthful"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes юный","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Феб","lemma":"феб","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to солнце, subject of взлетит (w12)","gloss":"Phoebus"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взлетит","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"взлетит","lemma":"взлететь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying Феб","gloss":"takes wing"},{"surface":"хваля","lemma":"хвалить","morphology":"verb, converb (gerund), present, active, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взлетит, describes Феб","gloss":"praising"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"славя","lemma":"славить","morphology":"verb, converb (gerund), present, active, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хваля","gloss":"glorifying"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative (genitive-form, animate), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of хваля/славя","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пойдите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдите","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"пойдите","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдите","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to ней","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Хохлаковой","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спросите","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойдите","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросите","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural, emphatic","role":"emphasizes the subject of спросите","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"отсыпала","lemma":"отсыпать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"did pour out"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отсыпала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отсыпала","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отсыпала","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordination with нет","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"coordinated with отсыпала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Справьтесь","lemma":"справиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"find out"},{"surface":"ка","lemma":"ка","morphology":"particle","role":"softens the imperative Справьтесь","gloss":"go on"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b8-c5-s117","source":"— Я не знаю ваших отношений… коли вы так утвердительно говорите, значит дала… А вы денежки-то в лапки, да вместо Сибири-то, по всем по трем.. Да куда вы в самом деле теперь, а?","translation":"\"I don't know your dealings... but if you say so with such conviction, then she gave it... And so you've got the cash in your paws, and instead of off to Siberia, off you go on the spree... Well, where on earth are you off to now, eh?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли вы так утвердительно говорите, значит дала","title":"«коли... значит» inference","body":"«Коли» (folk 'if') opens the condition, «значит» ('then, so it follows') draws the conclusion — 'if you say so positively, then she gave it'. A loose colloquial syllogism with the verb «дала» left bare."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"денежки-то в лапки","title":"Diminutives «денежки», «лапки»","body":"«Денежки» (dear little money) and «лапки» (little paws, for hands) are folksy diminutives that paint the grab earthily and ironically: 'so you've got the cash in your paws'. The «-то» foregrounds the money as topic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of отношений","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"отношений","lemma":"отношение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of знаю","gloss":"dealings"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорите","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорите","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"утвердительно","lemma":"утвердительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорите","gloss":"assertively"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the коли-clause","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"дала","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of elliptical clause (she gave)","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of implied verb (взяли)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"денежки","lemma":"денежка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of implied verb","gloss":"the cash"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to денежки","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"Colloquial -то suffix adding emphasis, not translatable on its own."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лапки","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"лапки","lemma":"лапка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"paws"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сибири","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"Сибири","lemma":"Сибирь","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition вместо","gloss":"Siberia"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle after Сибири","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in idiom по всем по трем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"object of по, idiom with трем","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"трем","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"quantifies всем","gloss":"three","note":"«По всем по трём» is a folk idiom (all three horses of a troika) for going on a wild spree."},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative adverb, head of the question","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of implied verb (going)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"actual"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"idiom в самом деле, modifies куда","gloss":"fact","note":"«В самом деле» is a fixed idiom meaning \"really/actually\"."},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"tag particle closing the question","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b8-c5-s118","source":"— В Мокрое.","translation":"\"To Mokroe.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В Мокрое","title":"«в» + accusative of destination","body":"«В Мокрое» answers «куда?» (whither) with «в» + accusative — motion toward. The bare phrase, verb elided, is the whole answer: 'To Mokroe.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокрое","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мокрое","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Mokroe"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b8-c5-s119","source":"— В Мокрое? Да ведь ночь!","translation":"\"To Mokroe? But it's night!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь ночь!","title":"Particles «да ведь»","body":"«Да ведь» stacks two particles for protesting appeal: «да» (but, why) + «ведь» (after all, you know) — 'but it's night, you know!'. The verbless «ночь» (it's night) carries the whole objection."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокрое","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мокрое","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Mokroe"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b8-c5-s120","source":"— Был Мастрюк во всем, стал Мастрюк ни в чем! — проговорил вдруг Митя.","translation":"\"Mastryuk had everything, and now Mastryuk has nothing!\" Mitya suddenly declared.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Был Мастрюк во всем, стал Мастрюк ни в чем","title":"«во всём» vs «ни в чём» — антитеза","body":"A balanced antithesis: «во всём» ('in everything', в + prepositional «всём») against «ни в чём» ('in nothing', negative «ни» + в + prepositional). «Был... стал» (was... became) frame the fall from all to nothing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Мастрюк","lemma":"Мастрюк","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Был","gloss":"Mastryuk"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Был","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Был","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"Мастрюк","lemma":"Мастрюк","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"Mastryuk"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b8-c5-s121","source":"— Как ни в чем? Это с такими-то тысячами, да ни в чем?","translation":"\"Nothing? With thousands like those in hand, and still nothing?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как ни в чем?","title":"«ни» intensifying a negation","body":"«ни в чём» echoes Mitya's earlier «ни в чём» (in nothing / it's nothing) — «ни» here is the intensifying negator, not the conjunction. It strengthens the sense of utter nothingness; the verb of the full negative phrase «ни в чём не бывало» is suppressed in this clipped retort."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с такими-то тысячами","title":"The emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «такими-то» is the emphatic, topic-marking clitic — 'thousands like THOSE', dwelling pointedly on the known sum. It is distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то»; here it lends the incredulous, insistent tone of spoken Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да ни в чем?","title":"Adversative «да»","body":"«да» here is not 'yes' but the folksy adversative/additive conjunction — 'and yet', 'and still'. It pits the thousands against the 'nothing', carrying the speaker's astonishment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"interjection","role":"interrogative exclamation, head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the following phrase","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такими","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of тысячами","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to такими","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"тысячами","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"parallel to ни в чем (w2-w4)","gloss":"nothing"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b8-c5-s122","source":"— Я не про тысячи. К черту тысячи! Я про женский нрав говорю:","translation":"\"I'm not talking about the thousands. To the devil with the thousands! I'm talking about a woman's nature:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"К черту тысячи!","title":"«к чёрту» — to the devil with it","body":"«к чёрту» (literally 'to the devil') is a stock dismissive exclamation, taking the dative «чёрту». Mitya brushes the money aside to pivot to his real subject — a woman's nature."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нрав","title":"«нрав» — disposition, temper","body":"«нрав» is a somewhat bookish word for innate character or disposition (cf. «нравиться», to please). 'Женский нрав' — 'a woman's nature/temper' — sets up the verse Mitya is about to quote."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of implied говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies implied говорю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячи","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition про","gloss":"the thousands"},{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"черту","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"object being consigned to the devil","gloss":"the thousands"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нрав","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"женский","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies нрав","gloss":"woman's"},{"surface":"нрав","lemma":"нрав","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am talking"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b8-c5-s123","source":"Легковерен женский нрав, И изменчив, и порочен.","translation":"A woman's nature is credulous, And fickle, and corrupt.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Легковерен … изменчив … порочен","title":"Short-form predicate adjectives","body":"«Легковерен, изменчив, порочен» are short-form (predicative) adjectives agreeing with masculine «нрав». The short form is bookish and states an inherent quality as a predicate — exactly the elevated, sententious register of recited verse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Легковерен","lemma":"легковерный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"credulous"},{"surface":"женский","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies нрав","gloss":"woman's"},{"surface":"нрав","lemma":"нрав","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Легковерен","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"изменчив","lemma":"изменчивый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Легковерен","gloss":"fickle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"порочен","lemma":"порочный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Легковерен","gloss":"corrupt"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b8-c5-s124","source":"Я с Улиссом согласен, это он говорит.","translation":"I agree with Ulysses there — it's he who says it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с Улиссом согласен","title":"Instrumental after «с» and «согласен»","body":"«с Улиссом» is the instrumental of accompaniment governed by «с» (with), and «согласен с кем-то» ('to agree with someone') idiomatically takes «с» + instrumental. «согласен» itself is a short-form adjective serving as predicate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of согласен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Улиссом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Улиссом","lemma":"Улисс","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"Ulysses"},{"surface":"согласен","lemma":"согласный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"agree"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорит","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b8-c5-s125","source":"— Не понимаю я вас!","translation":"\"I don't follow you!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не понимаю я вас!","title":"Emphatic word order with dropped-then-restored subject","body":"Neutral order would be «Я вас не понимаю». Fronting the negated verb and placing «я» after it throws the weight onto the failure to understand — an exasperated, expressive arrangement that free Russian word order allows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b8-c5-s126","source":"— Пьян, что ли?","translation":"\"Are you drunk, or what?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пьян, что ли?","title":"«что ли» — a tentative question tag","body":"«что ли» is a colloquial particle cluster (built on the interrogative «ли») softening a question into a guess — 'or what?', 'I suppose?'. «Пьян» is again a short-form predicate adjective, with the copula 'are you' simply unexpressed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun","role":"part of idiom «что ли» (or what)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle, part of «что ли»","gloss":"(question particle)"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b8-c5-s127","source":"— Не пьян, а хуже того.","translation":"\"Not drunk — worse than that.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а хуже того","title":"Contrastive «а» and the genitive of comparison","body":"«а» is the soft contrastive 'and/but' marking the turn from 'not drunk' to 'worse'. «хуже того» — 'worse than that' — uses the suppletive comparative «хуже» (from «плохой») with the genitive «того» standing for the second term of comparison."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пьян","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with пьян","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of comparison with хуже","gloss":"than that"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b8-c5-s128","source":"— Я духом пьян, Петр Ильич, духом пьян, и довольно, довольно…","translation":"\"I'm drunk in spirit, Pyotr Ilyich, drunk in spirit, and that's enough, enough…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"духом пьян","title":"Instrumental of respect: «духом»","body":"«духом» is the instrumental of «дух» (spirit), here an instrumental of respect/manner — 'drunk in/with respect to spirit'. The instrumental answers 'in what way?'; Mitya means spiritually, not physically, intoxicated."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пьян","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"духом","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пьян","gloss":"in spirit"},{"surface":"пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"духом","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пьян (repeated)","gloss":"in spirit"},{"surface":"пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with пьян","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamation, head of the phrase","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with довольно","gloss":"enough"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b8-c5-s129","source":"— Что это вы, пистолет заряжаете?","translation":"\"What are you doing — loading a pistol?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пистолет заряжаете?","title":"Imperfective for an action in progress","body":"«заряжаете» is imperfective present — Pyotr Ilyich is naming an ongoing process he sees happening ('are you loading…?'). The imperfective views the act as unfolding rather than completed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"interrogative pronoun, head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle in question","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заряжаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пистолет","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заряжаете","gloss":"pistol"},{"surface":"заряжаете","lemma":"заряжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loading"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b8-c5-s130","source":"— Пистолет заряжаю.","translation":"\"Loading a pistol.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Пистолет","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заряжаю","gloss":"pistol"},{"surface":"заряжаю","lemma":"заряжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am loading"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b8-c5-s131","source":"Митя действительно, раскрыв ящик с пистолетами, отомкнул рожок с порохом и тщательно всыпал и забил заряд.","translation":"Mitya had in fact opened the case of pistols, unstopped the powder horn, and was carefully pouring in the charge and ramming it home.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"раскрыв ящик","title":"Perfective gerund «раскрыв»","body":"«раскрыв» is a perfective past gerund (деепричастие) — 'having opened'. It compresses a prior, completed action into an adverbial that shares Mitya's subject, framing the opening of the case as the step before he stops the powder horn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отомкнул … всыпал и забил","title":"A chain of perfective verbs","body":"«отомкнул», «всыпал», «забил» are all perfective past, moving the narrative forward event by event — unstopped, poured in, rammed home. Perfectives narrate the discrete completed steps of an action against an imperfective background."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рожок с порохом","title":"«рожок» — a powder horn","body":"«рожок» is a diminutive of «рог» (horn), here the small flask of a powder horn for muzzle-loading. «забил заряд» — 'rammed the charge home' — belongs to the same archaic world of black-powder pistols."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отомкнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отомкнул","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"раскрыв","lemma":"раскрыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отомкнул","gloss":"having opened"},{"surface":"ящик","lemma":"ящик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of раскрыв","gloss":"the case"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пистолетами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пистолетами","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ящик","gloss":"pistols"},{"surface":"отомкнул","lemma":"отомкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"unstopped"},{"surface":"рожок","lemma":"рожок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отомкнул","gloss":"the horn"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порохом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"порохом","lemma":"порох","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рожок","gloss":"powder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тщательно","lemma":"тщательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всыпал","gloss":"carefully"},{"surface":"всыпал","lemma":"всыпать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отомкнул","gloss":"poured in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"забил","lemma":"забить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отомкнул","gloss":"rammed"},{"surface":"заряд","lemma":"заряд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of забил","gloss":"the charge"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b8-c5-s132","source":"Затем взял пулю и, пред тем как вкатить ее, поднял ее в двух пальцах пред собою над свечкой.","translation":"Then he took a bullet and, before rolling it into the barrel, held it up between two fingers in front of him, over the candle flame.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред тем как вкатить ее","title":"«пред тем как» + infinitive — 'before doing'","body":"«пред тем как» + infinitive means 'before (doing) something'; «пред» is the bookish/archaic variant of «перед». The perfective infinitive «вкатить» frames the rolling-in as a single completed act yet to come."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред","title":"«пред» for «перед»","body":"«пред» is the non-pleophonic, Church-Slavonic-flavored form of «перед» ('before'), repeated here («пред тем», «пред собою»). Such elevated doublets give Dostoevsky's prose its 19th-century literary texture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"пулю","lemma":"пуля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"a bullet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"object of пред, part of idiom «пред тем как»","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вкатить","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вкатить","lemma":"вкатить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause «пред тем как»","gloss":"rolling it in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вкатить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"held up"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальцах","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies пальцах","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"пальцах","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поднял","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of поднял","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свечкой","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"свечкой","lemma":"свечка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднял","gloss":"the candle"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b8-c5-s133","source":"— Чего это вы на пулю смотрите? — с беспокойным любопытством следил Петр Ильич.","translation":"\"Why are you staring at the bullet like that?\" Pyotr Ilyich asked, watching him with uneasy curiosity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"следил Петр Ильич","title":"Imperfective «следил» for a sustained gaze","body":"«следил» (imperfective past of «следить», to watch/track) describes a continuous, durative watching — the verb of an attendant background state, fittingly paired with «с беспокойным любопытством» (with uneasy curiosity)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего это вы на пулю смотрите?","title":"Genitive «чего» for 'why / what for'","body":"Colloquial «чего» (genitive of «что») here means 'why on earth?' / 'what are you…for?'. The reinforcing «это» adds the puzzled, conversational tone; the construction is more idiomatic and expressive than a plain «почему»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"colloquial \"why\", modifies смотрите","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle with смотрите","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смотрите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пулю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"пулю","lemma":"пуля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрите","gloss":"the bullet"},{"surface":"смотрите","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"staring"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"беспокойным","lemma":"беспокойный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"uneasy"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of следил","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"следил","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of следил","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b8-c5-s134","source":"— Так. Воображение. Вот если бы ты вздумал эту пулю всадить себе в мозг, то, заряжая пистолет, посмотрел бы на нее или нет?","translation":"\"No reason. Fancy. Now, if you'd taken it into your head to lodge this bullet in your own brain, would you, while loading the pistol, look at it or not?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы ты вздумал … посмотрел бы","title":"Conditional with «бы»","body":"This is the irrealis conditional: «если бы» + past-form «вздумал» in the protasis and «посмотрел бы» in the apodosis. The doubled particle «бы» plus past tense builds a hypothetical — 'if you had taken it into your head… would you look?'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заряжая пистолет","title":"Imperfective gerund «заряжая»","body":"«заряжая» is an imperfective present gerund — 'while loading'. It expresses an action simultaneous with the main verb «посмотрел бы», sharing its subject: 'would you, in the act of loading, look at it?'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вздумал","title":"«вздумать» — to take it into one's head","body":"«вздумать» (perfective) means to take a sudden notion to do something, often rash or whimsical. The «вз-» prefix conveys an abrupt impulse — apt for Mitya's morbid hypothetical of putting a bullet in one's own brain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no reason"},{"surface":"Воображение","lemma":"воображение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"fancy"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вздумал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вздумал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with вздумал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вздумал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вздумал","lemma":"вздумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on посмотрел","gloss":"took it into your head"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of пулю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пулю","lemma":"пуля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of всадить","gloss":"bullet"},{"surface":"всадить","lemma":"всадить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of вздумал","gloss":"to lodge"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of всадить","gloss":"in your own"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мозг","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"мозг","lemma":"мозг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of всадить","gloss":"brain"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause (если...то)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"заряжая","lemma":"заряжать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on посмотрел","gloss":"while loading"},{"surface":"пистолет","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заряжая","gloss":"the pistol"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would look"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with посмотрел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with посмотрел","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b8-c5-s135","source":"— Зачем на нее смотреть?","translation":"\"Why would I look at it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зачем на нее смотреть?","title":"Infinitive question with «зачем»","body":"A bare infinitive «смотреть» after «зачем» forms a rhetorical 'why look at it?' — a subjectless construction in which the implied 'one / I' is left unstated. Such infinitive questions express the pointlessness of the act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотреть","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотреть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b8-c5-s136","source":"— В мой мозг войдет, так интересно на нее взглянуть, какова она есть… А впрочем, вздор, минутный вздор. Вот и кончено, — прибавил он, вкатив пулю и заколотив ее паклей. — Петр Ильич, милый, вздор, всё вздор, и если бы ты знал, до какой степени вздор! Дай-ка мне теперь бумажки кусочек.","translation":"\"It will go into my brain, so it's interesting to see what it's like… But never mind, it's nonsense, a moment's nonsense. There — it's done,\" he added, having rolled the bullet in and tamped it down with tow. \"Pyotr Ilyich, my dear fellow, it's nonsense, all of it nonsense, and if you only knew to what degree it's nonsense! Now give me a scrap of paper.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"какова она есть","title":"«какова … есть» — what it is like","body":"«какова» is the short interrogative form of «каков» ('of what sort'), agreeing with feminine «пуля» (bullet). The explicit copula «есть» (normally dropped in the present) is an archaic, emphatic flourish — 'what it actually is'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вздор","title":"«вздор» — nonsense, rot","body":"«вздор» is a slightly bookish word for nonsense or rubbish. Mitya hammers it five times here («вздор, минутный вздор… всё вздор»), the repetition itself dramatizing his feverish self-dismissal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вкатив пулю и заколотив ее паклей","title":"Paired perfective gerunds","body":"«вкатив» and «заколотив» are perfective past gerunds — 'having rolled in… and tamped down'. They package the just-completed steps as background to «прибавил он» (he added), a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы ты знал, до какой степени вздор!","title":"Exclamatory «если бы ты знал»","body":"The conditional «если бы ты знал» ('if only you knew') is used exclamatorily, not as a real condition — a common emotive idiom. The past-form verb plus «бы» voices a wish/lament rather than a hypothesis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Дай-ка","title":"The softening particle «-ка»","body":"«Дай-ка» = imperative «дай» (give) + the coaxing particle «-ка», which softens a command to a casual request — 'just give me'. «бумажки кусочек» (a scrap of paper) shows two affectionate diminutives stacked together."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мозг","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мозг","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"мозг","lemma":"мозг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войдет","gloss":"brain"},{"surface":"войдет","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies интересно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"интересно","lemma":"интересный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with войдет","gloss":"interesting"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взглянуть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"взглянуть","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on интересно","gloss":"to glance"},{"surface":"какова","lemma":"какой","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of есть","gloss":"what it's like"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of clause complementing взглянуть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to вздор","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"минутный","lemma":"минутный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вздор","gloss":"momentary"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вздор","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кончено","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle with кончено","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"кончено","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вкатив","lemma":"вкатить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавил","gloss":"having rolled in"},{"surface":"пулю","lemma":"пуля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вкатив","gloss":"the bullet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заколотив","lemma":"заколотить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with вкатив","gloss":"having tamped"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заколотив","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"паклей","lemma":"пакля","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of заколотив","gloss":"with tow"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Петр","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, head of new clause","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вздор","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вздор","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker with знал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of степени","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, object clause of знал","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"Дай","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"ка","lemma":"ка","morphology":"particle","role":"softening particle attached to Дай","gloss":"(softening particle)"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Дай","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Дай","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"бумажки","lemma":"бумажка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of кусочек","gloss":"of paper"},{"surface":"кусочек","lemma":"кусочек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Дай","gloss":"a scrap"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b8-c5-s137","source":"— Вот бумажка.","translation":"\"Here's a bit of paper.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бумажка","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"бумажка","lemma":"бумажка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a paper"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b8-c5-s138","source":"— Нет, гладкой, чистой, на которой пишут. Вот так. — И Митя, схватив со стола перо, быстро написал на бумажке две строки, сложил вчетверо бумажку и сунул в жилетный карман.","translation":"\"No, a smooth, clean one, the sort you write on. There — like that.\" And Mitya, snatching a pen from the table, swiftly wrote two lines on the paper, folded it in four, and thrust it into his waistcoat pocket.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на которой пишут","title":"Relative «который» + indefinite-personal «пишут»","body":"«на которой пишут» — 'on which one writes' — has «которой» in the prepositional after «на», agreeing in feminine gender with «бумага». The bare 3rd-person-plural «пишут» with no subject is the indefinite-personal 'one writes / people write'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватив со стола перо","title":"Perfective gerund «схватив»","body":"«схватив» ('having snatched') is a perfective past gerund opening a chain of completed actions — «написал… сложил… сунул». It folds the grabbing of the pen into Mitya's rapid sequence of movements."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"перо","title":"«перо» — pen (quill)","body":"«перо», literally 'feather', is the period word for a writing pen — a dip pen or quill. The everyday detail roots the scene in its 1860s-70s material world."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to гладкой","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"гладкой","lemma":"гладкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"smooth"},{"surface":"чистой","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with гладкой","gloss":"clean"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пишут","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"пишут","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on гладкой","gloss":"one writes"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of написал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"схватив","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on написал","gloss":"having snatched"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стола","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стола","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватив","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"перо","lemma":"перо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of схватив","gloss":"a pen"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies написал","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бумажке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"бумажке","lemma":"бумажка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написал","gloss":"the paper"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on строки","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"строки","lemma":"строка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of написал","gloss":"lines"},{"surface":"сложил","lemma":"сложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with написал","gloss":"folded"},{"surface":"вчетверо","lemma":"вчетверо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сложил","gloss":"in four"},{"surface":"бумажку","lemma":"бумажка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сложил","gloss":"the paper"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сунул","lemma":"сунуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with написал","gloss":"thrust"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карман","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"жилетный","lemma":"жилетный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies карман","gloss":"waistcoat"},{"surface":"карман","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сунул","gloss":"pocket"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b8-c5-s139","source":"Пистолеты вложил в ящик, запер ключиком и взял ящик в руки.","translation":"He put the pistols back in the case, locked it with the little key, and took the case in his hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пистолеты вложил в ящик","title":"Object-first word order","body":"Fronting the object «пистолеты» before the verb «вложил» (and dropping the subject 'he') ties the sentence tightly to the preceding action, keeping the pistols as the topic. Russian's free order lets the given information lead."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ключиком","title":"Diminutive «ключик»","body":"«ключиком» is the instrumental of «ключик», a diminutive of «ключ» (key) — 'the little key'. The diminutive conveys the small, neat key of the pistol case; the instrumental marks it as the means of locking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пистолеты","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of вложил","gloss":"the pistols"},{"surface":"вложил","lemma":"вложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put back"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ящик","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ящик","lemma":"ящик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вложил","gloss":"the case"},{"surface":"запер","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вложил","gloss":"locked it"},{"surface":"ключиком","lemma":"ключик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrument of запер","gloss":"with the little key"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вложил","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"ящик","lemma":"ящик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"the case"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"his hands"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b8-c5-s140","source":"Затем посмотрел на Петра Ильича и длинно, вдумчиво улыбнулся.","translation":"Then he looked at Pyotr Ilyich and smiled a long, brooding smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"длинно, вдумчиво улыбнулся","title":"Perfective «улыбнулся» with the «-ся» suffix","body":"«улыбнулся» is the perfective past of «улыбнуться» (to smile), one of many verbs fixed in the reflexive «-ся» form. The «-ну-» suffix marks a single, momentary act, and the adverbs «длинно, вдумчиво» color that single smile as long and brooding."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петра","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Петра","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильича","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петра","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"длинно","lemma":"длинно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"вдумчиво","lemma":"вдумчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбнулся","gloss":"broodingly"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with посмотрел","gloss":"smiled"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b8-c5-s141","source":"— Теперь идем, — сказал он.","translation":"\"Now let's go,\" he said.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Теперь идем","title":"«идём» as a 'let's go'","body":"Here the 1st-person-plural present «идём» functions as an exhortation — 'let's go' — a common alternative to «давай пойдём». «идти» is the unidirectional motion verb, picturing a single setting-out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идем","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"идем","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let's go"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to идем","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b8-c5-s142","source":"— Куда идем? Нет, постойте… Это вы, пожалуй, себе в мозг ее хотите послать, пулю-то… — с беспокойством произнес Петр Ильич.","translation":"\"Go where? No, wait… You mean to send it into your own brain, perhaps — the bullet, I mean…\" Pyotr Ilyich brought out anxiously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"себе в мозг ее хотите послать","title":"Scrambled word order and the reflexive «себе»","body":"The order «себе в мозг её хотите послать» front-loads the dative «себе» ('into your own brain') and object «её' before the verb «послать», dramatizing the chilling idea. «себе» is the reflexive pronoun pointing back to the subject 'you'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пулю-то","title":"Afterthought topic clitic «-то»","body":"«пулю-то» tacks the emphatic «-то» onto a belated clarification — 'the bullet, I mean'. The clitic flags an already-known topic being singled out, a very speech-like touch as Pyotr Ilyich nervously specifies what he means."}],"words":[{"surface":"Куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идем","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"идем","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are we going"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to постойте","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"постойте","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хотите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотите","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"modifies мозг","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мозг","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"мозг","lemma":"мозг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послать","gloss":"brain"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of послать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you want"},{"surface":"послать","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотите","gloss":"to send"},{"surface":"пулю","lemma":"пуля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to ее","gloss":"the bullet"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes пулю","gloss":"I mean","note":"Colloquial emphatic particle -то, tacked onto the noun; here it flags the correction 'the bullet, I mean.'"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспокойством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"беспокойством","lemma":"беспокойство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнес","gloss":"anxiety"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b8-c5-s143","source":"— Пуля вздор! Я жить хочу, я жизнь люблю! Знай ты это. Я златокудрого Феба и свет его горячий люблю… Милый Петр Ильич, умеешь ты устраниться?","translation":"\"The bullet's nonsense! I want to live, I love life! Know that. I love golden-haired Phoebus and his burning light… Dear Pyotr Ilyich, do you know how to step aside?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знай ты это","title":"Imperative «знай»","body":"«Знай» is the imperative of «знать» (the «-й» imperative after a vowel stem), with the pronoun «ты» added for emphasis — 'Know this, you'. The bare imperative gives the line its declamatory force."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"устраниться","title":"«устраниться» — to step aside","body":"«устраниться» (reflexive «-ся») means to withdraw, remove oneself, get out of the way. Mitya gives it a charged moral meaning — renouncing one's claim — which he unfolds in the next exchange."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пуля","lemma":"пуля","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вздор","gloss":"the bullet"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Пуля","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочу","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"Знай","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Знай","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Знай","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"златокудрого","lemma":"златокудрый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Феба","gloss":"golden-haired"},{"surface":"Феба","lemma":"феб","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"Phoebus"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Феба","gloss":"the light"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of свет","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"горячий","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свет","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"Милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Петр","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"умеешь","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you know how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умеешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"устраниться","lemma":"устраниться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умеешь","gloss":"to step aside"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b8-c5-s144","source":"— Как это устраниться?","translation":"\"What do you mean, step aside?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как это устраниться?","title":"«как это» + infinitive — asking for sense","body":"«Как это устраниться?» — 'What do you mean, step aside?' — uses «как это» to query the meaning of a word just spoken, with the bare infinitive echoing it. The «это» adds the baffled, conversational note."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устраниться","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies устраниться","gloss":"do you mean"},{"surface":"устраниться","lemma":"устраниться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"step aside"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b8-c5-s145","source":"— Дорогу дать. Милому существу и ненавистному дать дорогу. И чтоб и ненавистное милым стало, — вот как дать дорогу! И сказать им: бог с вами, идите, проходите мимо, а я…","translation":"\"To make way. To make way for one you love and for one you hate. And so that even the hated one becomes dear to you — that's what it is to make way! And to say to them: God be with you, go on, pass by, and as for me…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Милому существу и ненавистному дать дорогу","title":"Dative recipients of «дать дорогу»","body":"«дать дорогу» (to give way) takes the dative of the one yielded to: «милому существу» (to a dear being) and «ненавистному» (to the hated one) are both datives — the indirect objects of giving. The substantivized adjective «ненавистному» stands alone for 'the hateful one'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб … ненавистное милым стало","title":"«чтоб» + past-form for willed result","body":"«чтоб» (clipped «чтобы») introduces a willed/purposed outcome with the past-form verb «стало» — 'so that the hated one might become dear'. «милым» is an instrumental predicate after «стать» ('become'), framing the new state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"идите, проходите мимо","title":"Polite/plural imperatives in «-те»","body":"«идите» and «проходите» are plural/polite imperatives (stem + «-те») addressed to 'them'. Imperfective imperatives like these invite an open, ongoing action — 'go on, keep passing by'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дать","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"дать","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"Милому","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies существу","gloss":"a dear"},{"surface":"существу","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of дать","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ненавистному","lemma":"ненавистный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Милому","gloss":"the hated"},{"surface":"дать","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дать","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стало","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ненавистное","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ненавистное","lemma":"ненавистный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стало","gloss":"the hated one"},{"surface":"милым","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"дать","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of как","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дать","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with дать","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the quoted clause","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies бог","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"идите","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"проходите","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with идите","gloss":"pass by"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проходите","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"topic of the unfinished clause","gloss":"as for me"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b8-c5-s146","source":"— А вы?","translation":"\"And as for you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А вы?","title":"Contrastive «а» picking up the dangling clause","body":"Pyotr Ilyich completes Mitya's trailed-off «а я…» by flipping it to «А вы?» — 'And as for you?'. «а» is the topic-shifting contrastive that pivots from one party to another, the untranslatable hinge of Russian dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b8-c5-s147","source":"— Довольно, идем.","translation":"\"Enough — let's go.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"идем","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Довольно","gloss":"let's go"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b8-c5-s148","source":"— Ей-богу, скажу кому-нибудь, — глядел на него Петр Ильич, — чтобы вас не пустить туда. Зачем вам теперь в Мокрое?","translation":"\"By God, I'll tell somebody,\" said Pyotr Ilyich, looking at him, \"to keep them from letting you go there. What do you want in Mokroe now?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"скажу кому-нибудь","title":"Indefinite «кому-нибудь»","body":"«кому-нибудь» is the dative of «кто-нибудь», the non-specific 'someone, anyone'. The «-нибудь» series marks an undetermined person — he doesn't yet know whom he'll tell."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы вас не пустить туда","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«чтобы … не пустить» expresses purpose with an infinitive (same implied subject) — 'so as not to let you go there'. When the subject of the «чтобы»-clause matches the main clause, Russian uses the infinitive rather than the past form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom ей-богу","gloss":"by","note":"Ей-богу is a fixed oath meaning 'by God, honestly.'"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom ей-богу","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll tell"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"somebody"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite pronoun with кому","gloss":"-body"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical narration clause","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пустить","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of пустить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пустить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пустить","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause of скажу","gloss":"let go"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустить","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"experiencer of the clause","gloss":"do you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Зачем","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокрое","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Мокрое","lemma":"мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Зачем","gloss":"Mokroe"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b8-c5-s149","source":"— Женщина там, женщина, и довольно с тебя, Петр Ильич, и шабаш!","translation":"\"There's a woman there, a woman — and that's enough for you to know, Pyotr Ilyich, and basta!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шабаш","title":"«шабаш!» — and that's that","body":"«шабаш!» (from the Hebrew/Yiddish 'sabbath', via workmen's slang for knocking off work) is an emphatic 'enough!', 'finished!', 'basta!'. It seals Mitya's refusal to explain further."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"довольно с тебя","title":"«довольно с тебя» — that's enough for you","body":"«довольно с тебя» — 'that's enough for you' — uses «с» + genitive «тебя» in the idiom 'enough from/of you'. The impersonal «довольно» needs no subject, an expressive subjectless turn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Женщина","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Женщина","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"complement of довольно","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"шабаш","lemma":"шабаш","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with довольно","gloss":"basta"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b8-c5-s150","source":"— Послушайте, вы хоть и дики, но вы мне всегда как-то нравились… я вот и беспокоюсь.","translation":"\"Listen, wild as you are, I've always somehow rather liked you… and that's just why I'm worried.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы хоть и дики","title":"Concessive «хоть и» + short adjective","body":"«хоть и дики» — 'wild though you are' — uses concessive «хоть (и)» ('even though'). «дики» is a short-form predicate adjective (plural, agreeing with polite «вы»), the bookish predicate form that states an inherent quality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы мне всегда как-то нравились","title":"Dative experiencer with «нравиться»","body":"«нравиться» reverses English logic: the thing liked is the subject («вы») and the liker stands in the dative («мне») — 'you have always somehow pleased me'. «как-то» ('somehow') adds the vague, half-conscious quality of the liking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Послушайте","lemma":"послушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дики","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дики","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the concessive хоть и","gloss":"(even)"},{"surface":"дики","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, short-form, plural","role":"predicate complement of вы","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of нравились","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of нравились","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нравились","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нравились","gloss":"somehow","note":"как-то ('somehow') is split across two tokens by the tagger; both glosses reflect the single adverb."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"нравились","lemma":"нравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were pleasing"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of беспокоюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокоюсь","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокоюсь","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"беспокоюсь","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"worry"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b8-c5-s151","source":"— Спасибо тебе, брат. Я дикий, говоришь ты. Дикари, дикари! Я одно только и твержу: дикари! А да, вот Миша, а я-то его и забыл.","translation":"\"Thank you, brother. I'm wild, you say. Savages, savages! It's the one word I keep repeating: savages! Ah yes — there's Misha, and I'd quite forgotten him.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дикари","title":"«дикарь» — savage","body":"«дикари» (plural of «дикарь», a savage/wild man) picks up «дикий» (wild) from the previous line. Mitya turns Pyotr Ilyich's mild 'wild' into a self-flagellating refrain — 'savages, savages!'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я одно только и твержу","title":"Emphatic «только и» + «твержу»","body":"«только и … что/как» means 'do nothing but —'; «одно только и твержу» = 'the one thing I keep repeating'. «твержу» is imperfective present, conveying obsessive repetition. The construction concentrates focus on that single word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а я-то его и забыл","title":"The emphatic «я-то» + intensifying «и»","body":"«я-то» uses the contrastive «-то» clitic — 'I, for my part'; the «и» before «забыл» intensifies ('and clean forgot him'). Together with «а» they give the line its self-mocking, conversational lilt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спасибо","lemma":"спасибо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thank you"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Спасибо","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дикий","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"дикий","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Я","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"you say"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говоришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Дикари","lemma":"дикарь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"savages"},{"surface":"дикари","lemma":"дикарь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Дикари","gloss":"savages"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of твержу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"одно","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of твержу","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies твержу","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies твержу","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"твержу","lemma":"твердить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"keep repeating"},{"surface":"дикари","lemma":"дикарь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to одно","gloss":"savages"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вот Миша","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Миша","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"Миша","lemma":"миша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Misha"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes я","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"Colloquial emphatic particle -то attached to я, roughly 'as for me.'"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of забыл","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgot"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b8-c5-s152","source":"Вошел впопыхах Миша с пачкой размененных денег и отрапортовал, что у Плотниковых «все заходили» и бутылки волокут, и рыбу, и чай — сейчас всё готово будет.","translation":"Misha came hurrying in with a bundle of changed money and reported that at the Plotnikovs' \"everyone was on the move\" — hauling out the bottles, and the fish, and the tea — and that everything would be ready in a moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"впопыхах","title":"«впопыхах» — in a flurry","body":"«впопыхах» is an adverb meaning 'in a great hurry', 'in a flurry/rush'. It paints Misha bursting in breathlessly with the changed money."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отрапортовал, что … бутылки волокут","title":"Reported speech with «что»","body":"«отрапортовал, что …» introduces indirect speech with «что» ('reported that…'). Inside, «волокут» is the indefinite-personal 3rd-plural ('they're hauling'), and «всё готово будет» is a compound future ('everything will be ready')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"впопыхах","lemma":"впопыхах","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Вошел","gloss":"in a rush"},{"surface":"Миша","lemma":"миша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Вошел","gloss":"Misha"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пачкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пачкой","lemma":"пачка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Вошел","gloss":"a bundle"},{"surface":"размененных","lemma":"разменянный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies денег","gloss":"changed"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies пачкой","gloss":"of money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отрапортовал","lemma":"отрапортовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Вошел","gloss":"reported"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заходили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Плотниковых","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Плотниковых","lemma":"плотниковы","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of заходили","gloss":"the Plotnikovs'"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заходили","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"заходили","lemma":"заходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of отрапортовал","gloss":"were bustling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бутылки","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of волокут","gloss":"bottles"},{"surface":"волокут","lemma":"волочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of отрапортовал","gloss":"were hauling out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рыбу","lemma":"рыба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with бутылки","gloss":"fish"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чай","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бутылки","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies готово","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of готово","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"готово","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, short-form, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of отрапортовал","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to готово","gloss":"will be"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b8-c5-s153","source":"Митя схватил десятирублевую и подал Петру Ильичу, а другую десятирублевую кинул Мише.","translation":"Mitya seized a ten-rouble note and handed it to Pyotr Ilyich, then tossed another ten-rouble note to Misha.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а другую десятирублевую кинул","title":"Contrastive «а» pairing two gifts","body":"«а другую … кинул» sets the second note against the first with the mild contrastive «а» ('while the other one he tossed'). The verbs «схватил… подал… кинул» are perfectives narrating three quick completed moves."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"десятирублевую","lemma":"десятирублёвый","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"a ten-rouble note"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подал","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватил","gloss":"handed"},{"surface":"Петру","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильичу","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петру","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies десятирублевую","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"десятирублевую","lemma":"десятирублёвый","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of кинул","gloss":"ten-rouble note"},{"surface":"кинул","lemma":"кинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватил","gloss":"tossed"},{"surface":"Мише","lemma":"миша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of кинул","gloss":"Misha"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b8-c5-s154","source":"— Не сметь! — вскричал Петр Ильич. — У меня дома нельзя, да и дурное баловство это. Спрячьте ваши деньги, вот сюда положите, чего их сорить-то? Завтра же пригодятся, ко мне же ведь и придете десять рублей просить. Что это вы в боковой карман всё суете? Эй, потеряете!","translation":"\"Don't you dare!\" cried Pyotr Ilyich. \"Not in my house — besides, it's bad to spoil the boy. Put your money away, set it down here — what's the use of scattering it about? It'll come in handy tomorrow, and tomorrow you'll be coming to me to beg ten roubles. What's this — keeping shoving it all into your side pocket? Hey, you'll lose it!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не сметь!","title":"Infinitive as a sharp command","body":"«Не сметь!» — a bare negated infinitive — functions as a categorical prohibition: 'Don't you dare!'. The infinitive-imperative is curt and authoritative, stronger than an ordinary «не смейте»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего их сорить-то?","title":"Genitive object + «-то»: 'why scatter them?'","body":"«чего … сорить-то?» = 'what's the use of scattering them?'. «чего» is the genitive 'why/what for', «их» the object of «сорить» (to squander/litter), and «-то» adds the chiding, conversational emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ко мне же ведь и придете","title":"Stacked particles «же … ведь … и»","body":"«же», «ведь», and «и» pile up to press the point — 'you'll come to ME, you know, of all people, to beg ten roubles'. «ведь» appeals to shared knowledge, «же» insists, and «и» here means 'the very same'; together they carry the speaker's exasperated certainty."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"баловство","title":"«баловство» — spoiling, indulgence","body":"«баловство» is naughtiness or, here, indulgent spoiling ('дурное баловство' — bad spoiling). Pyotr Ilyich objects that pressing money on the boy spoils him; the word carries a mildly disapproving, homely flavor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сметь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"сметь","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you dare"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"narration clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of нельзя","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"not allowed"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"дурное","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies баловство","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"баловство","lemma":"баловство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with нельзя","gloss":"spoiling"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to баловство","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Спрячьте","lemma":"спрятать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put away"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Спрячьте","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сюда","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies положите","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"положите","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Спрячьте","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сорить","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of сорить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"сорить","lemma":"сорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the rhetorical clause","gloss":"scatter about"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes сорить","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"Colloquial emphatic particle -то attached to the verb."},{"surface":"Завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пригодятся","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Завтра","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"пригодятся","lemma":"пригодиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come in handy"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of придете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придете","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придете","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"придете","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with пригодятся","gloss":"you'll come"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of просить","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"просить","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of придете","gloss":"to beg"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to Что","gloss":"is this"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of суете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карман","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"боковой","lemma":"боковой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies карман","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"карман","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of суете","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of суете","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"суете","lemma":"совать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"keep shoving"},{"surface":"Эй","lemma":"эй","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to потеряете","gloss":"hey"},{"surface":"потеряете","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll lose it"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b8-c5-s155","source":"— Слушай, милый человек, поедем в Мокрое вместе?","translation":"\"Listen, my dear man, won't you come to Mokroe with me?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поедем в Мокрое вместе?","title":"Perfective future «поедем» as invitation","body":"«поедем» is the perfective (simple) future of «поехать» — its present-form ending carries future meaning. Posed as a question it works as a friendly invitation: 'shall we drive to Mokroe together?'. «поехать» is the prefixed perfective of the motion verb «ехать»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"поедем","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"won't you come"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокрое","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мокрое","lemma":"мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поедем","gloss":"Mokroe"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поедем","gloss":"together"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b8-c5-s156","source":"— Мне-то зачем туда?","translation":"\"What would I do there?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне-то зачем туда?","title":"Dative «мне» + «-то» in a subjectless question","body":"«Мне-то зачем туда?» — 'what would I do there?' — is a subjectless question with the dative experiencer «мне» and emphatic «-то» ('me, of all people'). No verb is needed; the dative-plus-adverb frame carries the whole meaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of зачем","gloss":"why should I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Мне","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"Colloquial emphatic particle -то attached to мне."},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зачем","gloss":"there"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b8-c5-s157","source":"— Слушай, хочешь сейчас бутылку откупорю, выпьем за жизнь! Мне хочется выпить, а пуще всего с тобою выпить. Никогда я с тобою не пил, а?","translation":"\"Listen — shall I uncork a bottle right now, and we'll drink to life! I want a drink, and most of all I want to drink with you. I've never once had a drink with you, eh?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хочешь сейчас бутылку откупорю","title":"«хочешь» + perfective future as an offer","body":"«хочешь … откупорю?» juxtaposes «хочешь» ('do you want') with the perfective future «откупорю» ('I'll uncork') to make a lively offer — 'want me to uncork a bottle?'. Russian readily drops a linking 'that I' here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пуще всего","title":"«пуще» — an archaic 'more'","body":"«пуще» is an archaic/folksy comparative meaning 'more', and «пуще всего» = 'most of all'. The form is bookish-colloquial, lending Mitya's outpouring a heightened, slightly old-fashioned color."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никогда я с тобою не пил","title":"Negative concord with «никогда … не»","body":"«Никогда … не пил» shows negative concord: the negative adverb «никогда» (never) still requires «не» on the verb. Imperfective «пил» states the general fact of never-having-drunk-together; «с тобою» is instrumental of accompaniment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Listen"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, takes complement откупорю","gloss":"do you want"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies откупорю","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"бутылку","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of откупорю","gloss":"a bottle"},{"surface":"откупорю","lemma":"откупорить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"complement of хочешь","gloss":"uncork"},{"surface":"выпьем","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with откупорю, hortative","gloss":"let's drink"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выпьем","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of хочется","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочется","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"выпить","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочется","gloss":"a drink"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"part of idiom 'пуще всего' (most of all), modifies second выпить","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom 'пуще всего'","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of second выпить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"выпить","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with выпить (w11), complement of understood хочется","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"Никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пил","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of пил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пил","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"tag-question particle, modifies пил","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b8-c5-s158","source":"— Пожалуй, в трактире можно, пойдем, я туда сам сейчас отправляюсь.","translation":"\"All right, we can do it at the tavern — let's go, I'm heading there myself just now.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я туда сам сейчас отправляюсь","title":"Imperfective present for imminent action; «сам»","body":"«отправляюсь» (imperfective present of «отправляться», to set off) here denotes an imminent, planned action — 'I'm heading there myself just now'. «сам» is the intensifier 'myself', and «-ся» marks the verb's middle, self-directed sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, modifies можно","gloss":"all right"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактире","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"трактире","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of можно","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"we can"},{"surface":"пойдем","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"hortative clause parallel to можно","gloss":"let's go"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отправляюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отправляюсь","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отправляюсь","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"отправляюсь","lemma":"отправляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am heading"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b8-c5-s159","source":"— Некогда в трактире, а у Плотниковых в лавке, в задней комнате. Хочешь, я тебе одну загадку загадаю сейчас.","translation":"\"No time for the tavern — at the Plotnikovs' shop instead, in the back room. Shall I set you a riddle right now?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Некогда в трактире","title":"Impersonal «некогда» — no time","body":"«некогда» means 'there's no time', an impersonal negative adverb that takes no nominative subject (the doer would stand in the dative). The clipped «Некогда в трактире» = 'no time for the tavern'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"одну загадку загадаю","title":"Figura etymologica «загадку загадаю»","body":"«загадку загадаю» pairs a noun and verb from the same root ('a riddle I'll riddle' = 'set you a riddle') — a figura etymologica idiomatic in Russian. «загадаю» is perfective future; «одну» here means 'a' rather than 'one'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Некогда","lemma":"некогда","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no time"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактире","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"трактире","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Некогда","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"instead"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Плотниковых","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Плотниковых","lemma":"плотниковых","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"the Plotnikovs'"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лавке","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with трактире","gloss":"the shop"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"задней","lemma":"задний","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with трактире","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"Хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, introduces complement загадаю","gloss":"do you want"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of загадаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of загадаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies загадку","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"загадку","lemma":"загадка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of загадаю","gloss":"riddle"},{"surface":"загадаю","lemma":"загадать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"complement of Хочешь","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies загадаю","gloss":"right now"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b8-c5-s160","source":"— Загадай.","translation":"\"Set it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Загадай","title":"Perfective imperative «загадай»","body":"«Загадай» is the perfective imperative of «загадать» — 'set it (and get it done)'. A perfective command calls for a single completed act, here answering Mitya's offer with one curt word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Загадай","lemma":"загадать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set it"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b8-c5-s161","source":"Митя вынул из жилета свою бумажку, развернул ее и показал. Четким и крупным почерком было на ней написано:","translation":"Mitya drew his paper out of his waistcoat, unfolded it, and showed it. On it, in a clear, bold hand, was written:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вынул … развернул … показал","title":"Perfective narrative chain","body":"«вынул, развернул, показал» — drew out, unfolded, showed — are three perfective past verbs advancing the action step by step. The subject 'Mitya' governs all three; the perfectives give the brisk, sequential rhythm of stage business."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Четким и крупным почерком было … написано","title":"Passive participle short form + instrumental of means","body":"«было … написано» is the periphrastic passive: short-form past passive participle «написано» + «было». «Чётким и крупным почерком» is the instrumental of means — 'in a clear, bold hand'. The construction names a result and how it was produced."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вынул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drew out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жилета","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"жилета","lemma":"жилет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынул","gloss":"waistcoat"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of бумажку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"бумажку","lemma":"бумажка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вынул","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"развернул","lemma":"развернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынул","gloss":"unfolded"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of развернул","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"показал","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынул","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"Четким","lemma":"чёткий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies почерком","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крупным","lemma":"крупный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Четким","gloss":"bold"},{"surface":"почерком","lemma":"почерк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написано","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of написано","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написано","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"написано","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"written"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b8-c5-s162","source":"«Казню себя за всю жизнь, всю жизнь мою наказую!»","translation":"\"I punish myself for my whole life; my whole life I chastise!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наказую","title":"«наказую» — archaic 'I chastise'","body":"«наказую» is an archaic/Church-Slavonic 1st-person form (modern «наказываю», I punish/chastise), paired with «казню себя» (I execute/punish myself). The solemn old endings give Mitya's written self-sentence the ring of liturgical condemnation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Казню себя … наказую!","title":"Reflexive «себя» as object","body":"«себя» is the reflexive pronoun (object 'myself'), referring back to the subject 'I'; in the second clause «всю жизнь мою» is the object and 'myself' is understood. The mirrored structure — punish myself / my life I chastise — is rhetorically charged."}],"words":[{"surface":"Казню","lemma":"казнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I punish"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of Казню","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Казню","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of second жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of наказую","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"наказую","lemma":"наказовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, archaic form","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I chastise","note":"Archaic/Church-Slavonic verb form Mitya uses for solemn effect, parallel to казню."}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b8-c5-s163","source":"— Право, скажу кому-нибудь, пойду сейчас и скажу, — проговорил, прочитав бумажку, Петр Ильич.","translation":"\"Really, I'll tell somebody — I'll go right now and tell them,\" said Pyotr Ilyich, having read the paper.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прочитав бумажку","title":"Perfective gerund «прочитав»","body":"«прочитав» is a perfective past gerund — 'having read'. It marks the completed act preceding «проговорил» (he uttered), sharing Pyotr Ilyich's subject: he speaks after reading the note."}],"words":[{"surface":"Право","lemma":"право","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, modifies скажу","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll tell"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of скажу, part of кому-нибудь","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of скажу, part of кому-нибудь","gloss":"-body","note":"кому-нибудь = 'somebody' (indefinite pronoun)."},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with скажу","gloss":"I'll go"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойду","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойду","gloss":"tell them"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"прочитав","lemma":"прочитать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"having read"},{"surface":"бумажку","lemma":"бумажка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прочитав","gloss":"the paper"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b8-c5-s164","source":"— Не успеешь, голубчик, идем и выпьем, марш!","translation":"\"You won't have time, my dear — come, let's drink, march!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не успеешь","title":"Perfective future «успеешь»","body":"«успеешь» is the perfective (simple) future of «успеть» (to manage in time) — 'you won't have time'. The perfective frames the failure to make it as a single, definite outcome."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубчик","title":"«голубчик» — my dear (little dove)","body":"«голубчик» (a diminutive of «голубь», dove) is an affectionate term of address — 'my dear fellow'. The dove-diminutive carries warm, coaxing intimacy as Mitya hurries his reluctant friend along."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успеешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успеешь","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have time"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"идем","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"hortative, coordinated with выпьем","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выпьем","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with идем","gloss":"let's drink"},{"surface":"марш","lemma":"марш","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamatory command","gloss":"march"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b8-c5-s165","source":"Лавка Плотниковых приходилась почти через один только дом от Петра Ильича, на углу улицы.","translation":"The Plotnikovs' shop stood scarcely more than one house away from Pyotr Ilyich's, on the corner of the street.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приходилась почти через один только дом","title":"Imperfective «приходилась» for a standing fact","body":"«приходилась» (imperfective past of «приходиться» in the sense 'to be situated/work out') describes a static state — where the shop stood relative to the house. The «-ся» verb here is impersonal-locative, not reflexive in meaning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лавка","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of приходилась","gloss":"the shop"},{"surface":"Плотниковых","lemma":"плотниковых","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Лавка","gloss":"Plotnikovs'"},{"surface":"приходилась","lemma":"приходиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies через один только дом","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies дом","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходилась","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петра","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Петра","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильича","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петра","gloss":"Ilyich's"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приходилась","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"улицы","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies углу","gloss":"of the street"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b8-c5-s166","source":"Это был самый главный бакалейный магазин в нашем городе, богатых торговцев, и сам по себе весьма недурной.","translation":"It was the chief grocery in our town, owned by wealthy merchants, and in itself a thoroughly respectable establishment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это был самый главный бакалейный магазин","title":"Superlative «самый главный»","body":"«самый главный» forms the superlative periphrastically with «самый» ('the very chief/principal'), which declines along with the adjective. «Это был … магазин» is a past-tense identifying clause where «был» agrees with masculine «магазин»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"богатых торговцев","title":"Genitive of origin/ownership","body":"«богатых торговцев» (genitive plural) loosely marks ownership — '[the shop] of wealthy merchants'. The genitive is Russian's all-purpose 'of'-case; «торговец» (merchant) names the prosperous shopkeeping class."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to магазин","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies главный","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"главный","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies магазин","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"бакалейный","lemma":"бакалейный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies магазин","gloss":"grocery"},{"surface":"магазин","lemma":"магазин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun with был","gloss":"shop"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городе","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies магазин","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"богатых","lemma":"богатый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies торговцев","gloss":"wealthy"},{"surface":"торговцев","lemma":"торговец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies магазин (possession)","gloss":"merchants'"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom 'сам по себе' (in itself)","gloss":"in itself"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom 'сам по себе'","gloss":"in itself"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"part of idiom 'сам по себе'","gloss":"in itself"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недурной","gloss":"thoroughly"},{"surface":"недурной","lemma":"недурной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, coordinated with магазин","gloss":"respectable"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b8-c5-s167","source":"Было всё, что и в любом магазине в столице, всякая бакалея: вина «разлива братьев Елисеевых», фрукты, сигары, чай, сахар, кофе и проч.","translation":"It had everything you would find in any shop in the capital, every sort of grocery: wines \"bottled by the Yeliseyev Brothers,\" fruit, cigars, tea, sugar, coffee, and the rest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и проч.","title":"«и проч.» — 'and so forth'","body":"«и проч.» abbreviates «и прочее» ('and the rest, et cetera'), a common bookish list-closer. The narrator uses it to wave off the remaining inventory."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Было","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying всё","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies магазине","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking магазине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"любом","lemma":"любой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of магазине","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"магазине","lemma":"магазин","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of relative clause modifying всё","gloss":"shop"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"столице","lemma":"столица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies магазине","gloss":"the capital"},{"surface":"всякая","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бакалея","gloss":"every kind of"},{"surface":"бакалея","lemma":"бакалея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to всё","gloss":"grocery"},{"surface":"вина","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"in apposition to бакалея, first item in list","gloss":"wines"},{"surface":"разлива","lemma":"разлив","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вина","gloss":"bottled by"},{"surface":"братьев","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies разлива","gloss":"the Brothers"},{"surface":"Елисеевых","lemma":"елисеевых","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies братьев","gloss":"Yeliseyev"},{"surface":"фрукты","lemma":"фрукт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with вина","gloss":"fruit"},{"surface":"сигары","lemma":"сигара","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with вина","gloss":"cigars"},{"surface":"чай","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вина","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"сахар","lemma":"сахар","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вина","gloss":"sugar"},{"surface":"кофе","lemma":"кофе","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вина","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun (abbreviation), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with вина","gloss":"the rest"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b8-c5-s168","source":"Всегда сидели три приказчика и бегали два рассыльных мальчика.","translation":"There were always three clerks behind the counter and two errand-boys running about.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всегда сидели три приказчика","title":"«три» + genitive singular «приказчика»","body":"After «три» the counted noun takes the genitive singular: «три приказчика» (three clerks). «Всегда сидели… бегали» are imperfective pasts of habit — the recurring scene of the busy shop."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приказчик","title":"«приказчик» — shop clerk / steward","body":"A «приказчик» was a hired shop assistant or estate steward — the salesman behind the counter here. «рассыльные мальчики» are the errand-boys who carry deliveries; both are period fixtures of merchant trade."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидели","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"сидели","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on приказчика","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"приказчика","lemma":"приказчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидели","gloss":"clerks"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бегали","lemma":"бегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидели","gloss":"ran about"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on мальчика","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"рассыльных","lemma":"рассыльный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies мальчика","gloss":"errand"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бегали","gloss":"boys"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b8-c5-s169","source":"Хотя край наш и обеднел, помещики разъехались, торговля затихла, а бакалея процветала по-прежнему и даже всё лучше и лучше с каждым годом: на эти предметы не переводились покупатели.","translation":"Though our region had grown poor, the landowners had scattered, and trade had fallen quiet, the grocery business flourished as before — better, in fact, year by year: for these goods there was never any shortage of buyers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хотя край наш и обеднел … а бакалея процветала","title":"Concessive «хотя … и … а»","body":"«Хотя … и …» ('although') sets up a concession answered by «а» ('yet') — although the region grew poor, the grocery trade flourished. The pleonastic «и» after «хотя» reinforces the concessive; «а» pivots to the contrasting main clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не переводились покупатели","title":"«не переводились» — never ran short","body":"«переводиться» (here «не переводились») means 'to run out, give out, cease to exist'; with negation, 'there was never a shortage of buyers'. The «-ся» verb is intransitive/middle, and the genitive-flavored negated subject phrasing underscores the inexhaustible custom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of обеднел","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"край","lemma":"край","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обеднел","gloss":"region"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of край","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies обеднел","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"обеднел","lemma":"обеднеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"grew poor"},{"surface":"помещики","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of разъехались","gloss":"landowners"},{"surface":"разъехались","lemma":"разъехаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"parallel main clause to затихла","gloss":"scattered"},{"surface":"торговля","lemma":"торговля","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of затихла","gloss":"trade"},{"surface":"затихла","lemma":"затихнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell quiet"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"бакалея","lemma":"бакалея","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of процветала","gloss":"the grocery business"},{"surface":"процветала","lemma":"процветать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with затихла","gloss":"flourished"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb (part of по-прежнему)","role":"modifies процветала","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb (part of по-прежнему)","role":"modifies процветала","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifier modifying лучше","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies процветала","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with лучше","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking годом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каждым","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of годом","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"годом","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лучше","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предметы","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of предметы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"предметы","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of переводились","gloss":"goods"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies переводились","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"переводились","lemma":"переводиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"ran short"},{"surface":"покупатели","lemma":"покупатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of переводились","gloss":"buyers"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b8-c5-s170","source":"Митю ждали в лавке с нетерпением.","translation":"At the shop Mitya was awaited with impatience.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митю ждали в лавке с нетерпением","title":"Indefinite-personal «ждали» + animate accusative «Митю»","body":"Subjectless 3rd-plural «ждали» ('they awaited / he was awaited') is the indefinite-personal construction. «Митю» is the accusative of the animate name «Митя», borrowing the form of an «-а»-stem; the object is fronted as the topic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ждали","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"ждали","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was awaited"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавке","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"лавке","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждали","gloss":"the shop"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нетерпением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нетерпением","lemma":"нетерпение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждали","gloss":"impatience"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b8-c5-s171","source":"Слишком помнили, как он недели три-четыре назад забрал точно так же разом всякого товару и вин на несколько сот рублей чистыми деньгами (в кредит-то бы ему ничего, конечно, не поверили), помнили, что так же, как и теперь, в руках его торчала целая пачка радужных и он разбрасывал их зря, не торгуясь, не соображая и не желая соображать, на что ему столько товару, вина и проч.?","translation":"They remembered all too well how, some three or four weeks before, he had carried off in just the same way, at one stroke, goods and wines of every kind to the tune of several hundred roubles in cash (on credit, of course, they'd not have trusted him with anything); they remembered that then, just as now, a whole wad of rainbow notes had stuck out of his hands, and that he had flung them about heedlessly, without haggling, without reckoning and without any wish to reckon what he needed with so much goods and wine and the rest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в кредит-то бы ему ничего … не поверили","title":"Counterfactual «бы» + negative concord","body":"«бы … не поверили» is the conditional/counterfactual — 'they'd not have trusted him'. «ничего … не» shows negative concord (nothing + verb-«не»), «ему» is the dative of the person trusted-with, and «-то» on «кредит» emphasizes the contrasting hypothetical of credit."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"радужных","title":"«радужная» — a rainbow note","body":"«радужная» (literally 'rainbow-colored') was slang for the multicolored hundred-rouble banknote. «целая пачка радужных» — 'a whole wad of rainbow notes' — conveys an ostentatious fortune in Mitya's fist."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не торгуясь, не соображая и не желая","title":"Chain of negated imperfective gerunds","body":"«не торгуясь, не соображая, не желая» are three imperfective present gerunds, all negated — 'without haggling, without reckoning, without wishing'. Stacking negative gerunds is a vivid literary way to pile up the manner of Mitya's heedless spending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помнили","gloss":"too well"},{"surface":"помнили","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of забрал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забрал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"недели","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"part of temporal phrase, modifies забрал","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on недели","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"coordinated with три","gloss":"or four"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недели","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"забрал","lemma":"забрать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause, complement of помнили","gloss":"had carried off"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разом","gloss":"the same way"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забрал","gloss":"at one stroke"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of товару","gloss":"of every kind"},{"surface":"товару","lemma":"товар","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of забрал (partitive genitive)","gloss":"goods"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вин","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with товару","gloss":"wines"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сот","gloss":"to the tune of"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on сот","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"сот","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of забрал","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies сот","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"чистыми","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies деньгами","gloss":"in cash"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of забрал (manner)","gloss":"cash"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кредит","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"кредит","lemma":"кредит","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поверили","gloss":"credit"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic topic particle attached to кредит","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the counterfactual поверили","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поверили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of поверили","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, modifies поверили","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверили","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"have trusted"},{"surface":"помнили","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with помнили (w2)","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of торчала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies торчала","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of теперь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on так","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of торчала","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive (possessive), masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of руках","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"торчала","lemma":"торчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of помнили","gloss":"stuck out"},{"surface":"целая","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пачка","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"пачка","lemma":"пачка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of торчала","gloss":"wad"},{"surface":"радужных","lemma":"радужный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies пачка","gloss":"rainbow notes","note":"'Радужные' = rainbow-colored, slang for hundred-rouble notes of that color."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разбрасывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"разбрасывал","lemma":"разбрасывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with торчала","gloss":"flung about"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of разбрасывал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"зря","lemma":"зря","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разбрасывал","gloss":"needlessly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies торгуясь","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"торгуясь","lemma":"торговаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on разбрасывал","gloss":"haggling"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies соображая","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"соображая","lemma":"соображать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on разбрасывал, coordinated with торгуясь","gloss":"reckoning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желая","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"желая","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with соображая","gloss":"wishing"},{"surface":"соображать","lemma":"соображать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of желая","gloss":"to reckon"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition на, introduces indirect question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer in the clause","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"quantifies товару","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"товару","lemma":"товар","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantified by столько, object of the indirect question","gloss":"goods"},{"surface":"вина","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with товару","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun (abbreviation), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with товару","gloss":"the rest"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b8-c5-s172","source":"Во всем городе потом говорили, что он тогда, укатив с Грушенькой в Мокрое, «просадил в одну ночь и следующий за тем день три тысячи разом и воротился с кутежа без гроша, в чем мать родила».","translation":"All over town they said afterward that, having driven off with Grushenka to Mokroe that time, he had \"blown three thousand in a single night and the following day, all at once, and come back from the spree without a kopek, as naked as the day he was born.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"укатив с Грушенькой в Мокрое","title":"Perfective gerund of prefixed motion «укатив»","body":"«укатив» is a perfective past gerund from «укатить» — a prefixed motion verb («у-» = 'away') meaning to drive/roll off. As a gerund it sets the prior circumstance ('having driven off to Mokroe') for the main clause about his squandering."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"просадил … кутежа","title":"«просадить», «кутёж» — to blow money on a binge","body":"«просадить» is slang for squandering/blowing money; «кутёж» is a wild drinking-spree. «без гроша» (without a kopek) and «в чём мать родила» (lit. 'as one's mother bore one', i.e. stark naked / penniless) are stock idioms capping the tale of his ruin."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городе","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of просадил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of просадил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просадил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"укатив","lemma":"укатить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on просадил","gloss":"having driven off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушенькой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Грушенькой","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of укатив","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокрое","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мокрое","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of укатив","gloss":"Mokroe"},{"surface":"просадил","lemma":"просадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорили","gloss":"blew"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies ночь","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просадил","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"следующий","lemma":"следующий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"the following"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просадил","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of просадил","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просадил","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with просадил","gloss":"came back"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кутежа","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кутежа","lemma":"кутёж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротился","gloss":"the spree"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гроша","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"гроша","lemma":"грош","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротился","gloss":"a kopek"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of родила","gloss":"what","note":"idiom «в чём мать родила» = \"naked as the day he was born\", literally \"in what his mother bore him\"."},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of родила","gloss":"his mother"},{"surface":"родила","lemma":"родить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to просадил","gloss":"bore him"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b8-c5-s173","source":"Поднял тогда цыган целый табор (в то время у нас закочевавший), которые в два дня вытащили-де у него у пьяного без счету денег и выпили без счету дорогого вина.","translation":"He had roused a whole Gypsy camp then (one that was encamped in our parts at the time), and they, so the story went, in two days had dragged untold sums of money out of him while he was drunk and drunk up untold quantities of his expensive wine.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вытащили-де у него","title":"The reportative particle «-де»","body":"«-де» is an old enclitic marking reported, second-hand speech — 'so it was said', 'allegedly'. It signals the narrator is relaying town rumor about the Gypsies, not vouching for it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"без счету","title":"«без счёту» — without count","body":"«без счёту» (the preposition «без» + genitive) is an idiom for 'untold amounts, beyond counting', repeated for emphasis — they dragged out untold money and drank untold wine. «без» always governs the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"roused"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Поднял","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"цыган","lemma":"цыган","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies табор","gloss":"of Gypsies"},{"surface":"целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies табор","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"табор","lemma":"табор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Поднял","gloss":"camp"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of закочевавший","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of закочевавший","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"закочевавший","lemma":"закочевать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies табор","gloss":"encamped"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вытащили","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытащили","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"вытащили","lemma":"вытащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on табор","gloss":"dragged out"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle","role":"reportative particle modifying вытащили","gloss":"so they say","note":"«де» is an old reportative particle (\"it's said, allegedly\"), not the noun the tagger guessed."},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытащили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пьяного","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"пьяного","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытащили","gloss":"the drunk man","note":"used substantively, in apposition to него: \"from him, drunk as he was.\""},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счету","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"счету","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытащили","gloss":"count","note":"«без счёту» is an adverbial idiom quantifying денег (\"countless money\"); it doesn't syntactically attach to пьяного, and should pattern like the parallel «без счету» later in the same segment which correctly attaches to the verb (выпили)."},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of вытащили","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выпили","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with вытащили","gloss":"drank up"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счету","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"счету","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выпили","gloss":"count"},{"surface":"дорогого","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вина","gloss":"expensive"},{"surface":"вина","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выпили","gloss":"wine"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b8-c5-s174","source":"Рассказывали, смеясь над Митей, что в Мокром он запоил шампанским сиволапых мужиков, деревенских девок и баб закормил конфетами и страсбургскими пирогами.","translation":"People told, laughing at Mitya, how out at Mokroe he had plied boorish peasants with champagne, and stuffed the village girls and women with sweets and Strasbourg pies.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рассказывали, смеясь над Митей","title":"Indefinite-personal verb + imperfective gerund","body":"«Рассказывали» is again the subjectless 'they told / it was told'; «смеясь над Митей» is an imperfective present gerund ('laughing at Mitya') giving the attendant manner. «над» + instrumental «Митей» is the construction for laughing AT someone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сиволапых мужиков","title":"«сиволапый мужик» — a boorish peasant","body":"«сиволапый» is a contemptuous epithet — 'clumsy, boorish, uncouth' (literally 'grey-pawed'). «запоил шампанским» (plied with champagne) and «закормил конфетами» (stuffed with sweets) use the «за-» prefix for 'to the point of excess'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"девок и баб","title":"«девки» and «бабы»","body":"«девки» (village/peasant girls) and «бабы» (peasant women, married women) are plain, folk-register words for countrywomen — neutral or slightly coarse in this peasant context. «страсбургскими пирогами» refers to luxury Strasbourg (foie-gras) pies, an absurd extravagance for a village feast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рассказывали","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"people told"},{"surface":"смеясь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Рассказывали","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Митей","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Митей","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеясь","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of запоил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокром","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Мокром","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of запоил","gloss":"Mokroe"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of запоил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"запоил","lemma":"запоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of смеясь","gloss":"had plied"},{"surface":"шампанским","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of запоил","gloss":"champagne"},{"surface":"сиволапых","lemma":"сиволапый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies мужиков","gloss":"boorish"},{"surface":"мужиков","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of запоил","gloss":"peasants"},{"surface":"деревенских","lemma":"деревенский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies девок","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"девок","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of закормил","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"баб","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with девок","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"закормил","lemma":"закормить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with запоил","gloss":"stuffed"},{"surface":"конфетами","lemma":"конфета","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of закормил","gloss":"sweets"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страсбургскими","lemma":"страсбургский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies пирогами","gloss":"Strasbourg"},{"surface":"пирогами","lemma":"пирог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with конфетами","gloss":"pies"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b8-c5-s175","source":"Смеялись тоже у нас, в трактире особенно, над собственным откровенным и публичным тогдашним признанием Мити (не в глаза ему, конечно, смеялись, в глаза ему смеяться было несколько опасно), что от Грушеньки он за всю ту «эскападу» только и получил, что «позволила ему свою ножку поцеловать, а более ничего не позволила».","translation":"They laughed too among us, in the tavern especially, at Mitya's own frank, public confession at the time (not to his face, of course — to laugh in his face was rather dangerous) that out of that whole \"escapade\" all he had gotten from Grushenka was that \"she let him kiss her little foot, and nothing more than that would she allow.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в глаза ему смеяться было несколько опасно","title":"Impersonal predicate «было … опасно» + dative","body":"«смеяться … было опасно» is an impersonal construction — an infinitive subject with the neuter predicate «опасно» ('it was dangerous to laugh'). «в глаза ему» ('to his face') sets up the idiom; the dative «ему» marks the one laughed at."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ножку","title":"Diminutive «ножка»","body":"«ножку» is the diminutive of «нога» (foot/leg) — 'her little foot'. The endearing diminutive lends a tender, almost reverent note to Mitya's confession that Grushenka 'let him kiss her little foot'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"более ничего не позволила","title":"Negative concord with «более ничего … не»","body":"«более ничего … не позволила» — 'allowed nothing more' — again shows negative concord (the negative pronoun «ничего» co-occurring with verbal «не»). «эскападу» (escapade) is a Gallicism flagged in quotation marks as Mitya's own dandyish word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смеялись","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they laughed"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Смеялись","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of Смеялись","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"трактире","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Смеялись","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трактире","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking признанием","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"собственным","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies признанием","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"откровенным","lemma":"откровенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies признанием","gloss":"frank"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"публичным","lemma":"публичный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with откровенным","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"тогдашним","lemma":"тогдашний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies признанием","gloss":"of that time"},{"surface":"признанием","lemma":"признание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Смеялись","gloss":"confession"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies признанием","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смеялись","gloss":"his face","note":"idiom «в глаза» = \"to (someone's) face.\""},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of смеялись","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies смеялись","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"смеялись","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Смеялись","gloss":"they laughed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смеяться","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of смеяться","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"смеяться","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject of опасно","gloss":"to laugh"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to опасно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опасно","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"опасно","lemma":"опасный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"dangerous"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of получил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получил","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of получил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эскападу","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of эскападу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of эскападу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"эскападу","lemma":"эскапада","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получил","gloss":"escapade"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies получил","gloss":"only","note":"«только и получил» is emphatic: \"all he got was...\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies получил","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"получил","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Смеялись","gloss":"got"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позволила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"позволила","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of получил","gloss":"she let"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of позволила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ножку","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ножку","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловать","gloss":"little foot"},{"surface":"поцеловать","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позволила","gloss":"to kiss"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of позволила","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"позволила","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with позволила","gloss":"she allowed"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b8-c5-s176","source":"Когда Митя с Петром Ильичом подошли к лавке, то у входа нашли уже готовую тройку, в телеге, покрытой ковром, с колокольчиками и бубенчиками и с ямщиком Андреем, ожидавшим Митю.","translation":"When Mitya and Pyotr Ilyich came up to the shop, they found a troika already harnessed and waiting at the entrance — a cart spread with a rug, hung with little bells and jingle-bells, and Andrei the driver waiting for Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с ямщиком Андреем, ожидавшим Митю","title":"Past active participle «ожидавшим»","body":"«ожидавшим» is a past active participle ('who was waiting'), in the instrumental to agree with «ямщиком Андреем» after «с». It condenses a «который»-clause ('the driver Andrei, who was waiting for Mitya') into a single modifier — a hallmark of literary description."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подошли","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подошли","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Петром","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Митя","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильичом","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петром","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"подошли","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on нашли","gloss":"came up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"лавке","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошли","gloss":"the shop"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle marking the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking входа","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"входа","lemma":"вход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нашли","gloss":"the entrance"},{"surface":"нашли","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they found"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies готовую","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"готовую","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тройку","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"тройку","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of нашли","gloss":"a troika"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking телеге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"телеге","lemma":"телега","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нашли","gloss":"a cart"},{"surface":"покрытой","lemma":"покрыть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"modifies телеге","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"ковром","lemma":"ковёр","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of покрытой","gloss":"a rug"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колокольчиками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"колокольчиками","lemma":"колокольчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with телеге","gloss":"little bells"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бубенчиками","lemma":"бубенчик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with телеге","gloss":"jingle-bells"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ямщиком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ямщиком","lemma":"ямщик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with телеге","gloss":"the driver"},{"surface":"Андреем","lemma":"Андрей","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ямщиком","gloss":"Andrei"},{"surface":"ожидавшим","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies ямщиком","gloss":"waiting for"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ожидавшим","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b8-c5-s177","source":"В лавке почти совсем успели «сладить» один ящик с товаром и ждали только появления Мити, чтобы заколотить и уложить его на телегу.","translation":"At the shop they had very nearly finished \"packing up\" one case of goods, and were only waiting for Mitya to appear so as to nail it shut and load it onto the cart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"успели «сладить» один ящик … чтобы заколотить и уложить","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + infinitives","body":"«чтобы заколотить и уложить» — 'so as to nail shut and load' — is a purpose clause with infinitives (the subject being the same shop-hands). Both are perfective infinitives, naming the single completed acts they were waiting to perform."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«сладить»","title":"«сладить» — to get done, pack up","body":"«сладить» (here in quotation marks as shop jargon) means to manage, fix up, or get a job done — informally, to finish packing the case. The scare-quotes flag the colloquial trade-usage."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавке","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"лавке","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of успели","gloss":"the shop"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успели","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"успели","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had managed"},{"surface":"сладить","lemma":"сладить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успели","gloss":"finish packing"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies ящик","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ящик","lemma":"ящик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сладить","gloss":"crate"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking товаром","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"товаром","lemma":"товар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ящик","gloss":"goods"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ждали","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with успели","gloss":"were waiting"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies появления","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"появления","lemma":"появление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ждали","gloss":"the appearance"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies появления","gloss":"of Mitya"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заколотить","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"заколотить","lemma":"заколотить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ждали","gloss":"nail it shut"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уложить","lemma":"уложить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with заколотить","gloss":"load it"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уложить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking телегу","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"телегу","lemma":"телега","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уложить","gloss":"the cart"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b8-c5-s178","source":"Петр Ильич удивился.","translation":"Pyotr Ilyich was astonished.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удивился","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"удивился","lemma":"удивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was astonished"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b8-c5-s179","source":"— Да откуда поспела у тебя тройка? — спросил он Митю.","translation":"\"Where did you get a troika so quickly?\" he asked Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да откуда поспела у тебя тройка?","title":"Opening «да» and perfective «поспела»","body":"Sentence-initial «да» here is an expressive opener ('But where…?'), not 'yes'. «поспела» is the perfective past of «поспеть» (to be ready/turn up in time) — 'how did a troika turn up so fast?'; «у тебя» (at yours) marks possession/availability."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle opening the question","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поспела","gloss":"where...from"},{"surface":"поспела","lemma":"поспеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came so quickly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of поспела","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тройка","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поспела","gloss":"a troika"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спросил","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b8-c5-s180","source":"— К тебе бежал, вот его, Андрея, встретил и велел ему прямо сюда к лавке и подъезжать. Времени терять нечего! В прошлый раз с Тимофеем ездил, да Тимофей теперь тю-тю-тю, вперед меня с волшебницей одной укатил. Андрей, опоздаем очень?","translation":"\"I was running to your place when I met this fellow, Andrei, and told him to drive straight here to the shop. No time to lose! Last time I went with Timofei, but Timofei's flown off now — gone on ahead of me with some enchantress. Andrei, will we be very late?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"К тебе бежал … Андрея, встретил","title":"Imperfective «бежал» (background) vs perfective «встретил» (event)","body":"«бежал» (imperfective, unidirectional motion verb) sets the ongoing background — 'I was running to your place' — against which the perfective «встретил» ('met') marks the punctual event. This is the classic aspect contrast that drives Russian narrative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Времени терять нечего!","title":"«нечего» + infinitive with genitive object","body":"«нечего терять» ('there's nothing to lose') is a negative-impersonal construction; the doer, if named, would be dative. The object «времени» stands in the genitive — the genitive of negation under «нечего» — giving 'no time to lose'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тю-тю-тю","title":"«тю-тю» — gone, vanished","body":"«тю-тю» is a childish/colloquial interjection meaning 'all gone', 'vanished into thin air' — here tripled for comic effect about Timofei having flown off. «волшебница» ('enchantress, sorceress') is Mitya's playful word for the woman Timofei carried away."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of бежал","gloss":"your place"},{"surface":"бежал","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I was running"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies его","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бежал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Андрея","lemma":"Андрей","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to его","gloss":"Andrei"},{"surface":"встретил","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бежал","gloss":"I met"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бежал","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of велел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сюда","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies велел","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"лавке","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of велел","gloss":"the shop"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подъезжать","lemma":"подъезжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with велел","gloss":"to drive up"},{"surface":"Времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of терять (genitive, governed by the negative нечего)","gloss":"time","note":"нечего is an invariant impersonal predicative with no nominative subject; времени is the genitive-of-negation object of the infinitive терять, not a \"subject\" of нечего."},{"surface":"терять","lemma":"терять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нечего","gloss":"to lose"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicative, negative","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"there's no need"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"прошлый","lemma":"прошлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ездил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Тимофеем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Тимофеем","lemma":"Тимофей","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ездил","gloss":"Timofei"},{"surface":"ездил","lemma":"ездить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I went"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Тимофей","lemma":"Тимофей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of тю","gloss":"Timofei"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"тю","lemma":"тю","morphology":"interjection","role":"predicate describing Тимофей","gloss":"gone!","note":"«тю-тю-тю» is a colloquial tripled interjection meaning \"vanished, up and gone\" — the tagger wrongly split it into three separate noun/interjection tokens."},{"surface":"тю","lemma":"тю","morphology":"interjection","role":"predicate describing Тимофей","gloss":"gone!"},{"surface":"тю","lemma":"тю","morphology":"interjection","role":"predicate describing Тимофей","gloss":"gone!"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies укатил","gloss":"ahead"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of вперед","gloss":"of me"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волшебницей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"волшебницей","lemma":"волшебница","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of укатил","gloss":"an enchantress"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies волшебницей","gloss":"some","note":"«одной» here means \"a certain, some\" rather than the numeral \"one.\""},{"surface":"укатил","lemma":"укатить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with тю","gloss":"drove off"},{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"Андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Andrei"},{"surface":"опоздаем","lemma":"опоздать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will we be late"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опоздаем","gloss":"very"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b8-c5-s181","source":"— Часом только разве прежде нашего прибудут, да и того не будет, часом всего упредят! — поспешно отозвался Андрей. — Я Тимофея и снарядил, знаю, как поедут. Их езда не наша езда, Дмитрий Федорович, где им до нашего. Часом не потрафят раньше! — с жаром перебил Андрей, еще не старый ямщик, рыжеватый, сухощавый парень в поддевке и с армяком на левой руке.","translation":"\"They'll get there an hour ahead of us at most, and not even that — an hour at the very most they'll beat us by!\" Andrei answered hastily. \"It was I who got Timofei ready, I know how they drive. Their driving's not our driving, Dmitry Fyodorovich — they're no match for us. They won't get there an hour sooner!\" Andrei broke in heatedly — a driver not yet old, reddish-haired and lean, in a long-skirted coat with a peasant cloak slung over his left arm.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"часом","title":"«часом» — an hour's worth","body":"The instrumental «часом» (from «час», hour) here measures a difference of time — 'by an hour'. Russian uses the bare instrumental for a span by which something exceeds or falls short, and it drums through this whole haggling scene like a refrain."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"упредят","title":"«упредить» — to get ahead of","body":"«упредят» (perfective «упредить») is a colloquial, slightly old-fashioned verb for 'forestall, get there before someone'. Andrei's speech is thick with such folk-coloured forms («потрафят», «снарядил») that mark him as a peasant driver."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"где им до нашего","title":"«где им до нашего» — they're no match","body":"A colloquial idiom: literally 'where to them up to ours', i.e. 'they can't hold a candle to us'. «Где (уж) им...» is a dismissive construction meaning 'as if they could'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Их езда не наша езда","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"'Their driving is not our driving' has no verb 'to be': Russian omits the present-tense copula entirely, juxtaposing two nominatives. The negation «не» simply sits before the predicate noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Часом","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies прежде (adverbial measure)","gloss":"by an hour"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разве","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибудут","gloss":"ahead of"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of прежде","gloss":"ours"},{"surface":"прибудут","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will arrive"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"reinforces да (emphatic \"even\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прибудут","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"часом","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies упредят (adverbial measure)","gloss":"by an hour"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies часом","gloss":"at most"},{"surface":"упредят","lemma":"упредить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with прибудут","gloss":"will get ahead"},{"surface":"поспешно","lemma":"поспешно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отозвался","gloss":"hastily"},{"surface":"отозвался","lemma":"отозваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отозвался","gloss":"Andrei"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of снарядил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Тимофея","lemma":"тимофей","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of снарядил","gloss":"Timofei"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes снарядил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"снарядил","lemma":"снарядить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"got ready"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поедут","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"поедут","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"they'll drive"},{"surface":"Их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of езда","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"езда","lemma":"езда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"driving"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наша","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"наша","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of the second езда","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"езда","lemma":"езда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"driving"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in direct address (vocative)","gloss":"Dmitry"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in direct address, depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"rhetorical adverb, head of the clause","gloss":"how could"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"logical subject of где...до idiom","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нашего","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of до","gloss":"ours"},{"surface":"Часом","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies потрафят (adverbial measure)","gloss":"by an hour"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потрафят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"потрафят","lemma":"потрафить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will manage in time"},{"surface":"раньше","lemma":"рано","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies потрафят","gloss":"sooner"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жаром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"жаром","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перебил","gloss":"heatedly"},{"surface":"перебил","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перебил","gloss":"Andrei"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старый","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies старый","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"старый","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ямщик","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"ямщик","lemma":"ямщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Андрей","gloss":"driver"},{"surface":"рыжеватый","lemma":"рыжеватый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies парень","gloss":"reddish-haired"},{"surface":"сухощавый","lemma":"сухощавый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies парень","gloss":"lean"},{"surface":"парень","lemma":"парень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ямщик","gloss":"fellow"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поддевке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"поддевке","lemma":"поддёвка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies парень","gloss":"long coat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking армяком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"армяком","lemma":"армяк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with поддевке","gloss":"peasant cloak"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"левой","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руке","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"руке","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies армяком","gloss":"arm"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b8-c5-s182","source":"— Пятьдесят рублей на водку, коли только часом отстанешь.","translation":"\"Fifty roubles for vodka if you're no more than an hour behind them.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли только часом отстанешь","title":"«коли» — folksy 'if'","body":"«Коли» is an archaic, colloquial conditional conjunction equivalent to «если» ('if'). It opens a real (not hypothetical) condition, so the verb «отстанешь» is a plain perfective future, with no «бы»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пятьдесят","lemma":"пятьдесят","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"fifty"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase (elliptical exclamation)","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking водку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"водку","lemma":"водка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рублей","gloss":"vodka"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies часом","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"часом","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отстанешь (adverbial measure)","gloss":"by an hour"},{"surface":"отстанешь","lemma":"отстать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"you fall behind"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b8-c5-s183","source":"— За час времени ручаемся, Дмитрий Федорович, эх, получасом не упредят, не то что часом!","translation":"\"We'll vouch for the hour, Dmitry Fyodorovich — eh, they won't be half an hour ahead, let alone a whole one!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ручаемся","title":"«ручаемся» — reflexive -ся verb","body":"«Ручаться» ('to vouch, guarantee') exists only in the -ся form; there is no plain *«ручать». Such inherently reflexive verbs use the clitic without any reflexive meaning of their own."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"получасом не упредят, не то что часом","title":"Instrumental of measure again","body":"Both «получасом» (by half an hour) and «часом» (by an hour) are instrumentals of degree of difference. «Не то что» means 'let alone, much less', escalating the boast."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ручаемся","gloss":"the hour"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"of time"},{"surface":"ручаемся","lemma":"ручаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we vouch"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in direct address (vocative)","gloss":"Dmitry"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in direct address, depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"эх","lemma":"эх","morphology":"interjection","role":"stands alone as an exclamation","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"получасом","lemma":"получас","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies упредят (adverbial measure)","gloss":"by half an hour"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упредят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"упредят","lemma":"упредить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"will get ahead"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom не то что","gloss":"let alone"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom не то что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"часом","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies упредят, parallel to получасом","gloss":"by a whole hour"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b8-c5-s184","source":"Митя хоть и засуетился, распоряжаясь, но говорил и приказывал как-то странно, вразбивку, а не по порядку.","translation":"Mitya bustled about giving orders, but he spoke and directed somehow strangely, by fits and starts, not in any order.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"распоряжаясь","title":"«распоряжаясь» — present gerund","body":"The деепричастие «распоряжаясь» ('[while] giving orders') is the imperfective adverbial participle in -ясь, naming an action simultaneous with the main verb «засуетился» and sharing its subject (Mitya)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и засуетился, но","title":"«хоть и… но» — concessive","body":"«Хоть и… но» ('although… yet') frames a concession: he did bustle about, but his orders came out strangely. «Хоть» is the colloquial reduction of «хотя»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вразбивку","title":"«вразбивку» — by fits and starts","body":"An adverb meaning 'scattered, out of sequence, piecemeal' (from «разбивать», to break up), set against «по порядку» ('in order'). It captures Mitya's feverish, disordered state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засуетился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies засуетился (emphatic)","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"засуетился","lemma":"засуетиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"bustled about"},{"surface":"распоряжаясь","lemma":"распоряжаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on засуетился","gloss":"giving orders"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приказывал","lemma":"приказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"directed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как-то, modifies странно","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил и приказывал","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"вразбивку","lemma":"вразбивку","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with странно","gloss":"by fits and starts"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies по порядку","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порядку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"порядку","lemma":"порядок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with странно","gloss":"order"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b8-c5-s185","source":"Начинал одно и забывал окончание.","translation":"He would begin one thing and forget to finish it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Начинал… и забывал","title":"Imperfective for the habitual","body":"Both verbs are imperfective past, here with iterative force — 'he would (repeatedly) begin… and forget'. The imperfective is Russian's tool for a recurring, characteristic action, which English marks with 'would'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Начинал","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he would begin"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Начинал","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"забывал","lemma":"забывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Начинал","gloss":"would forget"},{"surface":"окончание","lemma":"окончание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of забывал","gloss":"the ending"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b8-c5-s186","source":"Петр Ильич нашел необходимым ввязаться и помочь делу.","translation":"Pyotr Ilyich found it necessary to step in and help matters along.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нашел необходимым ввязаться","title":"«нашёл необходимым» — instrumental predicate","body":"'Found it necessary': the short adjective «необходимым» stands in the instrumental as the predicate complement of «найти» ('to find [something to be]'). With verbs like «считать», «находить», «делать», the predicate goes into the instrumental."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ввязаться","title":"«ввязаться» — to get mixed up in","body":"A colloquial -ся verb meaning 'to get oneself involved, butt in' (literally 'to tie oneself into'). It carries a faint sense of involvement in something messy — apt for the chaos Pyotr Ilyich is wading into."}],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нашел","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"нашел","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"необходимым","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of нашел","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"ввязаться","lemma":"ввязаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of нашел","gloss":"to step in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помочь","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with ввязаться","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of помочь","gloss":"matters along"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b8-c5-s187","source":"— На четыреста рублей, не менее как на четыреста, чтобы точь-в-точь по-тогдашнему, — командовал Митя. — Четыре дюжины шампанского, ни одной бутылки меньше.","translation":"\"Four hundred roubles' worth, no less than four hundred, so it's exactly as it was last time,\" Mitya commanded. \"Four dozen of champagne, not one bottle fewer.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы точь-в-точь по-тогдашнему","title":"«чтобы» of purpose","body":"«Чтобы» ('so that') opens a purpose clause. Even with no overt verb here, it governs the irrealis: the whole order is bent toward the willed result — 'so that it be exactly as before'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"точь-в-точь","title":"«точь-в-точь» — exactly so","body":"An emphatic reduplicated adverb meaning 'precisely, to a hair, identically'. «По-тогдашнему» ('as it was then/last time') is built with the adverbial prefix по- on «тогдашний» ('of that time')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни одной бутылки меньше","title":"«ни одной» — intensified negation","body":"'Not a single bottle fewer': «ни одной» uses the intensifier «ни» with the genitive «бутылки» under negation. «Ни» reinforces an implied negative ('not even one')."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рублей","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"четыреста","lemma":"четыреста","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"four hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"roubles' worth"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies менее","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies на четыреста (comparison)","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison (не менее как)","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking четыреста","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"четыреста","lemma":"четыреста","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"complement of не менее как","gloss":"four hundred"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom точь-в-точь, modifies по-тогдашнему","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тогдашнему","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"тогдашнему","lemma":"тогдашний","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular, used adverbially","role":"complement of the чтобы clause","gloss":"it was last time"},{"surface":"командовал","lemma":"командовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"commanded"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of командовал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on дюжины","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"дюжины","lemma":"дюжина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (elliptical exclamation)","gloss":"dozen"},{"surface":"шампанского","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дюжины","gloss":"of champagne"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies бутылки","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"бутылки","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the second phrase","gloss":"bottle"},{"surface":"меньше","lemma":"меньше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies бутылки","gloss":"fewer"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b8-c5-s188","source":"— Зачем тебе столько, к чему это? Стой! — завопил Петр Ильич. — Это что за ящик? С чем? Неужели тут на четыреста рублей?","translation":"\"What do you want so much for — what's the point? Stop!\" Pyotr Ilyich shouted. \"What's that case? What's in it? Surely there isn't four hundred roubles' worth in there?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зачем тебе столько","title":"Dative of the person concerned","body":"'Why do you want so much' has no verb: «тебе» is a dative ('to/for you') in an impersonal frame, with «столько» ('so much') as the quantity. This subjectless, dative-experiencer phrasing is utterly idiomatic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Неужели тут на четыреста рублей?","title":"«неужели» — incredulous question","body":"«Неужели» is a modal particle of astonished disbelief: 'surely not…?', 'you don't mean…?'. It expects a 'no' and colours Pyotr Ilyich's whole protest."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what for"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Зачем","gloss":"do you"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"pronoun, quantifier","role":"complement of Зачем тебе (need)","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Зачем (parallel question)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (это к чему)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Стой","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"Stop"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"what's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom что за, modifies ящик","gloss":"what sort of"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom что за","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ящик","lemma":"ящик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what's in it"},{"surface":"Неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the whole clause (rhetorical)","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies на четыреста рублей","gloss":"in there"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рублей","gloss":"worth of"},{"surface":"четыреста","lemma":"четыреста","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"four hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"roubles"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b8-c5-s189","source":"Ему тотчас же объяснили суетившиеся приказчики со слащавою речью, что в этом первом ящике всего лишь полдюжины шампанского и «всякие необходимые на первый случай предметы» из закусок, конфет, монпансье и проч.","translation":"The bustling clerks at once explained to him, in honeyed tones, that this first case held only half a dozen of champagne and \"all sorts of things needed for the first moment\" — hors d'oeuvres, sweets, fruit drops, and the rest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"суетившиеся приказчики","title":"«суетившиеся» — past active participle","body":"«Суетившиеся» ('[who were] bustling about') is the imperfective past active participle of «суетиться», agreeing with «приказчики» in nominative plural. It compresses a который-clause into a single bookish modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему тотчас же объяснили","title":"Dative object of «объяснить»","body":"«Объяснить» ('explain') takes the thing explained in the accusative and the person in the dative — here «ему» ('to him'). The subjectless plural verb «объяснили» reads as an impersonal 'they explained'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приказчики","title":"«приказчик» — shop clerk","body":"A «приказчик» was a salesman or steward in a merchant's shop or estate — the obsequious clerks here, with their «слащавая речь» ('honeyed, sugary speech'). The word vanished with the merchant class it served."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"монпансье","title":"«монпансье» — fruit drops","body":"Hard fruit-flavoured boiled sweets, a French borrowing (after the Montpensier line) for a fashionable confection. With «конфеты» and «закуски» it stocks Mitya's extravagant provisioning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of объяснили","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объяснили","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"объяснили","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"суетившиеся","lemma":"суетиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies приказчики","gloss":"bustling"},{"surface":"приказчики","lemma":"приказчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of объяснили","gloss":"clerks"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слащавою","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"слащавою","lemma":"слащавый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of речью","gloss":"honeyed"},{"surface":"речью","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of объяснили","gloss":"tones"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subordinate clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ящике","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ящике","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"первом","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ящике","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ящике","lemma":"ящик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"locative modifier of the subordinate clause","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лишь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полдюжины","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"полдюжины","lemma":"полдюжины","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the implied verb, within the что-clause","gloss":"half a dozen"},{"surface":"шампанского","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies полдюжины","gloss":"of champagne"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всякие","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of предметы","gloss":"all sorts of"},{"surface":"необходимые","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies предметы","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случай","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случай","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of необходимые","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"предметы","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with полдюжины (second subject)","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking закусок","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"закусок","lemma":"закуска","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies предметы","gloss":"hors d'oeuvres"},{"surface":"конфет","lemma":"конфета","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with закусок","gloss":"sweets"},{"surface":"монпансье","lemma":"монпансье","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural, indeclinable","role":"coordinated with закусок","gloss":"fruit drops"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun (abbreviation), genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with закусок","gloss":"the rest"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b8-c5-s190","source":"Но что главное «потребление» уложится и отправится сей же час особо, как и в тогдашний раз, в особой телеге и тоже тройкой и потрафит к сроку, «разве всего только часом позже Дмитрия Федоровича к месту прибудет».","translation":"But the main \"consignment,\" they said, would be packed and dispatched separately that same hour, just as it had been the last time — in a cart of its own, drawn by a troika too — and would arrive on time, \"reaching the place perhaps a bare hour later than Dmitry Fyodorovich himself.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уложится и отправится","title":"Reflexive -ся as middle voice","body":"«Уложится» ('will be packed') and «отправится» ('will be dispatched') are perfective futures with -ся giving a middle/passive sense — the goods 'get packed and sent off' without a named agent."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сей же час","title":"«сей же час» — this very hour","body":"An archaic, emphatic idiom for 'at once, immediately', built on the bookish demonstrative «сей» ('this') plus the insistent particle «же». It belongs to the elevated 19th-century register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"потребление","title":"«потребление» in scare-quotes","body":"Literally 'consumption', but here a clerk's mealy euphemism (note Dostoevsky's quotation marks) for the bulk order of drink and food — 'the consignment'. «Тройка» beside it is the famous three-horse team."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потрафит к сроку","title":"«потрафить» + «к сроку»","body":"«Потрафить» is folksy for 'manage, hit the mark, arrive in good time'; «к сроку» ('by the deadline') uses «к» + dative for a time limit. The clerks adopt the drivers' rustic idiom to reassure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уложится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies потребление","gloss":"main"},{"surface":"потребление","lemma":"потребление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of уложится","gloss":"consignment"},{"surface":"уложится","lemma":"уложиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"would be packed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отправится","lemma":"отправиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уложится","gloss":"would be dispatched"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of час","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сей","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправится","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"особо","lemma":"особо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отправится","gloss":"separately"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как и, modifies раз","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тогдашний","lemma":"тогдашний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"that time's"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of особо","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking телеге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"особой","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies телеге","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"телеге","lemma":"телега","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отправится (locative complement)","gloss":"cart"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тройкой","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"тройкой","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with телеге, modifies отправится","gloss":"drawn by a troika"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потрафит","lemma":"потрафить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уложится/отправится","gloss":"would arrive"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сроку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сроку","lemma":"срок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies потрафит","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"at most"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies часом","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"часом","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies позже (adverbial measure)","gloss":"by an hour"},{"surface":"позже","lemma":"поздно","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies прибудет","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of comparison (than Dmitry)","gloss":"than Dmitry"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"месту","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибудет","gloss":"the place"},{"surface":"прибудет","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отправится/потрафит","gloss":"would arrive"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b8-c5-s191","source":"— Не более часу, чтоб не более часу, и как можно больше монпансье и тягушек положите; это там девки любят, — с жаром настаивал Митя.","translation":"\"No more than an hour — mind it's no more than an hour — and put in as many fruit drops and toffees as you can; the girls down there love them,\" Mitya insisted heatedly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как можно больше монпансье… положите","title":"«как можно больше» + imperative","body":"«Как можно больше» ('as much as possible') is the fixed pattern «как можно» + comparative. «Положите» is the polite/plural imperative of «положить» ('put'), addressed to the clerks."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тягушек","title":"«тягушки» — chewy toffees","body":"A colloquial, almost childish word for soft pull-taffy or chews (from «тянуть», to pull/stretch). The genitive plural «тягушек» follows «больше». Mitya wants sweets for the village «девки» (girls)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"девки","title":"«девки» — country girls","body":"«Девки» (sing. «девка») here means peasant girls/wenches — colloquial and a touch coarse beside the neutral «девушки». It places the merry-making firmly among the village folk at Mokroye."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часу","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"часу","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of comparison более","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the emphatic clause","gloss":"mind it's"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часу","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"часу","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"repeats the time limit, within чтоб clause","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как можно, modifies больше","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"как можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как можно","gloss":"as possible"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies положите (quantifier)","gloss":"as many"},{"surface":"монпансье","lemma":"монпансье","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of положите","gloss":"fruit drops"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тягушек","lemma":"тягушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with монпансье","gloss":"toffees"},{"surface":"положите","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put in"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of любят (fronted)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любят","gloss":"down there"},{"surface":"девки","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of любят","gloss":"the girls"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жаром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"жаром","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of настаивал","gloss":"heatedly"},{"surface":"настаивал","lemma":"настаивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"insisted"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of настаивал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b8-c5-s192","source":"— Тягушек — пусть. Да четыре-то дюжины к чему тебе? Одной довольно, — почти осердился уже Петр Ильич.","translation":"\"Toffees — all right. But what do you want with four dozen? One's plenty,\" said Pyotr Ilyich, by now nearly cross.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да четыре-то дюжины к чему тебе?","title":"«-то» topic-marking clitic","body":"The clitic «-то» on «четыре-то» singles out 'four dozen' as the contested topic — 'but four dozen, what do you want that for?'. The dative «тебе» again frames need impersonally."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Одной довольно","title":"«довольно» + genitive","body":"'One is enough': the predicative «довольно» ('sufficient') governs the genitive «одной» (one [dozen]). Quantity-and-sufficiency words regularly take the genitive of the thing measured."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осердился","title":"«осердиться» — to grow cross","body":"An archaic/folk variant of «рассердиться» ('to get angry'), built on the older «сердиться». «Почти осердился уже» — 'by now nearly got cross' — keeps Pyotr Ilyich's rising irritation in period colour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тягушек","lemma":"тягушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"head of elliptical phrase (as for the toffees)","gloss":"toffees"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Тягушек","gloss":"all right"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дюжины","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on дюжины","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes четыре","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"дюжины","lemma":"дюжина","morphology":"noun, genitive, singular","role":"topic of the question, complement of чему","gloss":"dozen"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тебе (rhetorical: what for)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer, indirect object of the clause","gloss":"do you need"},{"surface":"Одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of довольно","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"is plenty"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осердился","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"осердился","lemma":"осердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew cross"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осердился","gloss":"by now"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осердился","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b8-c5-s193","source":"Он стал торговаться, он потребовал счет, он не хотел успокоиться.","translation":"He began to haggle, he demanded an itemized bill, he would not be pacified.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он стал торговаться, он потребовал… он не хотел","title":"Anaphoric «он» triplet","body":"Dostoevsky drives the sentence with three insistent clauses each opened by «он» — normally a dropped pronoun. The deliberate repetition (not idiomatic but rhetorical) hammers Pyotr Ilyich's stubborn campaign."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал торговаться… не хотел успокоиться","title":"Aspect across the verbs","body":"«Стал» (perfective) marks the inceptive 'began to', taking the imperfective infinitive «торговаться»; «не хотел успокоиться» pairs imperfective 'wanted' with perfective 'calm down (once and for all)'. The aspect contrast is precise."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"торговаться","lemma":"торговаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to haggle"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of потребовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"потребовал","lemma":"потребовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"demanded"},{"surface":"счет","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of потребовал","gloss":"an itemized bill"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"успокоиться","lemma":"успокоиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"be pacified"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b8-c5-s194","source":"Спас, однако, всего одну сотню рублей.","translation":"He saved, however, only one hundred roubles in all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Спас, однако, всего одну сотню","title":"Subject-drop and fronted verb","body":"The pronoun 'he' is omitted — the past «спас» ('saved') agrees in gender/number alone — and is fronted for emphasis, with «однако» ('however') wedged in. «Сотня» is a colloquial noun for 'a hundred (roubles)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спас","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he saved"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Спас (parenthetical)","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одну","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies сотню","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"сотню","lemma":"сотня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Спас (head of the object phrase)","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies сотню","gloss":"roubles"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b8-c5-s195","source":"Остановились на том, чтобы всего товару доставлено было не более как на триста рублей.","translation":"They settled on having no more than three hundred roubles' worth of goods delivered altogether.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Остановились на том, чтобы… доставлено было","title":"«остановиться на том, чтобы» + passive","body":"'They settled on having…': the correlative «на том, чтобы» introduces a purpose/result clause, inside which «доставлено было» is a short passive participle + «было» — 'should be delivered'. The agent is unnamed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всего товару","title":"Partitive genitive in -у","body":"«Товару» is the old partitive genitive in -у (rather than -а), used for 'some of the goods, an amount of merchandise'. This second-genitive survives in mass nouns (чашка чаю, много народу) and lends a colloquial-archaic note."}],"words":[{"surface":"Остановились","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they settled"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Остановились","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of доставлено","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies товару (in all)","gloss":"in all"},{"surface":"товару","lemma":"товар","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (partitive)","role":"quantified subject of доставлено","gloss":"goods"},{"surface":"доставлено","lemma":"доставить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the чтобы clause","gloss":"delivered"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of доставлено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with как (not more than)","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction (comparative correlate)","role":"correlates with более (than)","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рублей","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"триста","lemma":"триста","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"three hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"roubles"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b8-c5-s196","source":"— А, черт вас подери! — вскричал Петр Ильич, как бы вдруг одумавшись, — да мне-то тут что? Бросай свои деньги, коли даром нажил!","translation":"\"Ah, the devil take you all!\" cried Pyotr Ilyich, as if suddenly coming to his senses. \"What's it to me, anyway? Throw your money away, if you came by it for nothing!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы вдруг одумавшись","title":"«одумавшись» — past gerund","body":"The perfective past gerund in -вшись, «одумавшись» ('having thought better of it / come to his senses'), names a completed action just prior to the main verb. «Как бы» ('as if') softens it to a semblance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да мне-то тут что?","title":"«мне-то» — dative + emphatic «-то»","body":"'But what's it to me, anyway?' — the dative «мне» plus topic-clitic «-то» throws the focus onto the speaker: 'I, for my part'. The verbless impersonal question is pure spoken Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли даром нажил","title":"«коли» + «даром нажил»","body":"Again folksy «коли» ('if'). «Даром» means 'for free, for nothing'; «нажил» (perfective «нажить») is 'to come by, acquire'. The taunt: throw money away if you got it for nothing."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подери","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of подери","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подери","lemma":"подрать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the exclamation (idiom: devil take you)","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle (part of как бы)","role":"part of как бы (as if)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как бы (as if)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одумавшись","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"одумавшись","lemma":"одуматься","morphology":"verb, gerund, past, perfective, reflexive","role":"adverbial gerund modifying вскричал","gloss":"coming to his senses"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause (but)","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of что","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic -то)","role":"emphatic particle attached to мне","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Бросай","lemma":"бросать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"throw away"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Бросай","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause of нажил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"даром","lemma":"даром","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нажил","gloss":"for nothing"},{"surface":"нажил","lemma":"нажить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"you came by it"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b8-c5-s197","source":"— Сюда, эконом, сюда, не сердись, — потащил его Митя в заднюю комнату лавки. — Вот здесь нам бутылку сейчас подадут, мы и хлебнем. Эх, Петр Ильич, поедем вместе, потому что ты человек милый, таких люблю.","translation":"\"This way, my thrifty friend, this way, don't be angry,\" Mitya said, dragging him into the back room of the shop. \"Here they'll bring us a bottle in a moment, and we'll have a swig. Eh, Pyotr Ilyich, come with me — because you're a dear fellow, and I love that sort.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"эконом","title":"«эконом» — 'thrifty one'","body":"Mitya playfully dubs the penny-pinching Pyotr Ilyich «эконом», a steward or household manager — by extension a stickler for economy. The mock-title teases his haggling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не сердись","title":"«не сердись» — negated imperative","body":"The imperfective imperative «сердись» under «не» ('don't be angry') is the normal way to tell someone to stop or refrain — Russian uses the imperfective for negative commands and prohibitions."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хлебнем","title":"«хлебнуть» — to take a swig","body":"«Хлебнём» (perfective «хлебнуть») is colloquial for 'have a gulp/swig'. The -ну- suffix gives a single, momentary action — one quick drink, fitting Mitya's restless cheer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional adverb, address","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"эконом","lemma":"эконом","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"thrifty one"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional adverb repeated","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердись","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"сердись","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"imperative verb, don't be angry","gloss":"be angry"},{"surface":"потащил","lemma":"потащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dragged"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of потащил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of потащил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"заднюю","lemma":"задний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнату","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of потащил","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"лавки","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнату","gloss":"of the shop"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подадут","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of подадут","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"бутылку","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подадут","gloss":"a bottle"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подадут","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"подадут","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will bring"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хлебнем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хлебнем","lemma":"хлебнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with подадут","gloss":"we'll take a swig"},{"surface":"Эх","lemma":"эх","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"поедем","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let's go"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поедем","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb (part of потому что)","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part of потому что)","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of ты","gloss":"a person"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"such people"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"I love"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b8-c5-s198","source":"Митя уселся на плетеный стульчик пред крошечным столиком, накрытым грязнейшею салфеткой.","translation":"Mitya settled himself on a wicker stool before a tiny table covered with a filthy cloth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на плетеный стульчик… крошечным столиком","title":"Diminutive cascade","body":"«Стульчик» (little stool), «столиком» (little table), and the superlative «грязнейшею» pile up to render the squalid shabbiness of the back room. Diminutives here convey not affection but a shrunken, mean scale."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"грязнейшею салфеткой","title":"«грязнейшею» — bookish superlative","body":"«Грязнейший» ('filthiest') is the suffixal superlative in -ейш-, more literary than «самый грязный». The ending «-ею» (instrumental feminine) is the archaic/poetic variant of «-ой» common in 19th-century prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уселся","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"уселся","lemma":"усесться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"settled himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стульчик","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"плетеный","lemma":"плетёный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стульчик","gloss":"wicker"},{"surface":"стульчик","lemma":"стульчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уселся","gloss":"stool"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столиком","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"крошечным","lemma":"крошечный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies столиком","gloss":"tiny"},{"surface":"столиком","lemma":"столик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"накрытым","lemma":"накрытый","morphology":"participle, past, passive, instrumental, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies столиком","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"грязнейшею","lemma":"грязный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies салфеткой","gloss":"filthiest"},{"surface":"салфеткой","lemma":"салфетка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of накрытым (means: table covered with the cloth)","gloss":"cloth"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b8-c5-s199","source":"Петр Ильич примостился напротив него, и мигом явилось шампанское.","translation":"Pyotr Ilyich perched opposite him, and in an instant the champagne appeared.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"примостился","title":"«примоститься» — reflexive of position","body":"«Примоститься» ('to perch, settle into a cramped spot') is a -ся verb of self-positioning, like «уселся» above. The prefix при- adds the sense of fitting oneself snugly in."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мигом","title":"«мигом» — in a flash","body":"The instrumental of «миг» ('an instant') used adverbially: 'in a trice'. Like «часом» earlier, a noun's bare instrumental does adverbial duty — here of speed rather than measure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of примостился","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"примостился","lemma":"примоститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"perched"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition напротив","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies явилось","gloss":"in an instant"},{"surface":"явилось","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with примостился","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"шампанское","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of явилось","gloss":"the champagne"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b8-c5-s200","source":"Предложили, не пожелают ли господа устриц, «первейших устриц, самого последнего получения».","translation":"They were offered oysters — wouldn't the gentlemen care for some? \"The finest oysters, from the very latest delivery.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не пожелают ли господа устриц","title":"«ли» + negated polite offer","body":"The interrogative particle «ли» turns this into an embedded yes/no question ('whether the gentlemen would care for…'), and the negative «не пожелают ли» is a courteous way of offering — 'wouldn't you care for?'. «Устриц» is genitive after the verb of wishing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"первейших устриц, самого последнего получения","title":"Salesman's superlatives","body":"«Первейших» ('the very first/finest', a colloquial intensive superlative) and «самого последнего получения» ('of the very latest delivery') mimic the clerk's puffing patter — comically grand for a filthy provincial shop."}],"words":[{"surface":"Предложили","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they offered"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пожелают","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пожелают","lemma":"пожелать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Предложили","gloss":"would wish"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пожелают","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of пожелают","gloss":"the gentlemen"},{"surface":"устриц","lemma":"устрица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пожелают","gloss":"oysters"},{"surface":"первейших","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural, superlative","role":"modifies устриц (apposition)","gloss":"finest"},{"surface":"устриц","lemma":"устрица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to устриц","gloss":"oysters"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies последнего","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies получения","gloss":"latest"},{"surface":"получения","lemma":"получение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies устриц, describing delivery","gloss":"delivery"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b8-c5-s201","source":"— К черту устриц, я не ем, да и ничего не надо, — почти злобно огрызнулся Петр Ильич.","translation":"\"To the devil with the oysters — I don't eat them, and I don't want anything,\" Pyotr Ilyich snapped, almost spitefully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"огрызнулся","title":"«огрызнуться» — to snap back","body":"«Огрызнуться» (perfective) is 'to snarl/snap in retort', literally as a dog gnaws back. The semelfactive -ну- and the adverb «почти злобно» ('almost spitefully') catch one sharp burst of temper."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не надо","title":"Genitive «ничего» + impersonal «надо»","body":"'Nothing is needed': «ничего» is the genitive form of «ничто» under the impersonal «надо», with the obligatory «не» (negative concord). No nominative subject appears — the want is framed impersonally."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"черту","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition К","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"устриц","lemma":"устрица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies черту (with the oysters)","gloss":"the oysters"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ем","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ем","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"ем","lemma":"есть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the first clause","gloss":"eat"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of надо","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicate word","role":"coordinated with ем","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies злобно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies огрызнулся","gloss":"spitefully"},{"surface":"огрызнулся","lemma":"огрызнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of огрызнулся","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b8-c5-s202","source":"— Некогда устриц, — заметил Митя, — да и аппетита нет. Знаешь, друг, — проговорил он вдруг с чувством, — не любил я никогда всего этого беспорядка.","translation":"\"No time for oysters,\" Mitya remarked, \"and no appetite, besides. You know, my friend,\" he brought out suddenly with feeling, \"I never did like all this disorder.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Некогда устриц… аппетита нет","title":"Genitive of absence","body":"«Аппетита нет» ('there's no appetite') puts the absent thing in the genitive after «нет» — the classic genitive of negation in an existential. «Некогда» ('no time') likewise frames a lack impersonally."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не любил я никогда всего этого беспорядка","title":"Genitive object under negation","body":"'I never did like all this disorder': negated «не любил» pulls its object «всего этого беспорядка» into the genitive, reinforced by «никогда» (negative concord). The fronted verb and trailing «я» mark emphatic, emotional word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Некогда","lemma":"некогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, no time for","gloss":"no time"},{"surface":"устриц","lemma":"устрица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"complement of Некогда","gloss":"for oysters"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"аппетита","lemma":"аппетит","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"appetite"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicate word, negative existential","role":"predicate, no appetite","gloss":"there's none"},{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"my friend"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чувством","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of беспорядка","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of беспорядка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"беспорядка","lemma":"беспорядок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"disorder"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b8-c5-s203","source":"— Да кто ж его любит! Три дюжины, помилуй, на мужиков, это хоть кого взорвет.","translation":"\"Why, who does like it! Three dozen, for pity's sake, for a pack of peasants — that's enough to make anyone's blood boil.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да кто ж его любит!","title":"«же» as exclamatory emphasis","body":"«Кто ж (же) его любит!» — 'Why, who DOES like it!' — the modal particle «же» throws indignant stress onto «кто», turning a question into a rhetorical exclamation. «Его» is the object 'it'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"это хоть кого взорвет","title":"«хоть кого взорвёт» — enough to enrage anyone","body":"Idiom: «взорвать» ('to blow up') here means 'to make furious', and «хоть кого» is 'anyone at all, no matter whom'. 'That's enough to make anybody's blood boil.' «Помилуй» ('for pity's sake') is an exclamatory imperative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamatory particle","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying кто","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"likes"},{"surface":"Три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on дюжины","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дюжины","lemma":"дюжина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"topicalized noun phrase","gloss":"dozen"},{"surface":"помилуй","lemma":"помиловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective (used as interjection)","role":"parenthetical interjection","gloss":"for pity's sake"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мужиков","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мужиков","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"peasants"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of взорвет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of взорвет","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"взорвет","lemma":"взорвать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would infuriate"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b8-c5-s204","source":"— Я не про это. Я про высший порядок. Порядку во мне нет, высшего порядка… Но… всё это закончено, горевать нечего. Поздно, и к черту! Вся жизнь моя была беспорядок, и надо положить порядок. Каламбурю, а?","translation":"\"That's not what I mean. I mean a higher order. There's no order in me, no higher order… But… it's all over now, no use grieving. Too late — to the devil with it! My whole life has been disorder, and I must set it in order. I'm punning, eh?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Порядку во мне нет","title":"«порядку нет» — genitive of absence","body":"'There's no order in me': «порядку» is genitive (here the -у partitive variant) under «нет». Dostoevsky inverts the order for weight, leading with the missing «порядок» — the moral keyword of the passage."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"горевать нечего","title":"«нечего» + infinitive","body":"«Нечего горевать» ('there's nothing to grieve over / no use grieving') is the negative pronoun «нечего» governing an infinitive — a tidy impersonal construction meaning 'no point in doing'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо положить порядок","title":"«надо» + perfective infinitive","body":"The impersonal modal «надо» ('one must') governs the perfective «положить» — to establish order once and for all (literally 'to lay down order'). Mitya then puns on «порядок/беспорядок»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это (via про)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition про","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порядок","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"высший","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies порядок","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"порядок","lemma":"порядок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition про","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"Порядку","lemma":"порядок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет (genitive of negation)","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicate word, negative existential","role":"main verb-equivalent of the sentence","gloss":"there is none"},{"surface":"высшего","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies порядка","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"порядка","lemma":"порядок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated subject of нет","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive закончено","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"закончено","lemma":"закончить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is over"},{"surface":"горевать","lemma":"горевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нечего","gloss":"to grieve"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicate word","role":"coordinated with закончено","gloss":"no use"},{"surface":"Поздно","lemma":"поздно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, too late","gloss":"too late"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"черту","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition к","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"Вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to беспорядок","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"беспорядок","lemma":"беспорядок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of жизнь","gloss":"disorder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicate word","role":"coordinated with беспорядок","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"положить","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"порядок","lemma":"порядок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of положить","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"Каламбурю","lemma":"каламбурить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"I'm punning"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"interrogative particle","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b8-c5-s205","source":"— Бредишь, а не каламбуришь.","translation":"\"You're raving, not punning.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Бредишь, а не каламбуришь","title":"Contrastive «а»","body":"«А» ('and/but, rather') sets one verb against the other: 'you're raving, not punning'. This mild adversative «а» — distinct from oppositional «но» — corrects rather than contradicts, a constant hinge in dialogue."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Бредишь","title":"«бредить» — to rave","body":"«Бредить» is 'to be delirious, talk wildly (as in fever)'; «каламбурить» is 'to pun, make wordplay'. Pyotr Ilyich's retort dismisses Mitya's cleverness as feverish nonsense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бредишь","lemma":"бредить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you're raving"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies каламбуришь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"каламбуришь","lemma":"каламбурить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Бредишь","gloss":"punning"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b8-c5-s206","source":"— Слава Высшему на свете, Слава Высшему во мне!","translation":"\"Glory to the Highest in the world, Glory to the Highest in me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слава Высшему","title":"Dative after «слава»","body":"«Слава» ('glory') takes the dative of the one glorified — «Высшему» ('to the Highest'). The same dative governs the parallel «во мне» being read as the locus, not the recipient."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слава","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"Высшему","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular, substantive (used as noun)","role":"depends on Слава","gloss":"to the Highest"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Слава","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"Слава","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Слава","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"Высшему","lemma":"высший","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular, substantive (used as noun)","role":"depends on Слава","gloss":"to the Highest"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of Слава","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b8-c5-s207","source":"Этот стишок у меня из души вырвался когда-то, не стих, а слеза… сам сочинил… не тогда, однако, когда штабс-капитана за бороденку тащил…","translation":"That little verse once tore itself out of my soul — not a verse but a tear… I made it up myself… not then, mind, when I was dragging the staff-captain by his little beard…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из души вырвался","title":"«вырваться» — reflexive of bursting out","body":"«Вырвался» ('tore/burst itself out', + «из» + genitive «души') is a -ся verb giving an involuntary, self-acting sense — the verse erupted of its own accord, 'not a verse but a tear'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стишок","title":"«стишок» — little verse","body":"The diminutive of «стих» ('verse'), here self-deprecating and tender — 'this little verse of mine'. Set against the plain «стих» in the next breath ('not a verse, but a tear'), the suffix softens the boast into intimacy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стишок","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"стишок","lemma":"стишок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вырвался","gloss":"little verse"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвался","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking души","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвался","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"вырвался","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tore itself out"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда-то","morphology":"adverb (part of когда-то)","role":"part of когда-то, modifies вырвался","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (part of когда-то)","role":"part of когда-то","gloss":"at some point"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стих","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стих","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"elliptical predicate contrasted with слеза","gloss":"a verse"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"слеза","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"elliptical predicate contrasted with стих","gloss":"a tear"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular, emphatic","role":"emphasizes subject of сочинил","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"сочинил","lemma":"сочинить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"composed it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогда","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of тащил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс-капитан","morphology":"noun, part of compound, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the compound штабс-капитана","gloss":"staff-"},{"surface":"капитана","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of тащил","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бороденку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"бороденку","lemma":"бородёнка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тащил","gloss":"little beard"},{"surface":"тащил","lemma":"тащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"was dragging"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b8-c5-s208","source":"— Чего это ты вдруг о нем?","translation":"\"Why bring him up all of a sudden?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего это ты вдруг о нем?","title":"«чего» + «это» colloquial question","body":"Verbless and very spoken: «чего» (colloquial genitive 'why/what for') with filler «это» and «вдруг» ('suddenly'). «О нём» (о + prepositional) means 'about him'. 'Why him, all of a sudden?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of чего это (why)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"part of чего это (why)","gloss":"is it that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elliptical verb","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elliptical verb","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition о","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b8-c5-s209","source":"— Чего я вдруг о нем? Вздор! Всё кончается, всё равняется, черта — и итог.","translation":"\"Why bring him up all of a sudden? Nonsense! Everything comes to an end, everything is leveled out — a line drawn, and the sum.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё кончается, всё равняется","title":"Reflexive intransitives + present tense","body":"«Кончается» and «равняется» are -ся verbs ('comes to an end', 'is leveled/equalled out'), imperfective present, here gnomic — stating a general truth. The rhyme drives Mitya's fatalistic aphorism."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"черта — и итог","title":"«черта — и итог» — line and sum","body":"An accounting image: «черта» is the line drawn under a column of figures, «итог» the total beneath it. Mitya's whole life is reckoned up and closed off — 'a line drawn, and the sum'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of чего (why)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elliptical verb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elliptical verb","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition о","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кончается","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"кончается","lemma":"кончаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ends"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of равняется","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"равняется","lemma":"равняться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кончается","gloss":"levels out"},{"surface":"черта","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with итог, as summary","gloss":"a line drawn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"итог","lemma":"итог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with черта","gloss":"the total"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b8-c5-s210","source":"— Право, мне всё твои пистолеты мерещатся.","translation":"\"Really, those pistols of yours keep haunting me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне всё твои пистолеты мерещатся","title":"Dative experiencer + «мерещиться»","body":"'Your pistols keep haunting me': «мерещиться» ('to seem, appear hauntingly') is an inherently -ся verb whose grammatical subject is «пистолеты», while the one who sees them stands in the dative «мне». «Всё» here means 'constantly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Право","lemma":"право","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of мерещатся","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мерещатся","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"твои","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of пистолеты","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"пистолеты","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of мерещатся","gloss":"pistols"},{"surface":"мерещатся","lemma":"мерещиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"haunt me"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b8-c5-s211","source":"— И пистолеты вздор! Пей и не фантазируй. Жизнь люблю, слишком уж жизнь полюбил, так слишком, что и мерзко. Довольно! За жизнь, голубчик, за жизнь выпьем, за жизнь предлагаю тост! Почему я доволен собой? Я подл, но доволен собой. И, однако ж, я мучусь тем, что я подл, но доволен собой. Благословляю творение, сейчас готов бога благословить и его творение, но… надо истребить одно смрадное насекомое, чтобы не ползало, другим жизни не портило… Выпьем за жизнь, милый брат! Что может быть дороже жизни! Ничего, ничего! За жизнь и за одну царицу из цариц.","translation":"\"The pistols are nonsense too! Drink and don't fantasize. I love life — I've loved life too much, so much it's become loathsome. Enough! To life, my dear man, let's drink to life, I propose a toast to life! Why am I pleased with myself? I'm vile, yet I'm pleased with myself. And yet I'm tormented by it — that I'm vile, yet pleased with myself. I bless creation, I'm ready this minute to bless God and His creation, but… one foul insect must be stamped out, so it stops crawling about and spoiling life for others… Let's drink to life, dear brother! What can be dearer than life? Nothing, nothing! To life, and to one queen among queens.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слишком уж жизнь полюбил","title":"«полюбить» — inceptive perfective","body":"«Полюбил» (perfective) means 'came to love, grew to love' — the prefix по- gives an inchoative sense beside the plain imperfective «люблю» ('I love') alongside it. «Уж» is the intensifying particle 'really, all too'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я подл, но доволен собой","title":"Short adjectives as predicate","body":"«Подл» ('vile') and «доволен» ('content') are short-form adjectives, used only predicatively and carrying a sense of present, inherent state. «Доволен» governs the instrumental «собой» ('with himself')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не ползало, другим жизни не портило","title":"«чтобы» + past-form irrealis","body":"After «чтобы» ('so that') the verbs take the past form as irrealis: «не ползало… не портило» ('so it not crawl about, not spoil life for others'). «Жизни» is genitive of negation; «другим» dative ('for others')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"одна царица из цариц","title":"«царица из цариц» — queen among queens","body":"A Hebraic-style superlative ('king of kings' pattern): «из цариц» is the partitive genitive plural — the supreme queen of all queens. He toasts Grushenka, 'one queen among queens'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пистолеты","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of вздор","gloss":"pistols"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun over пистолеты","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"Пей","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies фантазируй","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"фантазируй","lemma":"фантазировать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Пей","gloss":"fantasize"},{"surface":"Жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полюбил","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies слишком","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of полюбил","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"полюбил","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with люблю","gloss":"I've loved"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слишком (w15)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мерзко","gloss":"excessively"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause (мерзко)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мерзко","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мерзко","lemma":"мерзкий","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the result clause","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"Довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb (used as exclamation)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"toast complement of выпьем","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"toast complement of выпьем","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"выпьем","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, future/hortative, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let's drink"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"toast complement of предлагаю","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"предлагаю","lemma":"предлагать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"second main verb, coordinated with выпьем","gloss":"I propose"},{"surface":"тост","lemma":"тост","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предлагаю","gloss":"toast"},{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доволен","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of доволен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"доволен","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of доволен","gloss":"with myself"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подл","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"доволен","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подл","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of доволен","gloss":"with myself"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучусь","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мучусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мучусь","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm tormented"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучусь","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining тем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подл","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"доволен","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подл","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of доволен","gloss":"with myself"},{"surface":"Благословляю","lemma":"благословлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I bless"},{"surface":"творение","lemma":"творение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Благословляю","gloss":"creation"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies готов","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Благословляю","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of благословить","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"благословить","lemma":"благословить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of готов","gloss":"to bless"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of творение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"творение","lemma":"творение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of благословить","gloss":"creation"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Благословляю","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"истребить","lemma":"истребить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"exterminate"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies насекомое","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"смрадное","lemma":"смрадный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies насекомое","gloss":"foul"},{"surface":"насекомое","lemma":"насекомое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of истребить","gloss":"insect"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of ползало","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ползало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ползало","lemma":"ползать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"purpose clause on истребить","gloss":"it crawls"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of портило","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of портило (genitive under negation)","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies портило","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"портило","lemma":"портить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ползало","gloss":"spoil"},{"surface":"Выпьем","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, future/hortative, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let's drink"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Выпьем","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies брат","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to дороже","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"дороже","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"complement of может","gloss":"dearer"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дороже","gloss":"than life"},{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"coordinated with Ничего","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"toast object","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking царицу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies царицу","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"царицу","lemma":"царица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with жизнь","gloss":"queen"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цариц","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"цариц","lemma":"царица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies царицу","gloss":"queens"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b8-c5-s212","source":"— Выпьем за жизнь, а пожалуй, и за твою царицу.","translation":"\"To life — and, all right, to your queen as well.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а пожалуй, и за твою царицу","title":"«пожалуй» — conceding particle","body":"«Пожалуй» is a particle of grudging assent — 'all right then, I suppose, why not'. With «а» and «и» ('and… too') it concedes: 'and, all right, to your queen as well'. «За» + accusative is the standard 'to (someone's health)' of a toast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выпьем","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, future/hortative, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let's drink"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Выпьем","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker introducing и за твою царицу","gloss":"all right"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking царицу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"твою","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of царицу","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"царицу","lemma":"царица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with жизнь","gloss":"queen"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b8-c5-s213","source":"Выпили по стакану.","translation":"They each drank a glass.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выпили по стакану","title":"Distributive «по» + dative","body":"«По стакану» means 'a glass each' — the distributive «по» (here with dative «стакану») shares one item out per person. «Выпили» (perfective) marks the single completed act of drinking down."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выпили","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they drank"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стакану","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"стакану","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Выпили","gloss":"glass each"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b8-c5-s214","source":"Митя был хотя и восторжен и раскидчив, но как-то грустен.","translation":"Mitya, though exalted and expansive, was somehow sad.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя и восторжен и раскидчив, но… грустен","title":"Short adjectives, concessive frame","body":"Three short-form predicate adjectives — «восторжен» (exalted), «раскидчив» (expansive), «грустен» (sad) — describe Mitya's momentary state, held in a «хотя и… но» concession. The short form suits this transient mood."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"раскидчив","title":"«раскидчивый» — expansive","body":"A rarer adjective (from «раскидывать», to scatter/spread) meaning 'sprawling, expansive, given to grand impulsive gestures' — Mitya in his open-handed, scattering mood, even as sadness undercuts it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to восторжен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of восторжен","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies восторжен","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"восторжен","lemma":"восторженный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular (short form)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"exalted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раскидчив","lemma":"раскидчивый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular (short form)","role":"coordinated with восторжен","gloss":"expansive"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb (part of как-то)","role":"modifies грустен","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (suffix of как-то)","role":"combines with как to form как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"грустен","lemma":"грустный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular (short form)","role":"coordinated with восторжен","gloss":"sad"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b8-c5-s215","source":"Точно какая-то непреодолимая и тяжелая забота стояла за ним.","translation":"It was as if some insurmountable, oppressive care stood behind him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Точно какая-то непреодолимая… забота стояла за ним","title":"«точно» + «какая-то» — as-if and indefinite","body":"«Точно» here is 'as if, as though' (not 'exactly'), framing a simile. «Какая-то» ('some… or other') with -то marks an indefinite but real, looming care. «За ним» (за + instrumental) places it 'behind him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стояла","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of забота","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (suffix of какая-то)","role":"combines with какая to form какая-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"непреодолимая","lemma":"непреодолимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies забота","gloss":"insurmountable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тяжелая","lemma":"тяжёлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with непреодолимая","gloss":"oppressive"},{"surface":"забота","lemma":"забота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стояла","gloss":"care"},{"surface":"стояла","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стояла","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b8-c5-s216","source":"— Миша… это твой Миша вошел? Миша, голубчик, Миша, поди сюда, выпей ты мне этот стакан, за Феба златокудрого, завтрашнего…","translation":"\"Misha… is that your Misha who came in? Misha, my dear, Misha, come here, drink this glass for me — to golden-haired Phoebus, to tomorrow…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Миша, голубчик","title":"«голубчик» — term of endearment","body":"«Голубчик» ('little dove', diminutive of «голубь») is a warm, coaxing address — 'my dear, my pet'. «Миша» itself is the affectionate hypocoristic of «Михаил». Mitya's tenderness toward the shop-boy is all in these suffixes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поди сюда, выпей","title":"«поди» — archaic imperative","body":"«Поди» is the old colloquial imperative of «пойти» ('come/go') — 'come here'; «выпей» is the perfective imperative 'drink (it down)'. Both are familiar, intimate commands to the boy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Миша","lemma":"миша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Misha"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with вошел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Миша","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Миша","lemma":"миша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"Misha"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"Миша","lemma":"миша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Misha"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Миша (vocative)","gloss":"dear one"},{"surface":"Миша","lemma":"миша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, coordinated with Миша","gloss":"Misha"},{"surface":"поди","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поди","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"выпей","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поди","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выпей (emphatic)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of выпей","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стакан","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"стакан","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выпей","gloss":"glass"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Феба","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Феба","lemma":"феб","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"toast complement of выпей","gloss":"Phoebus"},{"surface":"златокудрого","lemma":"златокудрый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Феба","gloss":"golden-haired"},{"surface":"завтрашнего","lemma":"завтрашний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Феба, coordinated with златокудрого","gloss":"of tomorrow"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b8-c5-s217","source":"— Да зачем ты ему! — крикнул Петр Ильич раздражительно.","translation":"\"Why give it to him!\" Pyotr Ilyich cried irritably.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да зачем ты ему!","title":"Dative «ему» — 'to/for him'","body":"'Why give it TO HIM!' — the verbless exclamation leans on the dative «ему» as recipient, with «зачем» ('what for') and exasperated «да». The verb 'give' is left implicit, as constantly in spoken Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of implied verb (давать)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of implied verb","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, main verb of the matrix clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"раздражительно","lemma":"раздражительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"irritably"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b8-c5-s218","source":"— Ну позволь, ну так, ну я хочу.","translation":"\"Oh, let me, just so, just because I want to.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну позволь, ну так, ну я хочу","title":"«ну» as coaxing filler","body":"The particle «ну» ('oh, come on, well') softens and wheedles, repeated three times. «Позволь» is the perfective imperative 'allow (me)'; «так» here means 'just so, for no reason'. The whole line is pure coaxing texture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"позволь","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"let me"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"stands as its own clause (just so)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to позволь","gloss":"want to"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b8-c5-s219","source":"— Э-эх!","translation":"\"Ah, well!\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Э","lemma":"э","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"эх","lemma":"эх","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with Э","gloss":"ah"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b8-c5-s220","source":"Миша выпил стакан, поклонился и убежал.","translation":"Misha drank the glass, bowed, and ran off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выпил… поклонился и убежал","title":"Perfective chain of events","body":"Three perfective past verbs in sequence — «выпил» (drank down), «поклонился» (bowed), «убежал» (ran off) — move the action forward as a string of single completed events, the perfective's narrative job."}],"words":[{"surface":"Миша","lemma":"миша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выпил","gloss":"Misha"},{"surface":"выпил","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drank"},{"surface":"стакан","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выпил","gloss":"glass"},{"surface":"поклонился","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выпил","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убежал","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выпил","gloss":"ran off"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b8-c5-s221","source":"— Запомнит дольше, — заметил Митя. — Женщину я люблю, женщину! Что есть женщина? Царица земли! Грустно мне, грустно, Петр Ильич. Помнишь Гамлета: «Мне так грустно, так грустно, Горацио… Ах, бедный Йорик!» Это я, может быть, Йорик и есть. Именно теперь я Йорик, а череп потом.","translation":"\"He'll remember it the longer for it,\" Mitya remarked. \"A woman — I love a woman! What is a woman? The queen of the earth! I'm sad, Pyotr Ilyich, sad. Do you remember Hamlet: 'I am so sad, so sad, Horatio… Ah, poor Yorick!' Perhaps I'm Yorick myself. Right now I'm Yorick, and the skull comes afterward.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Запомнит дольше","title":"«дольше» — irregular comparative of долго","body":"«Дольше» ('longer [in time]') is the comparative of «долго». «Запомнит» is perfective future ('he'll remember/fix it in memory'), the prefix за- marking the act of committing-to-memory."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что есть женщина? Царица земли!","title":"«есть» as emphatic copula","body":"Russian usually drops the present 'to be', but here «что есть женщина» retains the archaic copular «есть» for solemn, rhetorical weight — 'what IS woman?'. «Царица земли» ('queen of the earth') answers with a bare nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Запомнит","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he'll remember"},{"surface":"дольше","lemma":"долгий","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies Запомнит","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, introduces the prior quoted clause","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Женщину","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"женщину","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"Царица","lemma":"царица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"queen"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Царица","gloss":"of the earth"},{"surface":"Грустно","lemma":"грустно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Грустно","gloss":"I'm"},{"surface":"грустно","lemma":"грустно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Грустно (repetition for emphasis)","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"Помнишь","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you remember"},{"surface":"Гамлета","lemma":"гамлет","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Помнишь","gloss":"Hamlet"},{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of грустно","gloss":"I'm"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies грустно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"грустно","lemma":"грустно","morphology":"adverb (predicative, invariable)","role":"predicate of the quoted clause (Hamlet)","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies грустно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"грустно","lemma":"грустно","morphology":"adverb (predicative, invariable)","role":"coordinated with грустно","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"Горацио","lemma":"горацио","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Horatio"},{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"бедный","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Йорик","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"Йорик","lemma":"йорик","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Yorick"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"in apposition to Это (emphatic 'I')","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies есть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Йорик","lemma":"йорик","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"Yorick"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying есть","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (copula), predicate is Йорик","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the predicate clause (я Йорик)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Йорик","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Йорик","lemma":"йорик","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yorick"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"череп","lemma":"череп","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided verb (comes/будет)","gloss":"the skull"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies череп","gloss":"afterward"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b8-c5-s222","source":"Петр Ильич слушал и молчал, помолчал и Митя.","translation":"Pyotr Ilyich listened and was silent; Mitya too fell silent for a while.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слушал и молчал, помолчал и Митя","title":"Imperfective vs perfective «молчать/помолчать»","body":"«Слушал… молчал» are imperfective (ongoing listening and silence); «помолчал» adds the prefix по- for a bounded spell — 'was silent for a while too'. The по- delimitative marks a stretch of action with limits, a favourite narrative nuance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слушал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слушал","gloss":"was silent"},{"surface":"помолчал","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помолчал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b8-c5-s223","source":"— Это какая у вас собачка? — спросил он вдруг рассеянно приказчика, заметив в углу маленькую хорошенькую болоночку с черными глазками.","translation":"\"What's that little dog of yours?\" he suddenly asked the clerk absently, having noticed in the corner a small, pretty lapdog with little black eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заметив в углу… болоночку","title":"«заметив» — past gerund","body":"«Заметив» ('having noticed') is the perfective past gerund, naming the prior act that prompts his question, sharing the subject «он». Such gerund-tails are a hallmark of Dostoevsky's narrative sentence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"болоночку","title":"«болонка» — lapdog","body":"A «болонка» is a small long-haired lapdog (a Bolognese/Bichon type). The double diminutive «болоночка» with «хорошенькую» ('pretty little') and «глазками' ('little eyes') drips affection — Mitya, near despair, is touched by the tiny dog."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это какая у вас собачка?","title":"«у вас» — possession via «у» + genitive","body":"'What's that little dog of yours' — Russian expresses 'you have' with «у» + genitive «вас», so «у вас собачка» is literally 'at you [there is] a doggie'. «Собачка» is the diminutive of «собака»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"discourse deictic, introduces the question","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of собачка","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of the possessive phrase у вас","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"собачка","lemma":"собачка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"dog"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"рассеянно","lemma":"рассеянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"absently"},{"surface":"приказчика","lemma":"приказчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спросил","gloss":"the clerk"},{"surface":"заметив","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросил","gloss":"having noticed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметив","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"маленькую","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болоночку","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"хорошенькую","lemma":"хорошенький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies болоночку","gloss":"pretty"},{"surface":"болоночку","lemma":"болоночка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заметив","gloss":"lapdog"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"черными","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies глазками","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"глазками","lemma":"глазки","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies болоночку","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b8-c5-s224","source":"— Это Варвары Алексеевны, хозяйки нашей, болоночка, — ответил приказчик, — сами занесли давеча да и забыли у нас. Отнести надо будет обратно.","translation":"\"That's the lapdog of Varvara Alekseyevna, our mistress,\" the clerk answered. \"She brought it in herself a little while ago and forgot it here with us. We'll have to take it back to her.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это Варвары Алексеевны… болоночка","title":"Possessive genitive of name + patronymic","body":"'It's Varvara Alekseyevna's lapdog': the owner's name and patronymic both go into the genitive («Варвары Алексеевны») to show possession, framing «болоночка». Patronymics decline like ordinary nouns."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сами занесли давеча","title":"«давеча» and respectful «сами»","body":"«Давеча» is a folk-colloquial 'a little while ago, earlier today'. «Сами» ('herself') here is the deferential plural-for-singular the clerk uses of his social superior «хозяйка» (mistress) — politeness encoded in number."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отнести надо будет обратно","title":"«надо будет» — future of obligation","body":"The impersonal «надо» takes the future of 'to be' — «надо будет» ('it will be necessary') — plus the perfective infinitive «отнести» ('to take back'). A subjectless obligation projected into the future."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical copula (это ... болоночка)","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"Варвары","lemma":"варвара","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of болоночка","gloss":"Varvara's"},{"surface":"Алексеевны","lemma":"алексеевна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Варвары","gloss":"Alekseyevna's"},{"surface":"хозяйки","lemma":"хозяйка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Варвары","gloss":"mistress"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of хозяйки","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"болоночка","lemma":"болоночка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the identifying clause","gloss":"lapdog"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"приказчик","lemma":"приказчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"the clerk"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphatic pronoun, modifies занесли","gloss":"she herself"},{"surface":"занесли","lemma":"занести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought it in"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies занесли","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"забыли","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with занесли","gloss":"forgot it"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of забыли","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"Отнести","lemma":"отнести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of надо","gloss":"to take it"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"обратно","lemma":"обратно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Отнести","gloss":"back"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b8-c5-s225","source":"— Я одну такую же видел… в полку… — вдумчиво произнес Митя, — только у той задняя ножка была сломана… Петр Ильич, хотел я тебя спросить кстати: крал ты когда что в своей жизни аль нет?","translation":"\"I once saw one just like it… in the regiment…\" Mitya said musingly. \"Only that one had a broken hind leg… Pyotr Ilyich, by the way, I wanted to ask you: did you ever steal anything in your life, or not?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у той задняя ножка была сломана","title":"Short passive participle as result","body":"«Была сломана» ('was broken') is «была» + the short past passive participle of «сломать» — stating a resulting state, not an event. «У той» ('on that one') is again «у» + genitive of the demonstrative «та»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"крал ты когда что… аль нет","title":"«аль» — folksy 'or'","body":"«Аль» is a rustic/archaic contraction of «али» / «или» ('or'). «Крал… аль нет» — 'did you ever steal… or not'. «Когда» here means 'ever'. The folk particle suits Mitya's sudden lurch into earthy intimacy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдумчиво произнёс Митя","title":"Inverted dialogue tag","body":"The verb «произнёс» ('uttered') precedes its subject «Митя» — the inverted verb-subject order standard in Russian narrative speech-tags (compare 'said Mitya'). «Вдумчиво» ('musingly') is the adverb of manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies такую","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"just like it"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies такую (forms 'the same kind')","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"полку","lemma":"полк","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"the regiment"},{"surface":"вдумчиво","lemma":"вдумчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"musingly"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"focuses on той (\"only that one\")","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking той","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"задняя","lemma":"задний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ножка","gloss":"hind"},{"surface":"ножка","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive сломана","gloss":"leg"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of сломана","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сломана","lemma":"сломать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of ножка","gloss":"broken"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I wanted"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of спросить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спросить","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросить","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"крал","lemma":"красть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"did you steal"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of крал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крал (\"ever\")","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of крал","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крал","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates нет with крал","gloss":"or","note":"Dialectal/colloquial variant of \"или\" (\"or\")."},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with крал (negative alternative)","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b8-c5-s226","source":"— Это что за вопрос?","translation":"\"What kind of question is that?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это что за вопрос?","title":"«что за» — 'what kind of'","body":"«Что за» is a fixed idiom meaning 'what sort of', taking a nominative noun («вопрос») rather than a case — a Germanic-style construction. 'What kind of question is that?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вопрос","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom \"что за\"","gloss":"what kind"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom \"что за\" marking вопрос","gloss":"of","note":"\"Что за вопрос\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"what kind of question.\""},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"question"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b8-c5-s227","source":"— Нет, я так. Видишь, из кармана у кого-нибудь, чужое? Я не про казну говорю, казну все дерут, и ты, конечно, тоже…","translation":"\"No, I just ask. Out of somebody's pocket, I mean — something not your own? I'm not talking about the public purse; everyone fleeces the treasury, and you do too, of course…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из кармана у кого-нибудь, чужое","title":"«кого-нибудь» — non-specific indefinite","body":"«Кого-нибудь» ('anybody, somebody-or-other') uses -нибудь for a non-specific, hypothetical person, as opposed to -то's specific-but-unknown one. «Чужое» ('what belongs to another') is a substantivized neuter adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"stands alone as a negative answer","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармана","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"кармана","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"specifies чужое","gloss":"a pocket"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"modifies кармана","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the indefinite pronoun with кого","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"чужое","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"not your own"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking казну","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"казну","lemma":"казна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"the treasury"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I mean"},{"surface":"казну","lemma":"казна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дерут","gloss":"the treasury"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дерут","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"дерут","lemma":"драть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb, parallel to говорю","gloss":"fleeces"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided verb дерешь, coordinated with дерут","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying тоже","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with дерут","gloss":"too"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b8-c5-s228","source":"— Убирайся к черту.","translation":"\"Go to the devil.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Убирайся к черту","title":"«убирайся к чёрту» — be off to the devil","body":"«Убираться» ('clear off, get lost', imperfective imperative «убирайся») with «к чёрту» ('to the devil', к + dative «чёрту») is a brusque dismissal. The devil-idioms cluster thickly in this scene's irritable banter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Убирайся","lemma":"убираться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"черту","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Убирайся","gloss":"the devil"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b8-c5-s229","source":"— Я про чужое: прямо из кармана, из кошелька, а?","translation":"\"I mean what's not your own: straight out of a pocket, out of a purse, eh?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из кармана, из кошелька","title":"«из» + genitive of source","body":"The preposition «из» ('out of') governs the genitive, marking the source: «из кармана» (out of a pocket), «из кошелька» (out of a purse). The bare nouns, no article, name the place a theft would come from."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чужое","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чужое","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what's not your own"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the phrase \"из кармана\"","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармана","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"кармана","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to чужое","gloss":"a pocket"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кошелька","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"кошелька","lemma":"кошелёк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with кармана","gloss":"a purse"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse tag question","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b8-c5-s230","source":"— Украл один раз у матери двугривенный, девяти лет был, со стола. Взял тихонько и зажал в руку.","translation":"\"I once stole twenty kopeks from my mother, when I was nine, off the table. I took it on the sly and clenched it in my fist.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"девяти лет был","title":"«девяти лет» — genitive of age","body":"'When I was nine': age can be given by the genitive «девяти лет» ('of nine years'), the numeral «девять» in the genitive plus genitive plural «лет». The subject «я» is dropped, recoverable from «был»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Взял тихонько и зажал","title":"Perfective pair of stealthy acts","body":"«Взял» (took) and «зажал» (clenched, gripped tight) are perfective — two single completed actions. «Тихонько» ('quietly, on the sly') is the affectionate-diminutive adverb of «тихо», softening the furtive picture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Украл","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I stole"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies раз","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Украл","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking матери","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Украл","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"двугривенный","lemma":"двугривенный","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Украл","gloss":"twenty kopeks"},{"surface":"девяти","lemma":"девять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"nine"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of был (age)","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to девяти лет","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стола","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"стола","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Украл","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"Взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I took it"},{"surface":"тихонько","lemma":"тихонько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Взял","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зажал","lemma":"зажать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Взял","gloss":"clenched"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зажал","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b8-c5-s231","source":"— Ну и что же?","translation":"\"Well, and what then?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну и что же?","title":"«ну и что же?» — 'and then what?'","body":"A set conversational prompt: «ну и» ('well, and') with the urging particle «же» — 'so what then?', 'and what next?'. The «же» nudges the speaker to go on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b8-c5-s232","source":"— Ну и ничего. Три дня хранил, стыдно стало, признался и отдал.","translation":"\"Well, nothing. I kept it three days, then felt ashamed, owned up, and gave it back.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хранил… признался и отдал","title":"Imperfective duration, then perfective resolution","body":"«Хранил» ('kept', imperfective) holds the three days of duration; then «стыдно стало» (impersonal 'became ashamed'), «признался» (owned up), «отдал» (gave back) — perfectives that resolve it. The aspect shift mirrors lingering guilt giving way to a decisive act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стыдно стало","title":"«стыдно стало» — dative-experiencer feeling","body":"'Felt ashamed': the impersonal predicate «стыдно» ('it is shameful') with «стало» ('became'), the experiencer left to be inferred in the dative. This subjectless emotion-frame is everywhere in Dostoevsky's inner life."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Ну and ничего","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"Три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хранил","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"хранил","lemma":"хранить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I kept it"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хранил","gloss":"it became"},{"surface":"признался","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хранил","gloss":"confessed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отдал","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хранил","gloss":"gave it back"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b8-c5-s233","source":"— Ну и что же?","translation":"\"Well, and what then?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b8-c5-s234","source":"— Натурально, высекли. Да ты чего уж, ты сам не украл ли?","translation":"\"Naturally, I got a whipping. But why do you ask — haven't you stolen something yourself?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты сам не украл ли?","title":"«не… ли» + «сам»","body":"«Не украл ли?» uses the particle «ли» for a tentative yes/no question, the «не» softening it to 'haven't you perhaps…?'. The intensive «сам» ('yourself') turns the question back on the asker."}],"words":[{"surface":"Натурально","lemma":"натурально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высекли","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"высекли","lemma":"высечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I got whipped"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical чего-question","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the rhetorical question","gloss":"why","note":"\"Ты чего\" is a colloquial idiom meaning \"why (are you asking)/what's it to you\"."},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"anyway"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of украл","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes ты","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies украл","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"украл","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stolen"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the yes/no question with не (\"haven't you...\")","gloss":"right?","note":"\"Не... ли\" forms a rhetorical yes/no question, roughly \"haven't you...\"."}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b8-c5-s235","source":"— Украл, — хитро подмигнул Митя.","translation":"\"I have,\" Mitya winked slyly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хитро подмигнул Митя","title":"Inverted speech-tag with adverb","body":"«Хитро подмигнул Митя» ('slyly winked Mitya') again puts verb before subject in the narrative tag. «Подмигнуть» (perfective, -ну- semelfactive) is a single wink; «хитро» ('cunningly') colours it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Украл","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"elliptical answer, main verb","gloss":"I did"},{"surface":"хитро","lemma":"хитро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подмигнул","gloss":"slyly"},{"surface":"подмигнул","lemma":"подмигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Украл","gloss":"winked"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подмигнул","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b8-c5-s236","source":"— Что украл? — залюбопытствовал Петр Ильич.","translation":"\"What did you steal?\" Pyotr Ilyich asked, his curiosity caught.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"залюбопытствовал","title":"«залюбопытствовать» — curiosity kindled","body":"A vivid perfective with the inceptive prefix за- on «любопытствовать» ('to be curious') — 'his curiosity was suddenly caught/kindled'. The за- marks the onset of the state, a favourite Dostoevskian touch for sudden feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of украл","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"украл","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you steal"},{"surface":"залюбопытствовал","lemma":"залюбопытствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to украл","gloss":"asked, curious"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of залюбопытствовал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b8-c5-s237","source":"— У матери двугривенный, девяти лет был, через три дня отдал. — Сказав это, Митя вдруг встал с места.","translation":"\"Twenty kopeks from my mother, when I was nine, and gave it back three days later.\" Having said this, Mitya suddenly rose from his seat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сказав это, Митя вдруг встал","title":"«сказав» — perfective gerund of prior action","body":"«Сказав» ('having said') is the perfective past gerund, marking the completed act just before the main verb «встал» ('rose'), both sharing Mitya as subject. The construction tightly chains saying and standing up."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"встал с места","title":"«с места» — «с» + genitive of origin","body":"«С места» ('from his seat/place') uses «с» + genitive to mark motion away from a surface or spot. The whole phrase «встал с места» is the idiomatic 'rose from where he sat'."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking матери","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided украл","gloss":"my mother"},{"surface":"двугривенный","lemma":"двугривенный","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of elided украл","gloss":"twenty kopeks"},{"surface":"девяти","lemma":"девять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"nine"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of был (age)","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to девяти лет","gloss":"I was"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдал","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"отдал","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with the elided украл","gloss":"gave it back"},{"surface":"Сказав","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on встал","gloss":"having said"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Сказав","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of встал","gloss":"his seat"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b8-c5-s238","source":"— Дмитрий Федорович, не поспешить ли? — крикнул вдруг у дверей лавки Андрей.","translation":"\"Dmitry Fyodorovich, oughtn't we to hurry?\" Andrei suddenly called from the door of the shop.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не поспешить ли?","title":"«не… ли» + infinitive — tentative suggestion","body":"'Oughtn't we to hurry?' — an impersonal infinitive «поспешить» framed by «не… ли» makes a deferential proposal. This infinitive-plus-«ли» is the polite Russian way of suggesting a course of action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"крикнул… у дверей лавки Андрей","title":"«у дверей» — location at","body":"«У дверей лавки» ('at the door of the shop') uses «у» + genitive for proximity/location, and «лавки» is a further genitive of 'of the shop'. The subject «Андрей» falls at the very end — end-weight on the speaker."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Dmitry"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поспешить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поспешить","lemma":"поспешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"predicate of the rhetorical question","gloss":"hurry"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the yes/no question with не","gloss":"oughtn't"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверей","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"дверей","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"лавки","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дверей","gloss":"the shop"},{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"Андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Andrei"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b8-c5-s239","source":"— Готово? Идем! — всполохнулся Митя. — Еще последнее сказанье и… Андрею стакан водки на дорогу сейчас! Да коньяку ему, кроме водки, рюмку! Этот ящик (с пистолетами) мне под сиденье. Прощай, Петр Ильич, не поминай лихом.","translation":"\"Ready? Let's go!\" Mitya started up. \"One last word and… A glass of vodka for Andrei for the road, this minute! And a glass of cognac for him too, besides the vodka! This case (the one with the pistols) goes under my seat. Farewell, Pyotr Ilyich, don't think too hard of me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всполохнулся","title":"«всполохнуться» — to start up","body":"A vivid colloquial -ся perfective: 'started up, was suddenly roused/alarmed into motion'. The momentary -ну-/-ся combination paints Mitya jolting to his feet at Andrei's call."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Еще последнее сказанье","title":"«сказанье» — a 'telling', bookish","body":"«Сказанье» (var. «сказание») is an elevated, Slavonic-flavoured noun in -ние for a 'tale, legend, telling' — Mitya inflates 'just one last thing to say' into mock-epic grandeur, typical of his theatrical register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не поминай лихом","title":"«не поминай лихом» — think kindly of me","body":"A fixed folk farewell: literally 'don't remember (me) with evil', i.e. 'don't think ill of me, remember me kindly'. «Лихом» is the instrumental of the archaic «лихо» ('evil, misfortune'). Its valedictory weight darkens Mitya's goodbye — he speaks as a man not expecting to return."}],"words":[{"surface":"Готово","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"Идем","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (imperative use)","gloss":"let's go"},{"surface":"всполохнулся","lemma":"всполохнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Идем","gloss":"started up"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of всполохнулся","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказанье","gloss":"one more"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сказанье","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"сказанье","lemma":"сказание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"saying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"trails off, links to what follows","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Андрею","lemma":"Андрей","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of elided imperative (give)","gloss":"for Andrei"},{"surface":"стакан","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of elided imperative","gloss":"a glass"},{"surface":"водки","lemma":"водка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стакан","gloss":"of vodka"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дорогу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стакан (idiom \"на дорогу\")","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided imperative","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links to the previous clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коньяку","lemma":"коньяк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object (partitive) of elided imperative","gloss":"cognac"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of elided imperative","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking водки","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"водки","lemma":"водка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кроме","gloss":"the vodka"},{"surface":"рюмку","lemma":"рюмка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with коньяку","gloss":"a shot glass"},{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ящик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ящик","lemma":"ящик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided imperative (goes)","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пистолетами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пистолетами","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ящик","gloss":"the pistols"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of elided imperative","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сиденье","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"сиденье","lemma":"сидение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided imperative","gloss":"the seat"},{"surface":"Прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"farewell"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поминай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"поминай","lemma":"поминать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Прощай","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"лихом","lemma":"лихо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поминай","gloss":"ill","note":"\"Не поминай лихом\" is a set idiom meaning \"don't think ill of me\" (lit. \"don't remember with evil\")."}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b8-c5-s240","source":"— Да ведь завтра воротишься?","translation":"\"But you'll be back tomorrow?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь завтра воротишься?","title":"«ведь» — appeal to shared assumption","body":"«Ведь» ('but surely, after all') appeals to what both take for granted — Pyotr Ilyich assumes Mitya will of course be back tomorrow. The dramatic irony is sharp: «воротишься» (archaic/folk for «вернёшься», 'you'll return') is a perfective future the reader knows will not come true."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies воротишься","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротишься","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"воротишься","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll be back"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b8-c5-s241","source":"— Непременно.","translation":"— Without fail.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Непременно","title":"«Непременно» — without fail","body":"An emphatic adverb meaning 'certainly, without fail, absolutely'. Literally 'without changing', it carries a tone of solemn promise — here Mitya pledging he will come back."}],"words":[{"surface":"Непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"without fail"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b8-c5-s242","source":"— Расчетец теперь изволите покончить? — подскочил приказчик.","translation":"— Will you settle the little account now, sir? — the clerk piped up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Расчетец","title":"«расчётец» — the little account","body":"A diminutive of «расчёт» (settlement, bill), the suffix -ец here is not endearing but ingratiating — the clerk wheedling for his money by making the sum sound trivial and pleasant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"изволите покончить","title":"«изволите покончить» — deferential 'will you be pleased to'","body":"«изволить» plus an infinitive is an obsequious, servile politeness formula ('would you be so good as to'), classic shop-and-servant register. The perfective «покончить» frames the settling as a single act to be completed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подскочил приказчик","title":"Verb-then-subject inversion","body":"The narrative tag puts the perfective verb «подскочил» (darted up) before its subject «приказчик» — standard Russian order in dialogue attribution, where case endings free word order and the action leads."}],"words":[{"surface":"Расчетец","lemma":"расчётец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of покончить (fronted)","gloss":"the little account"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изволите","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"изволите","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (polite auxiliary)","gloss":"would you please"},{"surface":"покончить","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of изволите","gloss":"settle"},{"surface":"подскочил","lemma":"подскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to изволите","gloss":"piped up"},{"surface":"приказчик","lemma":"приказчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подскочил","gloss":"the clerk"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b8-c5-s243","source":"— А, да, расчет! Непременно!","translation":"— Ah, yes, the account! Without fail!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"расчет","title":"«расчёт» — the bill, plainly","body":"Mitya echoes the clerk's wheedling diminutive «расчётец» with the blunt full form «расчёт» — the same word stripped of its servile sugar, in his careless grandee's tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to расчет","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"расчет","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the account"},{"surface":"Непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"without fail"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b8-c5-s244","source":"Он опять выхватил из кармана свою пачку кредиток, снял три радужных, бросил на прилавок и спеша вышел из лавки.","translation":"Once more he snatched the wad of banknotes from his pocket, peeled off three rainbow-colored ones, tossed them on the counter, and hurried out of the shop.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выхватил … снял … бросил … вышел","title":"A chain of perfectives drives the action","body":"Four perfective past verbs in a row («выхватил, снял, бросил, вышел») move the scene forward as a rapid sequence of completed acts — the perfective's narrative job of clocking events one after another."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из кармана","title":"«из» + genitive of source","body":"The preposition «из» ('out of') always governs the genitive: «из кармана» (out of the pocket). It pairs with «вышел из лавки» at the sentence's end, framing the whole action as a coming-out."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спеша вышел","title":"«спеша» — present gerund of attendant manner","body":"«спеша» (hurrying) is an imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) describing how he left — simultaneous manner sharing the main subject, a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кредиток","title":"«кредитки» — banknotes","body":"«Кредитка» (genitive plural «кредиток» after «пачку») is a period term for a paper credit-note, i.e. a banknote, as opposed to coin. «Пачка кредиток» is a wad of bills."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выхватил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выхватил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"выхватил","lemma":"выхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"snatched"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кармана","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выхватил","gloss":"his pocket"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of пачку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пачку","lemma":"пачка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выхватил","gloss":"the wad"},{"surface":"кредиток","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies пачку","gloss":"of banknotes"},{"surface":"снял","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выхватил","gloss":"peeled off"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on радужных","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"радужных","lemma":"радужный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of снял","gloss":"rainbow-colored ones"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выхватил","gloss":"tossed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прилавок","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"прилавок","lemma":"прилавок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросил","gloss":"the counter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спеша","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вышел","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выхватил","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавки","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"лавки","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"the shop"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b8-c5-s245","source":"Все за ним последовали и, кланяясь, провожали с приветствиями и пожеланиями.","translation":"They all trooped after him, bowing, and saw him off with their compliments and good wishes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кланяясь","title":"«кланяясь» — bowing, present gerund","body":"An imperfective present gerund from «кланяться» (a -ся verb), expressing the ongoing manner that accompanies «провожали» — they saw him off while bowing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за ним последовали","title":"«за» + instrumental of pursuit","body":"«Последовать за» ('to follow after') takes «за» with the instrumental: «за ним» (after him). The н- prefix on «ним» is the obligatory third-person form after a preposition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с приветствиями и пожеланиями","title":"«приветствия и пожелания» — compliments and good wishes","body":"Two bookish -ие abstract nouns in the instrumental after «с»: «приветствие» (greeting/compliment) and «пожелание» (wish). The pairing gives a formal, ceremonious flavour to the farewell."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of последовали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of последовали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"последовали","lemma":"последовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кланяясь","lemma":"кланяться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on провожали","gloss":"bowing"},{"surface":"провожали","lemma":"провожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with последовали","gloss":"saw off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приветствиями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"приветствиями","lemma":"приветствие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of провожали","gloss":"compliments"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пожеланиями","lemma":"пожелание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with приветствиями","gloss":"good wishes"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b8-c5-s246","source":"Андрей крякнул от только что выпитого коньяку и вскочил на сиденье.","translation":"Andrei gave a grunt from the brandy he had just drunk and sprang up onto his seat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"крякнул","title":"«крякнул» — gave a grunt","body":"An expressive, semelfactive verb (suffix -ну-) for a single short sound: a grunt, a smacking 'ah' of satisfaction. The perfective marks one momentary noise, the grunt of a man warmed by brandy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от только что выпитого коньяку","title":"«от» + genitive of cause, and a partitive -у","body":"«от» ('from', here causal) governs the genitive: he grunted from the brandy. Note «коньяку», an older partitive genitive in -у (rather than -а) — 'some brandy' — common with mass nouns in 19th-century usage."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выпитого","title":"«выпитого» — past passive participle","body":"«Выпитый» (drunk-up) is a past passive participle from perfective «выпить», here long-form and declined to agree with «коньяку». It compresses 'the brandy that had just been drunk' into one modifier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"Андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крякнул","gloss":"Andrei"},{"surface":"крякнул","lemma":"крякнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grunted"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коньяку","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom \"только что\" modifying выпитого","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom \"только что\"","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"выпитого","lemma":"выпитый","morphology":"adjective, participle, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies коньяку","gloss":"just-drunk"},{"surface":"коньяку","lemma":"коньяк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крякнул","gloss":"the cognac"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with крякнул","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сиденье","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"сиденье","lemma":"сидение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочил","gloss":"the seat"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b8-c5-s247","source":"Но едва только Митя начал садиться, как вдруг пред ним совсем неожиданно очутилась Феня.","translation":"But scarcely had Mitya begun to climb in when all at once, quite unexpectedly, Fenya appeared before him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"едва только … как вдруг","title":"«едва … как» — 'scarcely had … when'","body":"A classic correlative construction: «едва только» (scarcely) in the first clause answered by «как вдруг» (when suddenly) in the second, expressing one event cut short by another that bursts in."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"начал садиться","title":"«начал» + imperfective infinitive","body":"Phasal verbs of beginning, continuing, and ending («начать, продолжать, кончить») require an imperfective infinitive. So 'began to sit/climb in' is «начал садиться», never the perfective «сесть»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"очутилась","title":"«очутилась» — turned up, a -ся verb","body":"«Очутиться» (to find oneself somewhere, to turn up) exists only in the -ся form. The reflexive marks a change of state with no transitive counterpart — Fenya is suddenly just there before him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред ним","title":"«пред» — bookish 'before'","body":"«Пред» is the elevated, non-pleophonic doublet of everyday «перед» ('before, in front of'), governing the instrumental «ним». It lends a faintly solemn, literary register to the moment of her appearance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"едва","lemma":"едва","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase едва (\"едва только...как\")","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"садиться","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to climb in"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of очутилась","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очутилась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of очутилась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очутилась","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"очутилась","lemma":"очутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of очутилась","gloss":"Fenya"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b8-c5-s248","source":"Она прибежала вся запыхавшись, с криком сложила пред ним руки и бухнулась ему в ноги:","translation":"She came running up entirely out of breath, with a cry clasped her hands before him, and flung herself down at his feet:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вся запыхавшись","title":"«запыхавшись» — past gerund, 'having got out of breath'","body":"A perfective past gerund (деепричастие) from «запыхаться» — describing the completed state she arrives in. «Вся» ('all', entirely) intensifies it: she ran up completely out of breath."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бухнулась ему в ноги","title":"«бухнуться в ноги» — to flop down at someone's feet","body":"«Бухнуться» is an expressive, sudden-movement verb ('to plump/flop down with a thud'); «(пасть/броситься) в ноги» is the set gesture of throwing oneself at another's feet to beg — a charged image of supplication."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему в ноги","title":"Dative of the person + «в ноги»","body":"«Ему» is a dative marking the person to whom the gesture is directed; «в ноги» (accusative of motion-toward) names the goal — literally 'flung herself onto his feet'. The dative makes him the affected party of her plea."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прибежала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"прибежала","lemma":"прибежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came running up"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies запыхавшись","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"запыхавшись","lemma":"запыхаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial modifier of прибежала","gloss":"out of breath"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking криком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"криком","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сложила","gloss":"a cry"},{"surface":"сложила","lemma":"сложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прибежала","gloss":"clasped"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сложила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of сложила","gloss":"her hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бухнулась","lemma":"бухнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прибежала","gloss":"flung herself down"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of бухнулась","gloss":"at his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноги","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бухнулась","gloss":"feet"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b8-c5-s249","source":"— Батюшка, Дмитрий Федорович, голубчик, не погубите барыню! А я-то вам всё рассказала!.. И его не погубите, прежний ведь он, ихний! Замуж теперь Аграфену Александровну возьмет, с тем и из Сибири вернулся… Батюшка, Дмитрий Федорович, не загубите чужой жизни!","translation":"— Master, Dmitri Fyodorovich, my dear, do not destroy the mistress! And it was I who told you everything!.. And do not destroy him either — he is hers, after all, the old one, her own! He will marry Agrafena Alexandrovna now — that is why he came back from Siberia… Master, Dmitri Fyodorovich, do not ruin another's life!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Батюшка","title":"«батюшка» — 'good master / dear father'","body":"A warm, deferential form of address from the lower orders — literally a diminutive of 'father', used to a superior or social better. From a maid to a gentleman it means roughly 'kind sir, master'. (It also addresses a priest.)"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубчик","title":"«голубчик» — 'my dear, little dove'","body":"An affectionate diminutive of «голубь» (dove), used pleadingly to a person one is begging — 'my dear one'. It pours tenderness and entreaty into Fenya's appeal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не погубите барыню","title":"«не погубите» — negated imperative","body":"A polite/plural imperative «погубите» (destroy) under negation «не» — 'do not destroy'. Russian often pairs negation with the perfective imperative for a sharp warning against a single feared act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А я-то вам всё рассказала","title":"«я-то» — the emphatic clitic -то","body":"Here -то is the topic-emphasising clitic, not the indefinite suffix: «я-то» singles her out — 'I, of all people / it was I who'. She underscores her own role in betraying the secret."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прежний ведь он","title":"«ведь» — the appealing particle","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared knowledge ('after all, you know'), softening her plea by treating the point as obvious. The inverted order «прежний ведь он» fronts «прежний» (the former one) as the stressed comment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ихний","title":"«ихний» — non-standard 'theirs/hers'","body":"«Ихний» is a colloquial, substandard possessive for «их» ('their/hers'), strongly marking peasant speech. Fenya's mouth full of «ихний», «прежний», «барыня» is Dostoevsky painting her servant's register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"master","note":"Батюшка is a respectful/affectionate address to an elder or social superior, grammatically masculine despite its -a ending (declines like дядя)."},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Батюшка","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address, coordinated with Батюшка","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погубите","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"погубите","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"destroy"},{"surface":"барыню","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of погубите","gloss":"the mistress"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассказала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphasizes я","gloss":"indeed","note":"Colloquial emphatic particle attached to я, stressing 'it was I who...'."},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of рассказала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассказала","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"рассказала","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, feminine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of погубите","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погубите","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"погубите","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"destroy"},{"surface":"прежний","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of он","gloss":"the same as before"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прежний","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прежний","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ихний","lemma":"ихний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прежний","gloss":"her own","note":"Ихний is nonstandard/colloquial for их (theirs), marking uneducated speech."},{"surface":"Замуж","lemma":"замуж","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возьмет","gloss":"in marriage","note":"Замуж is the fixed adverb used with a woman 'marrying' (taking a husband); paired here with возьмет."},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возьмет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Аграфену","lemma":"аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of возьмет","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровну","lemma":"александровна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аграфену","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"возьмет","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will take"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вернулся","gloss":"that (in mind)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сибири","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Сибири","lemma":"сибирь","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вернулся","gloss":"Siberia"},{"surface":"вернулся","lemma":"вернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, masculine, perfective","role":"coordinated with возьмет","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"Батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Батюшка","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies загубите","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"загубите","lemma":"загубить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ruin"},{"surface":"чужой","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"another's"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of загубите","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b8-c5-s250","source":"— Те-те-те, вот оно что! Ну, наделаешь ты теперь там дел! — пробормотал про себя Петр Ильич. — Теперь всё понятно, теперь как не понять. Дмитрий Федорович, отдай-ка мне сейчас пистолеты, если хочешь быть человеком, — воскликнул он громко Мите, — слышишь, Дмитрий!","translation":"— Tut-tut-tut, so that's how it is! Well, you'll go and make a fine mess of things over there now! — Pyotr Ilyich muttered to himself. — Now it's all clear, now how could one fail to understand. Dmitri Fyodorovich, hand me your pistols this minute, if you want to be a man, — he called out loudly to Mitya, — do you hear me, Dmitri!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Те-те-те, вот оно что!","title":"«вот оно что!» — 'so that's it!'","body":"A fixed exclamation of sudden realization ('so that's how it is!'). The babbled «те-те-те» is a sound of dawning, slightly mocking comprehension as Pyotr Ilyich pieces things together."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наделаешь … дел","title":"«наделать дел» — to make a mess of things","body":"«Наделать» (perfective, prefix на- of accumulation) + the genitive plural «дел» means 'to get up to / make a heap of trouble'. The future «наделаешь» here predicts the mischief Mitya will cause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как не понять","title":"«как не понять» — rhetorical infinitive","body":"A rhetorical question with a bare infinitive: 'how could one fail to understand?' = 'of course it's clear'. The negated infinitive after «как» expresses that the opposite is unthinkable."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отдай-ка","title":"«отдай-ка» — imperative softened by -ка","body":"«Отдай» is the perfective imperative 'hand over'; the clitic -ка softens and coaxes it ('come on, do hand them over'). It mixes urgency with a comradely nudge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если хочешь быть человеком","title":"«быть человеком» — predicate instrumental","body":"After the infinitive «быть», the predicate noun goes in the instrumental: «человеком» (a man, a real man). The conditional «если хочешь» makes manhood the stake of handing over the pistols."}],"words":[{"surface":"Те","lemma":"те","morphology":"interjection","role":"reduplicated interjection (tut-tut-tut)","gloss":"tut"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"те","morphology":"interjection","role":"reduplicated interjection (tut-tut-tut)","gloss":"tut"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"те","morphology":"interjection","role":"reduplicated interjection (tut-tut-tut)","gloss":"tut"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing наделаешь","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"наделаешь","lemma":"наделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll make"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of наделаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наделаешь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наделаешь","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"дел","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of наделаешь","gloss":"of things"},{"surface":"пробормотал","lemma":"пробормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of пробормотал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробормотал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понятно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of понятно","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"понятно","lemma":"понятный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main clause","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понять","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies понять","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понять","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive clause introduced by как","gloss":"understand","note":"Idiom 'как не понять' = 'how could one fail to understand'."},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"отдай","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hand over"},{"surface":"ка","lemma":"ка","morphology":"particle, softening","role":"attaches to отдай","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отдай","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдай","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"пистолеты","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of отдай","gloss":"the pistols"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"conditional clause modifying отдай","gloss":"you want"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula, complement of хочешь","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of воскликнул","gloss":"to Mitya"},{"surface":"слышишь","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"Dmitri"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b8-c5-s251","source":"— Пистолеты? Подожди, голубчик, я их дорогой в лужу выброшу, — ответил Митя. — Феня, встань, не лежи ты предо мной. Не погубит Митя, впредь никого уж не погубит этот глупый человек. Да вот что, Феня, — крикнул он ей, уже усевшись, — обидел я тебя давеча, так прости меня и помилуй, прости подлеца… А не простишь, всё равно! Потому что теперь уже всё равно! Трогай, Андрей, живо улетай!","translation":"— The pistols? Wait, my dear fellow, I'll throw them into a puddle along the road, — Mitya answered. — Fenya, get up, don't lie there before me. Mitya will destroy no one, this stupid man will never destroy anyone again. And listen, Fenya, — he cried out to her, already settled in his seat, — I wronged you just now, so forgive me and pardon me, forgive a scoundrel… And if you don't forgive me, it makes no difference! Because now nothing matters anymore! Drive on, Andrei, fly off at once!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я их дорогой в лужу выброшу","title":"«дорогой» — instrumental of route/time","body":"«Дорогой» here is the instrumental of «дорога» used adverbially — 'along the way, on the road'. The instrumental of path and of time ('one fine morning') is a common adverbial use."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не лежи ты предо мной","title":"«не лежи» — imperfective negated imperative","body":"Under a 'stop / don't go on' command Russian uses the imperfective imperative: «не лежи» (don't lie there) tells her to cease an ongoing posture. «Ты» adds urgent, intimate insistence; «предо мной» is the bookish «пред» + instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"впредь никого уж не погубит","title":"Negative concord: «никого … не»","body":"«Никого» (no one) obligatorily keeps the verbal «не»: «никого не погубит» — literally 'will not destroy no one', one negative meaning. The perfective future «погубит» promises a single completed non-act, never again."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"усевшись","title":"«усевшись» — past gerund, 'having settled in'","body":"A perfective past gerund from «усесться» (to settle oneself down), a -ся verb. It marks a completed prior action — he is now seated — accompanying his cry to Fenya."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — 'just now, a while ago'","body":"A folksy, archaic adverb meaning 'a little while back, earlier today'. It belongs to colloquial and 19th-century speech; a modern speaker would say «недавно»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прости меня и помилуй, прости подлеца","title":"«прости… помилуй» — perfective imperatives of pleading","body":"A cascade of perfective imperatives: «прости» (forgive), «помилуй» (have mercy). «Помилуй» especially carries a liturgical echo (cf. «Господи, помилуй»). «Подлеца» is the animate accusative = genitive — 'forgive a scoundrel', himself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А не простишь, всё равно","title":"Conditional without «если»","body":"«(Если) не простишь» drops the conjunction: the bare perfective future «не простишь» ('if you don't forgive') sets up a condition by intonation alone, a vivid spoken-Russian shortcut. «Всё равно» = 'it makes no difference'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Трогай … живо улетай","title":"«трогай» and «улетай» — drive on, fly off","body":"«Трогай!» is the coachman's standard command 'move off, drive on'. «Улетай» (lit. 'fly away') with «живо» (smartly, quick) is Mitya's reckless flourish — turning the troika ride into headlong flight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пистолеты","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase (echo question)","gloss":"the pistols"},{"surface":"Подожди","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выброшу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of выброшу","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular, used adverbially","role":"modifies выброшу","gloss":"along the way"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лужу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лужу","lemma":"лужа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выброшу","gloss":"a puddle"},{"surface":"выброшу","lemma":"выбросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will throw"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"встань","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get up"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лежи","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"лежи","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with встань","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of лежи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"предо","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежи","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погубит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"погубит","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will destroy"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of погубит","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"впредь","lemma":"впредь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погубит (w26)","gloss":"henceforth"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of погубит (w26)","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погубит (w26)","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погубит (w26)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"погубит","lemma":"погубить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with погубит (w20)","gloss":"will destroy"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"глупый","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of погубит (w26)","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of крикнул","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усевшись","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"усевшись","lemma":"усесться","morphology":"converb, past, active, middle, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on крикнул","gloss":"having sat down"},{"surface":"обидел","lemma":"обидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I wronged"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обидел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обидел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обидел","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прости (w44)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"прости","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обидел","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of прости (w44)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помилуй","lemma":"помиловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прости (w44)","gloss":"pardon"},{"surface":"прости","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with помилуй","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"подлеца","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прости (w48)","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простишь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"простишь","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you forgive"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom всё равно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"predicate with всё, idiom всё равно","gloss":"the same","note":"Idiom 'всё равно' = 'it makes no difference / it's all the same'."},{"surface":"Потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies равно (w60)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies равно (w60)","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom всё равно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"predicate with всё, idiom всё равно","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"Трогай","lemma":"трогать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drive on"},{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"Andrei"},{"surface":"живо","lemma":"живо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улетай","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"улетай","lemma":"улетать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Трогай","gloss":"fly off"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b8-c5-s252","source":"Андрей тронул; колокольчик зазвенел.","translation":"Andrei set off; the little bell began to ring.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"колокольчик","title":"«колокольчик» — the troika bell","body":"A diminutive of «колокол» (bell): the little harness-bell hung under the shaft-bow (дуга) of a troika, whose ringing announced a traveller on the open road. Its sound is a recurring motif of departure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тронул; зазвенел","title":"Inceptive за- and two perfectives","body":"«Тронул» (set off) and «зазвенел» pair as quick completed events. The prefix за- on «зазвенеть» is inceptive — 'began to ring, struck up' — capturing the bell's sudden onset."}],"words":[{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of тронул","gloss":"Andrei"},{"surface":"тронул","lemma":"тронуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"колокольчик","lemma":"колокольчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зазвенел","gloss":"the little bell"},{"surface":"зазвенел","lemma":"зазвенеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, perfective","role":"coordinated with тронул","gloss":"began to ring"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"b8-c5-s253","source":"— Прощай, Петр Ильич! Тебе последняя слеза!..","translation":"— Farewell, Pyotr Ilyich! For you my last tear!..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тебе последняя слеза","title":"Dative of the recipient, verbless","body":"«Тебе» (dative, 'for you') governs a verbless exclamation — 'for you my last tear'. The dropped copula and fronted dative give a heightened, declamatory force to Mitya's theatrical farewell."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Прощай","title":"«Прощай» — farewell (and 'forgive')","body":"The imperative «прощай» literally means 'forgive (me)' and serves as the weighty Russian goodbye, implying a parting that may be final — fitting Mitya's sense that he is going to his doom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прощай","lemma":"прощаться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"farewell"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"Тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"complement of слеза, elliptical construction","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"последняя","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слеза","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"слеза","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, elliptical construction with Тебе","gloss":"tear"}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"b8-c5-s254","source":"«Не пьян ведь, а какую ахинею порет!» — подумал вслед ему Петр Ильич.","translation":"\"He isn't even drunk, and yet what nonsense he spouts!\" — Pyotr Ilyich thought, watching him go.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не пьян ведь","title":"Short adjective «пьян» + «ведь»","body":"«Пьян» is the predicative short form of «пьяный» (drunk), normal after a (here implied) 'to be': 'he's not drunk'. «Ведь» appeals to the obvious — 'and yet, you know, he isn't drunk'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ахинею порет","title":"«пороть ахинею» — to talk nonsense","body":"A vivid colloquial idiom: «ахинея» is gibberish/balderdash, and «пороть» (lit. 'to rip, flog') in this set phrase means 'to spout' it. Together: 'what rubbish he's babbling'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пьян","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, head of the phrase","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пьян","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ахинею","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ахинею","lemma":"ахинея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of порет","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"порет","lemma":"пороть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пьян","gloss":"spouts","note":"Colloquial idiom 'пороть ахинею' = 'to talk nonsense'."},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"after him"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вслед","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"b8-c5-s255","source":"Он расположился было остаться присмотреть за тем, как будут снаряжать воз (на тройке же) с остальными припасами и винами, предчувствуя, что надуют и обсчитают Митю, но вдруг, сам на себя рассердившись, плюнул и пошел в свой трактир играть на биллиарде.","translation":"He had half made up his mind to stay and keep an eye on how they loaded the cart (a second troika) with the rest of the provisions and wines, sensing that they would cheat and overcharge Mitya, but suddenly, growing angry at himself, he spat and went off to his tavern to play billiards.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"расположился было остаться","title":"«было» — the frustrated-intention particle","body":"The particle «было» (from the past of «быть») marks an action begun or intended but then broken off or reversed: he 'had been about to' stay, but didn't. It is a distinctly Russian way of staging a change of mind."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будут снаряжать","title":"Compound imperfective future «будут снаряжать»","body":"«Будут снаряжать» is the analytic imperfective future — «быть» conjugated + imperfective infinitive — naming an ongoing process (how they would go about loading), not a single completed act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"предчувствуя, что надуют и обсчитают","title":"«предчувствуя» — present gerund of foreboding","body":"An imperfective present gerund ('sensing, foreseeing') introduces a «что»-clause. Inside it, two perfective futures «надуют» and «обсчитают» (they'll cheat and overcharge) name the swindle he expects."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам на себя рассердившись","title":"«на себя» — reflexive object, and a past gerund","body":"«Себя» (reflexive pronoun, no nominative) points back to the subject — 'angry at himself'; «сам» intensifies it. «Рассердившись» is a perfective past gerund marking the completed flash of self-anger that precedes his spitting and leaving."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"плюнул","title":"«плюнул» — spat (in disgust/dismissal)","body":"To spit (perfective, single act) is a culturally loaded gesture of contempt and 'to hell with it' resignation — «плюнуть на что-то» means to give up on something. Here it seals his decision to walk away."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of расположился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"расположился","lemma":"расположиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, masculine, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had made up his mind"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle, marking an unrealized past intention","role":"modifies расположился","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"остаться","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of расположился","gloss":"to stay"},{"surface":"присмотреть","lemma":"присмотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of остаться","gloss":"to keep an eye"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of присмотреть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause complement of тем","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of снаряжать","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"снаряжать","lemma":"снаряжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"load"},{"surface":"воз","lemma":"воз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of снаряжать","gloss":"the cart"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тройке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тройке","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"parenthetical, modifies воз","gloss":"a troika"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тройке","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking припасами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"остальными","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies припасами","gloss":"the rest of"},{"surface":"припасами","lemma":"припасы","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of снаряжать","gloss":"the provisions"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"винами","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with припасами","gloss":"the wines"},{"surface":"предчувствуя","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"converb, present, active, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on расположился","gloss":"sensing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надуют","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"надуют","lemma":"надуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of предчувствуя","gloss":"they'd cheat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обсчитают","lemma":"обсчитать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with надуют","gloss":"overcharge"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обсчитают","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плюнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, intensive, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies the implicit subject он (agrees nominative masc sing with the subject of рассердившись/плюнул, not with себя, which is accusative)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of рассердившись","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"рассердившись","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"converb, past, middle, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on плюнул","gloss":"growing angry"},{"surface":"плюнул","lemma":"плюнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with пошел","gloss":"spat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, masculine, perfective","role":"coordinated with плюнул","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактир","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of трактир","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"трактир","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"tavern"},{"surface":"играть","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пошел","gloss":"to play"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking биллиарде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"биллиарде","lemma":"биллиард","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of играть","gloss":"billiards"}]},{"number":256,"label":"256","id":"b8-c5-s256","source":"— Дурак, хоть и хороший малый… — бормотал он про себя дорогой. — Про этого какого-то офицера «прежнего» Грушенькинова я слыхал. Ну, если прибыл, то… Эх, пистолеты эти! А, черт, что я, его дядька, что ли? Пусть их! Да и ничего не будет. Горланы, и больше ничего. Напьются и подерутся, подерутся и помирятся. Разве это люди дела? Что это за «устранюсь», «казню себя» — ничего не будет! Тысячу раз кричал этим слогом пьяный в трактире. Теперь-то не пьян. «Пьян духом» — слог любят подлецы. Дядька я ему, что ли? И не мог не подраться, вся харя в крови. С кем бы это? В трактире узнаю. И платок в крови… Фу, черт, у меня на полу остался… наплевать!","translation":"— A fool, though a decent enough fellow… — he muttered to himself along the way. — I've heard about that officer, that \"old flame\" of Grushenka's. Well, if he has turned up, then… Ah, those pistols, devil take them! And, hang it, what am I — his nursemaid? Let them be! Nothing will come of it anyway. Loudmouths, and nothing more. They'll get drunk and brawl, brawl and make up. Are these men of action? What's all this \"I'll withdraw,\" \"I'll execute myself\" — nothing will come of it! A thousand times some drunk has shouted in that very vein at the tavern. Only now he isn't drunk. \"Drunk in spirit\" — scoundrels love that turn of phrase. Am I his nursemaid, or what? And he couldn't have helped getting into a fight, his whole mug was covered in blood. With whom, I wonder? I'll find out at the tavern. And the handkerchief soaked in blood… Pah, the devil, it's still lying on my floor… to hell with it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Дурак, хоть и хороший малый","title":"«малый» — fellow, lad","body":"«Малый» (here a noun) means 'fellow, chap, young man', colloquial and a touch condescending. «Хоть и хороший малый» — 'though a good enough sort' — sets up Pyotr Ilyich's grudging affection for Mitya."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Грушенькинова","title":"«Грушенькин» — possessive adjective from a name","body":"From «Грушенька» Russian forms a possessive adjective «Грушенькин» ('Grushenka's'), here inflected «Грушенькинова». This -ин possessive from personal names is colloquial and folk-flavoured — the officer who was 'Grushenka's own'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что я, его дядька, что ли?","title":"«что ли» — the dubitative tag","body":"«Что ли» is a colloquial particle turning a statement into a sceptical, exasperated question ('am I his nursemaid, or what?'). The repeated «дядька … что ли?» becomes Pyotr Ilyich's refrain of self-irritation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дядька","title":"«дядька» — manservant, minder","body":"Beyond 'uncle', «дядька» historically meant a male servant put in charge of a boy — a tutor-minder. Pyotr Ilyich uses it scornfully: 'what am I, his nanny, his keeper?'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть их!","title":"«пусть» — third-person 'let them'","body":"«Пусть» + a verb (here elliptical) forms the third-person imperative of permission/dismissal: 'let them (do as they like)'. The bare «Пусть их!» is a curt 'leave them to it'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Горланы","title":"«горланы» — loudmouths, bawlers","body":"«Горлан» (from «горло», throat) is a contemptuous word for a loud bawler, a shouter who is all noise. The plural dismisses Mitya and his sort as men of words, not deeds."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Напьются и подерутся, подерутся и помирятся","title":"Perfective futures in a chiastic rhythm","body":"Four perfective futures of -ся verbs («напьются, подерутся, помирятся») chained in an A-B, B-C pattern: they'll get drunk and fight, fight and make up. The clipped sequence enacts the dreary inevitability he scorns."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что это за «устранюсь», «казню себя»","title":"«что за» and the reflexive verbs Mitya quotes","body":"«Что (это) за…» means 'what sort of… is this'. Pyotr Ilyich derisively quotes Mitya's grand reflexive verbs: «устранюсь» ('I'll remove myself', -ся) and «казню себя» ('I'll execute myself', with full pronoun «себя') — high-flown self-dramatizing talk."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тысячу раз кричал этим слогом","title":"«этим слогом» — instrumental of manner","body":"«Слог» here means 'style, manner of speaking'; «этим слогом» is the instrumental of manner — 'in that (very) style'. So many a drunk has 'shouted in that vein'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Теперь-то не пьян","title":"«теперь-то» — emphatic -то on the adverb","body":"The clitic -то stresses the contrast in time: 'now, though / this time he isn't drunk'. It pins the unsettling point — the very thing that worries Pyotr Ilyich."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вся харя в крови","title":"«харя» — mug, ugly face","body":"«Харя» is a coarse, abusive word for the face ('mug, snout'), far below «лицо». «Вся харя в крови» — his whole mug was bloodied — drops the register to gutter level, matching Pyotr Ilyich's contemptuous mood."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наплевать","title":"«наплевать!» — 'to hell with it'","body":"Literally 'to spit (all over it)', «наплевать» is an emphatic idiom of total dismissal: 'I don't give a damn'. It caps his self-disgusted monologue about the bloodied handkerchief left on his floor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дурак","lemma":"дурак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the exclamation","gloss":"a fool"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of малый","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хороший (concessive \"хоть и\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"хороший","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies малый","gloss":"decent"},{"surface":"малый","lemma":"малый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, coordinated with Дурак","gloss":"fellow"},{"surface":"бормотал","lemma":"бормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бормотал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of бормотал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of бормотал (\"along the way\")","gloss":"along the way"},{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking офицера","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of офицера","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of офицера (with -то, \"some kind of\")","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with какого to form «какого-то» (\"some kind of\")","gloss":"kind of","note":"«-то» attached to какого makes an indefinite pronoun, \"some kind of.\""},{"surface":"офицера","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слыхал (object of про)","gloss":"officer"},{"surface":"прежнего","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies офицера","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"Грушенькинова","lemma":"грушенькин","morphology":"possessive adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies офицера","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слыхал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"слыхал","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I've heard"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the next clause","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of прибыл","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"прибыл","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause, correlates with то","gloss":"he's arrived"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative adverb picking up the если-clause (\"then\")","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Эх","lemma":"эх","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the exclamation about пистолеты","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"пистолеты","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"pistols"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies пистолеты","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection/conjunction","role":"links to the next exclamation","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamatory interjection (\"devil take it\")","gloss":"devil take it"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of я (copula omitted)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the implied copula with что","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дядька","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"дядька","lemma":"дядька","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, in apposition to я","gloss":"nursemaid"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"forms the idiom «что ли» (\"or what\") with ли","gloss":"or","note":"«что ли» is a set idiom meaning \"or what/or something.\""},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the idiom «что ли» with что","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the elliptical imperative with их","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"complement of Пусть (\"let them be\")","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (\"да и\")","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with Да to mean \"and besides\"","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will happen"},{"surface":"Горланы","lemma":"горлан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"loudmouths"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"coordinated with Горланы","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"Напьются","lemma":"напиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they'll get drunk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подерутся","lemma":"подраться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Напьются","gloss":"they'll brawl"},{"surface":"подерутся","lemma":"подраться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with помирятся","gloss":"they'll brawl"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помирятся","lemma":"помириться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with подерутся","gloss":"they'll make up"},{"surface":"Разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause (predicate люди)","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies люди (\"men of action\")","gloss":"of action"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom «что это за» (\"what kind of\")","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom «что это за»","gloss":"is this"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom «что... за», introduces the quoted phrase устранюсь","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"устранюсь","lemma":"устраниться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, reflexive, first, singular, perfective","role":"quoted phrase, object of «что за»","gloss":"'I'll withdraw'"},{"surface":"казню","lemma":"казнить","morphology":"verb, present/future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with устранюсь","gloss":"'I'll execute'"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of казню","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of this clause","gloss":"will happen"},{"surface":"Тысячу","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of кричал (extent)","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has shouted"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of слогом","gloss":"in that"},{"surface":"слогом","lemma":"слог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кричал","gloss":"vein"},{"surface":"пьяный","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective used as noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричал","gloss":"a drunk"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактире","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"трактире","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кричал (location)","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пьян","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Теперь","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пьян","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective (implied subject он)","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"Пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, head of the phrase","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"духом","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Пьян","gloss":"in spirit"},{"surface":"слог","lemma":"слог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любят","gloss":"turn of phrase"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"подлецы","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of любят","gloss":"scoundrels"},{"surface":"Дядька","lemma":"дядька","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"nursemaid"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Дядька","gloss":"am I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of Дядька (\"to him\")","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"forms the idiom «что ли» with ли","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the idiom «что ли» with что","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"couldn't"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подраться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подраться","lemma":"подраться","morphology":"verb, reflexive, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог (double negative, \"couldn't help fighting\")","gloss":"fighting"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of харя","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"харя","lemma":"харя","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (\"[was] in blood\")","gloss":"mug"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of харя (elliptical copula)","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional particle with кем","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical copula (predicate кем)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактире","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"трактире","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнаю","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"узнаю","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll find out"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"платок","lemma":"платок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (\"[is] in blood\")","gloss":"the handkerchief"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of платок (elliptical copula)","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"Фу","lemma":"фу","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection of disgust","gloss":"pah"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"interjection, coordinated with Фу","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of остался (possessor, \"my\")","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остался","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is left"},{"surface":"наплевать","lemma":"наплевать","morphology":"verb, infinitive, impersonal, perfective","role":"independent exclamatory predicate (\"never mind\")","gloss":"to hell with it"}]},{"number":257,"label":"257","id":"b8-c5-s257","source":"Пришел в трактир он в сквернейшем расположении духа и тотчас же начал партию.","translation":"He came to the tavern in the foulest of moods and at once started a game.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в сквернейшем расположении духа","title":"«сквернейшем» — superlative in -ейш-","body":"«Сквернейший» is the bookish synthetic superlative of «скверный» (vile, foul), formed with -ейш-: 'in the foulest of moods'. «Расположение духа» is a set phrase for one's frame of mind."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тотчас же начал партию","title":"«же» reinforcing «тотчас»","body":"«Тотчас» means 'at once'; the particle «же» reinforces immediacy ('the very moment, right away'). «Начал партию» — 'started a game' — uses «партия» in its sense of a round of billiards."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he came"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактир","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"трактир","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Пришел (destination)","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Пришел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расположении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сквернейшем","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies расположении","gloss":"foulest"},{"surface":"расположении","lemma":"расположение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Пришел","gloss":"a mood"},{"surface":"духа","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies расположении","gloss":"of spirit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Пришел","gloss":"started"},{"surface":"партию","lemma":"партия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of начал","gloss":"a game"}]},{"number":258,"label":"258","id":"b8-c5-s258","source":"Партия развеселила его.","translation":"The game cheered him up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Партия развеселила его","title":"Perfective «развеселила» — caused to cheer up","body":"«Развеселить» (perfective, prefix раз- of intensification) is the causative transitive 'to cheer up, make merry'; its -ся pair «развеселиться» would be 'to grow merry'. Here the game cheers him — a single completed effect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Партия","lemma":"партия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of развеселила","gloss":"the game"},{"surface":"развеселила","lemma":"развеселить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cheered up"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of развеселила","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":259,"label":"259","id":"b8-c5-s259","source":"Сыграл другую и вдруг заговорил с одним из партнеров о том, что у Дмитрия Карамазова опять деньги появились, тысяч до трех, сам видел, и что он опять укатил кутить в Мокрое с Грушенькой.","translation":"He played another and suddenly fell to talking with one of his partners about how Dmitri Karamazov had money again, up to three thousand — he had seen it himself — and how he had gone off once more to carouse at Mokroye with Grushenka.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сыграл другую","title":"Dropped subject, recoverable from the verb","body":"The masculine perfective past «сыграл» needs no «он» — the -л form and context carry person and gender. Subject-drop is normal once the topic (Pyotr Ilyich) is established."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о том, что … появились","title":"«о том, что» — prepositional correlative + clause","body":"«Говорить о» takes the prepositional; with a clause it uses the correlative «о том, что…» ('about how/that…'). It hangs the whole report — money, three thousand, Mokroye — off «заговорил»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тысяч до трех","title":"«до» + genitive = 'up to, about'","body":"«До трёх тысяч» literally 'up to three thousand', with «до» governing the genitive «трёх тысяч», expresses an approximate upper figure. Inverting to «тысяч до трёх» heightens the colloquial, approximating feel."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"укатил кутить","title":"«укатил кутить» — drove off to carouse","body":"«Укатить» (perfective, prefix у- of departure) is a breezy colloquial 'to roll/drive off'; «кутить» is to go on a spree, to carouse and squander. The pair captures Mitya's whirlwind flight to revelry at Mokroye."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сыграл","lemma":"сыграть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he played"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective used as pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Сыграл (\"another [game]\")","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сыграл","gloss":"fell to talking"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорил","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking партнеров","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"партнеров","lemma":"партнёр","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies одним","gloss":"his partners"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорил, explained by the что-clause","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of появились","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрия","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of появились (possessor)","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Дмитрия (surname)","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies появились","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of появились","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"появились","lemma":"появиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"turned up"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"in apposition to деньги (amount)","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трех","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun modifying the implied subject of видел","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb within the что-clause","gloss":"had seen it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of укатил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of укатил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies укатил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"укатил","lemma":"укатить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second что-clause","gloss":"had gone off"},{"surface":"кутить","lemma":"кутить","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of укатил","gloss":"to carouse"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокрое","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Мокрое","lemma":"мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кутить","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушенькой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Грушенькой","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кутить (companion)","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":260,"label":"260","id":"b8-c5-s260","source":"Это было принято почти с неожиданным любопытством слушателями.","translation":"This was taken up by the listeners with an almost unexpected curiosity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это было принято … слушателями","title":"Passive with short participle + instrumental agent","body":"«Было принято» is the periphrastic passive: «быть» + short past passive participle «принято» (neuter, agreeing with «это»). The agent stands in the instrumental: «слушателями» (by the listeners)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с неожиданным любопытством","title":"«с» + instrumental of manner","body":"«С любопытством» ('with curiosity') uses «с» + instrumental to express the manner of reception. The agreeing adjective «неожиданным» (unexpected) makes the curiosity itself the surprising thing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive принято","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of принято","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"принято","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, passive participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"taken up"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданным","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"неожиданным","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of принято","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"слушателями","lemma":"слушатель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"agent of passive принято","gloss":"by the listeners"}]},{"number":261,"label":"261","id":"b8-c5-s261","source":"И все они заговорили не смеясь, а как-то странно серьезно.","translation":"And they all began to talk, not laughing, but somehow strangely in earnest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не смеясь, а … серьезно","title":"«не … а» — corrective contrast","body":"«Не смеясь, а … серьёзно» pairs a negated gerund with «а» in its corrective sense — 'not laughing but rather, in earnest'. «А» here marks substitution, not mere contrast: this, instead of that."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как-то странно серьезно","title":"«как-то» — vague intensifier","body":"Here «как-то» (from «как» + indefinite -то) means 'somehow, in some odd way', softening and unsettling the description: they spoke 'somehow strangely in earnest'. It signals a mood the narrator can't quite pin down."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of они","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заговорили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"заговорили","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began to talk"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеясь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеясь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, reflexive, converb, imperfective","role":"modifies заговорили","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"combines with то to form «как-то» (\"somehow\"), modifies странно","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with как to form «как-то»","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies серьезно","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьёзно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with смеясь (contrast)","gloss":"in earnest"}]},{"number":262,"label":"262","id":"b8-c5-s262","source":"Даже игру перервали.","translation":"They even broke off the game.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"перервали","title":"«перервать» — to break off","body":"«Перервать(ся)» ('to interrupt, break off') is a near-synonym of «прервать», the per-/pre- variant giving an emphatic, colloquial colour. «Игру перервали» — 'they even broke off the game', the impersonal plural standing for 'people'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Даже игру перервали","title":"Object-first word order for emphasis","body":"The accusative object «игру» is fronted before the verb «перервали», throwing the weight onto what was interrupted — the game itself. «Даже» (even) underlines how arresting the news had become."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies игру","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"игру","lemma":"игра","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of перервали","gloss":"the game"},{"surface":"перервали","lemma":"перервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they broke off"}]},{"number":263,"label":"263","id":"b8-c5-s263","source":"— Три тысячи? Да откуда у него быть трем тысячам?","translation":"— Three thousand? But where would he get three thousand?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да откуда у него быть трем тысячам?","title":"Dative + infinitive «быть» of modal incredulity","body":"A vivid idiom of disbelief: «откуда … быть» + dative «трём тысячам» — literally 'whence is there to be three thousand to him?', i.e. 'where on earth would he get three thousand?'. The dative «трём тысячам» marks what is (improbably) supposed to exist."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да откуда","title":"«да» — interjective intensifier","body":"Sentence-initial «да» here is not 'yes' but a colloquial intensifying particle ('but, why, come now'), heightening the rhetorical question's incredulity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies быть (\"where would... come from\")","gloss":"where would"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of быть (possessor)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive linking него (possessor) and тысячам","gloss":"to get"},{"surface":"трем","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, dative","role":"quantifies тысячам","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячам","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"complement of быть","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":264,"label":"264","id":"b8-c5-s264","source":"Стали расспрашивать дальше.","translation":"They began to question further.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стали расспрашивать дальше","title":"«стали» + imperfective infinitive","body":"The phasal «стать» (began) governs an imperfective infinitive «расспрашивать» (to question, prefix рас- of thoroughness, iterative -ыва-). The impersonal plural «стали» = 'they/people began to question further'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they began"},{"surface":"расспрашивать","lemma":"расспрашивать","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Стали","gloss":"to question"},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"дальше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies расспрашивать","gloss":"further"}]},{"number":265,"label":"265","id":"b8-c5-s265","source":"Известие о Хохлаковой приняли сомнительно.","translation":"The news about Madame Khokhlakova they received with skepticism.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Известие о Хохлаковой приняли сомнительно","title":"Fronted object + impersonal plural verb","body":"The object «известие» (the news) leads, with the implied-subject plural «приняли» ('they received') following — a topic-comment ordering that makes the news the theme. «О Хохлаковой» is «о» + prepositional."}],"words":[{"surface":"Известие","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of приняли","gloss":"the news"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Хохлаковой","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Известие","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"приняли","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they received"},{"surface":"сомнительно","lemma":"сомнительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приняли","gloss":"with skepticism"}]},{"number":266,"label":"266","id":"b8-c5-s266","source":"— А не ограбил ли старика, вот что? Три тысячи! Что-то не ладно.","translation":"— Hasn't he robbed the old man, that's the thing? Three thousand! Something's not right.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А не ограбил ли старика","title":"«не … ли» — tentative suspicious question","body":"The frame «не … ли» softens a question into a dawning suspicion: «не ограбил ли он старика» — 'hasn't he perhaps robbed the old man?'. «Старика» is the animate accusative (= genitive). The enclitic «ли» leans on the focused verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что-то не ладно","title":"«что-то» + «не ладно» — something's amiss","body":"«Что-то» (something, specific-but-unknown -то) as subject of the predicative «не ладно» ('not right, amiss') gives the uneasy verdict: 'something's not right here'. «Ладно» is the colloquial short predicative of 'fine, in order'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ограбил (rhetorical negative question)","gloss":"hasn't"},{"surface":"ограбил","lemma":"ограбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he robbed"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle with ограбил","gloss":"(question)"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ограбил","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate with вот (\"that's the thing\")","gloss":"the thing"},{"surface":"Три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"combines with то to form «что-то» (\"something\"), subject of ладно","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with что to form «что-то»","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ладно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ладно","lemma":"ладно","morphology":"predicate adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"right"}]},{"number":267,"label":"267","id":"b8-c5-s267","source":"— Похвалялся же убить отца вслух, все здесь слышали. Именно про три тысячи говорил…","translation":"— Why, he boasted out loud that he'd kill his father, everyone here heard it. It was three thousand exactly that he was talking about…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Похвалялся же убить отца","title":"«же» asserting a shared fact","body":"«Похвалялся» (boasted, imperfective -ся, slightly archaic for «хвалился») with «же» drives home a known point: 'why, he did boast…'. «Убить отца» — animate accusative «отца» — supplies the chilling content of the boast."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вслух … все здесь слышали","title":"Adverb «вслух» and dropped object","body":"«Вслух» ('aloud, out loud') stresses the public nature of the threat. «Все здесь слышали» — 'everyone here heard (it)' — drops the object, recoverable from context, in the brisk manner of speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Похвалялся","lemma":"похваляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he boasted"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Похвалялся","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Похвалялся","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Похвалялся","gloss":"out loud"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of слышали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышали","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"heard it"},{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячи","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he was talking about"}]},{"number":268,"label":"268","id":"b8-c5-s268","source":"Петр Ильич слушал и вдруг стал отвечать на расспросы сухо и скупо.","translation":"Pyotr Ilyich listened and suddenly began answering their questions curtly and sparingly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал отвечать … сухо и скупо","title":"«стал» + imperfective, with adverbs of manner","body":"«Стал отвечать» (began to answer) takes the imperfective infinitive; the manner adverbs «сухо» (dryly, curtly) and «скупо» (sparingly) describe his guarded new tone as suspicion thickens."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скупо","title":"«скупо» — sparingly, tight-lipped","body":"Literally 'stingily' (from «скупой», miserly), «скупо» applied to speech means tight-lipped, giving little away — Pyotr Ilyich now hoarding his words about Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слушал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the name Петр Ильич","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with слушал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"отвечать","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расспросы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"расспросы","lemma":"расспрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отвечать","gloss":"their questions"},{"surface":"сухо","lemma":"сухо","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of отвечать","gloss":"curtly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скупо","lemma":"скупо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with сухо","gloss":"sparingly"}]},{"number":269,"label":"269","id":"b8-c5-s269","source":"Про кровь, которая была на лице и на руках Мити, не упомянул ни слова, а когда шел сюда, хотел было рассказать.","translation":"Of the blood that had been on Mitya's face and hands he mentioned not a word, though on his way here he had meant to tell of it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не упомянул ни слова","title":"«ни слова» — genitive of negation, 'not a word'","body":"Under negation the object drops to the genitive and «ни» intensifies it: «не упомянул ни слова» — 'did not mention a single word'. «Ни» + the negated verb is one emphatic negation, not two."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Про кровь, которая была","title":"«про» + accusative, and a «который» clause","body":"«Про» ('about', colloquial for «о») governs the accusative «кровь». The relative «которая» agrees with «кровь» in feminine singular but takes nominative for its own role as subject of «была»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел было рассказать","title":"«хотел было» — the abandoned intention","body":"Again the particle «было» marks an intention started and then dropped: on his way he 'had meant to tell of it' but, we now learn, held back. The construction quietly stages his change of resolve."}],"words":[{"surface":"Про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровь","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упомянул","gloss":"the blood"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking которая to лице","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of была (relative clause modifying кровь)","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with лице","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лице and руках (possessor)","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упомянул","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"упомянул","lemma":"упомянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he mentioned"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"negative particle intensifying слова (\"not a single word\")","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of упомянул","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of шел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying хотел","gloss":"he was on his way"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шел","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with упомянул","gloss":"he had meant"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle (\"was about to\")","role":"modifies хотел, forms the «хотел было» idiom","gloss":"was about to"},{"surface":"рассказать","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to tell"}]},{"number":270,"label":"270","id":"b8-c5-s270","source":"Начали третью партию, мало-помалу разговор о Мите затих; но, докончив третью партию, Петр Ильич больше играть не пожелал, положил кий и, не поужинав, как собирался, вышел из трактира.","translation":"They began a third game; little by little the talk of Mitya died down; but, having finished the third game, Pyotr Ilyich had no wish to play any longer, laid down his cue, and — without having supper, as he had intended — left the tavern.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мало-помалу разговор о Мите затих","title":"Inceptive за- on «затих»","body":"«Затихнуть» ('to die down, fall quiet') uses inceptive/resultative за- — the talk gradually subsided into silence. «Мало-помалу» ('little by little') is a reduplicative adverb of slow degree."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"докончив третью партию","title":"«докончив» — past gerund, prefix до- of completion","body":"A perfective past gerund from «докончить» (to finish off, до- = to the end), marking a completed prior action: 'having finished the third game'. It shares Pyotr Ilyich as subject with the main verbs that follow."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"больше играть не пожелал","title":"Negated «пожелал» + «больше»","body":"«Не пожелал» ('did not wish', a slightly formal perfective for 'wanted') with «больше» ('any longer') under negation = 'had no wish to play any more'. The imperfective infinitive «играть» names the durative activity declined."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не поужинав, как собирался","title":"Negated gerund «не поужинав»","body":"A negated perfective past gerund — 'without having supped' — neatly renders English 'without having supper'. «Как собирался» ('as he had intended') sets the unfulfilled plan against the bare fact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they began"},{"surface":"третью","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies партию","gloss":"a third"},{"surface":"партию","lemma":"партия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Начали","gloss":"game"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало-помалу","morphology":"adverb","role":"combines with помалу to form «мало-помалу» (\"little by little\"), modifies затих","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"помалу","lemma":"мало-помалу","morphology":"adverb","role":"combines with мало, modifies затих","gloss":"by little"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of затих","gloss":"the conversation"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"затих","lemma":"затихнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"died down"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"докончив","lemma":"докончить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пожелал","gloss":"having finished"},{"surface":"третью","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies партию","gloss":"the third"},{"surface":"партию","lemma":"партия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of докончив","gloss":"game"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пожелал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the name Петр Ильич","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies играть","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"играть","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пожелал","gloss":"to play"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пожелал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пожелал","lemma":"пожелать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Начали","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Начали","gloss":"laid down"},{"surface":"кий","lemma":"кий","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of положил","gloss":"his cue"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поужинав","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поужинав","lemma":"поужинать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вышел","gloss":"without having supper"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of собирался","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"собирался","lemma":"собираться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of поужинав","gloss":"he had intended"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Начали","gloss":"he left"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактира","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"трактира","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"the tavern"}]},{"number":271,"label":"271","id":"b8-c5-s271","source":"Выйдя на площадь, он стал в недоумении и даже дивясь на себя.","translation":"Coming out onto the square, he stopped in bewilderment, even astonished at himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выйдя на площадь","title":"«выйдя» — past gerund of prefixed motion","body":"«Выйдя» is the perfective past gerund of «выйти» (to go out, prefix вы-) — 'having come out onto the square'. The prefixed motion verb fixes both the completion and the direction (out, onto)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дивясь на себя","title":"«дивясь на себя» — present gerund + reflexive","body":"«Дивясь» is an imperfective present gerund of the bookish «дивиться» (to marvel, -ся verb); «на себя» (reflexive pronoun, accusative) directs the wonder back at himself — astonished at his own behaviour."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в недоумении","title":"«недоумение» — bewilderment","body":"A bookish abstract noun in -ение: «недоумение» is perplexity, the state of being unable to make sense of something. «Стал в недоумении» — he halted, baffled — captures the moment his own conduct puzzles him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выйдя","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стал","gloss":"coming out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking площадь","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"площадь","lemma":"площадь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Выйдя","gloss":"the square"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недоумении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"недоумении","lemma":"недоумение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"bewilderment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дивясь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"дивясь","lemma":"дивиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on стал","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of дивясь","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":272,"label":"272","id":"b8-c5-s272","source":"Он вдруг сообразил, что ведь он хотел сейчас идти в дом Федора Павловича, узнать, не произошло ли чего.","translation":"He suddenly realized that he had in fact meant to go just now to Fyodor Pavlovich's house, to find out whether anything had happened.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сообразил, что ведь он хотел","title":"«ведь» inside a «что»-clause","body":"«Сообразил, что…» reports a sudden realization. The «ведь» within ('that he had in fact, you know') colours the thought with the texture of inner speech — he reminds himself of his own forgotten intention."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"узнать, не произошло ли чего","title":"«не … ли» embedded + genitive «чего»","body":"Indirect 'whether': «узнать, … ли» = 'find out whether anything had happened'. «Не произошло чего» shows the genitive of negation — «чего» (genitive of «что», 'anything') as the absent subject of negated «произошло»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сообразил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообразил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сообразил","lemma":"сообразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"realized"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"in fact"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сообразил","gloss":"had meant"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идти","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich's"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with идти","gloss":"to find out"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of узнать","gloss":"had happened"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"whether","note":"«не … ли» together form the whether-question, not two separate negatives."},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произошло","gloss":"anything"}]},{"number":273,"label":"273","id":"b8-c5-s273","source":"«Из-за вздора, который окажется, разбужу чужой дом и наделаю скандала. Фу, черт, дядька я им, что ли?»","translation":"\"Over some trifle that will turn out to be nothing, I'll wake up a stranger's house and cause a scandal. Pah, the devil, am I their nursemaid, or what?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Из-за вздора, который окажется","title":"«из-за» + genitive, cause/blame","body":"«Из-за» ('because of, on account of', often with a negative tinge of blame) governs the genitive «вздора». The «который окажется» clause ('that will turn out [to be nothing]') uses a perfective future inside the relative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вздора","title":"«вздор» — nonsense, a trifle","body":"«Вздор» means rubbish, nonsense, a trifling nothing. «Из-за вздора» — 'over some piece of nonsense' — is Pyotr Ilyich talking himself out of disturbing the household."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разбужу … наделаю","title":"Two perfective futures of consequence","body":"«Разбужу» (I'll wake up) and «наделаю скандала» (I'll make a scandal — perfective with genitive after на-) project the embarrassing result he fears, in the simple future the perfective supplies."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дядька я им, что ли?","title":"«что ли» refrain, dative «им»","body":"The self-mocking refrain returns: «дядька я им, что ли?» — 'am I their nursemaid, or what?'. «Им» is dative ('to them'), and «что ли» tags it with weary exasperation. The repetition across segments marks his inner struggle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of the compound preposition из-за, marking вздора","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"second part of the compound preposition из-за, marking вздора","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"вздора","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Из-за","gloss":"some trifle"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of окажется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"окажется","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on вздора","gloss":"will turn out"},{"surface":"разбужу","lemma":"разбудить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll wake up"},{"surface":"чужой","lemma":"чужой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"a stranger's"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разбужу","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наделаю","lemma":"наделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with разбужу","gloss":"I'll cause"},{"surface":"скандала","lemma":"скандал","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of наделаю","gloss":"a scandal"},{"surface":"Фу","lemma":"фу","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"Pah"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Фу","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"дядька","lemma":"дядька","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun with я","gloss":"a nursemaid"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дядька","gloss":"I","note":"«дядька я им» is a predicate-noun clause: 'am I a nursemaid to them'."},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of дядька","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom что ли","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom что ли","gloss":"what","note":"«что ли» together is idiomatic for 'or what'."}]},{"number":274,"label":"274","id":"b8-c5-s274","source":"В сквернейшем расположении духа направился он прямо к себе домой и вдруг вспомнил про Феню: «Э, черт, вот бы давеча расспросить ее, — подумал он в досаде, — всё бы и знал».","translation":"In the foulest of moods he set off straight for home, and suddenly remembered Fenya: \"Eh, the devil, I should have questioned her just now, — he thought in vexation, — then I'd have known everything.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"направился … к себе домой","title":"«к себе домой» — reflexive + adverbial home","body":"«К себе» ('to one's own place', к + dative reflexive «себе») combined with the adverbial «домой» ('homeward') means 'to his own home'. «Направился» (set off, -ся) is the prefixed motion he chooses."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот бы давеча расспросить ее","title":"«вот бы» — wish/regret with бы","body":"«Вот бы» + infinitive expresses a wistful wish or regret: 'I really should have questioned her, if only I had'. The particle «бы» carries the irrealis without a finite verb; «давеча» anchors the missed moment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё бы и знал","title":"Conditional consequence «всё бы … знал»","body":"The matching apodosis: «всё бы и знал» — 'then I'd have known everything'. Past-tense «знал» + «бы» forms the counterfactual conditional; «и» here is an intensifying 'then indeed'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в досаде","title":"«досада» — vexation","body":"«Досада» is annoyance, chagrin, the sting of a missed chance or a small frustration. «Подумал в досаде» — 'thought with vexation' — names exactly his irritation at not having questioned Fenya."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расположении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сквернейшем","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies расположении","gloss":"the foulest"},{"surface":"расположении","lemma":"расположение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of направился","gloss":"mood"},{"surface":"духа","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies расположении","gloss":"of spirit"},{"surface":"направился","lemma":"направиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of направился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies направился","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of направился","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies направился","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспомнил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вспомнил","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with направился","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Феню","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Феню","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспомнил","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"Э","lemma":"э","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"Eh"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Э","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom вот бы, modifies расспросить","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"part of the idiom вот бы","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расспросить","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"расспросить","lemma":"расспросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of вот бы","gloss":"to have questioned"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of расспросить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"narrator's tag on the quoted thought","gloss":"he thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking досаде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"досаде","lemma":"досада","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумал","gloss":"vexation"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks знал as conditional","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"apodosis parallel to направился","gloss":"I'd have known"}]},{"number":275,"label":"275","id":"b8-c5-s275","source":"И до того вдруг загорелось в нем самое нетерпеливое и упрямое желание поговорить с нею и разузнать, что с полдороги он круто повернул к дому Морозовой, в котором квартировала Грушенька.","translation":"And so suddenly there flared up in him such an impatient and stubborn desire to talk with her and find out, that halfway there he turned sharply toward Morozova's house, where Grushenka lodged.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того … загорелось … что","title":"«до того … что» — degree result construction","body":"«До того … что…» ('to such a degree … that…') frames a result clause. «Загорелось … желание» — a desire 'flared up' (за- inceptive, impersonal-feeling word order with the subject last) so strongly that he turned aside."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самое нетерпеливое и упрямое желание","title":"«самое» — periphrastic superlative","body":"The superlative is built with «самый» agreeing with the noun: «самое нетерпеливое … желание» (the most impatient desire). Two agreeing adjectives «нетерпеливое» and «упрямое» pile on the intensity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"круто повернул к дому","title":"«к» + dative of goal","body":"«К дому Морозовой» ('toward Morozova's house') uses «к» + dative to mark direction-toward. «Круто повернул» — 'turned sharply' — captures the abrupt swerve his desire drives him into."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"квартировала","title":"«квартировать» — to lodge","body":"A 19th-century borrowing-verb (from «квартира», lodgings) meaning 'to be quartered, to lodge/rent rooms'. «Грушенька квартировала в доме Морозовой» — she rented rooms in the merchant-widow Morozova's house."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of загорелось, correlate of что-clause on повернул","gloss":"such a pitch"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies загорелось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"загорелось","lemma":"загореться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flared up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of загорелось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies желание","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"нетерпеливое","lemma":"нетерпеливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies желание","gloss":"impatient"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"упрямое","lemma":"упрямый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with нетерпеливое","gloss":"stubborn"},{"surface":"желание","lemma":"желание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of загорелось","gloss":"desire"},{"surface":"поговорить","lemma":"поговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies желание","gloss":"to talk"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поговорить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разузнать","lemma":"разузнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with поговорить","gloss":"find out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause on того","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полдороги","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"полдороги","lemma":"полдороги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернул","gloss":"halfway there"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"круто","lemma":"круто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернул","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"повернул","lemma":"повернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"result clause introduced by что, correlating with того","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дому","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"дому","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернул","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"Морозовой","lemma":"Морозова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дому","gloss":"Morozova's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of квартировала","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"квартировала","lemma":"квартировать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on дому","gloss":"lodged"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of квартировала","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":276,"label":"276","id":"b8-c5-s276","source":"Подойдя к воротам, он постучался, и раздавшийся в тишине ночи стук опять как бы вдруг отрезвил и обозлил его.","translation":"Coming up to the gate, he knocked, and the knock, ringing out in the stillness of the night, seemed once more to sober and exasperate him all at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подойдя к воротам","title":"«подойдя» — past gerund of prefixed motion","body":"A perfective past gerund of «подойти» (to approach, prefix под- 'up to') governing «к воротам» (dative): 'having come up to the gate'. The prefix supplies both completion and the 'up-to' direction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"раздавшийся в тишине ночи стук","title":"«раздавшийся» — past active participle","body":"«Раздавшийся» is a past active participle from «раздаться» (to ring out, -ся), declined to agree with «стук» — 'the knock that had rung out'. It packs a whole relative clause into a single attributive modifier before the noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы вдруг отрезвил и обозлил его","title":"«как бы» — 'as if', softening modal","body":"«Как бы» ('as it were, seemingly') hedges the claim: the knock 'seemed to' sober and anger him. Two perfectives «отрезвил» (sobered) and «обозлил» (made furious) name the paired sudden effects."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подойдя","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on постучался","gloss":"coming up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воротам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"воротам","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of Подойдя","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of постучался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"постучался","lemma":"постучаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knocked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раздавшийся","lemma":"раздаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying стук","gloss":"ringing out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тишине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тишине","lemma":"тишина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздавшийся","gloss":"the stillness"},{"surface":"ночи","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тишине","gloss":"of night"},{"surface":"стук","lemma":"стук","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезвил","gloss":"the knock"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезвил","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы, modifies отрезвил","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"(as if)"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезвил","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"отрезвил","lemma":"отрезвить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with постучался","gloss":"sober"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обозлил","lemma":"обозлить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отрезвил","gloss":"exasperate"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обозлил","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":277,"label":"277","id":"b8-c5-s277","source":"К тому же никто не откликнулся, все в доме спали.","translation":"What's more, no one answered — everyone in the house was asleep.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто не откликнулся","title":"Negative concord «никто … не»","body":"«Никто не откликнулся» — 'no one answered' — keeps the verbal «не» beside the negative pronoun «никто», the obligatory double negation. «Откликнуться» (to respond, -ся) is a single completed (non-)event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"К тому же","title":"«к тому же» — 'what's more'","body":"A fixed connective («к» + dative «тому» + «же») meaning 'moreover, besides, what's more'. It adds the further discouragement — the whole house asleep — onto his hesitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom к тому же, marking тому","gloss":"what's"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"(emphatic)","note":"«к тому же» together means 'what's more, besides'."},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of откликнулся","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies откликнулся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"откликнулся","lemma":"откликнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of спали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спали","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"спали","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with откликнулся","gloss":"was asleep"}]},{"number":278,"label":"278","id":"b8-c5-s278","source":"«И тут скандалу наделаю!» — подумал он с каким-то уже страданием в душе, но вместо того чтоб уйти окончательно, принялся вдруг стучать снова и изо всей уже силы.","translation":"\"And here too I'll cause a scandal!\" — he thought with a kind of suffering already in his soul, but instead of going off for good, he suddenly set to knocking again, and now with all his might.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вместо того чтоб уйти","title":"«вместо того чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«Вместо того чтоб(ы)» ('instead of') takes an infinitive «уйти» (to go off, prefixed motion). The «чтобы» here governs an infinitive (same subject), not the past-form irrealis — 'instead of leaving'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"принялся вдруг стучать снова","title":"«принялся» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Приняться» (-ся, 'to set about, fall to') is a phasal verb of beginning and so takes the imperfective «стучать» (to knock, repeatedly). «Изо всей … силы» — 'with all his might' — adds the violence of the renewed knocking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с каким-то уже страданием в душе","title":"«какой-то» — vague indefinite adjective","body":"«Какой-то» ('a kind of, some sort of', -то indefinite) hedges the noun «страдание» (suffering): 'with a kind of suffering already in his soul'. The vagueness deepens the inwardness Dostoevsky is tracing."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наделаю","gloss":"here too"},{"surface":"скандалу","lemma":"скандал","morphology":"noun, genitive (partitive), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of наделаю","gloss":"a scandal"},{"surface":"наделаю","lemma":"наделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll cause"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"narrator's tag on the quoted thought","gloss":"he thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страданием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of каким-то, determiner of страданием","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of каким-то","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies страданием","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"страданием","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумал","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies страданием","gloss":"his soul"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"correlate of чтоб-clause, contrasted with принялся","gloss":"instead"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уйти","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"уйти","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of того","gloss":"leaving"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уйти","gloss":"for good"},{"surface":"принялся","lemma":"приняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подумал","gloss":"he set to"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стучать","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"стучать","lemma":"стучать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принялся","gloss":"knocking"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стучать","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"all his"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies силы","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стучать","gloss":"might"}]},{"number":279,"label":"279","id":"b8-c5-s279","source":"Поднялся гам на всю улицу.","translation":"A din arose down the whole street.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Поднялся гам","title":"«гам» — a din, hubbub","body":"«Гам» is loud confused noise, a racket or clamour. «Поднялся гам на всю улицу» — 'a din arose over the whole street' — with «подняться» (to arise, -ся) the natural verb for a noise springing up."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на всю улицу","title":"«на всю улицу» — accusative of extent","body":"«На» + accusative «всю улицу» here marks extent/scope — 'across the whole street', the noise carrying that far. The idiom «на всю улицу» means loud enough for the entire street to hear."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поднялся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arose"},{"surface":"гам","lemma":"гам","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Поднялся","gloss":"a din"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицу","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of улицу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"улицу","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Поднялся","gloss":"street"}]},{"number":280,"label":"280","id":"b8-c5-s280","source":"«Так вот нет же, достучусь, достучусь!» — бормотал он, с каждым звуком злясь на себя до остервенения, но с тем вместе и усугубляя удары в ворота.","translation":"\"No — so there — I'll knock till they answer, I'll knock till they answer!\" — he muttered, with each blow growing furious at himself to the point of frenzy, yet at the same time redoubling his hammering at the gate.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так вот нет же, достучусь","title":"«нет же» — defiant insistence","body":"«Нет же» piles the particle «же» onto «нет» for stubborn defiance — 'no, but I will, so there!'. «Так вот» ('so then, right then') launches the resolve. Together they stage his obstinate self-egging."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"достучусь, достучусь","title":"«достучусь» — perfective future, до- 'until achieved'","body":"«Достучаться» (-ся) means 'to knock until one gets an answer' — the prefix до- marks attainment of the goal. The repeated perfective future «достучусь» ('I'll knock till they answer') doubles the stubborn vow."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"злясь на себя до остервенения","title":"«злясь на себя» — present gerund + reflexive","body":"«Злясь» is the imperfective present gerund of «злиться» (-ся, to be angry); «на себя» turns the anger on himself; «до остервенения» ('to the point of frenzy', до + genitive of degree) measures its rising pitch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"усугубляя удары в ворота","title":"«усугубляя» — present gerund of simultaneous action","body":"An imperfective present gerund from the bookish «усугублять» (to intensify, redouble), describing the action that goes on alongside his fury — he keeps redoubling his blows. «С тем вместе» ('at the same time') ties the two together."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"остервенения","title":"«остервенение» — frenzy, fury","body":"A strong bookish noun for a savage, beast-like frenzy (root tied to «зверь»-like rage). «До остервенения» marks the extreme degree of Pyotr Ilyich's self-directed fury — a pitch of feeling Dostoevsky loves to push his characters to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom так вот","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"negative particle","role":"defiant interjection, main clause of the quote","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"достучусь","lemma":"достучаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"I'll knock till they answer"},{"surface":"достучусь","lemma":"достучаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with the previous достучусь","gloss":"I'll knock till they answer"},{"surface":"бормотал","lemma":"бормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"narrator's tag on the quoted speech","gloss":"he muttered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бормотал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking звуком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каждым","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of звуком","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"звуком","lemma":"звук","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of злясь","gloss":"blow"},{"surface":"злясь","lemma":"злиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бормотал","gloss":"growing furious"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of злясь","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking остервенения","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"остервенения","lemma":"остервенение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of злясь","gloss":"frenzy"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom с тем вместе, marking тем","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom с тем вместе, modifies усугубляя","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom с тем вместе","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"усугубляя","lemma":"усугублять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бормотал","gloss":"redoubling"},{"surface":"удары","lemma":"удар","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of усугубляя","gloss":"his blows"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ворота","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ворота","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies удары","gloss":"the gate"}]}]}