{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b8-c6","title":{"source":"VI. Сам еду!","translated":"\"I Am Coming, Too!\""},"section":"Book VIII — Mitya","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b8-c6","lines":130},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b8-c5","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b8-c7","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b8-c6-s1","source":"А Дмитрий Федорович летел по дороге.","translation":"And Dmitri Fyodorovich was flying along the road.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"летел","title":"«лететь» of a racing carriage","body":"«летел» literally means 'was flying', but of a vehicle or rider it is the ordinary idiom for tearing along at top speed. The word recurs as a leitmotif of this whole headlong chapter (note «к которой летел он», «тройка летела»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А Дмитрий Федорович летел","title":"Scene-opening «а» and imperfective flight","body":"The sentence opens on the mild contrastive «а», not really 'but' here but a narrative hinge that shifts the camera to a new scene. The imperfective past «летел» paints the ride as an ongoing process rather than a single completed event."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of летел","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"летел","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was flying"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороге","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"дороге","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of летел","gloss":"the road"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b8-c6-s2","source":"До Мокрого было двадцать верст с небольшим, но тройка Андреева скакала так, что могла поспеть в час с четвертью.","translation":"It was a little over twenty versts to Mokroe, but Andrey's troika was galloping so hard that it could get there in an hour and a quarter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"двадцать верст","title":"Genitive plural after a numeral","body":"After «двадцать» (and any number ending in five or more) the counted noun stands in the genitive plural: «верст». The whole quantified phrase is then the subject of «было»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так, что могла поспеть","title":"Result clause «так, что»","body":"«так… что» sets up a result clause — galloping 'so [hard] that it could get there'. «что» here is the subordinating conjunction introducing the consequence, set off by a comma."}],"words":[{"surface":"До","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокрого","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мокрого","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"Mokroe"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on верст","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"верст","lemma":"верста","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of было","gloss":"versts"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небольшим","gloss":"and a"},{"surface":"небольшим","lemma":"небольшой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies верст","gloss":"little over"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тройка","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of скакала","gloss":"the troika"},{"surface":"Андреева","lemma":"Андреев","morphology":"possessive adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тройка","gloss":"Andrey's"},{"surface":"скакала","lemma":"скакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with было","gloss":"was galloping"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скакала","gloss":"so hard"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"result clause on так","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"поспеть","lemma":"поспеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"get there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поспеть","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking четвертью","gloss":"and a"},{"surface":"четвертью","lemma":"четверть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"quarter"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b8-c6-s3","source":"Быстрая езда как бы вдруг освежила Митю.","translation":"The swift ride seemed all at once to freshen Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы вдруг освежила","title":"Hedging «как бы» + perfective","body":"«как бы» ('as it were, seemingly') hedges the statement, a tic of Dostoevsky's narrator. The perfective «освежила» presents the freshening as a single accomplished change rather than a process, against which «как бы» casts a shade of doubt."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митя","title":"«Митя», the diminutive of Dmitri","body":"«Митя» is the warm, familiar short form of «Дмитрий». The narrator's slide from formal «Дмитрий Фёдорович» to intimate «Митя» pulls us inside the character's experience."}],"words":[{"surface":"Быстрая","lemma":"быстрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies езда","gloss":"the swift"},{"surface":"езда","lemma":"езда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of освежила","gloss":"ride"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы, modifies освежила","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"(as if)"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies освежила","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"освежила","lemma":"освежить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to freshen"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of освежила","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b8-c6-s4","source":"Воздух был свежий и холодноватый, на чистом небе сияли крупные звезды.","translation":"The air was fresh and rather cold, and great stars shone in the clear sky.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на чистом небе сияли крупные звезды","title":"Fronted locative, verb-before-subject","body":"The clause leads with the location «на чистом небе» ('in the clear sky', prepositional after «на»), then verb «сияли», then the new information «крупные звёзды» last — a textbook topic-comment ordering that lands the stars as the picture's focus."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"холодноватый","title":"The softening suffix «-оватый»","body":"«холодноватый» is «холодный» ('cold') plus «-оват-», a suffix meaning 'somewhat, -ish'. So 'rather cold, coolish' — a precise, attenuated shade rather than full cold."}],"words":[{"surface":"Воздух","lemma":"воздух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of свежий","gloss":"the air"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to свежий","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"свежий","lemma":"свежий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"fresh"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"холодноватый","lemma":"холодноватый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with свежий","gloss":"rather cold"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking небе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чистом","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies небе","gloss":"the clear"},{"surface":"небе","lemma":"небо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сияли","gloss":"sky"},{"surface":"сияли","lemma":"сиять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"крупные","lemma":"крупный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies звезды","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"звезды","lemma":"звезда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of сияли","gloss":"stars"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b8-c6-s5","source":"Это была та самая ночь, а может, и тот самый час, когда Алеша, упав на землю, «исступленно клялся любить ее во веки веков».","translation":"It was that very night, and perhaps that very hour, when Alyosha, having fallen to the earth, \"in a frenzy swore to love her for ever and ever.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"та самая ночь… тот самый час","title":"«тот самый» — 'that very'","body":"The demonstrative «тот» reinforced by «самый» means 'that very same', pinning the moment to a precise one already known to the reader. «та» agrees as feminine with «ночь», «тот» as masculine with «час»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"упав на землю","title":"Perfective gerund «упав»","body":"«упав» is a perfective past gerund (деепричастие) from «упасть», 'having fallen'. It compresses a prior completed action sharing Alyosha's subject — 'Alyosha, having fallen to the earth, swore…' — a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"во веки веков","title":"«во веки веков» — for ever and ever","body":"A liturgical, Church-Slavonic-flavoured formula ('unto the ages of ages') closing Orthodox prayers. In quotation marks here, it echoes the elevated, ecstatic register of Alyosha's vow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ночь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ночь","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самая","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying час","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of час","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ночь","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of клялся","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of клялся","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"упав","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on клялся","gloss":"having fallen"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упав","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"исступленно","lemma":"исступлённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies клялся","gloss":"in a frenzy"},{"surface":"клялся","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on час","gloss":"swore"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of клялся","gloss":"to love"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom во веки веков","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"веки","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"part of the idiom во веки веков, modifies любить","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"part of the idiom во веки веков","gloss":"and ever","note":"«во веки веков» is a fixed idiom for 'for ever and ever'; lemma is век ('age'), not веко ('eyelid')."}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b8-c6-s6","source":"Но смутно, очень смутно было в душе Мити, и хоть многое терзало теперь его душу, но в этот момент всё существо его неотразимо устремилось лишь к ней, к его царице, к которой летел он, чтобы взглянуть на нее в последний раз.","translation":"But a vague confusion, a very deep confusion, lay in Mitya's soul, and though much was tormenting him now, in this moment his whole being strained irresistibly toward her alone, toward his queen, toward whom he was flying so as to look upon her one last time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смутно… было в душе Мити","title":"Impersonal 'it was confused in his soul'","body":"There is no nominative subject: the neuter predicate adverb «смутно» with «было» frames an impersonal state — literally 'it was vaguely/confusedly in Mitya's soul'. This subjectless, experiencer-centred frame is Dostoevsky's favourite way into inner life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к ней, к его царице, к которой летел он, чтобы взглянуть","title":"Stacked datives, relative «который», purpose «чтобы»","body":"The preposition «к» governs the dative through a chain of appositives («к ней, к царице, к которой»), with «который» taking dative from its own «к» inside the relative clause. «чтобы» + infinitive «взглянуть» then gives the purpose, 'so as to look'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"царица","title":"«царица» — his 'queen'","body":"«царица» is 'tsaritsa, queen/empress'. Mitya's name for Grushenka, it raises her to sovereign status over him and prepares the language of worship and self-abasement («до моления, до исчезновения») that follows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"неотразимо устремилось","title":"Reflexive «-ся»: a surge of the whole being","body":"«устремилось» (from «устремиться») carries the reflexive «-ся», here middle/intransitive: his whole being 'rushed, strained' toward her of its own motion. The perfective marks the surge as a single decisive movement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"смутно","lemma":"смутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverb with было","gloss":"vaguely"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смутно (w4)","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"смутно","lemma":"смутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with смутно (w2), predicate of было","gloss":"vaguely"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to смутно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of душе","gloss":"Mitya's","note":"Митя is a masculine name; declines like a feminine noun but takes masculine agreement."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of терзало","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of терзало","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"терзало","lemma":"терзать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the хоть-clause","gloss":"was tormenting"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies терзало","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of терзало","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking момент","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of момент","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"момент","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устремилось","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of существо","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of устремилось","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of существо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"неотразимо","lemma":"неотразимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устремилось","gloss":"irresistibly"},{"surface":"устремилось","lemma":"устремиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"strained"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ней","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устремилось","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking царице","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of царице","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"царице","lemma":"царица","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to ней","gloss":"queen"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of летел, refers to царице","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"летел","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on царице","gloss":"was flying"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of летел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of взглянуть","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"взглянуть","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on летел","gloss":"to glance"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взглянуть","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взглянуть","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b8-c6-s7","source":"Скажу лишь одно, даже и не спорило сердце его ни минуты.","translation":"I will say only one thing: his heart did not argue with itself for even a minute.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не спорило сердце его ни минуты","title":"Negation with «ни» and genitive of time","body":"«не… ни минуты» is negative concord — «не» on the verb plus intensifying «ни», 'not for a single minute'. «минуты» is genitive, the genitive of negated/duration measure. Word order also fronts the verb «не спорило» before the subject «сердце» for emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Скажу лишь одно","title":"Perfective future as narratorial 'I will say'","body":"«скажу» is the perfective «сказать» conjugated like a present, which yields a future meaning: 'I will say [just one thing]'. The intruding narrator-'I' addressing the reader is a signature Dostoevskian device."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will say"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Скажу","gloss":"one thing"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спорило","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спорило","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спорило","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спорило","lemma":"спорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"argued"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of спорило","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спорило","gloss":"a minute"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b8-c6-s8","source":"Не поверят мне, может быть, если скажу, что этот ревнивец не ощущал к этому новому человеку, новому сопернику, выскочившему из-под земли, к этому «офицеру» ни малейшей ревности.","translation":"Perhaps no one will believe me if I say that this jealous man felt not the slightest jealousy toward this new person, this new rival who had sprung up out of the ground, toward this \"officer.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не поверят мне, может быть, если скажу","title":"Subjectless 'they-won't-believe' + conditional «если»","body":"«не поверят» is a third-person plural with no expressed subject — the impersonal 'people won't believe me'. «если скажу» (perfective future) is a real conditional, 'if I say', not the irrealis «если бы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не ощущал… ни малейшей ревности","title":"Genitive of negation","body":"Under the negated verb «не ощущал» the object shifts to the genitive: «ни малейшей ревности» ('not the slightest jealousy'), reinforced by intensifying «ни». A negated abstract object in Russian regularly takes the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выскочившему из-под земли","title":"Past active participle «выскочивший»","body":"«выскочивший» is a past active participle from perfective «выскочить», 'who had sprung out', agreeing in the dative with «сопернику». It packs a whole «который»-clause into one modifier — the rival 'who had popped up out of the ground'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из-под земли","title":"«как из-под земли» — out of nowhere","body":"«выскочить из-под земли» ('to spring up from under the ground') is the Russian idiom for appearing suddenly, as if by magic — our 'sprung up out of the ground'. It marks the officer-rival as an uncanny, unlooked-for apparition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверят","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will believe"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of поверят","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modal (может быть)","gloss":"perhaps","note":"«может быть» is a fixed idiom meaning 'perhaps'."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скажу","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial (conditional) clause on поверят","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ощущал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ревнивец","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ревнивец","lemma":"ревнивец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ощущал","gloss":"jealous man"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ощущал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ощущал","lemma":"ощущать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of скажу","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеку","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человеку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"новому","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ощущал","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"новому","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сопернику","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"сопернику","lemma":"соперник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человеку","gloss":"rival"},{"surface":"выскочившему","lemma":"выскочить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"clause modifying сопернику","gloss":"who had sprung up"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-под","morphology":"preposition (compound из-под)","role":"part of the compound preposition из-под","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"из-под","morphology":"preposition (compound из-под)","role":"part of the compound preposition из-под, marking земли","gloss":"from under"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выскочившему","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking офицеру","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of офицеру","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"офицеру","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человеку/сопернику, oblique complement of ощущал","gloss":"officer"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ревности, emphatic negation","gloss":"not the slightest"},{"surface":"малейшей","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular, superlative","role":"modifies ревности","gloss":"slightest"},{"surface":"ревности","lemma":"ревность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ощущал","gloss":"jealousy"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b8-c6-s9","source":"Ко всякому другому, явись такой, приревновал бы тотчас же и, может, вновь бы намочил свои страшные руки кровью, а к этому, к этому «ее первому», не ощущал он теперь, летя на своей тройке, не только ревнивой ненависти, но даже враждебного чувства — правда, еще не видал его.","translation":"Toward any other man, had one appeared, he would have flared into jealousy at once, and might once again have wetted his terrible hands with blood; yet toward this one, toward this \"first lover of hers,\" he felt now, as he flew along in his troika, not only no jealous hatred but not even any hostility — true, he had not yet set eyes on him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"явись такой, приревновал бы… намочил бы","title":"Imperative-as-conditional + «бы» irrealis","body":"«явись такой» is an imperative form used hypothetically — 'were such a one to appear'. The main clauses then run in the irrealis: past-tense verbs plus «бы» («приревновал бы… намочил бы»), 'he would have flared up… would have wetted'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"летя на своей тройке","title":"Imperfective gerund «летя» + reflexive «свой»","body":"«летя» is the imperfective present gerund of «лететь», 'as he flew', naming the simultaneous circumstance. «своей» is the reflexive possessive «свой», pointing the troika back to the clause's own subject ('his own')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не только… но даже","title":"Negated correlative «не только… но даже»","body":"The frame «не только X, но даже Y» ('not only X but even Y') is folded under the negation «не ощущал», so both members are felt as absent: neither jealous hatred nor even hostility. The negated objects sit in the genitive («ненависти… чувства»)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ее первому","title":"«её первый» — 'her first one'","body":"An elliptical, possessive-flavoured phrase: «её первый» = her first [love/man]. In quotation marks it stands for the absent officer as a fixed mental label Mitya keeps turning over."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другому","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"всякому","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies другому","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"другому","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приревновал","gloss":"another man"},{"surface":"явись","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, conditional (imperative form used as counterfactual), perfective","role":"conditional clause on приревновал","gloss":"had one appeared","note":"Archaic use of an imperative-shaped form as a counterfactual conditional ('had X appeared')."},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of явись","gloss":"such a one"},{"surface":"приревновал","lemma":"приревновать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have grown jealous"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of приревновал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приревновал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modal, modifies намочил","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies намочил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of намочил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"намочил","lemma":"намочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приревновал","gloss":"would have wetted"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of руки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"страшные","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of намочил","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"кровью","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement (instrument) of намочил","gloss":"with blood"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этому (w21)","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ощущал","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этому (w23)","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to этому (w21), determiner of первому","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of первому","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"первому","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to этому (w23)","gloss":"first love"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ощущал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ощущал","lemma":"ощущать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with приревновал","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ощущал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ощущал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"летя","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ощущал","gloss":"flying"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тройке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тройке","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"тройке","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of летя","gloss":"troika"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the correlative не только...но construction","gloss":"not only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не только","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ревнивой","lemma":"ревнивый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ненависти","gloss":"jealous"},{"surface":"ненависти","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ощущал","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies враждебного","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"враждебного","lemma":"враждебный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувства","gloss":"hostile"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with ненависти, direct object of ощущал","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies the clause","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видал","lemma":"видать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видал","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b8-c6-s10","source":"«Тут уж бесспорно, тут право ее и его; тут ее первая любовь, которую она в пять лет не забыла: значит, только его и любила в эти пять лет, а я-то, я зачем тут подвернулся?","translation":"\"Here there can be no dispute — here is her right and his; here is her first love, the one she has not forgotten in five years: which means she loved only him through these five years, and I — why did I shove myself in here?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которую она в пять лет не забыла","title":"Relative «которую» in the accusative","body":"«которую» agrees in gender/number with its antecedent «любовь» but takes the accusative as direct object of «не забыла» inside its own clause — 'which she has not forgotten'. «в пять лет» is 'in/over five years'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а я-то, я зачем тут подвернулся?","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» and topic-shift «а»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» in «я-то» foregrounds the contrast 'I, for my part / as for me'. With the topic-shifting «а» it pits Mitya against the loved 'first one' — a self-deprecating turn. «подвернулся» carries reflexive «-ся»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подвернулся","title":"«подвернуться» — to turn up underfoot","body":"«подвернуться» means to crop up, get in the way, turn up by chance (often unwanted). Mitya casts himself as having merely 'shoved himself in' where he didn't belong — a deliberately belittling verb for his own role."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бесспорно","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бесспорно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"бесспорно","lemma":"бесспорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, head of the first clause","gloss":"beyond dispute"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with бесспорно","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of тут (w4)","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies право","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ее","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the third clause (тут ее первая любовь)","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of любовь","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"первая","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of тут (w9)","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of забыла, refers to любовь","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of забыла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of забыла","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"забыла","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on любовь","gloss":"forgotten"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"which means"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies его","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies любила","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"любила","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to забыла","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of пять","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of любила","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"topic, restated as subject of подвернулся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic enclitic, modifies я (w30)","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подвернулся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подвернулся","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подвернулся","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"подвернулся","lemma":"подвернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"did I turn up"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b8-c6-s11","source":"Что я-то тут и при чем?","translation":"What have I to do with any of it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что я-то тут и при чем?","title":"Idiom «при чём» + emphatic «-то»","body":"«при чём тут…?» is the set idiom 'what does X have to do with it?'. «при чём» is «при» + the prepositional of «что». The clitic «-то» on «я» again stresses the self: 'and what have I, of all people, to do with it?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the rhetorical question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of тут/при чем","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic enclitic, modifies я","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies при чем","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies при чем","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of при, forms the idiom при чем с Что","gloss":"do with","note":"«что...при чём» is an idiom: 'what does X have to do with it'."}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b8-c6-s12","source":"Отстранись, Митя, и дай дорогу!","translation":"Step aside, Mitya, and give way!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отстранись… дай дорогу!","title":"Imperatives, including reflexive «-сь»","body":"Two commands addressed by Mitya to himself: «отстранись» (reflexive «отстраниться», 'step aside', with «-сь» after the vowel) and «дай» (from «дать», 'give'). The singular imperative shows him talking to his own self as 'Митя'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отстранись","lemma":"отстраниться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"step aside"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дай","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Отстранись","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дай","gloss":"way"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b8-c6-s13","source":"Да и что я теперь?","translation":"And what am I now?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да и что я теперь?","title":"Connective «да и» + zero copula","body":"«да и» links on a further thought, 'and besides / and anyway'. «что я теперь?» has no verb 'to be' — the present tense uses no copula, so the nominative «я» simply stands against «что»: 'and what am I now?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, head of the sentence","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b8-c6-s14","source":"Теперь уж и без офицера всё кончено, хотя бы и не явился он вовсе, то всё равно всё было бы кончено…»","translation":"Now everything is over even without the officer; even had he never appeared at all, everything would have been over just the same…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы и не явился он вовсе, то всё равно всё было бы кончено","title":"Counterfactual «хотя бы… то… бы»","body":"A full irrealis condition: concessive «хотя бы… не явился» ('even had he not appeared at all') answered by «всё было бы кончено» ('everything would have been over'), the past form plus «бы». The mobile «бы» appears in both clauses."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё кончено","title":"Short passive participle «кончено»","body":"«кончено» is the short-form neuter past passive participle of «кончить», used predicatively: 'it is finished / over'. Such short participles with an implied «было/было бы» build Russian's resultative passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кончено","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кончено","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies без офицера","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking офицера","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"офицера","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of the preposition без","gloss":"the officer"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кончено","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"кончено","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle (short form), neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"is over"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of явился","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies явился","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies явился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"явился","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"concessive clause on кончено (w21)","gloss":"had appeared"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of явился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явился","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumes the main clause after the хотя-clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom всё равно","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom всё равно","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кончено (w21)","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of кончено (w21)","gloss":"would have been"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of кончено (w21)","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"кончено","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle (short form), neuter, singular, perfective","role":"predicate, coordinated with кончено (w7)","gloss":"over"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b8-c6-s15","source":"Вот в каких словах он бы мог приблизительно изложить свои ощущения, если бы только мог рассуждать.","translation":"It was in some such words that he might have set out his feelings, more or less, if only he had been able to reason.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он бы мог приблизительно изложить… если бы только мог","title":"Hypothetical with «бы» in both clauses","body":"Classic conditional: main clause «он бы мог изложить» ('he might have set out') and protasis «если бы только мог» ('if only he had been able'), each built on a past-form verb plus «бы». The narrator marks all this self-articulation as something Mitya could not actually do."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот в каких словах","title":"Fronted «вот в каких словах»","body":"The sentence opens by fronting the manner phrase «вот в каких словах» ('it was in just such words that…'), throwing emphasis onto the manner before the subject and verb arrive — period rhetorical inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies словах","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of словах","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of изложить","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"приблизительно","lemma":"приблизительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изложить","gloss":"approximately"},{"surface":"изложить","lemma":"изложить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"set out"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of ощущения","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ощущения","lemma":"ощущение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of изложить","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог (w15)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мог (w15)","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог (w15)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"conditional clause on изложить","gloss":"been able"},{"surface":"рассуждать","lemma":"рассуждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог (w15)","gloss":"to reason"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b8-c6-s16","source":"Но он уже не мог тогда рассуждать.","translation":"But by then he was no longer able to reason.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже не мог тогда рассуждать","title":"«уже не» — 'no longer'","body":"«уже не» negates with the sense 'no longer, not any more': by then he was no longer able to reason. The imperfective infinitive «рассуждать» names the ongoing capacity that has lapsed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was able"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассуждать","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"рассуждать","lemma":"рассуждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"to reason"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b8-c6-s17","source":"Вся теперешняя решимость его родилась без рассуждений, в один миг, была сразу почувствована и принята целиком со всеми последствиями еще давеча, у Фени, с первых слов ее.","translation":"His whole present resolve had been born without reasoning, in a single instant; it had been felt all at once and accepted whole, with all its consequences, back at Fenya's, at her very first words.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была сразу почувствована и принята","title":"Periphrastic passive with short participles","body":"«была… почувствована и принята» is the past passive built from «быть» plus short-form past passive participles (feminine, agreeing with «решимость»): 'was at once felt and accepted'. This resultative passive states the outcome rather than the act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — 'a while ago, earlier today'","body":"«давеча» is a colloquial, somewhat old-fashioned adverb meaning 'a little while back, earlier (today)'. It recurs in Andrey's speech («даве») as a marker of peasant register and rural texture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of решимость","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"теперешняя","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies решимость","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"решимость","lemma":"решимость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of родилась","gloss":"resolve"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of решимость","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"родилась","lemma":"родиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was born"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассуждений","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"рассуждений","lemma":"рассуждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of родилась","gloss":"reasoning"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies миг","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of родилась","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of почувствована","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сразу","lemma":"сразу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почувствована","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"почувствована","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with родилась","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"принята","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with почувствована","gloss":"accepted"},{"surface":"целиком","lemma":"целиком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принята","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking последствиями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of последствиями","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"последствиями","lemma":"последствие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of принята","gloss":"consequences"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давеча","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies родилась (temporal)","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Фени","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Фени","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of родилась","gloss":"Fenya's"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слов","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"первых","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"слов","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of родилась","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies слов","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b8-c6-s18","source":"И все-таки, несмотря на всю принятую решимость, было смутно в душе его, смутно до страдания: не дала и решимость спокойствия.","translation":"And yet, for all the resolve he had taken on, his soul was in confusion, in a confusion that hurt: even resolve had brought him no peace.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"было смутно в душе его, смутно до страдания","title":"Impersonal state intensified by «до»","body":"Again the subjectless «было смутно» ('it was confused [in his soul]'), now pushed by «до страдания» ('to the point of suffering'). «до» + genitive is the recurring way Dostoevsky measures an inner state by its breaking point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не дала и решимость спокойствия","title":"Genitive of negation + emphatic «и»","body":"Under negated «не дала» the object goes genitive: «спокойствия» ('peace'). The intrusive «и» before the subject «решимость» means 'even': 'even resolve gave no peace'. Note the fronted verb for emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"preposition (compound несмотря на)","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"несмотря на","morphology":"preposition (compound несмотря на)","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на, marking решимость","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of решимость","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"принятую","lemma":"принятый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies решимость","gloss":"taken on"},{"surface":"решимость","lemma":"решимость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of несмотря на","gloss":"resolve"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, predicate смутно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"смутно","lemma":"смутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate","gloss":"confused"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"смутно","lemma":"смутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with смутно (w10)","gloss":"confused"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страдания","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"страдания","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смутно (w14)","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дала","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies решимость","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"решимость","lemma":"решимость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дала","gloss":"resolve"},{"surface":"спокойствия","lemma":"спокойствие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дала (genitive under negation)","gloss":"peace"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b8-c6-s19","source":"Слишком многое стояло сзади его и мучило.","translation":"Too much stood behind him and tormented him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слишком многое стояло сзади его и мучило","title":"Neuter «многое» as subject; imperfective duration","body":"«многое» ('much, a great many things') is a substantivized neuter adjective serving as subject. The imperfective verbs «стояло… мучило» render a standing, lasting state — things kept standing behind him and tormenting him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многое","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стояло","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"стояло","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"сзади","lemma":"сзади","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стояло","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of сзади","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мучило","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стояло","gloss":"tormented"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b8-c6-s20","source":"И странно было ему это мгновениями: ведь уж написан был им самим себе приговор пером на бумаге: «казню себя и наказую»; и бумажка лежала тут, в кармане его, приготовленная; ведь уж заряжен пистолет, ведь уж решил же он, как встретит он завтра первый горячий луч «Феба златокудрого», а между тем с прежним, со всем стоявшим сзади и мучившим его, все-таки нельзя было рассчитаться, чувствовал он это до мучения, и мысль о том впивалась в его душу отчаянием.","translation":"And at moments it struck him as strange: after all, he had written his own sentence against himself, in his own hand, with pen on paper — \"I execute myself and punish myself\"; and the slip of paper was lying right there, in his pocket, made ready; after all, the pistol was already loaded, after all he had already decided how he would meet, tomorrow, the first hot ray of \"golden-haired Phoebus\" — and yet meanwhile, with the old life, with everything that stood behind him and tormented him, there was, all the same, no settling of accounts, and he felt this to the point of torture, and the thought of it bit into his soul with despair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь уж написан был… ведь уж заряжен… ведь уж решил же","title":"Insistent particles «ведь… уж… же»","body":"The long sentence is studded with modal particles: «ведь» appeals to what is already known ('after all'), «уж» means 'already, by now', and «же» (in «решил же») hammers the insistence. They give the inner monologue its driven, breathless voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"написан был… заряжен пистолет","title":"Short passive participles, resultative","body":"«написан был» (with «приговор») and «заряжен» (with «пистолет») are short-form past passive participles building resultative passives: the sentence had been written, the pistol stood loaded. «им самим» — the instrumental of the agent, 'by himself'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"со всем стоявшим сзади и мучившим его","title":"Chained past active participles","body":"«стоявшим… мучившим» are two past active participles (from «стоять», «мучить») in the instrumental after «со», governing «всем»: 'with everything that stood behind and tormented him'. Stacked participles like these are the texture of 19th-century literary syntax."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"predicate of the clause (with было)","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to странно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of странно","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the predicate странно/было","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"мгновениями","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"adverbial modifier of странно (at moments)","gloss":"at moments"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies написан","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies написан","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"написан","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate (passive) of приговор, main verb of this clause","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of написан","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of the passive написан (by him)","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"самим","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies им (himself)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of написан","gloss":"against himself"},{"surface":"приговор","lemma":"приговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive написан","gloss":"sentence"},{"surface":"пером","lemma":"перо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of написан","gloss":"with pen"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бумаге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"бумаге","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пером","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"казню","lemma":"казнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I execute"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of казню","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наказую","lemma":"наказывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective, archaic form","role":"coordinated with казню","gloss":"I punish"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бумажка","lemma":"бумажка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лежала","gloss":"the slip of paper"},{"surface":"лежала","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinate main clause of the sentence","gloss":"was lying"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежала","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармане","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кармане","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежала","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кармане","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"приготовленная","lemma":"приготовить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies бумажка (predicative)","gloss":"made ready"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заряжен","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заряжен","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"заряжен","lemma":"зарядить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate (passive) of пистолет","gloss":"loaded"},{"surface":"пистолет","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заряжен","gloss":"the pistol"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решил","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of this clause, coordinated with заряжен","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встретит","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"встретит","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on решил","gloss":"would meet"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встретит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретит","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies луч","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"горячий","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies луч","gloss":"hot"},{"surface":"луч","lemma":"луч","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встретит","gloss":"ray"},{"surface":"Феба","lemma":"феб","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies луч (ray of Phoebus)","gloss":"of Phoebus"},{"surface":"златокудрого","lemma":"златокудрый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Феба","gloss":"golden-haired"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем (idiom между тем = meanwhile)","gloss":"meanwhile","note":"«между тем» is a fixed phrase meaning \"meanwhile.\""},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom между тем","gloss":"(that)"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прежним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"прежним","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular, used substantively","role":"oblique complement of нельзя (with the old life)","gloss":"the old life"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стоявшим","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of стоявшим","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"стоявшим","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, instrumental, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying всем (со всем стоявшим сзади = with everything that stood behind him)","gloss":"that stood"},{"surface":"сзади","lemma":"сзади","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоявшим","gloss":"behind [him]"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мучившим","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, instrumental, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоявшим","gloss":"that tormented"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of мучившим","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle, part of idiom все-таки","role":"part of the idiom все-таки (nonetheless)","gloss":"still","note":"«все-таки» is one idiom meaning \"all the same / nevertheless.\""},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom все-таки","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"main clause, contrasted by а между тем","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нельзя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"рассчитаться","lemma":"рассчитаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to settle accounts"},{"surface":"чувствовал","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinate main clause of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of чувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of чувствовал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мучения","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"мучения","lemma":"мучение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of чувствовал","gloss":"torture"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of впивалась","gloss":"the thought"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"впивалась","lemma":"впиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinate main clause of the sentence","gloss":"bit into"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of впивалась","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"отчаянием","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of впивалась","gloss":"with despair"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b8-c6-s21","source":"Было одно мгновение в пути, что ему вдруг захотелось остановить Андрея, выскочить из телеги, достать свой заряженный пистолет и покончить всё, не дождавшись и рассвета.","translation":"There was one moment on the road when he suddenly wanted to stop Andrey, to leap out of the cart, to take out his loaded pistol and finish it all, without even waiting for the dawn.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему вдруг захотелось остановить","title":"Dative-subject «ему захотелось»","body":"«ему захотелось» is the impersonal desire construction: the experiencer is in the dative «ему», the verb is neuter reflexive «захотелось», and the wish itself is the infinitive «остановить». Literally 'to him it suddenly got-wanted to stop…'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не дождавшись и рассвета","title":"Negated perfective gerund + genitive","body":"«не дождавшись» is a negated perfective gerund from «дождаться» ('without even waiting for'), and the object «рассвета» stands in the genitive — both as the object of «дождаться» (which governs the genitive) and under negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies мгновение","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Было","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пути","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пути","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мгновение","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захотелось","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of захотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies захотелось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"захотелось","lemma":"захотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause modifying мгновение","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"остановить","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотелось","gloss":"to stop"},{"surface":"Андрея","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of остановить","gloss":"Andrey"},{"surface":"выскочить","lemma":"выскочить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановить","gloss":"to leap out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking телеги","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"телеги","lemma":"телега","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выскочить","gloss":"the cart"},{"surface":"достать","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановить","gloss":"to take out"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пистолет","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"заряженный","lemma":"заряженный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пистолет","gloss":"loaded"},{"surface":"пистолет","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of достать","gloss":"pistol"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"покончить","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановить","gloss":"to finish"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of покончить","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дождавшись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дождавшись","lemma":"дождаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on покончить","gloss":"waiting for"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассвета (emphatic \"even\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"рассвета","lemma":"рассвет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дождавшись","gloss":"dawn"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b8-c6-s22","source":"Но мгновение это пролетело как искорка.","translation":"But that moment flew past like a spark.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"искорка","title":"Diminutive «искорка»","body":"«искорка» is the diminutive of «искра» ('spark'), 'a little spark'. The diminutive miniaturizes the suicidal impulse — it flares and vanishes like a tiny ember, the suffix doing the work of fleeting smallness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мгновение это пролетело","title":"Postposed «это» + perfective flash","body":"Putting «это» after its noun («мгновение это», 'that moment') is a bookish, slightly archaic order. The perfective «пролетело» captures the instantaneous, completed flicker — the moment 'flew past' and was gone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of пролетело","gloss":"the moment"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мгновение","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пролетело","lemma":"пролететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flew by"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking искорка","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"искорка","lemma":"искорка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пролетело","gloss":"a spark"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b8-c6-s23","source":"Да и тройка летела, «пожирая пространство», и по мере приближения к цели опять-таки мысль о ней, о ней одной, всё сильнее и сильнее захватывала ему дух и отгоняла все остальные страшные призраки от его сердца.","translation":"And the troika went flying on, \"devouring the distance,\" and the nearer it drew to its goal, again the thought of her, of her alone, took his breath away more and more strongly and drove away all the other terrible phantoms from his heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по мере приближения к цели… мысль захватывала","title":"«по мере» + imperfective intensification","body":"«по мере» + genitive ('in proportion as, the more…') sets up a graded process, matched by the imperfective verbs «захватывала… отгоняла» and the doubled comparative «всё сильнее и сильнее» ('more and more strongly'). The whole sentence enacts a mounting wave."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«пожирая пространство»","title":"«пожирать пространство» — devouring the distance","body":"«пожирая» is an imperfective gerund of «пожирать» ('to devour'). The quoted phrase 'devouring space' is a bit of Romantic cliché about a galloping team, set in quotation marks to flag its borrowed, literary flavour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination (part of idiom да и)","gloss":"and","note":"«Да и» is an idiom meaning \"and, what's more.\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"(also)"},{"surface":"тройка","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of летела","gloss":"the troika"},{"surface":"летела","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flew on"},{"surface":"пожирая","lemma":"пожирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on летела","gloss":"devouring"},{"surface":"пространство","lemma":"пространство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пожирая","gloss":"the distance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мере (idiom по мере = as)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по мере","gloss":"(extent)"},{"surface":"приближения","lemma":"приближение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of по мере (as it drew near)","gloss":"drawing near"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цели","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"цели","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies приближения","gloss":"the goal"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom опять-таки, modifies захватывала","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom опять-таки","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of захватывала","gloss":"the thought"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль (repeated, emphatic)","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ней (alone)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies сильнее","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"сильнее","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies захватывала","gloss":"more strongly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сильнее","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with сильнее","gloss":"more strongly"},{"surface":"захватывала","lemma":"захватывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with летела","gloss":"took away"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of захватывала (possessive dative)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of захватывала","gloss":"breath"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отгоняла","lemma":"отгонять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with захватывала","gloss":"drove away"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of призраки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"остальные","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies призраки","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"страшные","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies призраки","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"призраки","lemma":"призрак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of отгоняла","gloss":"phantoms"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of от","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b8-c6-s24","source":"О, ему так хотелось поглядеть на нее, хоть мельком, хоть издали!","translation":"Oh, how he longed to look at her, if only for an instant, if only from afar!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему так хотелось поглядеть","title":"Dative-subject longing","body":"Another experiencer-in-the-dative frame: «ему так хотелось» ('he so longed'), with the wish as infinitive «поглядеть». «О» opening the line gives the inward exclamation its emotional surge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть мельком, хоть издали","title":"Concessive «хоть… хоть» — 'if only'","body":"Repeated «хоть» means 'at least, if only even': 'if only for an instant, if only from afar'. «мельком» ('in passing, for a glimpse') and «издали» ('from a distance') are fixed adverbs of manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of хотелось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"longed"},{"surface":"поглядеть","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядеть","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces мельком","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"мельком","lemma":"мельком","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of поглядеть","gloss":"for an instant"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces издали","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"издали","lemma":"издали","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of поглядеть","gloss":"from afar"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b8-c6-s25","source":"«Она теперь с ним, ну вот и погляжу, как она теперь с ним, со своим прежним милым, и только этого мне и надо».","translation":"\"She is with him now — well, so I will just look at how she is now with him, with her old sweetheart, and that is all I need.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только этого мне и надо","title":"«мне надо» + genitive object, emphatic «и»","body":"«мне надо» is the dative-experiencer 'I need', and «этого» is genitive ('of that'). The «только… и» frame plus «и» means 'that and nothing else is all I need' — a tight idiom of sufficiency."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"со своим прежним милым","title":"«милый» as 'sweetheart'","body":"«милый» ('dear, sweet') is here substantivized to mean 'sweetheart, beloved one', and «прежний» ('former, of old') marks the officer as Grushenka's old flame. «своим» is the reflexive possessive, 'her own'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (she is) with ним","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ним","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement (she is with him)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погляжу","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погляжу (emphatic)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"погляжу","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"I'll look"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ним","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause with ним","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ним","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of погляжу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking милым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of милым","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"прежним","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies милым","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"милым","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular, used substantively","role":"in apposition to ним","gloss":"sweetheart"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этого","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of надо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of надо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо (emphatic)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"coordinated with погляжу","gloss":"need"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b8-c6-s26","source":"И никогда еще не подымалось из груди его столько любви к этой роковой в судьбе его женщине, столько нового, не испытанного им еще никогда чувства, чувства неожиданного даже для него самого, чувства нежного до моления, до исчезновения пред ней.","translation":"And never yet had so much love for this woman, fateful in his destiny, risen up out of his breast — so much that was new, a feeling he had never yet known, a feeling unexpected even to himself, a feeling tender to the point of prayer, to the point of vanishing utterly before her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда еще не подымалось… столько любви","title":"Negation + genitive of quantity, fronted verb","body":"«никогда… не подымалось» is negative concord ('never yet had there risen'); the quantity word «столько» governs the genitive «любви… чувства». The verb is fronted before its long subject, building suspense before the great surge of feeling lands."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не испытанного им еще никогда","title":"Past passive participle + instrumental agent","body":"«испытанного» is a past passive participle (genitive, agreeing with «чувства»), 'never yet experienced', with the agent in the instrumental «им» ('by him'). The genitive participle threads through the appositive chain «столько нового… чувства неожиданного… чувства нежного»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"до моления, до исчезновения","title":"«до моления» — tender to the point of prayer","body":"«моление» ('prayer, supplication') and «исчезновение» ('vanishing, disappearance') are abstract «-ение/-ие» nouns of an elevated cast. The «до» + genitive measures the tenderness by its extreme: love so tender it becomes worship and self-annihilation before her."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подымалось","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подымалось","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подымалось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подымалось","lemma":"подниматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had risen"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подымалось","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of груди","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb (quantifier)","role":"depends on любви","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подымалось","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщине","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщине","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"роковой","lemma":"роковой","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies женщине","gloss":"fateful"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking судьбе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"судьбе","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies роковой","gloss":"destiny"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of судьбе","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"женщине","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition к, modifies любви","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb (quantifier)","role":"modifies чувства","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"нового","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувства","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies испытанного","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"испытанного","lemma":"испытать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, genitive, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нового","gloss":"experienced"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of испытанного","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никогда","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испытанного","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with любви","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to чувства","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"неожиданного","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувства","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies него","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of неожиданного","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies него","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to чувства","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"нежного","lemma":"нежный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувства","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking моления","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"моления","lemma":"моление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нежного","gloss":"prayer"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исчезновения","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"исчезновения","lemma":"исчезновение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нежного (coordinated with моления)","gloss":"vanishing"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies исчезновения","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b8-c6-s27","source":"«И исчезну!» — проговорил он вдруг в припадке какого-то истерического восторга.","translation":"\"And vanish I will!\" he said suddenly, in a fit of some hysterical rapture.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И исчезну!","title":"Perfective future «исчезну»","body":"«исчезну» is the perfective «исчезнуть» conjugated like a present, giving future meaning: 'and I will vanish!'. He completes the narrator's word «исчезновения» into a vow, the perfective stressing the single, total act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"припадке… истерического восторга","title":"«припадок» — a fit, seizure","body":"«припадок» is a fit, attack, or seizure (also the clinical word for an epileptic fit, charged in this novel). Paired with «истерический восторг» ('hysterical rapture'), it casts Mitya's exaltation as something close to pathology."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"исчезну","lemma":"исчезнуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I will vanish"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting clause for the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking припадке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"припадке","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"a fit"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of восторга","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix forming какой-то with какого","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"истерического","lemma":"истерический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies восторга","gloss":"hysterical"},{"surface":"восторга","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies припадке","gloss":"rapture"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b8-c6-s28","source":"Скакали уже почти час.","translation":"They had been galloping for nearly an hour.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Скакали уже почти час","title":"Subjectless plural + imperfective duration","body":"«скакали» drops any subject pronoun (the verb ending already implies 'they'), and the imperfective marks duration: 'they had been galloping for nearly an hour'. «час» is the bare accusative of extent of time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скакали","lemma":"скакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they had galloped"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почти","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies час","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration on Скакали","gloss":"an hour"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b8-c6-s29","source":"Митя молчал, а Андрей, хотя и словоохотливый был мужик, тоже не вымолвил еще ни слова, точно опасался заговорить, и только живо погонял своих «одров», свою гнедую, сухопарую, но резвую тройку.","translation":"Mitya was silent, and Andrey, talkative peasant though he was, had likewise not yet uttered a single word, as though he were afraid to start speaking, and only kept his \"nags\" — his bay, lean, but lively troika — going at a brisk pace.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя и словоохотливый был мужик","title":"Concessive «хотя и»","body":"«хотя и… был» concedes a point — 'talkative peasant though he was'. The bookish inversion (predicate adjective before «был») heightens the concessive ring before the contrast «тоже не вымолвил»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не вымолвил еще ни слова","title":"Negation + genitive «ни слова»","body":"«не вымолвил ни слова» — 'did not utter a single word', with intensifying «ни» and the genitive «слова» under negation. The perfective «вымолвил» stresses that not one word got out."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«одров»","title":"«одёр» — a nag, a sorry old horse","body":"«одёр» (here genitive plural «одров», quotation-marked) is a contemptuous word for a worn-out old horse, a 'nag'. It is half-affectionate self-mockery from the driver, undercut at once by the praise «резвую тройку» ('a lively troika')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мужик","title":"«мужик» — peasant man","body":"«мужик» is a peasant, a (male) commoner — neutral-to-earthy in this period. It situates Andrey socially against Mitya the «барин» and frames the master-and-driver exchange to come."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молчал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"молчал","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was silent"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вымолвил","gloss":"Andrey"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of словоохотливый","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes хотя","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"словоохотливый","lemma":"словоохотливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying Андрей","gloss":"talkative"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to словоохотливый","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of словоохотливый","gloss":"a peasant"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вымолвил","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вымолвил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вымолвил","lemma":"вымолвить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with молчал","gloss":"uttered"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ни","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вымолвил","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies опасался","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"опасался","lemma":"опасаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вымолвил","gloss":"was afraid"},{"surface":"заговорить","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of опасался","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies живо","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"живо","lemma":"живо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погонял","gloss":"briskly"},{"surface":"погонял","lemma":"погонять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вымолвил","gloss":"urged on"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of одров","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"одров","lemma":"одёр","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of погонял","gloss":"nags"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тройку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"гнедую","lemma":"гнедой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тройку","gloss":"bay"},{"surface":"сухопарую","lemma":"сухопарый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тройку","gloss":"lean"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"резвую","lemma":"резвый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тройку","gloss":"lively"},{"surface":"тройку","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of погонял, in apposition to одров","gloss":"troika"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b8-c6-s30","source":"Как вдруг Митя в страшном беспокойстве воскликнул:","translation":"When all at once Mitya, in terrible agitation, cried out:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как вдруг… воскликнул","title":"«как вдруг» + perfective rupture","body":"«как вдруг» ('when all at once') is the standard narrative formula for a sudden break, and it pairs naturally with a perfective verb «воскликнул» ('cried out'), which snaps the silence with a single completed event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в страшном беспокойстве","title":"«в» + prepositional of state","body":"«в страшном беспокойстве» ('in terrible agitation') uses «в» + the prepositional to name the emotional state enveloping the action — a frequent Russian way of housing feeling in a locative phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause (idiom как вдруг = when suddenly)","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспокойстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страшном","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies беспокойстве","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"беспокойстве","lemma":"беспокойство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b8-c6-s31","source":"— Андрей! А что, если спят?","translation":"\"Andrey! What if they are asleep?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А что, если спят?","title":"«а что, если» + subjectless plural","body":"«а что, если…?» is the colloquial 'and what if…?'. «спят» (3rd plural present, no pronoun) leaves the subject indefinite — 'what if they're asleep?'. The opening «а» ties the worry to the running anxiety."}],"words":[{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Andrey"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (а что = what about it)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спят","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"спят","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on что","gloss":"are asleep"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b8-c6-s32","source":"Ему это вдруг вспало на ум, а до сих пор он о том и не подумал.","translation":"It had suddenly leapt into his mind, when up to that point he had not given it a thought.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вспало на ум","title":"Idiom «взбрести/всплыть на ум» here «вспало на ум»","body":"«вспало на ум» ('it leapt/came into [his] mind') is an impersonal idiom: the neuter «вспало» with «это» as subject and the experiencer left implicit. The verb is bookish-old beside the everyday «пришло на ум»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он о том и не подумал","title":"Negation + «о том»; emphatic «и»","body":"«о том» is «о» + the prepositional «том» ('about that'). The «и» before «не подумал» means 'not even': 'he had not even thought about it'. The verb «подумать» here governs its topic with «о»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of вспало","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вспало","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспало","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вспало","lemma":"вспасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leapt"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ум","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспало","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор (idiom до сих пор = until now)","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes подумал (even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вспало","gloss":"thought"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b8-c6-s33","source":"— Надо думать, что уж легли, Дмитрий Федорович.","translation":"\"It's to be supposed they've turned in by now, Dmitri Fyodorovich.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Надо думать, что уж легли","title":"Impersonal «надо думать» + reporting «что»","body":"«надо думать» is an impersonal idiom, 'one must suppose, it's to be reckoned'. «что уж легли» reports the supposed fact, with «уж» ('already, by now') and the perfective «легли' ('have lain down, turned in')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of легли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies легли","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"легли","lemma":"лечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думать","gloss":"have gone to bed"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, naming the addressee","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, patronymic, part of address with Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b8-c6-s34","source":"Митя болезненно нахмурился: что, в самом деле, он прилетит… с такими чувствами… а они спят… спит и она, может быть, тут же… Злое чувство закипело в его сердце.","translation":"Mitya knit his brows in pain: there he would come flying in… with feelings like these… and they would be asleep… and she asleep too, perhaps, right there… A spiteful feeling boiled up in his heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он прилетит… а они спят… спит и она","title":"Free indirect thought with mixed tense","body":"The narration slips into Mitya's own racing thought: perfective future «прилетит» ('he'll come flying in') against present «спят / спит» — the dashes mark the broken, anxious leaps. «и она» fronts 'she too' for emotional weight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Злое чувство закипело","title":"«закипеть» — to boil up","body":"«закипело» (from «закипеть», 'to begin to boil') with the inceptive «за-» marks the sudden welling-up of a 'spiteful feeling'. The kitchen image of boiling over is a stock Russian metaphor for rising anger."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нахмурился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"болезненно","lemma":"болезненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нахмурился","gloss":"in pain"},{"surface":"нахмурился","lemma":"нахмуриться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knit his brows"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"exclamatory pronoun","role":"opens Mitya's imagined interior monologue","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле, part of the idiom в самом деле","gloss":"actual"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition в, completes idiom в самом деле","gloss":"fact","note":"в самом деле is a fixed idiom meaning \"indeed/really.\""},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прилетит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прилетит","lemma":"прилететь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of Mitya's imagined clause","gloss":"would come flying in"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувствами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такими","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of чувствами","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"чувствами","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of прилетит","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of спят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"спят","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would be asleep"},{"surface":"спит","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to спят","gloss":"would be asleep"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies она","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of спит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"parenthetical particle, part of the idiom может быть","role":"parenthetical, modifies спит","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"completes idiom может быть","gloss":"perhaps","note":"может быть together means \"perhaps.\""},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спит","gloss":"right there"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies тут","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"Злое","lemma":"злой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of закипело","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"закипело","lemma":"закипеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"boiled up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of закипело","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b8-c6-s35","source":"— Погоняй, Андрей, катай, Андрей, живо! — закричал он в исступлении.","translation":"\"Drive on, Andrey, push on, Andrey, be quick!\" he shouted in a frenzy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Погоняй, Андрей, катай… живо!","title":"Imperatives of urging","body":"«погоняй» (drive on!) and «катай» (literally 'roll [them]', here 'push on!') are imperfective imperatives in -й, urging continued, repeated action. «живо!» ('quick! lively!') is an adverb used as a command."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в исступлении","title":"«исступление» — frenzy, ecstasy","body":"«исступление» is a key Dostoevsky word: a state of being beside oneself, frenzy verging on ecstasy or madness. It recurs across this chapter («исступлённо», «исступлённой») as the keynote of Mitya's condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Погоняй","lemma":"погонять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"head of the quoted phrase","gloss":"drive on"},{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Andrey"},{"surface":"катай","lemma":"катать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Погоняй","gloss":"push on","note":"катай is a colloquial imperative, \"drive fast/step on it.\""},{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Andrey"},{"surface":"живо","lemma":"живо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Погоняй","gloss":"be quick"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"исступлении","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of закричал","gloss":"a frenzy"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b8-c6-s36","source":"— А может, еще и не полегли, — рассудил, помолчав, Андрей. — Даве Тимофей сказывал, что там много их собралось…","translation":"\"But maybe they haven't turned in after all,\" Andrey reasoned after a silence. \"Earlier Timofey was saying that a lot of them had gathered there…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще и не полегли","title":"«ещё не» + collective perfective «полегли»","body":"«ещё… не полегли» means 'haven't turned in yet'. The prefix «по-» on «полегли» gives a distributive sense — the whole crowd lying down one after another. «ещё и» piles on 'maybe even after all'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сказывал","title":"«сказывал» — peasant 'was saying'","body":"«сказывать» is a folksy, dialectal imperfective for 'to say, tell' (standard «говорить/рассказывать»). Andrey's «сказывал», «даве», «зачали», «хоша» throughout mark his speech as rural and unlettered, a register Dostoevsky reproduces with care."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"parenthetical particle","role":"parenthetical, modifies полегли","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полегли","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полегли","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полегли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"полегли","lemma":"полечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned in"},{"surface":"рассудил","lemma":"рассудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"reasoned"},{"surface":"помолчав","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on рассудил","gloss":"after a pause"},{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассудил","gloss":"Andrey"},{"surface":"Даве","lemma":"даве","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказывал","gloss":"earlier","note":"даве/давеча is a dialectal adverb meaning \"a while back,\" not a name."},{"surface":"Тимофей","lemma":"тимофей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказывал","gloss":"Timofey"},{"surface":"сказывал","lemma":"сказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was saying","note":"сказывать is a peasant-dialect form of говорить, \"to tell/say.\""},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of собралось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies собралось","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"quantifier","role":"subject of собралось","gloss":"a lot"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"part of the subject много их","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"собралось","lemma":"собраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказывал","gloss":"had gathered"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b8-c6-s37","source":"— На станции?","translation":"\"At the posting station?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На станции?","title":"Locative «на станции»","body":"«на станции» is «на» + the prepositional for location, 'at the station'. Note that «станция» idiomatically takes «на», not «в» — Mitya's one-word question that Andrey then corrects to «у Пластуновых»."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking станции","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"станции","lemma":"станция","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the posting station"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b8-c6-s38","source":"— Не в станции, а у Пластуновых, на постоялом дворе, вольная, значит, станция.","translation":"\"Not at the station, but at the Plastunovs', at the inn — a free station, that is.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не в станции, а у Пластуновых","title":"Corrective «не… а»","body":"«не X, а Y» is the corrective coordination, 'not X but Y' — Andrey corrects the place. «у Пластуновых» is «у» + genitive plural of the family name, 'at the Plastunovs'', the idiom for 'at someone's place'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в станции","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking станции","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"станции","lemma":"станция","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the station"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Пластуновых","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Пластуновых","lemma":"пластуновы","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, plural","role":"object of preposition у, coordinated with станции","gloss":"the Plastunovs'"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"постоялом","lemma":"постоялый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дворе","gloss":"lodging"},{"surface":"дворе","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with станции","gloss":"inn","note":"постоялый двор means \"wayside inn/coaching inn.\""},{"surface":"вольная","lemma":"вольный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with станции","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"станция","lemma":"станция","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вольная","gloss":"station"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b8-c6-s39","source":"— Знаю; так как же ты говоришь, что много? Где же много? Кто такие? — вскинулся Митя в страшной тревоге при неожиданном известии.","translation":"\"I know it; but what do you mean, a lot of them? Where are there a lot? Who are they?\" Mitya started up in terrible alarm at the unexpected news.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так как же ты говоришь… Где же много? Кто такие?","title":"Insistent «же» in questions","body":"The particle «же» peppers Mitya's rapid questions («как же», «где же»), adding pressing emphasis — 'but how can you say…', 'where on earth are there a lot?'. «кто такие?» is the idiom 'who are they?'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вскинулся","title":"«вскинуться» — to start up sharply","body":"«вскинулся» (reflexive «вскинуться») means to jerk up, start up, flare out — a sudden upward or outward movement of body or temper. It catches Mitya physically lurching at the unexpected news."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так как же","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так как же","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies как","gloss":"on earth"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говоришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you mean"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of много","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of говоришь","gloss":"a lot of them"},{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies Где","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"subject of Где","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of такие","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"are they"},{"surface":"вскинулся","lemma":"вскинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started up"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскинулся","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тревоге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страшной","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тревоге","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"тревоге","lemma":"тревога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскинулся","gloss":"alarm"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking известии","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"неожиданном","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies известии","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"известии","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскинулся","gloss":"news"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b8-c6-s40","source":"— Да сказывал Тимофей, всё господа: из города двое, кто таковы — не знаю, только сказывал Тимофей, двое из здешних господ, да тех двое, будто бы приезжих, а может, и еще кто есть, не спросил я его толково. В карты, говорил, стали играть.","translation":"\"Well, Timofey was saying — all gentlefolk: two from town, who they are I don't know, only Timofey was saying two of the local gentry, and besides them two more, supposedly newcomers, and maybe there's somebody else too, I didn't question him properly. They've started in to play cards, he said.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всё господа","title":"«господа» — gentlefolk","body":"«господа» (plural of «господин») here means 'gentlefolk, the gentry' — people of the upper, leisured class, as opposed to «мужик». Andrey's «всё господа» ('all gentry') sizes up the card-players by rank, the social axis he reads the world by."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто таковы — не знаю","title":"Archaic «таковы» (short «таков»)","body":"«таковы» is the short predicative form of the bookish demonstrative «таков» ('such, of that sort'), here 'who they are (lit. what sort they are)'. The slightly elevated form mingles oddly with Andrey's rustic «сказывал», typical of peasant speech reaching for grander words."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"В карты… стали играть","title":"«играть в карты» — to play cards","body":"«играть в карты» is the fixed phrase 'to play cards', with «в» + accusative naming the game. «стали играть» (perfective «стать» + imperfective infinitive) means 'they began to play'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказывал","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"сказывал","lemma":"сказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was saying"},{"surface":"Тимофей","lemma":"тимофей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказывал","gloss":"Timofey"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"determiner of господа","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun, head of the elliptical clause","gloss":"gentlefolk"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking города","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies двое","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"двое","lemma":"двое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"in apposition to господа","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of таковы","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"таковы","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"relative clause on двое","gloss":"they are"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказывал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"сказывал","lemma":"сказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сказывал","gloss":"was saying"},{"surface":"Тимофей","lemma":"тимофей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказывал","gloss":"Timofey"},{"surface":"двое","lemma":"двое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"direct object of сказывал","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking господ","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"здешних","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies господ","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"господ","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies двое","gloss":"gentry"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of двое","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"двое","lemma":"двое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with двое (from town)","gloss":"two more"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom будто бы","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"completes idiom будто бы","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"приезжих","lemma":"приезжий","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"describes тех двое","gloss":"newcomers"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"parenthetical particle","role":"parenthetical, modifies кто есть","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"somebody"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the existential clause","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спросил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"толково","lemma":"толково","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"properly"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карты","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"карты","lemma":"карта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of играть","gloss":"cards"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started"},{"surface":"играть","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to play"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b8-c6-s41","source":"— В карты?","translation":"\"Cards?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карты","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"карты","lemma":"карта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cards"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b8-c6-s42","source":"— Так вот, может, и не спят, коли в карты зачали. Думать надо, теперь всего одиннадцатый час в исходе, не более того.","translation":"\"So maybe they aren't asleep, if they've begun at cards. It's only just gone the stroke of eleven, no later than that, I'd reckon.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли в карты зачали","title":"Folk «коли» and «зачали»","body":"«коли» is a colloquial/archaic «если» ('if'), and «зачали» a dialectal «начали» ('they began'). Both belong to Andrey's peasant idiom and would read as rustic-old to a 19th-century ear."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спят","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"parenthetical particle","role":"parenthetical, modifies спят","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спят","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are asleep"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of зачали","gloss":"if","note":"коли is an archaic/regional word for \"if\" (=если), not a name."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карты","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"карты","lemma":"карта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of зачали","gloss":"cards"},{"surface":"зачали","lemma":"зачать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause, modifies спят","gloss":"have begun"},{"surface":"Думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one must reckon"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies час","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies час","gloss":"only","note":"here всего means \"only,\" not \"of all.\""},{"surface":"одиннадцатый","lemma":"одиннадцатый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"eleventh"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надо","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исходе","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"исходе","lemma":"исход","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"the close"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies того","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"completes не более того, modifies надо","gloss":"than that"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b8-c6-s43","source":"— Погоняй, Андрей, погоняй! — нервно вскричал опять Митя.","translation":"\"Drive on, Andrey, drive on!\" Mitya cried again, on edge.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Погоняй, Андрей, погоняй!","title":"Repeated imperative for urgency","body":"The doubled imperfective imperative «погоняй… погоняй!» ('drive on… drive on!') uses repetition to convey frantic, sustained urging — Mitya cannot stop pressing the driver onward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Погоняй","lemma":"погонять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"head of the quoted phrase","gloss":"drive on"},{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Andrey"},{"surface":"погоняй","lemma":"погонять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Погоняй","gloss":"drive on"},{"surface":"нервно","lemma":"нервно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"on edge"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b8-c6-s44","source":"— Что это, я вас спрошу, сударь, — помолчав начал снова Андрей, — вот только бы не осердить мне вас, боюсь, барин.","translation":"\"There's a thing I'd ask you, sir,\" Andrey began again after a silence — \"only I'd not want to anger you, I'm afraid, master.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот только бы не осердить мне вас","title":"Apprehensive «бы… не» with dative agent","body":"«только бы не осердить» uses «бы» + negated infinitive to voice a fear/wish — 'if only I don't anger you'. The doer appears in the dative «мне» ('for me to anger'), a characteristic infinitive-plus-dative construction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осердить","title":"«осердить» — folksy 'to anger'","body":"«осердить» (for standard «рассердить», 'to make angry') is a colloquial, rustic variant tied to «сердце»/«сердиться». Another touch of Andrey's village speech as he gingerly broaches a delicate question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase Что это","gloss":"a thing"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Что","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спрошу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of спрошу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спрошу","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"would ask"},{"surface":"сударь","lemma":"сударь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"помолчав","lemma":"помолчать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"after a pause"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Andrey"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осердить","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional mood particle","role":"forms conditional mood with осердить","gloss":"would","note":"бы marks the conditional/subjunctive; it has no standalone translation."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осердить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"осердить","lemma":"осердить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of осердить (dative construction)","gloss":"I","note":"мне + infinitive is an impersonal dative construction: \"for me not to anger you.\""},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of осердить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical main clause","gloss":"I'm afraid"},{"surface":"барин","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"master"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b8-c6-s45","source":"— Чего тебе?","translation":"\"What is it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего тебе?","title":"Genitive in «чего тебе?»","body":"«Чего тебе?» ('what [do you want]?') uses the genitive «чего» (of «что») with the dative «тебе», an elliptical idiom — literally 'of-what to-you?'. The genitive here reflects the partitive/wanting sense behind the dropped verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Чего","gloss":"to you","note":"тебе itself just means \"to you\"; the sense \"do you want\" comes from the elliptical construction Чего тебе? (\"What [do you need] to you?\"), not from тебе alone."}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b8-c6-s46","source":"— Давеча Федосья Марковна легла вам в ноги, молила, барыню чтобы вам не сгубить и еще кого… так вот, сударь, что везу-то я вас туда… Простите, сударь, меня, так, от совести, может, глупо что сказал.","translation":"\"A while back Fedosya Markovna fell at your feet and begged you not to ruin the mistress and someone else besides… so there it is, sir, that I'm carrying you there… Forgive me, sir — it was just my conscience, maybe a foolish thing to say.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"легла вам в ноги, молила… чтобы вам не сгубить","title":"«чтобы» + dative-infinitive of entreaty","body":"After «молила» ('begged'), the purpose/wish clause uses «чтобы» with a negated infinitive and dative agent: «чтобы вам не сгубить» — 'that you not ruin'. «лечь в ноги» ('to fall at someone's feet') is the gesture of supplication."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"барыню… сгубить","title":"«барыня» and «сгубить»","body":"«барыня» is the feminine of «барин» — the lady, mistress (here Grushenka). «сгубить» is an intense, folkish perfective for 'to ruin, destroy, be the death of' — stronger and more fateful than plain «погубить»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"от совести","title":"«от совести» — out of conscience","body":"«от совести» ('from/out of conscience') gives Andrey's motive with «от» + genitive of cause. It frames his risky words to his master as conscience-driven, a small moral self-justification before the larger talk of sin and hell."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легла","gloss":"a while back"},{"surface":"Федосья","lemma":"федосья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of легла","gloss":"Fedosya"},{"surface":"Марковна","lemma":"марковна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Федосья","gloss":"Markovna"},{"surface":"легла","lemma":"лечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell","note":"лечь в ноги is an idiom, \"to fall at someone's feet (begging).\""},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of легла","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноги","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of легла","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"молила","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with легла","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"барыню","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сгубить","gloss":"the mistress"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сгубить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"logical subject of сгубить (dative construction)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сгубить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сгубить","lemma":"сгубить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"ruin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"coordinated with барыню, direct object of сгубить","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker, introduces the next clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"сударь","lemma":"сударь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of везу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"везу","lemma":"везти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"am taking"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"emphatic particle","role":"emphasizes везу","gloss":"indeed","note":"-то is an enclitic emphasis particle attached to везу, written as a separate word here."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of везу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of везу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies везу","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"Простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"сударь","lemma":"сударь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Простите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the following clause","gloss":"it's just"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking совести","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"совести","lemma":"совесть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition от, modifies так","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"parenthetical particle","role":"parenthetical, modifies глупо","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"глупо","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate describing что сказал","gloss":"a foolish"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"to say"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b8-c6-s47","source":"Митя вдруг схватил его сзади за плечи.","translation":"Mitya suddenly seized him by the shoulders from behind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватил его сзади за плечи","title":"«схватить за» + accusative","body":"The grabbing idiom is «схватить кого-то за что-то» — 'to seize someone by [a body part]', with the part in the accusative after «за» («за плечи», by the shoulders). «сзади» ('from behind') adds the angle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сзади","lemma":"сзади","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватил","gloss":"from behind"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечи","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"плечи","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"the shoulders"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b8-c6-s48","source":"— Ты ямщик? Ямщик? — начал он исступленно.","translation":"\"You're a driver? A driver?\" he began in a frenzy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты ямщик? Ямщик?","title":"Zero-copula identity question","body":"«Ты ямщик?» needs no verb 'to be' in the present — nominative subject «ты» beside nominative predicate «ямщик» suffices. The bare, repeated noun gives the challenge its abrupt, frenzied force."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ямщик","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ямщик","lemma":"ямщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a driver"},{"surface":"Ямщик","lemma":"ямщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a driver"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"исступленно","lemma":"исступленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"in a frenzy"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b8-c6-s49","source":"— Ямщик…","translation":"\"A driver…\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ямщик","lemma":"ямщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"A driver","note":"ямщик is a common noun, \"coachman/driver,\" not a proper name."}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b8-c6-s50","source":"— Знаешь ты, что надо дорогу давать. Что ямщик, так уж никому и дороги не дать, дави, дескать, я еду! Нет, ямщик, не дави! Нельзя давить человека, нельзя людям жизнь портить; а коли испортил жизнь — наказуй себя… если только испортил, если только загубил кому жизнь — казни себя и уйди.","translation":"\"Then you know that one must give way. That just because you're a driver, that's no reason to give way to no one, to run them down — out of my road, I'm coming through! No, driver, don't run them down! You mustn't run a man down, you mustn't ruin people's lives; and if you have ruined a life — punish yourself… if only you've ruined it, if only you've destroyed somebody's life — execute yourself and go.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо дорогу давать… Нельзя давить человека","title":"Impersonal «надо» / «нельзя» + infinitive","body":"Mitya's moral rule is cast impersonally: «надо… давать» ('one must give [way]') and «нельзя давить» ('one must not run down'). These subjectless modal predicates with an infinitive are the natural Russian shape for general obligation and prohibition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли испортил жизнь — наказуй себя… казни себя и уйди","title":"Folk «коли» + imperatives with «себя»","body":"Conditional «коли испортил» ('if you've ruined') is answered by commands «наказуй / казни себя» ('punish / execute yourself'). «себя» is the reflexive pronoun (no nominative), turning the action back on the doer — the heart of Mitya's self-sentence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дави, дескать, я еду!","title":"Reportative «дескать»","body":"«дескать» flags reported or imagined speech with a tinge of mockery — 'as if to say…'. Mitya voices the careless driver's attitude: 'run them down, I'm coming through!'. «дави» is the imperative of «давить» ('to crush, run over')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of Знаешь","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of давать","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"давать","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"conjunction, causal","role":"introduces the clause (colloquial \"because\")","gloss":"because","note":"Colloquial causal что (\"because/just because\"), not the interrogative \"what.\""},{"surface":"ямщик","lemma":"ямщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (implied \"you're a driver\")","gloss":"a driver"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with что (so/then)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так уж","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of дать","gloss":"to no one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle before дороги","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"дороги","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дать (genitive under negation)","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дать","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause (impersonal infinitive)","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"дави","lemma":"давить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"quoted imperative, coordinated with не дать","gloss":"run them down","note":"Quoted imperative voicing the driver's supposed attitude."},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, reported speech","role":"marks the quoted speech","gloss":"as if to say"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of еду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еду","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm coming through"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"exclamation, contrastive to preceding","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"ямщик","lemma":"ямщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"driver"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дави","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"дави","lemma":"давить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"run them down"},{"surface":"Нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"you mustn't"},{"surface":"давить","lemma":"давить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on Нельзя","gloss":"run down"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of давить","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Нельзя","gloss":"you mustn't"},{"surface":"людям","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of портить","gloss":"people's"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of портить","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"портить","lemma":"портить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"ruin"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of испортил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"испортил","lemma":"испортить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the коли-clause","gloss":"have ruined"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of испортил","gloss":"a life"},{"surface":"наказуй","lemma":"наказовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"punish","note":"Archaic imperative form (church-style), \"punish.\""},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of наказуй","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of испортил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies испортил","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"испортил","lemma":"испортить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause, parallel to загубил","gloss":"you've ruined it"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of загубил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies загубил","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"загубил","lemma":"загубить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause, parallel to испортил","gloss":"you've destroyed"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of загубил","gloss":"somebody's"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of загубил","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"казни","lemma":"казнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"execute"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of казни","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уйди","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with казни","gloss":"go"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b8-c6-s51","source":"Всё это вырвалось у Мити как бы в совершенной истерике.","translation":"All this burst out of Mitya as though in utter hysteria.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вырвалось у Мити как бы в совершенной истерике","title":"Reflexive «вырваться» + «у» + genitive","body":"«вырвалось» (reflexive «вырваться», 'burst out') with «у Мити» ('out of Mitya', «у» + genitive) frames the outburst as something that escaped him, not something he did — the speech 'broke out of' him. «как бы» again hedges: 'as though in utter hysteria'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вырвалось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies истерике","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking истерике","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"совершенной","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies истерике","gloss":"utter"},{"surface":"истерике","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"hysteria"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b8-c6-s52","source":"Андрей хоть и подивился на барина, но разговор поддержал.","translation":"Andrey, though astonished at his master, kept up the conversation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и подивился… но разговор поддержал","title":"Concessive «хоть и… но»","body":"«хоть и подивился, но… поддержал» — 'though he was astonished, he still kept up [the talk]'. The «хоть и… но» frame is the standard concessive pair; «подивился на барина» uses «на» + accusative, 'wondered at the master'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поддержал (and of подивился)","gloss":"Andrey"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подивился","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подивился (хоть и = although)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"подивился","lemma":"подивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the concessive хоть-clause","gloss":"was astonished"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барина","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подивился","gloss":"his master"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поддержал","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"поддержал","lemma":"поддержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept up"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b8-c6-s53","source":"— Правда это, батюшка Дмитрий Федорович, это вы правы, что не надо человека давить, тоже и мучить, равно как и всякую тварь, потому всякая тварь — она тварь созданная, вот хоть бы лошадь, потому другой ломит зря, хоша бы и наш ямщик… И удержу ему нет, так он и прет, прямо тебе так и прет.","translation":"\"True it is, dear Dmitri Fyodorovich, you're right that one mustn't run a man down, nor torment him either, no more than any living creature, for every creature is a creature created — take a horse, even; for another man drives one to ruin for nothing, like our driver here, say… And there's no holding him, so he just bears down, straight at you he bears down.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"батюшка Дмитрий Федорович","title":"«батюшка» as warm address","body":"«батюшка» (literally 'little father') is a tender, deferential form of address from an inferior or elder — 'dear sir, good father'. Prefixed to the master's name-and-patronymic, it wraps Andrey's homily in folksy affection. (The same word also titles an Orthodox priest.)"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всякая тварь — она тварь созданная","title":"«тварь» — creature, the created thing","body":"«тварь» here keeps its older, neutral sense of 'creature, a created being' (from «творить», 'to create'), not the modern abusive 'vermin/scum'. «тварь созданная» ('a created creature') voices a homely theology: every living thing is God's handiwork and not to be tormented."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хоша… прет","title":"Peasant «хоша» and «переть»","body":"«хоша» is a dialectal «хотя» ('although'), and «прёт» (from «переть») a coarse, vivid verb 'to push/barge ahead' — here a reckless driver who 'just bears down' on you. Both deepen the rustic colouring of Andrey's speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular, used predicatively","role":"predicate of the clause (это is subject)","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Правда","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to батюшка","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"expletive with правы","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of правы","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"правы","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"are right"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of правы","gloss":"one must"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of давить","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"давить","lemma":"давить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"run down"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучить","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мучить","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"мучить","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with давить","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the comparative phrase равно как и","gloss":"equally"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"part of the comparative phrase равно как и","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase равно как и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"всякую","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тварь","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"тварь","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of the comparison (equivalent to человека)","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the following clause (for)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всякая","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тварь","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"тварь","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the потому-clause, resumed by она","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"resumptive subject pronoun, subject of the second тварь","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"тварь","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun (она is subject)","gloss":"a creature"},{"surface":"созданная","lemma":"созданный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тварь","gloss":"created"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хоть","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom хоть бы, modifies лошадь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть бы","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"лошадь","lemma":"лошадь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"example, coordinated with тварь","gloss":"a horse"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause (for)","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ломит","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"ломит","lemma":"ломить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the потому-clause","gloss":"drives too hard"},{"surface":"зря","lemma":"зря","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ломит","gloss":"for nothing"},{"surface":"хоша","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb, dialectal","role":"introduces the exemplifying phrase, modifies ямщик","gloss":"even","note":"Dialectal variant of хоть."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоша бы","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ямщик","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ямщик","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"ямщик","lemma":"ямщик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head noun of the exemplifying phrase","gloss":"driver"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"удержу","lemma":"удерж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of нет","gloss":"holding him back","note":"Genitive of удерж (\"restraint\") in the negated-existential construction удержу нет."},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of нет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negative existential","role":"main predicate of the clause (there is none)","gloss":"there is none"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прет","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"прет","lemma":"переть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bears down"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тебе","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of прет","gloss":"at you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"прет","lemma":"переть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"bears down"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b8-c6-s54","source":"— Во ад? — перебил вдруг Митя и захохотал своим неожиданным коротким смехом. — Андрей, простая душа, — схватил он опять его крепко за плечи, — говори: попадет Дмитрий Федорович Карамазов во ад или нет, как по-твоему?","translation":"\"Into hell?\" Mitya broke in suddenly and burst into his short, unexpected laugh. \"Andrey, you simple soul,\" he seized him hard by the shoulders again, \"tell me: will Dmitri Fyodorovich Karamazov go to hell or not, what do you think?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"попадет… во ад или нет, как по-твоему?","title":"Perfective future + «как по-твоему»","body":"«попадёт» is the perfective future of «попасть» ('will [he] end up, land'). «как по-твоему?» is the set idiom 'what do you think? / in your view?', «по» + dative «твоему». Mitya asks his own damnation as a yes-or-no."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"захохотал… коротким смехом","title":"«захохотать» — to burst out laughing","body":"«захохотал» (inceptive «за-» on «хохотать», 'to guffaw') is a sudden burst of loud laughter, paired with «коротким смехом» ('a short laugh') in the instrumental of manner. The jarring laugh marks Mitya's unstable, frenzied state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ад","gloss":"Into"},{"surface":"ад","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"independent exclamation (quoted question)","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"перебил","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перебил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перебил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"захохотал","lemma":"захохотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перебил","gloss":"burst into laughter"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смехом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"неожиданным","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смехом","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"коротким","lemma":"короткий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смехом","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"смехом","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of захохотал","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Andrey"},{"surface":"простая","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душа","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Андрей (vocative)","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватил","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечи","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"плечи","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"the shoulders"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of a new imperative clause","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"попадет","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говори","gloss":"will he go"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попадет","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ад","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ад","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попадет","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with попадет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces как по-твоему (what do you think)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"forms по-твоему with твоему","gloss":"in","note":"Tokenized separately, but по-твоему is one idiom, \"in your opinion.\""},{"surface":"твоему","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular, used substantively","role":"object of по, forms по-твоему (in your opinion)","gloss":"your opinion"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b8-c6-s55","source":"— Не знаю, голубчик, от вас зависит, потому вы у нас… Видишь, сударь, когда сын божий на кресте был распят и помер, то сошел он со креста прямо во ад и освободил всех грешников, которые мучились. И застонал ад об том, что уж больше, думал, к нему никто теперь не придет, грешников-то. И сказал тогда аду господь: «Не стони, аде, ибо приидут к тебе отселева всякие вельможи, управители, главные судьи и богачи, и будешь восполнен так же точно, как был во веки веков, до того времени, пока снова приду». Это точно, это было такое слово…","translation":"\"I don't know, my dear; it depends on you, for you are to us… You see, sir, when the Son of God was crucified on the cross and died, He went down from the cross straight into hell and set free all the sinners who were suffering there. And hell groaned, thinking that now no one more would come to it, no sinners that is. And then the Lord said to hell: 'Do not groan, O hell, for from now on there shall come to you all manner of grandees, governors, chief justices, and rich men, and you shall be filled up just exactly as you have been from age to age, until the time when I come again.' That's just so — there was such a word…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубчик","title":"«голубчик» — 'my dear, little dove'","body":"«голубчик» is the diminutive of «голубь» ('dove'), an affectionate, intimate term of endearment — 'my dear (little) one'. Used by Andrey to his master, it crosses rank in a moment of tenderness, the suffix carrying pure warmth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не стони, аде, ибо приидут к тебе отселева","title":"Vocative «аде», archaic «приидут», «отселева»","body":"The Lord's speech is thick with Church Slavonic: the vocative «аде» ('O hell'), the archaic perfective future «приидут» (modern «придут», 'will come'), and «отселева» ('from henceforth'). The bookish «ибо» ('for') seals the solemn, scriptural register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вельможи, управители, главные судьи и богачи","title":"The ranks bound for hell","body":"The legend names the powerful: «вельможи» (grandees, magnates), «управители» (governors, stewards), «главные судьи» (chief judges), «богачи» (rich men). The folk gospel pointedly fills hell with the mighty and wealthy — a quiet peasant subversion of earthly rank."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будешь восполнен… как был во веки веков","title":"Second-person future + short passive participle","body":"«будешь восполнен» is the compound (imperfective) future of «быть» plus a short past passive participle — 'you shall be filled up', addressed to hell. «во веки веков» ('unto ages of ages') is the liturgical formula again."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of зависит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"зависит","lemma":"зависеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (it depends on you)","gloss":"depends"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the trailing clause (for)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (вы у нас)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement in the elliptical clause (вы у нас = you are with us)","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"сударь","lemma":"сударь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of распят","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of распят","gloss":"the Son"},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"кресте","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of распят","gloss":"the cross"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of распят","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"распят","lemma":"распять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb (passive) of the когда-clause","gloss":"crucified"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помер","lemma":"помереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with распят","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, correlative","role":"correlative particle introducing the main clause (then)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сошел","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (following когда-clause)","gloss":"He went down"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking креста","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"креста","lemma":"крест","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошел","gloss":"the cross"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the phrase во ад","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ад","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошел","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"освободил","lemma":"освободить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сошел","gloss":"set free"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of грешников","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"грешников","lemma":"грешник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of освободил","gloss":"the sinners"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of мучились","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"мучились","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on грешников","gloss":"were suffering"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"застонал","lemma":"застонать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"groaned"},{"surface":"ад","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of застонал","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of застонал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the что-clause explaining том","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придет (уж больше = no longer)","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical verb (he thought), inserted clause","gloss":"he thought"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause (that no one would come)","gloss":"would come"},{"surface":"грешников","lemma":"грешник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"appositive clarifying никто (no sinners, that is)","gloss":"sinners, that is"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic particle attached to грешников","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"аду","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to hell"},{"surface":"господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"the Lord"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стони","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"стони","lemma":"стонать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative clause","gloss":"groan"},{"surface":"аде","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, vocative (archaic locative form), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address (O hell)","gloss":"O hell","note":"Archaic Church-Slavonic vocative form of ад."},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приидут","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"приидут","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the ибо-clause","gloss":"will come","note":"Archaic/Church-Slavonic future form of придут."},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of приидут","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"отселева","lemma":"отселева","morphology":"adverb, archaic","role":"modifies приидут (from now on)","gloss":"from now on","note":"Archaic/dialectal adverb, \"from here/henceforth.\""},{"surface":"всякие","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of вельможи","gloss":"all sorts of"},{"surface":"вельможи","lemma":"вельможа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of приидут","gloss":"grandees"},{"surface":"управители","lemma":"управитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with вельможи","gloss":"governors"},{"surface":"главные","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies судьи","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"судьи","lemma":"судья","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with вельможи","gloss":"judges"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"богачи","lemma":"богач","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with вельможи","gloss":"rich men"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of восполнен","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"восполнен","lemma":"восполнить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb (passive) of the clause, addressed to ад","gloss":"filled"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восполнен","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause (as ... has been)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the как-clause (has been)","gloss":"you have been"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веков","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"веки","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"part of the idiom во веки веков (forever)","gloss":"ages"},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"part of the idiom во веки веков, modifies был","gloss":"of ages","note":"во веки веков = \"forever and ever\" (all ages)."},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of времени","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приду","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the пока-clause","gloss":"I come"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of точно","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of слово","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to слово","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слово","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun (это... было такое слово)","gloss":"a word"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b8-c6-s56","source":"— Народная легенда, великолепно! Стегни левую, Андрей!","translation":"\"A folk legend — magnificent! Lash the left one, Andrey!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стегни левую, Андрей!","title":"Perfective imperative «стегни»","body":"«стегни» is the perfective imperative of «стегнуть» ('to lash, whip once'), commanding a single crack of the whip — 'lash the left one!'. «левую» is the feminine accusative ('the left-hand [horse]'), with «лошадь» understood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Народная","lemma":"народный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies легенда","gloss":"folk"},{"surface":"легенда","lemma":"легенда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of великолепно","gloss":"legend"},{"surface":"великолепно","lemma":"великолепный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"magnificent"},{"surface":"Стегни","lemma":"стегнуть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lash","note":"Imperative of стегнуть, \"give a lash/whip.\""},{"surface":"левую","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Стегни (the left one)","gloss":"the left one"},{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Andrey"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b8-c6-s57","source":"— Так вот, сударь, для кого ад назначен, — стегнул Андрей левую, — а вы у нас, сударь, всё одно как малый ребенок… так мы вас почитаем… И хоть гневливы вы, сударь, это есть, но за простодушие ваше простит господь.","translation":"\"So there, sir, that's who hell is meant for,\" Andrey lashed the left-hand horse, \"but you, sir, with us you're for all the world like a little child… that's how we reckon you… And though you are hot-tempered, sir, that there's no denying, still for your simple heart the Lord will forgive you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"для кого ад назначен","title":"Short passive participle «назначен» + «для» + genitive","body":"«назначен» is the short past passive participle of «назначить» ('appointed, meant'), predicating with an implied «есть»: 'for whom hell is meant'. «для кого» is «для» + genitive of «кто», naming the beneficiary/target."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё одно как малый ребенок","title":"Idiom «всё одно» — 'all the same, just like'","body":"«всё одно как…» is a colloquial 'just like, for all the world like' — Andrey likens his master to «малый ребёнок» ('a little child'). The simile, with «как», prepares the gentle theology that the simple-hearted will be forgiven."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за простодушие ваше простит господь","title":"«за» + accusative of cause; word order","body":"«за простодушие» ('for your simple-heartedness', «за» + accusative) gives the ground of forgiveness, fronted before the verb «простит» and the subject «господь» for emphasis. «простодушие» — 'simplicity of heart, guilelessness' — is a prized virtue in the novel's moral world."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with вот, opens the exclamation","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"сударь","lemma":"сударь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of назначен","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ад","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive назначен","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"назначен","lemma":"назначить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the clause (that's who hell is meant for)","gloss":"is meant"},{"surface":"стегнул","lemma":"стегнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing narration","gloss":"lashed"},{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стегнул","gloss":"Andrey"},{"surface":"левую","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of стегнул (elliptical лошадь)","gloss":"the left one"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of одно (predicate)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"сударь","lemma":"сударь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одно (idiom всё одно)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of вы (idiom всё одно как)","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison ребенок","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"малый","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ребенок","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"ребенок","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как (comparison)","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почитаем","gloss":"that's how"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of почитаем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of почитаем","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"почитаем","lemma":"почитать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reckon"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гневливы","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"гневливы","lemma":"гневливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of вы (concessive clause)","gloss":"hot-tempered"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of гневливы","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сударь","lemma":"сударь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate confirming это (parenthetical)","gloss":"is so"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking простодушие","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"простодушие","lemma":"простодушие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of за","gloss":"simple heart"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies простодушие","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"простит","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will forgive"},{"surface":"господь","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of простит","gloss":"the Lord"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b8-c6-s58","source":"— А ты, ты простишь меня, Андрей?","translation":"\"And you, will you forgive me, Andrey?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ты, ты простишь меня, Андрей?","title":"Emphatic doubled pronoun «ты, ты»","body":"The repeated «ты, ты» foregrounds the addressee against the preceding talk of God's forgiveness — 'and you, you…?'. Since the verb ending already marks person, the pronoun's presence and repetition is pure emphasis. «простишь» is perfective future."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"left-dislocated topic, resumed by ты","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of простишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"простишь","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you forgive"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of простишь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Andrey"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b8-c6-s59","source":"— Мне что же вас прощать, вы мне ничего не сделали.","translation":"\"What have I to forgive you for? You've done nothing to me.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне что же вас прощать","title":"Dative + infinitive of 'why should I'","body":"«мне… прощать» is the dative-experiencer plus infinitive idiom expressing 'what is there for me to forgive?'. With «что же» ('what on earth') it brushes the request aside. «вас» is the polite/accusative object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы мне ничего не сделали","title":"Negative concord «ничего не»","body":"«ничего не сделали» is negative concord: the ни-word «ничего» (genitive of «ничто») together with «не» on the verb, 'you have done nothing to me'. «мне» is the dative of the person affected."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer subject of прощать (dative-infinitive construction)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial (what for), modifies прощать","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of прощать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прощать","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main predicate (dative-infinitive construction with Мне)","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сделали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сделали","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of сделали","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сделали","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have done"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b8-c6-s60","source":"— Нет, за всех, за всех ты один, вот теперь, сейчас, здесь, на дороге, простишь меня за всех? Говори, душа простолюдина!","translation":"\"No, for everyone, for everyone — you alone, right now, this instant, here, on the road — will you forgive me for everyone? Speak, soul of a common man!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за всех, за всех ты один… простишь меня за всех?","title":"Repetition + «за» + accusative","body":"«за всех» ('for everyone', «за» + accusative of «все') is hammered three times, the repetition mounting toward Mitya's plea for a universal absolution. «ты один» ('you alone') singles Andrey out as the one to grant it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"душа простолюдина","title":"«простолюдин» — a common man","body":"«простолюдин» is a person of the common people, a plebeian (as against «господа»). Mitya's address «душа простолюдина!» ('soul of a common man!') romanticizes Andrey's lowly status as the very source of an authentic, God-given power to forgive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase (interjection)","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"fronted oblique complement of простишь","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"fronted oblique complement of простишь","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of простишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ты (in apposition, alone)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простишь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with теперь","gloss":"this instant"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with сейчас","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"дороге","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сейчас","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"простишь","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you forgive"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of простишь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of простишь","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"Говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, in apposition to (implied) ты","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"простолюдина","lemma":"простолюдин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies душа","gloss":"of a common man"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b8-c6-s61","source":"— Ох, сударь! Боязно вас и везти-то, странный какой-то ваш разговор…","translation":"\"Oh, sir! I'm afraid even to be driving you — there's something strange in this talk of yours…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Боязно","title":"«Боязно» — it's frightening","body":"An impersonal predicative adverb from «бояться» (to fear): 'it is frightening / I'm afraid to'. Folksy and a touch archaic, it frames the fear as a state that comes over the speaker rather than something he does."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"везти-то","title":"The emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"Here «-то» is not the indefinite suffix but the topic-marking clitic that leans on «везти» ('to drive [you]'), nudging it into focus — 'to be driving you, of all things'. It gives the driver's complaint its colloquial, hand-wringing tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сударь","title":"«Сударь» — 'sir'","body":"A deferential term of address used by social inferiors to gentlemen, already old-fashioned by the 1870s and gone after the Revolution. The driver's «сударь» marks the gulf in rank between a peasant coachman and his fare."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ох","lemma":"ох","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"сударь","lemma":"сударь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Боязно","lemma":"боязно","morphology":"predicate adverb","role":"predicate of the main clause","gloss":"it's frightening"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of везти","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies везти (even)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"везти","lemma":"везти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject-complement of Боязно","gloss":"to drive"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies везти (emphatic -то)","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"странный","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of какой-то, modifies разговор","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of какой-то, modifies разговор","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of разговор","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elliptical есть (this talk is strange)","gloss":"talk"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b8-c6-s62","source":"Но Митя не расслышал.","translation":"But Mitya did not hear him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не расслышал","title":"Perfective «расслышать» under negation","body":"The perfective «расслышать» ('to catch / make out' a sound) names a single failed act of hearing; negated, it states that the catching never happened. The prefix рас- adds the nuance of hearing something out distinctly, so 'did not make out' rather than merely 'did not hear'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of расслышал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies расслышал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"расслышал","lemma":"расслышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did hear"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b8-c6-s63","source":"Он исступленно молился и дико шептал про себя.","translation":"He was praying in a frenzy and whispering wildly to himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"молился и шептал","title":"Imperfective past for ongoing action","body":"Both «молился» (was praying) and «шептал» (was whispering) are imperfective pasts, painting two simultaneous, durative actions as the standing background of the scene. The aspect is what renders them 'was praying… and whispering' rather than two finished events."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступленно","title":"«Исступленно» — in a frenzy","body":"From «исступление», a state of being beside oneself, ecstatic or frenzied. It is a key Dostoevskian word for the heightened, self-lacerating intensity of his characters, and recurs in this very chapter («исступленно восклицал»)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"про себя","title":"«Про себя» — to oneself","body":"A fixed phrase, «про» plus the reflexive «себя», meaning 'silently, inwardly, to oneself'. Note it is the prepositional idiom, not the reflexive pronoun's ordinary object use."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"исступленно","lemma":"исступленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молился","gloss":"in a frenzy"},{"surface":"молился","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was praying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дико","lemma":"дико","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шептал","gloss":"wildly"},{"surface":"шептал","lemma":"шептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молился","gloss":"was whispering"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of шептал","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b8-c6-s64","source":"— Господи, прими меня во всем моем беззаконии, но не суди меня. Пропусти мимо без суда твоего… Не суди, потому что я сам осудил себя; не суди, потому что люблю тебя, господи! Мерзок сам, а люблю тебя: во ад пошлешь, и там любить буду и оттуда буду кричать, что люблю тебя во веки веков… Но дай и мне долюбить… здесь, теперь долюбить, всего пять часов до горячего луча твоего… Ибо люблю царицу души моей. Люблю и не могу не любить. Сам видишь меня всего. Прискачу, паду пред нею: права ты, что мимо меня прошла… Прощай и забудь твою жертву, не тревожь себя никогда!","translation":"\"Lord, receive me in all my lawlessness, but do not judge me. Let me pass by without Thy judgment… Judge me not, for I have judged myself; judge me not, for I love Thee, Lord! Vile I am, yet I love Thee: send me to hell, and there too I will love, and from there I will cry out that I love Thee for ever and ever… But grant that I too may love my fill… here, now, love my fill — only five hours until Thy hot ray… For I love the queen of my soul. I love and cannot help loving. Thou seest me wholly. I will come galloping, I will fall down before her: thou art right to have passed me by… Farewell and forget thy victim, never trouble thyself over me again!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прими меня","title":"Perfective imperatives of urgent plea","body":"Mitya's prayer strings together perfective imperatives — «прими» (receive), «пропусти» (let pass), «не суди» (judge not), «дай» (grant) — each begging a single, decisive act of God rather than a habit. Perfective commands ask for the deed done once and for all."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беззаконии","title":"«Беззаконие» — lawlessness, iniquity","body":"A bookish, biblical noun in -ие ('without-law-ness'), straight from the Psalms ('blot out my transgressions'). The prepositional «во всем моем беззаконии» casts Mitya's confession in the cadence of liturgical Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могу не любить","title":"Double negation: 'cannot not love'","body":"«Не могу не любить» stacks two «не»s — 'I am unable not to love' — a Russian idiom of compulsion meaning 'I cannot help loving'. Here the two negatives do not cancel into negative concord but genuinely double, yielding a strong positive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"во веки веков","title":"«Во веки веков» — for ever and ever","body":"The Church-Slavonic doxological formula ('unto the ages of ages') that closes Orthodox prayers. Mitya, vowing to love God even from hell, borrows the liturgy's most absolute expression of eternity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"любить буду… буду кричать","title":"Compound imperfective future","body":"«любить буду» and «буду кричать» are imperfective futures built on «буду» plus an infinitive: he will go on loving and crying out, endlessly. The aspect insists on continuation — fitting for a love that outlasts even damnation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ибо","title":"«Ибо» — for, because","body":"An archaic, bookish causal conjunction ('for'), the register of Scripture and sermon, far loftier than everyday «потому что». It threads through this prayer to sustain its scriptural solemnity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"царицу души моей","title":"«Царица души моей» — queen of my soul","body":"A grandiose, courtly periphrasis for Grushenka. The inverted possessive «души моей» (genitive, 'of my soul', after the noun) heightens the rhetorical pitch, in the manner of poetry and prayer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"права ты","title":"Short-form adjective «права»","body":"«Права» is the feminine short form of «правый», used predicatively: 'thou art right'. Short adjectives are the bookish, predicative form (one cannot say «правая ты» here), stating an absolute judgment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"забудь твою жертву","title":"«Твою» where Russian expects «свою»","body":"Strictly, a possessive pointing back to the subject 'thou' should be reflexive «свою»; Mitya's «твою жертву» ('thy victim') is an expressive, slightly irregular choice that throws emphasis on the addressee. The pull between «свой» and «твой/его» is a recurring point of nuance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Прискачу, паду","title":"«Прискачу» and «паду» — galloping in, falling down","body":"Two vivid perfective futures: «прискачу» ('I'll come galloping', from скакать, to gallop) and the elevated «паду» ('I'll fall', a bookish variant of упаду). The choice of «паду» over «упаду» lifts the falling-down before Grushenka into an almost ritual prostration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"прими","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb (imperative)","gloss":"receive"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of прими","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беззаконии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of беззаконии","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of беззаконии","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"беззаконии","lemma":"беззаконие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прими","gloss":"lawlessness"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies суди","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"суди","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прими","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of суди","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Пропусти","lemma":"пропустить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb (imperative), coordinated with суди","gloss":"let pass"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Пропусти","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суда","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"суда","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of без","gloss":"judgment"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies суда","gloss":"thy"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies суди","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"суди","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (imperative)","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of осудил","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of осудил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"осудил","lemma":"осудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reason clause modifying суди","gloss":"have judged"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of осудил","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies суди","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"суди","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with суди","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of люблю","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"reason clause modifying суди","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"thee"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"Мерзок","lemma":"мерзкий","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of сам (elliptical subject я)","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Мерзок (emphatic, myself)","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Мерзок","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"thee"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ад","lemma":"ад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошлешь","gloss":"hell"},{"surface":"пошлешь","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause, correlate of любить буду","gloss":"you send"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любить","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb (with буду), coordinated with пошлешь","gloss":"will love"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of любить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оттуда","lemma":"оттуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кричать","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of кричать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"кричать","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любить","gloss":"cry out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of люблю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of кричать","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"thee"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веков (idiom во веки веков)","gloss":"unto"},{"surface":"веки","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"part of idiom во веки веков, modifies люблю","gloss":"ages"},{"surface":"веков","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies веки (idiom intensifier)","gloss":"of ages"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"дай","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мне (too)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of долюбить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"долюбить","lemma":"долюбить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дай","gloss":"love my fill"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долюбить","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долюбить","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"долюбить","lemma":"долюбить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, complement of дай","gloss":"love my fill"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пять","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часов","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"time remaining until луча (elliptical)","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking луча","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"горячего","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies луча","gloss":"hot"},{"surface":"луча","lemma":"луч","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"ray"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies луча","gloss":"thy"},{"surface":"Ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of люблю","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"царицу","lemma":"царица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"queen"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies царицу","gloss":"of soul"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Люблю","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видишь","gloss":"thou thyself"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seest"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of видишь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies меня (wholly)","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"Прискачу","lemma":"прискакать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will gallop"},{"surface":"паду","lemma":"пасть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Прискачу","gloss":"I will fall"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of ты","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of права","gloss":"thou"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прошла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошла","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"прошла","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of права","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"Прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"farewell"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"забудь","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Прощай","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"твою","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жертву","gloss":"thy"},{"surface":"жертву","lemma":"жертва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of забудь","gloss":"victim"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тревожь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тревожь","lemma":"тревожить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with забудь","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of тревожь","gloss":"thyself"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тревожь","gloss":"never"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b8-c6-s65","source":"— Мокрое! — крикнул Андрей, указывая вперед кнутом.","translation":"\"Mokroe!\" Andrey called out, pointing ahead with his whip.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"указывая","title":"Imperfective gerund «указывая»","body":"«Указывая» ('pointing') is a present (imperfective) деепричастие describing an action going on at the same moment as the main verb «крикнул» — Andrey calls out while pointing. It must share the main subject, here Andrey."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мокрое","lemma":"мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (exclaimed placename)","gloss":"Mokroe"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Мокрое","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Andrey"},{"surface":"указывая","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on крикнул","gloss":"pointing"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies указывая","gloss":"ahead"},{"surface":"кнутом","lemma":"кнут","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of указывая","gloss":"with his whip"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b8-c6-s66","source":"Сквозь бледный мрак ночи зачернелась вдруг твердая масса строений, раскинутых на огромном пространстве.","translation":"Through the pale gloom of the night there suddenly loomed black a solid mass of buildings, spread out over an enormous space.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зачернелась","title":"«Зачернелась» — loomed up black","body":"An ingressive perfective from «чернеть» (to show black) with the inceptive prefix за- and reflexive -ся: 'suddenly began to stand out black'. The single verb compresses 'there loomed up a black mass', a favorite Dostoevskian way of letting a sight appear out of the dark."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"раскинутых","title":"Past passive participle «раскинутых»","body":"«Раскинутых» ('spread out') is a past passive participle in -тый from «раскинуть», agreeing in the genitive plural with «строений» (buildings). It packs a whole relative clause — 'buildings that had been spread out' — into one modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сквозь бледный мрак ночи зачернелась","title":"Inverted word order for suspense","body":"The sentence withholds its subject: adverbial 'through the pale gloom' first, then the verb «зачернелась», then at last «масса строений». This topic-comment ordering lets the dark mass emerge as the new information at the end, mimicking how it surfaces to the eye."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сквозь","lemma":"сквозь","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мрак","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"бледный","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мрак","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"мрак","lemma":"мрак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Сквозь","gloss":"gloom"},{"surface":"ночи","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мрак","gloss":"of night"},{"surface":"зачернелась","lemma":"зачернеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loomed black"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зачернелась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"твердая","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies масса","gloss":"solid"},{"surface":"масса","lemma":"масса","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of зачернелась","gloss":"mass"},{"surface":"строений","lemma":"строение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies масса","gloss":"of buildings"},{"surface":"раскинутых","lemma":"раскинуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying строений","gloss":"spread out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пространстве","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"огромном","lemma":"огромный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пространстве","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"пространстве","lemma":"пространство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of раскинутых","gloss":"space"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b8-c6-s67","source":"Село Мокрое было в две тысячи душ, но в этот час всё оно уже спало, и лишь кое-где из мрака мелькали еще редкие огоньки.","translation":"The village of Mokroe had some two thousand souls, but at that hour the whole of it was already asleep, and only here and there did a few scattered lights still flicker out of the darkness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"огоньки","title":"«Огоньки» — little lights","body":"The diminutive plural of «огонь» (fire/light): faint, scattered little lights. The -ок suffix here conveys smallness and a touch of the picturesque, suiting the few flickers in the sleeping dark."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лишь кое-где… мелькали","title":"Imperfective «мелькали» for flickering","body":"The imperfective past «мелькали» ('kept flickering') renders a repeated, intermittent action — lights glimmering here and there. Aspect, not any adverb, supplies the sense of recurrence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Село","lemma":"село","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"the village"},{"surface":"Мокрое","lemma":"мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to Село","gloss":"Mokroe"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to душ","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душ","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on душ","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"душ","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"souls"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of час","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спало","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies оно (all of it)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of спало","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спало","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"спало","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"was asleep"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кое-где","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое-где","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of кое-где, modifies мелькали","gloss":"here and there"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"кое-где","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of кое-где, modifies мелькали","gloss":"here and there"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мрака","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"мрака","lemma":"мрак","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькали","gloss":"the darkness"},{"surface":"мелькали","lemma":"мелькать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the third clause, coordinated with спало","gloss":"flickered"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies редкие","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"редкие","lemma":"редкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies огоньки","gloss":"scattered"},{"surface":"огоньки","lemma":"огонёк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of мелькали","gloss":"lights"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b8-c6-s68","source":"— Гони, гони, Андрей, еду! — воскликнул как бы в горячке Митя.","translation":"\"Drive, drive, Andrey, I'm coming!\" Mitya exclaimed, as though in a fever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Гони, гони","title":"Imperative «гони» — drive on!","body":"«Гони» is the imperative of «гнать» (to drive hard, urge on); doubled for urgency. The verb properly means to chase or drive animals, so applied to the horses it is 'whip them on, race!'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в горячке","title":"«В горячке» — in a fever","body":"«Горячка» is feverish delirium (from «горячий», hot). «Как бы в горячке» — 'as if in a fever' — diagnoses Mitya's exalted, delirious state, a recurring physical metaphor for his frenzy this night."}],"words":[{"surface":"Гони","lemma":"гнать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (imperative)","gloss":"drive"},{"surface":"гони","lemma":"гнать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with Гони","gloss":"drive"},{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"Andrey"},{"surface":"еду","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with Гони","gloss":"I'm coming"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Гони","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase как бы, introduces comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горячке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"горячке","lemma":"горячка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"a fever"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b8-c6-s69","source":"— Не спят! — проговорил опять Андрей, указывая кнутом на постоялый двор Пластуновых, стоявший сейчас же на въезде и в котором все шесть окон на улицу были ярко освещены.","translation":"\"They're not asleep!\" Andrey said again, pointing with his whip at the Plastunovs' inn, which stood right there at the entrance to the village and in which all six windows facing the street were brightly lit.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоявший… и в котором","title":"Participle and relative clause stacked","body":"The inn is described twice over: by the past active participle «стоявший» ('which stood', from стоять) and by a «который»-clause ('in which all six windows…'). Pairing a participle with a который-relative is a hallmark of dense 19th-century literary syntax."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"постоялый двор","title":"«Постоялый двор» — coaching inn","body":"A roadside inn with stabling where travelers and their horses put up for the night, the staging-post of pre-railway Russia. Pickier than the bare «трактир», it is the social hub where this whole scene plays out."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"были… освещены","title":"Periphrastic passive «были освещены»","body":"«Были ярко освещены» joins «быть» to the short-form past passive participle «освещены» ('were brightly lit'), the standard way Russian forms a stative passive. The short form, not the long «освещённые», is what makes it a predicate stating a result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спят","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asleep"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to спят","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Andrey"},{"surface":"указывая","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"pointing"},{"surface":"кнутом","lemma":"кнут","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of указывая","gloss":"with his whip"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двор","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"постоялый","lemma":"постоялый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies двор","gloss":"the inn"},{"surface":"двор","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывая","gloss":"yard"},{"surface":"Пластуновых","lemma":"пластуновы","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies двор","gloss":"of the Plastunovs"},{"surface":"стоявший","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying двор","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоявший","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking въезде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"въезде","lemma":"въезд","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоявший","gloss":"the entrance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of в, introduces relative clause modifying двор","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of шесть","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on окон","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"окон","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"subject of passive освещены","gloss":"windows"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицу","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"улицу","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies окон","gloss":"the street"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of освещены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ярко","lemma":"ярко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies освещены","gloss":"brightly"},{"surface":"освещены","lemma":"осветить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of relative clause modifying двор (via котором)","gloss":"lit"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b8-c6-s70","source":"— Не спят! — радостно подхватил Митя, — греми, Андрей, гони вскачь, звени, подкати с треском. Чтобы знали все, кто приехал! Я еду! Сам еду! — исступленно восклицал Митя.","translation":"\"They're not asleep!\" Mitya took it up joyfully. \"Make a racket, Andrey, drive at a gallop, ring the bells, come thundering up. Let everyone know who's arrived! I'm coming! I am coming, too!\" Mitya cried out in a frenzy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"греми… гони… звени… подкати","title":"A volley of imperatives","body":"Mitya fires off a chain of commands — «греми» (make a din), «гони» (drive hard), «звени» (jingle the bells), «подкати» (roll up). The perfective «подкати» caps the imperfective triad: keep up the racket, then sweep up to the door in one grand arrival."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чтобы знали все","title":"«Чтобы» + past form for purpose","body":"«Чтобы знали все» — 'so that everyone should know' — is the purpose construction: «чтобы» fused from «что» + «бы», taking the past-tense form «знали» to express a willed, not-yet-real outcome. It is the irrealis mood folded into a subordinating conjunction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Сам еду!","title":"«Сам еду!» — the chapter's title","body":"The emphatic «сам» ('myself, in person') with «еду» ('I'm coming') gives the chapter its name: not merely 'I'm coming' but 'I myself am coming!' — Mitya proclaiming his own arrival like a returning lord, half exultant, half doomed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates спят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спят","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"are asleep"},{"surface":"радостно","lemma":"радостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подхватил","gloss":"joyfully"},{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"took it up"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подхватил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"греми","lemma":"греметь","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"imperative addressed to Андрей","gloss":"make a racket"},{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressee of the imperatives","gloss":"Andrey"},{"surface":"гони","lemma":"гнать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"imperative, coordinated with греми","gloss":"drive"},{"surface":"вскачь","lemma":"вскачь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гони","gloss":"at a gallop"},{"surface":"звени","lemma":"звенеть","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"imperative, coordinated with греми","gloss":"ring the bells"},{"surface":"подкати","lemma":"подкатить","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, perfective","role":"imperative, coordinated with греми","gloss":"come thundering up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking треском","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"треском","lemma":"треск","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подкати","gloss":"a crash"},{"surface":"Чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знали","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the чтобы-clause (jussive)","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on все","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of еду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еду","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"am coming"},{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier of the second еду","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"еду","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"am coming"},{"surface":"исступленно","lemma":"исступленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восклицал","gloss":"frenziedly"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b8-c6-s71","source":"Андрей пустил измученную тройку вскачь и действительно с треском подкатил к высокому крылечку и осадил своих запаренных полузадохшихся коней.","translation":"Andrey set the worn-out troika at a gallop and did indeed come thundering up to the high porch and reined in his lathered, half-winded horses.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"полузадохшихся","title":"«Полузадохшиеся» — half-suffocated","body":"A compound from «полу-» ('half') + the past active participle of «задохнуться» (to choke, gasp for breath): horses 'half-winded', nearly suffocated by the killing pace. The piled-up «измученную… запаренных полузадохшихся» drives home the cruelty of the ride."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осадил","title":"«Осадил» — reined in","body":"From «осадить», to check or pull up horses sharply (also 'to put someone in their place'). Paired with «пустил… вскачь» (set off at a gallop) it frames the arrival: full tilt, then a hard stop at the porch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пустил","gloss":"Andrey"},{"surface":"пустил","lemma":"пустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set going"},{"surface":"измученную","lemma":"измученный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тройку","gloss":"worn-out"},{"surface":"тройку","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пустил","gloss":"troika"},{"surface":"вскачь","lemma":"вскачь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пустил","gloss":"at a gallop"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подкатил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking треском","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"треском","lemma":"треск","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подкатил","gloss":"a crash"},{"surface":"подкатил","lemma":"подкатить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пустил","gloss":"came thundering up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крылечку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"высокому","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies крылечку","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"крылечку","lemma":"крылечко","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подкатил","gloss":"porch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"осадил","lemma":"осадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пустил","gloss":"reined in"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of коней","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"запаренных","lemma":"запаренный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies коней","gloss":"lathered"},{"surface":"полузадохшихся","lemma":"полузадохшийся","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies коней","gloss":"half-winded"},{"surface":"коней","lemma":"конь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of осадил","gloss":"horses"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b8-c6-s72","source":"Митя соскочил с телеги, и как раз хозяин двора, правда уходивший уже спать, полюбопытствовал заглянуть с крылечка, кто это таков так подкатил.","translation":"Mitya jumped down from the cart, and just then the keeper of the inn, who was in fact already on his way to bed, grew curious to peer down from the porch at who it could be that had come driving up like this.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"соскочил","title":"«Соскочил» — jumped down","body":"Perfective «соскочить» (с- 'off' + скочить 'leap'): a single quick leap down from the cart. The prefix с- adds the 'off/down from' direction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уходивший уже спать","title":"Active participle «уходивший»","body":"«Уходивший спать» ('who was on his way to bed') is a past active participle of «уходить», agreeing with «хозяин». Imperfective here, it pictures an action still in progress — the keeper caught mid-departure when the cart rolls up."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кто это таков","title":"«Кто это таков» — who on earth this might be","body":"A colloquial, somewhat old-fashioned turn: «таков» is the short form of «такой», so 'who this one is (such as he is)'. It conveys the keeper's nosy 'who could this be?' better than a plain «кто это»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of соскочил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"соскочил","lemma":"соскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"jumped down"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking телеги","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"телеги","lemma":"телега","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соскочил","gloss":"the cart"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom как раз, modifies полюбопытствовал","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom как раз, modifies полюбопытствовал","gloss":"then","note":"как раз is a set phrase meaning 'just then/at that very moment'."},{"surface":"хозяин","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of полюбопытствовал","gloss":"the keeper"},{"surface":"двора","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хозяин","gloss":"of the inn"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уходивший","gloss":"in fact"},{"surface":"уходивший","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying хозяин","gloss":"on his way"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уходивший","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"спать","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of уходивший","gloss":"to sleep"},{"surface":"полюбопытствовал","lemma":"полюбопытствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with соскочил","gloss":"grew curious"},{"surface":"заглянуть","lemma":"заглянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of полюбопытствовал","gloss":"to peer"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крылечка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"крылечка","lemma":"крылечко","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заглянуть","gloss":"the porch"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of таков","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifying particle linking кто and таков","gloss":"it","note":"это here is a colloquial filler ('who it was'), not a separate object."},{"surface":"таков","lemma":"таков","morphology":"pronoun (predicative), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of кто","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подкатил","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"подкатил","lemma":"подкатить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the indirect question, complement of заглянуть","gloss":"came driving up"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b8-c6-s73","source":"— Трифон Борисыч, ты?","translation":"\"Trifon Borisych, is that you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"трифон","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the vocative address","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисыч","lemma":"борисович","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифон","gloss":"Borisych"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of an elided verb (is it you)","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b8-c6-s74","source":"Хозяин нагнулся, вгляделся, стремглав сбежал с крылечка и в подобострастном восторге кинулся к гостю.","translation":"The keeper bent down, peered closely, came rushing headlong down from the porch, and in obsequious rapture flung himself toward his guest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стремглав","title":"«Стремглав» — headlong","body":"An old fused adverb ('head-first, at full tilt'), now bookish, conveying a reckless rush downward. It colors the keeper's fawning dash with comic, undignified haste."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в подобострастном восторге","title":"«Подобострастный» — servile, obsequious","body":"«Подобострастие» is cringing, fawning servility. The phrase 'in obsequious rapture' captures the innkeeper's whole nature — flattery in proportion to a guest's money, set up to be exposed as cynical self-interest."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нагнулся, вгляделся… кинулся","title":"Chain of perfective pasts","body":"Four perfective verbs in a row — «нагнулся, вгляделся, сбежал, кинулся» — march the action forward event by event: bent, peered, ran down, flung himself. This is narrative aspect at work, each completed move advancing the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хозяин","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нагнулся","gloss":"the keeper"},{"surface":"нагнулся","lemma":"нагнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bent down"},{"surface":"вгляделся","lemma":"вглядеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нагнулся","gloss":"peered closely"},{"surface":"стремглав","lemma":"стремглав","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сбежал","gloss":"headlong"},{"surface":"сбежал","lemma":"сбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нагнулся","gloss":"ran down"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крылечка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"крылечка","lemma":"крылечко","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сбежал","gloss":"the porch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подобострастном","lemma":"подобострастный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies восторге","gloss":"obsequious"},{"surface":"восторге","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кинулся","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"кинулся","lemma":"кинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нагнулся","gloss":"flung himself"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостю","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"гостю","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кинулся","gloss":"the guest"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b8-c6-s75","source":"— Батюшка, Дмитрий Федорыч! Вас ли вновь видим?","translation":"\"Dear Dmitri Fyodorych! Is it you we see again?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Батюшка","title":"«Батюшка» — dear father / good sir","body":"Literally a diminutive of «батя» (father), «батюшка» is both an affectionate address to a priest and, as here, a warm deferential 'dear sir' to a social superior. From the fawning keeper it drips with calculated tenderness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вас ли вновь видим?","title":"Question particle «ли» and «вновь»","body":"The enclitic «ли» fronts the focused «вас» ('is it you we see again?'), a more emphatic, deferential question than plain intonation. «Вновь» ('anew, again') is the elevated bookish counterpart of «снова» — together a flowery, ingratiating greeting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"dear sir"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition with Батюшка","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорыч","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of видим","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question, modifies видим","gloss":"is it that"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видим","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"видим","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do we see"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b8-c6-s76","source":"Этот Трифон Борисыч был плотный и здоровый мужик, среднего роста, с несколько толстоватым лицом, виду строгого и непримиримого, с мокринскими мужиками особенно, но имевший дар быстро изменять лицо свое на самое подобострастное выражение, когда чуял взять выгоду.","translation":"This Trifon Borisych was a thickset, hale peasant of middling height, with a somewhat fleshy face, of stern and unbending look — especially with the peasants of Mokroe — but possessed of the gift of changing his face in a flash to the most obsequious expression whenever he scented some profit to be had.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мужик","title":"«Мужик» — peasant","body":"The standard 19th-century word for a male peasant, neutral but class-bound. Trifon Borisych is a «мужик» who has clawed his way into petty wealth — the very type of the post-emancipation rural exploiter Dostoevsky sketches in the next paragraphs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"имевший дар","title":"Participle «имевший» heading a clause","body":"«Но имевший дар быстро изменять лицо» ('but possessed of the gift of quickly changing his face') is a past active participle of «иметь» that carries a long, syntactically heavy modifier. Such participial branching lets Dostoevsky hang a whole character-sketch off the single noun «мужик»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"виду строгого","title":"Genitive of description «виду строгого»","body":"«Виду строгого и непримиримого» ('of a stern and unbending look') is a genitive of quality describing the man, parallel to «среднего роста» ('of middling height'). Russian routinely attaches such bare-genitive descriptive phrases to a person."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"толстоватым","title":"«Толстоватый» — somewhat fat","body":"The suffix -оват- softens an adjective to 'rather, somewhat': «толстоватый» = 'a bit fleshy'. It is the hedging suffix that lets the narrator paint without overstating — a fleshy-ish, not grossly fat, face."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Трифон","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мужик","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисыч","lemma":"борисович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифон","gloss":"Borisych"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to мужик","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"плотный","lemma":"плотный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужик","gloss":"thickset"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"здоровый","lemma":"здоровый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with плотный","gloss":"hale"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of был","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"среднего","lemma":"средний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies роста","gloss":"middling"},{"surface":"роста","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мужик (genitive of characteristic)","gloss":"height"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies толстоватым","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"толстоватым","lemma":"толстоватый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"fleshy"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мужик (descriptive instrumental)","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (archaic -у ending, parallel to среднего роста)","role":"modifies мужик (descriptive, of look)","gloss":"in appearance"},{"surface":"строгого","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виду","gloss":"stern"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"непримиримого","lemma":"непримиримый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with строгого","gloss":"unyielding"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мужиками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мокринскими","lemma":"мокринский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies мужиками","gloss":"of Mokroe"},{"surface":"мужиками","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of непримиримого","gloss":"peasants"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies непримиримого","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"имевший","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying мужик","gloss":"possessing"},{"surface":"дар","lemma":"дар","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имевший","gloss":"gift"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изменять","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"изменять","lemma":"изменять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of имевший","gloss":"to change"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of изменять","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выражение","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подобострастное","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"подобострастное","lemma":"подобострастный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражение","gloss":"obsequious"},{"surface":"выражение","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of изменять","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of чуял","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"чуял","lemma":"чуять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause, modifies изменять","gloss":"scented"},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of чуял","gloss":"to get"},{"surface":"выгоду","lemma":"выгода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"profit"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b8-c6-s77","source":"Ходил по-русски, в рубахе с косым воротом и в поддевке, имел деньжонки значительные, но мечтал и о высшей роли неустанно.","translation":"He went about in the Russian fashion, in a side-fastened shirt and a long peasant coat; he had a tidy little sum of money, but dreamed tirelessly of some higher station.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"деньжонки","title":"«Деньжонки» — a tidy little sum","body":"An expressive diminutive of «деньги» (money). Here -онк- is not pejorative but knowing and folksy — 'a nice little wad', hinting that the 'little' money is in fact «значительные» (considerable). The suffix winks at the gap between the modest word and the real hoard."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мечтал… неустанно","title":"Imperfective «мечтал» for a standing trait","body":"The imperfective past «мечтал» ('kept dreaming, used to dream') with «неустанно» ('tirelessly') states an ongoing disposition, not one occasion. Imperfective aspect is the natural vehicle for a character's habitual inner life."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, parallel to имел/мечтал","gloss":"went about"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-русски","morphology":"adverb (part of the phrase по-русски)","role":"modifies Ходил","gloss":"in ... fashion"},{"surface":"русски","lemma":"по-русски","morphology":"adverb (part of the phrase по-русски)","role":"modifies Ходил","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рубахе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"рубахе","lemma":"рубаха","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Ходил","gloss":"a shirt"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воротом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"косым","lemma":"косой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воротом","gloss":"slanting"},{"surface":"воротом","lemma":"ворот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рубахе","gloss":"collar"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поддевке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"поддевке","lemma":"поддёвка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with рубахе","gloss":"a long coat"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, parallel to Ходил","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"деньжонки","lemma":"деньжонки","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"значительные","lemma":"значительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies деньжонки","gloss":"considerable"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мечтал","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with имел","gloss":"dreamed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes о высшей роли","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роли","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"высшей","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies роли","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"роли","lemma":"роль","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мечтал","gloss":"a station"},{"surface":"неустанно","lemma":"неустанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мечтал","gloss":"tirelessly"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b8-c6-s78","source":"Половина с лишком мужиков была у него в когтях, все были ему должны кругом.","translation":"More than half the peasants were in his clutches; the whole lot of them were in debt to him all round.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в когтях","title":"«В когтях» — in his clutches","body":"«Когти» are an animal's claws or talons; 'in his claws' paints Trifon as a bird of prey gripping the peasants. The image keys the whole passage about debt-bondage."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"все были ему должны","title":"Dative of the creditor: «ему должны»","body":"«Должны ему» — 'in debt to him' — uses the dative «ему» for the one owed. «Должен» ('obliged, owing') governs the dative of the person to whom the debt is due, a small but pervasive pattern of indebtedness in the case system."}],"words":[{"surface":"Половина","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"more than half"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom с лишком, modifies Половина","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"лишком","lemma":"лишек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Половина","gloss":"and then some","note":"с лишком is an idiom meaning 'and then some / a bit more'."},{"surface":"мужиков","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Половина (partitive genitive)","gloss":"of the peasants"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to когтях","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies когтях (possessive)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking когтях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"когтях","lemma":"коготь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"his clutches"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of должны","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate adjective, head of the second clause","gloss":"in debt"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должны","gloss":"all around"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b8-c6-s79","source":"Он арендовал у помещиков землю и сам покупал, а обработывали ему мужики эту землю за долг, из которого никогда не могли выйти.","translation":"He rented land from the landowners and bought some himself, and the peasants worked this land for him against a debt they could never climb out of.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из которого никогда не могли выйти","title":"Relative «который» in the genitive","body":"In «долг, из которого… не могли выйти» the relative «который» takes the genitive because the preposition «из» governs it ('a debt out of which they could never climb'). The pronoun agrees with «долг» in gender/number but its case is set by its own role."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of арендовал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"арендовал","lemma":"арендовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rented"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помещиков","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"помещиков","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of арендовал","gloss":"landowners"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of арендовал","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic modifier, refers to Он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"покупал","lemma":"покупать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with арендовал","gloss":"bought"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"обработывали","lemma":"обрабатывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"worked","note":"обработывали is an archaic/dialectal spelling of обрабатывать ('to cultivate')."},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of обработывали","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"мужики","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of обработывали","gloss":"the peasants"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of землю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обработывали","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking долг","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"долг","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обработывали","gloss":"a debt"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of могли","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates могли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on долг","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"get out"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b8-c6-s80","source":"Был он вдов и имел четырех взрослых дочерей; одна была уже вдовой, жила у него с двумя малолетками, ему внучками, и работала на него как поденщица.","translation":"He was a widower and had four grown daughters; one was already a widow herself, living with him together with two small children, his grandchildren, and working for him like a day-laborer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Был он вдов","title":"Short adjective «вдов» as predicate","body":"«Вдов» is the masculine short form ('widowed') of «вдовый», predicating a state of the subject. The fronted «был он вдов» (verb–subject–predicate) is a bookish, slightly archaic rhythm typical of biographical summary."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"имел четырех взрослых дочерей","title":"Animate accusative after «четыре»","body":"«Четырёх взрослых дочерей» shows the numeral 'four' governing its noun: «дочерей» is genitive-form, and «четырёх» itself takes the animate accusative (= genitive) because daughters are animate. Numerals and animacy together reshape the whole phrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"малолетками… поденщица","title":"«Малолетки» and «поденщица»","body":"«Малолетки» are little children (мало- 'few/small' + лет 'years'); «поденщица» is a female day-laborer (from «по дню», by the day), hired and paid daily. The daughter works «как поденщица» — like a hired hand in her own father's house, an image of his pitiless thrift."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to вдов","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вдов","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдов","lemma":"вдовый","morphology":"adjective (short form), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of он","gloss":"a widower"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был...вдов","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"четырех","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies дочерей","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"взрослых","lemma":"взрослый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies дочерей","gloss":"grown"},{"surface":"дочерей","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"daughters"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to вдовой","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вдовой","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"вдовой","lemma":"вдова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"a widow"},{"surface":"жила","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with была вдовой","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of жила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking малолетками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"двумя","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies малолетками","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"малолетками","lemma":"малолетка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of жила","gloss":"little children"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative of possession, modifies внучками","gloss":"his","note":"ему внучками = 'his grandchildren' (dative marking possession)."},{"surface":"внучками","lemma":"внучка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"appositive to малолетками","gloss":"granddaughters"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"работала","lemma":"работать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жила","gloss":"worked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of работала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative particle","role":"introduces comparison, modifies работала","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"поденщица","lemma":"подёнщица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the comparison с как","gloss":"a day-laborer"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b8-c6-s81","source":"Другая дочка-мужичка была замужем за чиновником, каким-то выслужившимся писаречком, и в одной из комнат постоялого двора на стенке можно было видеть в числе семейных фотографий, миниатюрнейшего размера, фотографию и этого чиновничка в мундире и в чиновных погонах.","translation":"Another daughter — a peasant girl by upbringing — was married to a clerk, some little copying scribe who had worked his way up, and in one of the rooms of the inn one could see, on the wall, among the family photographs, a photograph of the very smallest size of this little official in his uniform and his official epaulettes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"писаречком","title":"«Писаречек» — a wretched little scribe","body":"A double-diminutive of «писарь» (copying-clerk): «писарёк» → «писаречек», dripping condescension. «Каким-то выслужившимся писаречком» ('some little jumped-up scribe') belittles the son-in-law as a nobody who has merely 'served his way up'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выслужившимся","title":"Reflexive participle «выслужившийся»","body":"From «выслужиться» ('to rise / earn promotion by service'), a -ся verb, this past active participle keeps its reflexive clitic: 'who had worked his way up'. The -ся here marks the middle, self-benefiting sense of clawing one's way upward."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"миниатюрнейшего размера","title":"Superlative «миниатюрнейший»","body":"«Миниатюрнейшего» is the bookish synthetic superlative in -ейший ('of the very smallest size'). The lofty superlative attached to a tiny photograph of a petty clerk is gently ironic, the narrator deflating the family's pretensions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Другая","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дочка","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"дочка","lemma":"дочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of замужем","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"мужичка","lemma":"мужичка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition with дочка","gloss":"peasant girl"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to замужем","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"замужем","lemma":"замужем","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of дочка","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чиновником","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чиновником","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of замужем","gloss":"an official"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of писаречком, part of каким-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (forms indefinite каким-то)","role":"attaches to каким","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"выслужившимся","lemma":"выслужиться","morphology":"verb, past, reflexive, participle, instrumental, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"modifies писаречком","gloss":"who had worked his way up"},{"surface":"писаречком","lemma":"писарёк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with чиновником","gloss":"little scribe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одной","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies видеть (location phrase)","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнат","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"комнат","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies одной","gloss":"the rooms"},{"surface":"постоялого","lemma":"постоялый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies двора","gloss":"of the coaching-inn"},{"surface":"двора","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies комнат","gloss":"the inn"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стенке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стенке","lemma":"стенка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies видеть (location: on the wall)","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the impersonal clause, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking числе","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"числе","lemma":"число","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies фотографию (among)","gloss":"the number"},{"surface":"семейных","lemma":"семейный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies фотографий","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"фотографий","lemma":"фотография","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies числе","gloss":"photographs"},{"surface":"миниатюрнейшего","lemma":"миниатюрный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies размера","gloss":"tiniest"},{"surface":"размера","lemma":"размер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фотографию (genitive of characteristic)","gloss":"size"},{"surface":"фотографию","lemma":"фотография","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"a photograph"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of чиновничка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"чиновничка","lemma":"чиновничек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фотографию (photograph of him)","gloss":"little official"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мундире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мундире","lemma":"мундир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чиновничка","gloss":"uniform"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking погонах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чиновных","lemma":"чиновный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies погонах","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"погонах","lemma":"погон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with мундире","gloss":"epaulettes"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b8-c6-s82","source":"Две младшие дочери, в храмовой праздник али отправляясь куда в гости, надевали голубые или зеленые платья, сшитые по-модному, с обтяжкою сзади и с аршинным хвостом, но на другой же день утром, как и во всякий день, подымались чем свет и с березовыми вениками в руках выметали горницы, выносили помои и убирали сор после постояльцев.","translation":"The two younger daughters, on a church holiday or when setting out somewhere on a visit, would put on blue or green dresses cut in the fashionable style, close-fitting behind and with a yard-long train, but the very next morning, just as on any other day, they would be up at first light and, with birch besoms in their hands, would sweep out the rooms, carry out the slops, and clear away the litter the lodgers had left.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"али","title":"«Али» — dialectal 'or'","body":"«Али» is a folksy, peasant variant of «или» ('or'), heard throughout the innkeeper's and narrator's rustic register here («али отправляясь», later «али вот девки»). It instantly signals village speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отправляясь… подымались","title":"Gerund «отправляясь» framing a habit","body":"«Отправляясь куда в гости» ('when setting out on a visit somewhere') is an imperfective gerund giving the recurring circumstance under which the daughters dressed up. Paired with the imperfective «подымались» ('would get up') it sustains the habitual, iterative picture of their days."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чем свет","title":"«Чем свет» — at first light","body":"A set idiom (literally 'with what is light') meaning 'at the crack of dawn, before daybreak'. «Подымались чем свет» — they were up at first light, every working day."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аршинным хвостом","title":"«Аршинный хвост» — a yard-long train","body":"An «аршин» is an old Russian measure of about 71 cm; «аршинный хвост» is a train (literally 'tail') of dress 'an arshin long'. The fashionable bustle and trailing skirt mark the daughters' citified pretensions against their peasant labor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on дочери","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"младшие","lemma":"младший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies дочери","gloss":"younger"},{"surface":"дочери","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular (count form)","role":"subject of надевали","gloss":"daughters"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking праздник","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"храмовой","lemma":"храмовой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies праздник","gloss":"church"},{"surface":"праздник","lemma":"праздник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надевали","gloss":"holiday"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction (dialectal for или)","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"отправляясь","lemma":"отправляться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on надевали","gloss":"setting out"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отправляясь","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гости","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"гости","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural (frozen idiom)","role":"oblique complement of отправляясь","gloss":"a visit","note":"«в гости» is a frozen idiomatic phrase meaning \"visiting/on a visit\"."},{"surface":"надевали","lemma":"надевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would put on"},{"surface":"голубые","lemma":"голубой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies платья","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"зеленые","lemma":"зелёный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with голубые","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"платья","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of надевали","gloss":"dresses"},{"surface":"сшитые","lemma":"сшить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying платья","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition (part of по-модному)","role":"part of the phrase по-модному, modifying сшитые","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"модному","lemma":"модный","morphology":"adverb (part of по-модному)","role":"part of the phrase по-модному, modifying сшитые","gloss":"fashionable style","note":"«по-модному» is a single hyphenated adverb, \"in the fashionable style,\" split here across two tokens."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обтяжкою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"обтяжкою","lemma":"обтяжка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies платья","gloss":"a close fit"},{"surface":"сзади","lemma":"сзади","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обтяжкою","gloss":"in back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хвостом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"аршинным","lemma":"аршинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хвостом","gloss":"yard-long"},{"surface":"хвостом","lemma":"хвост","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with обтяжкою","gloss":"train"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies другой","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подымались","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with день","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies день","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of как","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"подымались","lemma":"подниматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective (dialectal for подниматься)","role":"coordinated with надевали","gloss":"would get up"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"part of idiom (subordinating conjunction)","role":"part of the idiom чем свет, modifying подымались","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (part of idiom)","role":"part of the idiom чем свет, modifying подымались","gloss":"light","note":"«чем свет» is an idiom meaning \"at first light, before dawn.\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вениками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"березовыми","lemma":"берёзовый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies вениками","gloss":"birch"},{"surface":"вениками","lemma":"веник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выметали","gloss":"besoms"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies вениками","gloss":"their hands"},{"surface":"выметали","lemma":"выметать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with надевали","gloss":"would sweep"},{"surface":"горницы","lemma":"горница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of выметали","gloss":"the rooms"},{"surface":"выносили","lemma":"выносить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with надевали","gloss":"would carry out"},{"surface":"помои","lemma":"помои","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural (pluralia tantum)","role":"direct object of выносили","gloss":"the slops"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убирали","lemma":"убирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with надевали","gloss":"would clear away"},{"surface":"сор","lemma":"сор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убирали","gloss":"the litter"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постояльцев","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"постояльцев","lemma":"постоялец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of убирали","gloss":"the lodgers"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b8-c6-s83","source":"Несмотря на приобретенные уже тысячки, Трифон Борисыч очень любил сорвать с постояльца кутящего и, помня, что еще месяца не прошло, как он в одни сутки поживился от Дмитрия Федоровича, во время кутежа его с Грушенькой, двумя сотнями рубликов с лишком, если не всеми тремя, встретил его теперь радостно и стремительно, уже по тому одному, как подкатил ко крыльцу его Митя, почуяв снова добычу.","translation":"For all the thousands he had already amassed, Trifon Borisych dearly loved to fleece a guest who was on a spree, and remembering that not a month had yet passed since, in a single day and night, he had profited off Dmitri Fyodorovich — during his carousal with Grushenka — to the tune of well over two hundred roubles, if not all of three, he met him now joyfully and eagerly, scenting fresh prey from the mere way Mitya had come driving up to his porch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Несмотря на приобретенные… тысячки","title":"«Несмотря на» + accusative","body":"«Несмотря на» ('despite, for all') is a fixed preposition governing the accusative — here «приобретённые тысячки» ('the thousands already amassed'), with a past passive participle modifying the noun. It opens the long sentence on a concessive note."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сорвать с постояльца кутящего","title":"«Сорвать» — to fleece","body":"«Сорвать с кого-то» (literally 'to tear off someone') is colloquial for extracting money, 'to fleece'. With «постояльца кутящего» ('a guest on a spree') it names Trifon's true trade: skinning carousers. «Кутящего» is a present active participle of «кутить» (to revel) used as a noun-modifier."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рубликов… тысячки","title":"Sly money diminutives","body":"«Рублики» (little roubles), «тысячки» (little thousands), and «сотнями» — the narrator borrows the innkeeper's coaxing diminutives for sums that are in fact large. The mismatch between the cosy suffixes and 'well over two hundred roubles, if not three' is quietly satirical."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почуяв снова добычу","title":"Perfective gerund «почуяв»","body":"«Почуяв снова добычу» ('having scented fresh prey') is a perfective past деепричастие from «почуять» (to scent), naming a completed action just prior to the main verb «встретил». The predatory metaphor is sealed by this hunting word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"preposition (part of compound несмотря на)","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на, marking тысячки","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase Несмотря","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"приобретенные","lemma":"приобрести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies тысячки","gloss":"already-earned"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приобретенные","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"тысячки","lemma":"тысячка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"object of на, in the concessive phrase modifying любил","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисыч","lemma":"Борисович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифон","gloss":"Borisych"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"dearly"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"сорвать","lemma":"сорвать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of любил","gloss":"to fleece"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постояльца","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"постояльца","lemma":"постоялец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сорвать","gloss":"a guest"},{"surface":"кутящего","lemma":"кутить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies постояльца","gloss":"on a spree"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помня","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любил","gloss":"remembering"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прошло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошло","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошло","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прошло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прошло","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of помня, introduced by что","gloss":"had passed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поживился","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поживился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сутки","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies сутки","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"сутки","lemma":"сутки","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поживился","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"поживился","lemma":"поживиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by как","gloss":"had profited"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дмитрия","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поживился","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кутежа","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase во время","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"кутежа","lemma":"кутёж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поживился","gloss":"the carousal"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"modifies кутежа","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушенькой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Грушенькой","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кутежа","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"двумя","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies сотнями","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"сотнями","lemma":"сотня","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of поживился","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"рубликов","lemma":"рублик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies сотнями","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition (idiom с лишком)","role":"part of the idiom с лишком, modifying рубликов","gloss":"and more"},{"surface":"лишком","lemma":"лишек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom с лишком, modifying рубликов","gloss":"odd","note":"«с лишком» is an idiom meaning \"and then some, more than.\""},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of тремя","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всеми","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of тремя","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"тремя","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"alternative to сотнями, in the clause introduced by если","gloss":"three [hundred]"},{"surface":"встретил","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with любил","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встретил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретил","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"радостно","lemma":"радостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретил","gloss":"joyfully"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with радостно","gloss":"eagerly"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одному","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одному","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of одному","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, masculine, singular","role":"object of по, modifies встретил","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining тому одному","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"подкатил","lemma":"подкатить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying одному","gloss":"drove up"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крыльцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"крыльцу","lemma":"крыльцо","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подкатил","gloss":"the porch"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"modifies крыльцу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подкатил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"почуяв","lemma":"почуять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on встретил","gloss":"scenting"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почуяв","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"добычу","lemma":"добыча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of почуяв","gloss":"prey"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b8-c6-s84","source":"— Батюшка, Дмитрий Федорович, вас ли вновь обретаем?","translation":"\"Dear Dmitri Fyodorovich, is it you we behold once more?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вновь обретаем","title":"«Обретаем» — do we behold/find","body":"«Обретать» ('to find, attain') is markedly bookish and ecclesiastical, far loftier than «находить». This second, even more florid greeting ('is it you we behold once more') outdoes the earlier «видим», laying the obsequiousness on thick."}],"words":[{"surface":"Батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (term of address)","role":"vocative, head of the phrase","gloss":"dear sir"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Батюшка","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural (formal you)","role":"direct object of обретаем","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обретаем","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обретаем","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"обретаем","lemma":"обретать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do we behold"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b8-c6-s85","source":"— Стой, Трифон Борисыч, — начал Митя, — прежде всего самое главное: где она?","translation":"\"Wait, Trifon Borisych,\" Mitya began. \"First of all, the main thing: where is she?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"где она?","title":"Dropped copula: «где она?»","body":"'Where is she?' is simply «где она» — no verb 'to be' in the present tense. Russian omits the present copula entirely, so the bare adverb and pronoun carry the whole question."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"она","title":"«Она» — the unnamed 'she'","body":"Mitya cannot bring himself to name Grushenka; the whole drive resolves into a single «она» — 'where is she?'. The bare pronoun, repeated, conveys his obsession more than any name could."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стой","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressed alongside Стой","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисыч","lemma":"Борисович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифон","gloss":"Borisych"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause (narrator's tag)","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb (part of прежде всего)","role":"part of the phrase прежде всего","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase прежде всего","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies главное","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic, restated by где она","gloss":"main thing"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"clarifies главное","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of где","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b8-c6-s86","source":"— Аграфена Александровна? — тотчас понял хозяин, зорко вглядываясь в лицо Мити, — да здесь и она пребывает.","translation":"\"Agrafena Alexandrovna?\" The keeper understood at once, peering keenly into Mitya's face. \"Why, yes, she is here, she's staying right here.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пребывает","title":"«Пребывает» — abides, is present","body":"«Пребывать» ('to abide, dwell, be present') is an elevated, almost liturgical verb for plain «быть» or «находиться». «Да здесь и она пребывает» dresses a simple 'yes, she's here' in the innkeeper's affected courtliness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зорко вглядываясь","title":"Gerund «вглядываясь»","body":"«Зорко вглядываясь в лицо Мити» ('peering keenly into Mitya's face') is an imperfective gerund running parallel to «понял»: the keeper understands while peering. The reflexive «вглядываться» (в- 'into' + the -ся middle) means to peer intently."}],"words":[{"surface":"Аграфена","lemma":"Аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровна","lemma":"Александровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аграфена","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause (narrator's tag)","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"хозяин","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"the keeper"},{"surface":"зорко","lemma":"зорко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вглядываясь","gloss":"keenly"},{"surface":"вглядываясь","lemma":"вглядываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on понял","gloss":"peering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вглядываясь","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пребывает","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies она (emphatic)","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пребывает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"пребывает","lemma":"пребывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"is staying"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b8-c6-s87","source":"— С кем, с кем?","translation":"\"With whom, with whom?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С кем","title":"Instrumental «с кем» — with whom","body":"«С кем» puts the interrogative «кто» in the instrumental after «с» ('with'): 'with whom?'. The preposition «с» of accompaniment always governs the instrumental, and the doubling «с кем, с кем?» conveys Mitya's jealous urgency."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"coordinated with кем","gloss":"whom"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b8-c6-s88","source":"— Гости проезжие-с… Один-то чиновник, надоть быть из поляков, по разговору судя, он-то за ней и послал лошадей отсюдова; а другой с ним товарищ его али попутчик, кто разберет; по-штатски одеты…","translation":"\"Travelers passing through, sir… One of them an official, a Pole he must be, by the way he talks; it was him that sent the horses for her from here; and the other one with him, a comrade of his or a fellow-traveler, who's to say; dressed in plain clothes…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Гости проезжие-с","title":"The deferential clitic «-с»","body":"«-с» (the «слово-ер», a worn-down «сударь» = 'sir') tacks onto words to signal servility or respect — «проезжие-с» = 'passing through, sir'. Sprinkled through the innkeeper's and waiters' speech in Dostoevsky, it is the sound of a social inferior bowing in every phrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"надоть быть","title":"«Надоть быть» — must be, I reckon","body":"«Надоть» is a dialectal «надо» ('one must'); «надоть быть» = 'must be / probably' (cf. «надо полагать»). The whole speech is steeped in this peasant phonology — «отсюдова» for «отсюда», «хоша» for «хотя» — marking the keeper as folk, not gentry."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по разговору судя","title":"Gerund «судя» — judging by","body":"«По разговору судя» ('to judge by the way he talks') uses the imperfective gerund «судя», which has frozen into the set phrase «судя по» ('judging by'). It is a gerund that survives even in everyday speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Гости","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"travelers"},{"surface":"проезжие","lemma":"проезжий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies Гости","gloss":"passing through"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential speech tic)","role":"modifies проезжие","gloss":"sir","note":"the enclitic «-с» is an old servile-speech particle roughly meaning \"sir/madam.\""},{"surface":"Один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies чиновник","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (enclitic)","role":"modifies Один","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"чиновник","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of надоть быть","gloss":"the official"},{"surface":"надоть","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (dialectal, modal)","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to поляков","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поляков","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"поляков","lemma":"поляк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of быть","gloss":"a Pole"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разговору","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"разговору","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of судя","gloss":"his talk"},{"surface":"судя","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial parenthetical modifying надоть быть","gloss":"judging"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of послал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (enclitic)","role":"modifies он","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of послал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"emphasizes послал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"послал","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"лошадей","lemma":"лошадь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of послал","gloss":"the horses"},{"surface":"отсюдова","lemma":"отсюда","morphology":"adverb (dialectal)","role":"modifies послал","gloss":"from here"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies товарищ","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies другой","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"товарищ","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to другой","gloss":"a comrade"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"modifies товарищ","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction (dialectal for или)","role":"links товарищ and попутчик","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"попутчик","lemma":"попутчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with товарищ","gloss":"a fellow traveler"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of разберет","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"разберет","lemma":"разобрать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical, rhetorical aside","gloss":"can tell"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition (part of по-штатски)","role":"part of the phrase по-штатски, modifying одеты","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"штатски","lemma":"штатский","morphology":"adverb (part of по-штатски)","role":"part of the phrase по-штатски, modifying одеты","gloss":"civilian clothes"},{"surface":"одеты","lemma":"одеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the elliptical sentence (subject: they)","gloss":"are dressed"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b8-c6-s89","source":"— Что же, кутят? Богачи?","translation":"\"What, are they on a spree? Are they rich men?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кутят","title":"«Кутить» — to go on a spree","body":"«Кутить» is to carouse, revel, blow money on drink and pleasure — the verb at the heart of these Mokroe chapters. «Что же, кутят?» — Mitya, planning his own grand kutezh, wants to know if the rivals are already at it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же","title":"The particle «же» in «что же»","body":"«Же» here adds insistent, pressing emphasis — 'well, what then, are they on a spree?'. These tiny modal particles, which English can only render with stress, are the very texture of Dostoevsky's clipped dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"кутят","lemma":"кутить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"are carousing"},{"surface":"Богачи","lemma":"богач","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"rich men"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b8-c6-s90","source":"— Какое кутят! Небольшая величина, Дмитрий Федорович.","translation":"\"On a spree, indeed! Small fry, Dmitri Fyodorovich.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Какое кутят!","title":"«Какое!» — as if! nothing of the sort","body":"An exclamatory «какое» used to dismiss the premise outright: 'On a spree? Hardly!'. This idiomatic, scornful «какое (там)!» rejects what was just asked."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Небольшая величина","title":"«Небольшая величина» — small fry","body":"Literally 'a not-large quantity/personage', an ironic put-down meaning a person of no consequence. The keeper sizes up the Pole and his comrade as nobodies, contrasting them with the lavish Mitya he hopes to milk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular (exclamatory)","role":"direct object of кутят","gloss":"what kind of","note":"«Какое + verb!» is an exclamatory idiom of rejection, roughly \"as if!\""},{"surface":"кутят","lemma":"кутить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"carousing"},{"surface":"Небольшая","lemma":"небольшой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies величина","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"величина","lemma":"величина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"fry"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b8-c6-s91","source":"— Небольшая? Ну, а другие?","translation":"\"Small fry? Well, and the others?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Небольшая","lemma":"небольшой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"small fry"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the next question","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural (substantivized)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the others"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b8-c6-s92","source":"— Из города эти, двое господ… Из Черней возвращались, да и остались… Один-то, молодой, надоть быть родственник господину Миусову, вот только как звать забыл… а другого, надо полагать, вы тоже знаете: помещик Максимов, на богомолье, говорит, заехал в монастырь ваш там, да вот с родственником этим молодым господина Миусова и ездит…","translation":"\"From the town, these two gentlemen… They were on their way back from Cherny, and stopped over… One of them, the young one, must be a relation of Mr. Miusov, only I've forgotten what he's called… and the other, I should suppose you know him too: the landowner Maximov; he came by your monastery there, he says, on a pilgrimage, and now he's going about with this young relation of Mr. Miusov…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"надо полагать","title":"«Надо полагать» — one must suppose","body":"A set impersonal phrase, 'one must suppose / presumably', alongside the keeper's «надоть быть» and «кто разберет» ('who can make it out'). The speech is built of such hedging fillers, the cautious manner of a man feeling out his profit."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как звать забыл","title":"«Как звать» — what he's called","body":"«Как (его) звать» (literally 'how to call him') is the ordinary impersonal way to ask or report a name. The infinitive «звать» with no subject is the idiom — 'I've forgotten what he's called'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking города","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies господ","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"двое","lemma":"двое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on господ","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"господ","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"governed by двое, modified by эти","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Черней","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Черней","lemma":"Чернь","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of возвращались","gloss":"Cherny"},{"surface":"возвращались","lemma":"возвращаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were returning"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction (part of да и)","role":"part of the compound conjunction да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (part of да и)","role":"part of the compound conjunction да и","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"остались","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with возвращались","gloss":"stayed on"},{"surface":"Один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic/subject of надоть быть родственник","gloss":"one of them"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (enclitic)","role":"modifies Один","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Один","gloss":"the young one"},{"surface":"надоть","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (dialectal, modal)","role":"modifies быть","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula, predicate: родственник","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"родственник","lemma":"родственник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть, describing Один","gloss":"a relation"},{"surface":"господину","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of родственник","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Миусову","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on господину","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies звать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"звать","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of забыл","gloss":"he's called"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I've forgotten"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"the other one"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical, modal)","role":"part of the parenthetical надо полагать, modifying знаете","gloss":"I suppose"},{"surface":"полагать","lemma":"полагать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"помещик","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заехал","gloss":"the landowner"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to помещик","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богомолье","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"богомолье","lemma":"богомолье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заехал","gloss":"a pilgrimage"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, reporting verb","gloss":"he says"},{"surface":"заехал","lemma":"заехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаете","gloss":"stopped by"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заехал","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies монастырь","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заехал","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ездит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родственником","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"родственником","lemma":"родственник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ездит","gloss":"relation"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of молодым","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"молодым","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies родственником","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"господина","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of родственником","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Миусова","lemma":"Миусов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господина","gloss":"Miusov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ездит","lemma":"ездить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заехал","gloss":"goes about"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b8-c6-s93","source":"— Только и всех?","translation":"\"Is that all of them?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Только и всех?","title":"«Только и всех?» — is that the lot?","body":"An elliptical, colloquial 'Is that all of them?', with the verb 'to be' dropped and «и» ('even/just') intensifying «всех» (genitive, 'of them all'). The genitive after the implied 'none more' is the genitive of negation lurking under the question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всех","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всех","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"of them all"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b8-c6-s94","source":"— Только.","translation":"\"That's all.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that's all"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b8-c6-s95","source":"— Стой, молчи, Трифон Борисыч, говори теперь самое главное: что она, как она?","translation":"\"Wait, hush, Trifon Borisych, now tell me the main thing: what is she like, how is she?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стой, молчи","title":"Imperatives «стой, молчи»","body":"«Стой» (stop! from стоять) and «молчи» (be quiet! from молчать) are imperfective imperatives — a demand to cease and hold, not to perform a one-off act. Imperfective commands of this 'stop/keep still' kind are the natural choice for halting someone mid-action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что она, как она?","title":"Verbless «что она, как она?»","body":"Two copula-less questions — 'what (is) she, how (is) she?' — with no verb, pure pronoun + interrogative. The clipped, breathless form conveys Mitya's anxious craving for any word of Grushenka's state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стой","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Стой","gloss":"hush"},{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressed alongside Стой","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисыч","lemma":"Борисович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифон","gloss":"Borisych"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Стой","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говори","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies главное","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говори","gloss":"main thing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular (interrogative)","role":"predicate in the question что она","gloss":"what [is she like]"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject in the question что она","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb (interrogative)","role":"predicate in the question как она","gloss":"how [is she]"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject in the question как она","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b8-c6-s96","source":"— Да вот давеча прибыла и сидит с ними.","translation":"\"Why, she arrived a while ago and is sitting with them.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«Давеча» — a while ago","body":"A folksy, dated adverb meaning 'a little while back, earlier today'. It belongs to the same rustic stratum as «намедни» ('the other day') a few lines later — markers of the keeper's vernacular."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибыла","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибыла","gloss":"a while ago"},{"surface":"прибыла","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прибыла","gloss":"is sitting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b8-c6-s97","source":"— Весела? Смеется?","translation":"\"Is she merry? Is she laughing?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Весела? Смеется?","title":"Short adjective «весела»","body":"«Весела» is the feminine short form of «весёлый» ('merry'), used predicatively — 'is she merry?'. The reflexive «смеётся» ('is she laughing?', from смеяться, a -ся-only verb) follows. Two terse, copula-free questions sketch Mitya's hope."}],"words":[{"surface":"Весела","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate (implied она)","gloss":"is she merry"},{"surface":"Смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is she laughing"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b8-c6-s98","source":"— Нет, кажись, не очень смеется… Даже скучная совсем сидит, молодому человеку волосы расчесывала.","translation":"\"No, it seems she's not laughing much… She's even sitting quite downcast; she was combing the young man's hair.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кажись","title":"«Кажись» — it seems, like","body":"A colloquial, frozen form of «кажется» ('it seems') reduced to a filler, 'I reckon, seemingly'. It softens the keeper's report and marks his uneducated speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"волосы расчесывала","title":"Imperfective «расчёсывала» for a scene in progress","body":"The imperfective past «расчёсывала» ('was combing') depicts Grushenka caught in the middle of an action — combing the young man's hair — rather than a finished deed. The aspect freezes the tableau Mitya is about to spy on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"negative answer, interjection","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"кажись","lemma":"кажись","morphology":"particle (colloquial, = кажется)","role":"parenthetical modifying смеется","gloss":"it seems","note":"Colloquial peasant form of кажется, \"it seems.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеется","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"смеется","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is laughing"},{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скучная","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"скучная","lemma":"скучный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сидит","gloss":"downcast"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидит","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is sitting"},{"surface":"молодому","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of расчесывала","gloss":"man's"},{"surface":"волосы","lemma":"волос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of расчесывала","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"расчесывала","lemma":"расчёсывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of a new clause","gloss":"was combing"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b8-c6-s99","source":"— Это поляку, офицеру?","translation":"\"That would be the Pole, the officer?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это поляку, офицеру?","title":"Dative «поляку, офицеру»","body":"'(Was it) to the Pole, the officer?' — «поляку» and «офицеру» stand in the dative as the indirect object of the combing (расчёсывала кому-то волосы, 'combed someone's hair for them'). The dative marks the person to whom the hair is being done."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic pronoun introducing the identification","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"поляку","lemma":"поляк","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative predicate identifying это","gloss":"for the Pole"},{"surface":"офицеру","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to поляку","gloss":"the officer"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b8-c6-s100","source":"— Да какой же он молодой, да и не офицер он вовсе; нет, сударь, не ему, а миусовскому племяннику этому, молодому-то… вот только имя забыл.","translation":"\"What young man is he, and he's no officer at all; no, sir, not him, but this nephew of Miusov's, the young one… only I've forgotten the name.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не ему, а","title":"Contrastive «а» after a negation","body":"«Не ему, а миусовскому племяннику» ('not to him, but to Miusov's nephew') uses «а» — the corrective 'but rather' after a denial. This «не X, а Y» pattern is «а»'s sharpest job: replacing what was just negated with the true alternative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"молодому-то","title":"Emphatic «-то» on «молодому»","body":"«Молодому-то» ('the young one, that is') uses the topic-emphasizing clitic «-то» to single out and confirm the referent already in play. It is the same colloquial highlighter seen earlier, not the indefinite suffix."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamative modifier of молодой","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какой","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of молодой","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of он","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies офицер","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"офицер","lemma":"офицер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of он (second clause)","gloss":"officer"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of офицер","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies офицер (negation)","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection introducing the correction","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"сударь","lemma":"сударь","morphology":"noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ему","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"contrasted with племяннику","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"миусовскому","lemma":"миусовский","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies племяннику","gloss":"Miusov's","note":"Possessive adjective formed from the surname Miusov."},{"surface":"племяннику","lemma":"племянник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object, contrasted with ему","gloss":"nephew"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of племяннику","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"молодому","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular (substantivized)","role":"in apposition to племяннику","gloss":"the young one"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (emphatic enclitic)","role":"emphatic particle attached to молодому","gloss":"that (emphatic)"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of забыл","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgot"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b8-c6-s101","source":"— Калганов?","translation":"\"Kalganov?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Kalganov"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b8-c6-s102","source":"— Именно Калганов.","translation":"\"Kalganov, that's it exactly.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Именно","title":"«Именно» — exactly, precisely","body":"«Именно Калганов» — 'Kalganov, precisely'. «Именно» confirms and pinpoints, 'that's the very one'. A small word of emphatic agreement that closes the back-and-forth over the forgotten name."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Калганов","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Kalganov"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b8-c6-s103","source":"— Хорошо, сам решу. В карты играют?","translation":"\"Good, I'll decide for myself. Are they playing cards?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам решу","title":"Perfective future «решу» with «сам»","body":"«Сам решу» — 'I'll decide for myself' — is a perfective future (the present-form endings of «решить» yield future meaning), naming one decisive future act. «Сам» ('myself') asserts Mitya's intent to take the matter in hand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb (predicative interjection)","role":"interjection, head of the phrase","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies решу (emphatic)","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"решу","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll decide"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карты","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"карты","lemma":"карта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition в, complement of играют","gloss":"cards"},{"surface":"играют","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are they playing"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b8-c6-s104","source":"— Играли, да перестали, чай отпили, наливки чиновник потребовал.","translation":"\"They were playing, but they've left off; they've had their tea, and the official has called for cordial.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Играли, да перестали","title":"Imperfective vs perfective: «играли… перестали»","body":"The aspect pair tells the little story: imperfective «играли» ('they were playing', the background process) gives way to perfective «перестали» ('they stopped', the completed event). Russian narrates by switching aspects rather than tenses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Играли","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they were playing"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"перестали","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Играли","gloss":"they stopped"},{"surface":"чай","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отпили","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"отпили","lemma":"отпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Играли","gloss":"they had"},{"surface":"наливки","lemma":"наливка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of потребовал","gloss":"some cordial"},{"surface":"чиновник","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of потребовал","gloss":"the official"},{"surface":"потребовал","lemma":"потребовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Играли","gloss":"called for"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b8-c6-s105","source":"— Стой, Трифон Борисыч, стой, душа, сам решу. Теперь отвечай самое главное: нет цыган?","translation":"\"Wait, Trifon Borisych, wait, my dear, I'll decide for myself. Now answer me the main thing: are there no gypsies?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"душа","title":"«Душа» as a term of endearment","body":"«Стой, душа» — Mitya addresses the innkeeper as «душа» ('soul', i.e. 'my dear, dear heart'). Calling someone «душа (моя)» is a warm, intimate Russian endearment, here flung out in his exalted, expansive mood."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нет цыган?","title":"Genitive of negation: «нет цыган»","body":"«Нет цыган?» ('are there no gypsies?') — the existential «нет» ('there is/are not') forces its noun into the genitive: «цыган» is genitive plural. With «нет / не было», the thing that is absent must stand in the genitive, never the nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стой","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (imperative)","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисыч","lemma":"Борисович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Трифон","gloss":"Borisych"},{"surface":"стой","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Стой","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative (vocative use), feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies решу (emphatic)","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"решу","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll decide"},{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвечай","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"отвечай","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies главное","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отвечай","gloss":"main thing"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"predicate of the existential clause","gloss":"is there no"},{"surface":"цыган","lemma":"цыган","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of нет","gloss":"gypsies"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b8-c6-s106","source":"— Цыган теперь вовсе не слышно, Дмитрий Федорович, согнало начальство, а вот жиды здесь есть, на цимбалах играют и на скрипках, в Рождественской, так это можно бы за ними хоша и теперь послать. Прибудут.","translation":"\"There's no hearing of any gypsies at all now, Dmitri Fyodorovich; the authorities have driven them off. But there are Jews here who play on the cymbals and the fiddles, over in Rozhdestvenskaya, so one could send for them even now. They'll come.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно бы… послать","title":"Conditional softening «можно бы»","body":"«Можно бы… послать» ('one could send') adds the particle «бы» to «можно» to soften it into a tentative possibility — 'it would be possible / one might'. The «бы» turns a flat statement into a polite, hedged suggestion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Цыган","lemma":"цыган","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"genitive complement of слышно (negated existential)","gloss":"gypsies"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слышно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слышно","lemma":"слышно","morphology":"predicative adverb, neuter","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"согнало","lemma":"согнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular (neuter agreement), perfective","role":"main verb of a new clause","gloss":"drove off"},{"surface":"начальство","lemma":"начальство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of согнало","gloss":"the authorities"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жиды","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"жиды","lemma":"жид","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"Jews","note":"An archaic, ethnically pejorative period term for Jews, used by the peasant speaker; the translation renders it plainly as \"Jews.\""},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of a new clause","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цимбалах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"цимбалах","lemma":"цимбалы","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of играют","gloss":"cymbals","note":"Цимбалы is actually a hammered-dulcimer (cimbalom), often loosely rendered \"cymbals\" in English translations."},{"surface":"играют","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"they play"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links цимбалах and скрипках","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скрипках","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"скрипках","lemma":"скрипка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of играют","gloss":"violins"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Рождественской","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Рождественской","lemma":"Рождественская","morphology":"proper noun (adjective form), locative, feminine, singular","role":"locative modifier of играют","gloss":"Rozhdestvenskaya"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of можно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (modal predicate)","role":"predicate, head of the clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks можно as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of послать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"хоша","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle (dialectal, = хоть)","role":"modifies послать","gloss":"even","note":"Хоша is a peasant-dialect form of хоть/хотя, \"even/although.\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"послать","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можно","gloss":"to send"},{"surface":"Прибудут","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they'll come"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b8-c6-s107","source":"— Послать, непременно послать! — вскричал Митя. — А девок можно поднять как тогда, Марью особенно, Степаниду тоже, Арину. Двести рублей за хор!","translation":"\"Send for them, send for them without fail!\" cried Mitya. \"And the girls can be roused, the same as last time — Marya especially, Stepanida too, Arina. Two hundred roubles for a chorus!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Послать, непременно послать!","title":"Infinitive as emphatic command","body":"A bare infinitive «послать!» ('to send!') flung out as an order — 'send for them, without fail!'. The naked infinitive functions as a forceful, impersonal imperative, all the more urgent for dispensing with a subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"девок","title":"«Девки» — wenches, peasant girls","body":"«Девка» is a plain, earthy word for a young peasant woman, coarser than «девушка». «Поднять девок» ('to rouse the girls') means to get the village singing-girls up for the spree — the chorus Mitya is paying for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Послать","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (exclamatory)","gloss":"send for them"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послать","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"послать","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with Послать","gloss":"send for them"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrator's clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"девок","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, genitive/accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of поднять","gloss":"the girls"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (modal predicate)","role":"modal predicate, head of the clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"поднять","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"be roused"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison (as then)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднять","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Марью","lemma":"Марья","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with девок","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Марью","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"Степаниду","lemma":"Степанида","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with девок","gloss":"Stepanida"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Степаниду","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Арину","lemma":"Арина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with девок","gloss":"Arina"},{"surface":"Двести","lemma":"двести","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifier of рублей, head of the phrase","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"quantified by Двести","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хор","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"хор","lemma":"хор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"a chorus"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b8-c6-s108","source":"— Да за этакие деньги я всё село тебе подыму, хоть и полегли теперь дрыхнуть. Да и стоят ли, батюшка Дмитрий Федорович, здешние мужики такой ласки, али вот девки? Этакой подлости да грубости такую сумму определять! Ему ли, нашему мужику, цигарки курить, а ты им давал. Ведь от него смердит, от разбойника. А девки все, сколько их ни есть, вшивые. Да я своих дочерей тебе даром подыму, не то что за такую сумму, полегли только спать теперь, так я их ногой в спину напинаю да для тебя петь заставлю. Мужиков намедни шампанским поили, э-эх!","translation":"\"For money like that I'll rouse you the whole village, even if they've all turned in to snore by now. But are they even worth such kindness, dear Dmitri Fyodorovich, the peasants hereabouts — or the girls, for that matter? To squander such a sum on creatures so base and coarse! As if the likes of our peasant ought to be smoking cigarettes — and yet you gave them to them. Why, he stinks, the cutthroat. And the girls, every last one of them, are crawling with lice. Now my own daughters I'll rouse you for nothing, never mind such a sum: they've only just turned in to sleep, so I'll boot them in the back to get them up and make them sing for you. And only the other day you were treating the peasants to champagne — eh-eh!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дрыхнуть","title":"«Дрыхнуть» — to crash, snore away","body":"A crude, dismissive verb for sleeping — 'to be dead to the world, snoring'. The keeper's contempt for his own villagers («полегли дрыхнуть», 'they've flopped down to snore') seeps through his choice of words."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да и стоят ли… здешние мужики такой ласки","title":"«Стоить» + genitive, with «ли»","body":"«Стоят ли… такой ласки» — 'are they even worth such kindness?'. The verb «стоить» ('to be worth') governs the genitive «ласки», and the particle «ли» frames the rhetorical yes/no question. The genitive of worth plus «ли» gives a sneering 'and are they worth it?'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему ли… цигарки курить","title":"Dative «ему ли» of (un)fitness","body":"«Ему ли… цигарки курить» — 'is it for him to smoke cigars?', dative + «ли» + infinitive, an indignant idiom meaning 'as if the likes of him deserve…'. The dative «ему» names the one supposedly entitled, and «ли» turns it scornful."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от него смердит, от разбойника","title":"Impersonal «смердит»","body":"«От него смердит» ('he stinks', literally 'from him there is a stench') is impersonal — no subject, the source marked by «от» + genitive. «Смердеть» is an archaic, biblical-flavored 'to reek' (cf. Smerdyakov's very name). «Разбойник» ('brigand, cutthroat') heaps on the contempt."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сколько их ни есть","title":"Concessive «сколько ни» — however many","body":"«Все, сколько их ни есть» ('all of them, however many there are') uses «ни» in a concessive clause — 'no matter how many'. Here «ни» does not negate but generalizes, sweeping in the whole lot."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ногой в спину напинаю","title":"«Напинаю ногой в спину»","body":"'I'll boot them in the back' — «напинать» (to give a kicking, from пинать, to kick) with «ногой» (instrumental, 'with my foot'). The brutal image of kicking his own sleeping daughters awake to sing exposes the keeper's casual domestic cruelty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деньги","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этакие","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of подыму","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подыму","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of село","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"село","lemma":"село","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подыму","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of подыму","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"подыму","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll rouse"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of полегли","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"полегли","lemma":"полечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying подыму","gloss":"have lain down"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дрыхнуть","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"дрыхнуть","lemma":"дрыхнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of полегли","gloss":"to snore"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да и","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"стоят","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are worth"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоят","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to батюшка","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"здешние","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies мужики","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"мужики","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of стоят","gloss":"the peasants"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ласки","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ласки","lemma":"ласка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of стоят","gloss":"kindness","note":"Стоить + genitive = \"to be worth/deserve.\""},{"surface":"али","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction (dialectal, = или)","role":"coordinates девки with мужики","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies девки","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"девки","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with мужики as subject of the elided стоят","gloss":"the girls"},{"surface":"Этакой","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies подлости","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"подлости","lemma":"подлость","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of определять","gloss":"baseness"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"грубости","lemma":"грубость","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with подлости","gloss":"coarseness"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сумму","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"сумму","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of определять","gloss":"a sum"},{"surface":"определять","lemma":"определять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (exclamatory infinitive)","gloss":"to lavish"},{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative subject of курить (rhetorical)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ему","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"нашему","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мужику","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"мужику","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ему","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"цигарки","lemma":"цигарка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of курить","gloss":"cigarettes"},{"surface":"курить","lemma":"курить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (rhetorical infinitive)","gloss":"to smoke"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of давал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of давал","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"давал","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смердит","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смердит","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"смердит","lemma":"смердеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stinks"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разбойника","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"разбойника","lemma":"разбойник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to него","gloss":"the villain"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"девки","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of вшивые","gloss":"the girls"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies девки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"however many"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"genitive complement of есть","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сколько (concessive)","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying все","gloss":"there are","note":"Сколько их ни есть is an idiom meaning \"every last one of them.\""},{"surface":"вшивые","lemma":"вшивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate adjective of девки","gloss":"crawling with lice"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подыму","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of дочерей","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"дочерей","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of подыму","gloss":"daughters"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of подыму","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"даром","lemma":"даром","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подыму","gloss":"for free"},{"surface":"подыму","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll rouse"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не то что","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, part of idiom","role":"part of the idiom не то что","gloss":"to mention"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, part of idiom","role":"part of the idiom не то что","gloss":"let alone","note":"Не то что = \"let alone / never mind.\""},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сумму","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сумму","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"сумму","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition за, part of the не то что clause","gloss":"a sum"},{"surface":"полегли","lemma":"полечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of a new clause","gloss":"they've lain down"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спать","gloss":"only just"},{"surface":"спать","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of полегли","gloss":"to sleep"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полегли","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напинаю","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of напинаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of напинаю","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ногой","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of напинаю","gloss":"with my foot"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спину","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"спину","lemma":"спина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, complement of напинаю","gloss":"the back"},{"surface":"напинаю","lemma":"напинать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll kick"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links напинаю and заставлю","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"object of preposition для","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"петь","lemma":"петь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заставлю","gloss":"sing"},{"surface":"заставлю","lemma":"заставить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with напинаю","gloss":"I'll make them"},{"surface":"Мужиков","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of поили","gloss":"the peasants"},{"surface":"намедни","lemma":"намедни","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поили","gloss":"the other day"},{"surface":"шампанским","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поили","gloss":"with champagne"},{"surface":"поили","lemma":"поить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were treating"},{"surface":"э","lemma":"э","morphology":"interjection","role":"part of the interjection э-эх","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"эх","lemma":"эх","morphology":"interjection","role":"part of the interjection э-эх","gloss":"eh"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b8-c6-s109","source":"Трифон Борисыч напрасно сожалел Митю: он тогда у него сам с полдюжины бутылок шампанского утаил, а под столом сторублевую бумажку поднял и зажал себе в кулак.","translation":"Trifon Borisych pitied Mitya for nothing: he had himself filched a good half-dozen bottles of champagne off him that time, and had picked up a hundred-rouble note from under the table and clenched it in his fist.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"напрасно сожалел Митю","title":"Ironic word order with «напрасно»","body":"«Напрасно сожалел Митю» ('pitied Mitya for nothing / in vain') fronts «напрасно» for irony — the narrator immediately undercuts the keeper's show of pity. The fronting of the adverb signals the comment to come: his sympathy was a sham."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"утаил… зажал","title":"«Утаить» and «зажать» — pilfered and pocketed","body":"Two perfective verbs of sly appropriation: «утаить» (to conceal, hold back secretly) a half-dozen bottles, and «зажать… в кулак» (to clench in one's fist) a hundred-rouble note. The narrator dryly catalogues the theft beneath the man's fawning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сожалел","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисыч","lemma":"Борисович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Трифон","gloss":"Borisych"},{"surface":"напрасно","lemma":"напрасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сожалел","gloss":"for nothing"},{"surface":"сожалел","lemma":"сожалеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pitied"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сожалел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of утаил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утаил","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of утаил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он (emphatic)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полдюжины","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"полдюжины","lemma":"полдюжины","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of утаил (quantity phrase)","gloss":"half a dozen"},{"surface":"бутылок","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies полдюжины","gloss":"bottles"},{"surface":"шампанского","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бутылок","gloss":"of champagne"},{"surface":"утаил","lemma":"утаить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"filched"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столом","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"столом","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднял","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"сторублевую","lemma":"сторублёвый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бумажку","gloss":"hundred-rouble"},{"surface":"бумажку","lemma":"бумажка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with утаил","gloss":"picked up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зажал","lemma":"зажать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with утаил","gloss":"clenched"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of зажал","gloss":"to himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кулак","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кулак","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зажал","gloss":"his fist"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b8-c6-s110","source":"Так и осталась она у него в кулаке.","translation":"And so it had stayed there, in his fist.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так и осталась она","title":"Emphatic «так и» with topic-fronting","body":"«Так и осталась она у него в кулаке» — 'and so it just stayed there in his fist'. The «так и» ('and so it indeed/just') underscores the outcome, while leading with the verb keeps the note (the topic «она») trailing — a wry closing beat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осталась","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Так и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"осталась","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of осталась","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осталась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кулаке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кулаке","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осталась","gloss":"his fist"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b8-c6-s111","source":"— Трифон Борисыч, растряс я тогда не одну здесь тысячку. Помнишь?","translation":"\"Trifon Borisych, I scattered more than one little thousand here that time. Do you remember?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"растряс… тысячку","title":"«Растрясти» — to scatter, blow","body":"«Растрясти» literally 'to shake apart/loose'; of money, to fling it about, squander it. With the diminutive «тысячку» ('a little thousand') it has a rueful, boastful ring — 'I shook loose more than one little thousand here'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисыч","lemma":"Борисович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Трифон","gloss":"Borisych"},{"surface":"растряс","lemma":"растрясти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"scattered"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of растряс","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies растряс","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одну","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies тысячку","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies растряс","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"тысячку","lemma":"тысячка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of растряс","gloss":"little thousand"},{"surface":"Помнишь","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you remember"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b8-c6-s112","source":"— Растрясли, голубчик, как вас не вспомнить, три тысячки у нас небось оставили.","translation":"\"You scattered them, my dear — how could one not remember you, you left a good three thousand with us, I daresay.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубчик","title":"«Голубчик» — my dear (little dove)","body":"A tender diminutive from «голубь» ('dove'), 'my dear, darling'. The keeper's «голубчик» is flattery in caressing form — coaxing affection lavished on the wealthy guest whose money he means to have."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как вас не вспомнить","title":"«Как не вспомнить» — how could one not","body":"«Как вас не вспомнить» ('how could one not remember you') is a rhetorical infinitive with «не» meaning 'of course one remembers'. The «как не + infinitive» frame turns a negation into emphatic affirmation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"небось","title":"«Небось» — I daresay, I'll bet","body":"A folk modal particle (worn down from «не бойся», 'fear not') meaning 'I daresay, surely, I'll wager'. «Три тысячки… небось оставили» — 'you left a good three thousand, I'll be bound' — adds the keeper's sly, knowing nudge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Растрясли","lemma":"растрясти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you scattered them"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the rhetorical clause","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of вспомнить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вспомнить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вспомнить","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical rhetorical question","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячки","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячки","lemma":"тысячка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оставили","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of оставили","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"небось","lemma":"небось","morphology":"particle (colloquial)","role":"modifies оставили","gloss":"I daresay","note":"Небось is a colloquial particle meaning \"probably, I'll wager.\""},{"surface":"оставили","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b8-c6-s113","source":"— Ну, так и теперь с тем приехал, видишь?","translation":"\"Well, that's what I've come for again now, you see?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тем приехал","title":"Instrumental «с тем» — for that purpose","body":"«С тем приехал» — 'I've come with that (in mind) / for that very thing'. «Тем» is the instrumental of «то», after «с»; the phrase «с тем, чтобы» means 'for the purpose of'. Here, elliptically, 'that's what I've come for'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"introductory particle","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"for that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of приехал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I've come"},{"surface":"видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical tag question","gloss":"you see"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b8-c6-s114","source":"И он вынул и поднес к самому носу хозяина свою пачку кредиток.","translation":"And he pulled out and held right up to the keeper's nose his wad of banknotes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пачку кредиток","title":"«Кредитки» — banknotes","body":"«Кредитка» is a credit note, a paper rouble bill («кредитный билет»); «пачка кредиток» is a wad of them. Mitya thrusting his bundle of banknotes 'right up to the keeper's nose' is the spark that lights the man's greed."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вынул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pulled out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поднес","lemma":"поднести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынул","gloss":"held up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking носу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies носу","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"носу","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднес","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"хозяина","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies носу","gloss":"the keeper's"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of пачку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пачку","lemma":"пачка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поднес","gloss":"wad"},{"surface":"кредиток","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies пачку","gloss":"of banknotes"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b8-c6-s115","source":"— Теперь слушай и понимай: через час вино придет, закуски, пироги и конфеты — всё тотчас же туда наверх. Этот ящик, что у Андрея, туда тоже сейчас наверх, раскрыть и тотчас же шампанское подавать… А главное — девок, девок, и Марью чтобы непременно…","translation":"\"Now listen and understand: in an hour the wine will come, with savories, pies, and sweets — all of it straight upstairs, at once. That box there, on Andrey's cart, goes upstairs at once too; open it and start serving the champagne immediately… But the main thing — the girls, the girls, and Marya without fail…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слушай и понимай","title":"Imperfective imperatives «слушай, понимай»","body":"«Слушай и понимай» ('listen and understand') are imperfective imperatives — an injunction to keep attending, an open-ended 'be listening', not a single act. The -й ending follows the vowel-final stem."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы непременно…","title":"Elliptical «чтобы» command","body":"«И Марью чтобы непременно…» trails off, but «чтобы» + an understood past form is the construction for an indirect order ('see to it that Marya is here without fail'). Even truncated, the «чтобы» signals a willed, must-happen outcome."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушай","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"понимай","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слушай","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придет","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"вино","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"the wine"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to слушай","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"закуски","lemma":"закуска","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with вино","gloss":"savories"},{"surface":"пироги","lemma":"пирог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with закуски","gloss":"pies"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"конфеты","lemma":"конфета","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with закуски","gloss":"sweets"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical clause (verb of motion implied)","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to придет","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"наверх","lemma":"наверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"upstairs"},{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ящик","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ящик","lemma":"ящик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical clause (verb of motion implied)","gloss":"box"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the relative clause on ящик","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Андрея","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Андрея","lemma":"Андрей","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"Andrey's"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the implied verb, parallel to наверх","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the implied verb","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наверх","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"наверх","lemma":"наверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the implied verb, parallel to туда/сейчас","gloss":"upstairs"},{"surface":"раскрыть","lemma":"раскрыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (imperative infinitive)","gloss":"open it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подавать","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"шампанское","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подавать","gloss":"the champagne"},{"surface":"подавать","lemma":"подавать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with раскрыть","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"девок","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to главное","gloss":"the girls"},{"surface":"девок","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with девок","gloss":"the girls"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Марью","lemma":"Марья","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with девок","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical clause (\"be there\" implied)","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the implied verb","gloss":"without fail"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b8-c6-s116","source":"Он повернулся к телеге и вытащил из-под сиденья свой ящик с пистолетами.","translation":"He turned to the cart and dragged out from under the seat his box with the pistols.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вытащил из-под сиденья","title":"Compound preposition «из-под» + genitive","body":"«Из-под сиденья» ('out from under the seat') is the compound preposition «из-под» governing the genitive «сиденья». Russian fuses 'from' + 'under' into one word to express extraction from beneath something."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking телеге","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"телеге","lemma":"телега","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулся","gloss":"the cart"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вытащил","lemma":"вытащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повернулся","gloss":"dragged out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сиденья (part of из-под)","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сиденья (part of из-под)","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"сиденья","lemma":"сиденье","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытащил","gloss":"the seat"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ящик","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ящик","lemma":"ящик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вытащил","gloss":"box"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пистолетами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пистолетами","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ящик","gloss":"the pistols"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b8-c6-s117","source":"— Расчет, Андрей, принимай! Вот тебе пятнадцать рублей за тройку, а вот пятьдесят на водку… за готовность, за любовь твою… Помни барина Карамазова!","translation":"\"Your pay, Andrey, take it! Here's fifteen roubles for the troika, and here's fifty for drink… for your readiness, for your love… Remember the master Karamazov!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Помни барина Карамазова!","title":"Imperative «помни» + animate accusative","body":"«Помни барина Карамазова!» ('Remember the master Karamazov!') — imperfective imperative «помни» (keep me in memory) with «барина» in the animate accusative (= genitive form). The lordly self-naming, «барин Карамазов», is pure theatrical grandeur."}],"words":[{"surface":"Расчет","lemma":"расчёт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимай","gloss":"your pay"},{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"Андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Андрей","gloss":"Andrey"},{"surface":"принимай","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take it"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the phrase, head of the clause","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Вот","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"пятнадцать","lemma":"пятнадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"fifteen"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of Вот","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тройку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тройку","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рублей","gloss":"the troika"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пятьдесят","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"пятьдесят","lemma":"пятьдесят","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"complement of вот","gloss":"fifty"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking водку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"водку","lemma":"водка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пятьдесят","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking готовность","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"готовность","lemma":"готовность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with водку","gloss":"your readiness"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любовь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with готовность","gloss":"your love"},{"surface":"твою","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Помни","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Помни","gloss":"the master"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to барина","gloss":"Karamazov"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b8-c6-s118","source":"— Боюсь я, барин… — заколебался Андрей, — пять рублей на чай пожалуйте, а больше не приму. Трифон Борисыч свидетелем. Уж простите глупое слово мое…","translation":"\"I'm afraid, master…\" Andrey hesitated. \"Give me five roubles for a tip, but more I won't take. Trifon Borisych is my witness. Forgive my foolish words…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"больше не приму","title":"Perfective future «не приму»","body":"«Больше не приму» ('I won't take more') is a perfective future from «принять» — a firm, single resolve, 'I will not accept it'. Perfective future is the aspect of a decided, once-and-for-all refusal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Уж простите","title":"Imperative «простите» softened by «уж»","body":"«Уж простите глупое слово моё» ('forgive my foolish words') — the polite plural imperative «простите» with the particle «уж», which here softens and pleads, 'do please forgive'. «Уж» lends the apology a humble, coaxing warmth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm afraid"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Боюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"барин","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"заколебался","lemma":"заколебаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Боюсь","gloss":"hesitated"},{"surface":"Андрей","lemma":"Андрей","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заколебался","gloss":"Andrey"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of пожалуйте","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чай","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чай","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рублей","gloss":"a tip"},{"surface":"пожалуйте","lemma":"пожаловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, polite","role":"parallel clause to заколебался","gloss":"please give"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приму","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приму","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приму","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to пожалуйте","gloss":"I'll take"},{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of свидетелем","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисыч","lemma":"Борисыч","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Трифон","gloss":"Borisych"},{"surface":"свидетелем","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the elided copula","gloss":"witness"},{"surface":"Уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простите","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"глупое","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of простите","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b8-c6-s119","source":"— Чего боишься, — обмерил его взглядом Митя, — ну и черт с тобой, коли так! — крикнул он, бросая ему пять рублей. — Теперь, Трифон Борисыч, проводи меня тихо и дай мне на них на всех перво-наперво глазком глянуть, так чтоб они меня не заметили. Где они там, в голубой комнате?","translation":"\"What are you afraid of?\" Mitya measured him with a look. \"Well, the devil take you, then, if that's how it is!\" he cried, tossing him five roubles. \"Now, Trifon Borisych, see me in quietly and let me first of all steal a peep at the whole lot of them, so that they don't notice me. Where are they in there, in the blue room?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"черт с тобой","title":"«Чёрт с тобой» — the devil take you","body":"A set exclamation, literally 'the devil (be) with you', meaning 'to hell with you / have it your way'. The instrumental «с тобой» ('with you') is fossilized in the idiom; Mitya flings it out half in exasperation, half in careless good humor."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"глазком глянуть","title":"«Глазком глянуть» — to steal a peep","body":"«Глазком» is the instrumental diminutive of «глаз» ('with a little eye'); «глянуть» a quick perfective 'to glance'. The phrase «глазком глянуть» means to take a furtive peep — Mitya wants one stolen look before they see him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб они меня не заметили","title":"Purpose «чтоб… не заметили»","body":"«Так чтоб они меня не заметили» ('so that they shouldn't notice me') is the purpose clause «чтоб» (= чтобы) + negated past form «не заметили». The construction expresses a willed negative outcome — that the noticing not happen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of боишься","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"боишься","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are you afraid"},{"surface":"обмерил","lemma":"обмерить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to боишься","gloss":"sized up"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обмерил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обмерил","gloss":"with a look"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обмерил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies черт","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical exclamation","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"modifies черт","gloss":"you","note":"\"чёрт с тобой\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"the devil take you\" / \"to hell with you.\""},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of коли","gloss":"that's how it is"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бросая","lemma":"бросать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on крикнул","gloss":"tossing"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of бросая","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of бросая","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проводи","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисыч","lemma":"Борисыч","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Трифон","gloss":"Borisych"},{"surface":"проводи","lemma":"проводить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take me in"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of проводи","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проводи","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дай","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проводи","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дай","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of глянуть","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of глянуть","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"перво","lemma":"перво-наперво","morphology":"adverb (part of compound)","role":"part of the compound adverb перво-наперво, modifies глянуть","gloss":"first","note":"\"перво-наперво\" is one compound adverb meaning \"first of all\"; the tokenizer split it into two surface tokens."},{"surface":"наперво","lemma":"перво-наперво","morphology":"adverb (part of compound)","role":"part of the compound adverb перво-наперво, modifies глянуть","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"глазком","lemma":"глазок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глянуть","gloss":"with a glance"},{"surface":"глянуть","lemma":"глянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дай","gloss":"to peek"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the purpose clause with чтоб","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заметили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of заметили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заметили","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on глянуть","gloss":"notice"},{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elided verb (are)","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Где","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голубой","lemma":"голубой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb (are)","gloss":"room"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b8-c6-s120","source":"Трифон Борисыч опасливо поглядел на Митю, но тотчас же послушно исполнил требуемое: осторожно провел его в сени, сам вошел в большую первую комнату, соседнюю с той, в которой сидели гости, и вынес из нее свечу.","translation":"Trifon Borisych gave Mitya a wary look, but at once obediently did as he was asked: he led him cautiously into the entry, went himself into the large front room next to the one in which the guests were sitting, and carried out a candle from it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"послушно исполнил требуемое","title":"Substantivized participle «требуемое»","body":"«Исполнил требуемое» — 'did what was asked'. «Требуемое» is a present passive participle of «требовать» (to demand), here used as a neuter noun ('the thing required'). Such substantivized participles are a compact, bookish way to say 'that which was demanded'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сени","title":"«Сени» — the entry passage","body":"«Сени» (always plural) is the unheated entrance hall or passage of a traditional Russian house, between the porch and the living rooms. The keeper leads Mitya «в сени» and then into the front room — the spatial choreography of the coming ambush of a glance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"соседнюю с той, в которой сидели","title":"Correlative «той, в которой»","body":"«С той, в которой сидели гости» ('next to the one in which the guests were sitting') pairs the demonstrative «той» (instrumental, after «с») with a relative «в которой» (prepositional, after «в»). The тот…который correlative threads the rooms together, each pronoun taking its own case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поглядел","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисыч","lemma":"Борисыч","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Трифон","gloss":"Borisych"},{"surface":"опасливо","lemma":"опасливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядел","gloss":"warily"},{"surface":"поглядел","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave a look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Митю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исполнил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"послушно","lemma":"послушно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исполнил","gloss":"obediently"},{"surface":"исполнил","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поглядел","gloss":"carried out"},{"surface":"требуемое","lemma":"требуемое","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of исполнил","gloss":"what was asked"},{"surface":"осторожно","lemma":"осторожно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies провел","gloss":"cautiously"},{"surface":"провел","lemma":"провести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to исполнил","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of провел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сени","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сени","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of провел","gloss":"the entryway"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вошел, emphasizes its subject","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with провел","gloss":"went in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"большую","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнату","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"первую","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнату","gloss":"front"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"соседнюю","lemma":"соседний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнату","gloss":"adjoining"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking той","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соседнюю","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидели","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сидели","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on той","gloss":"were sitting"},{"surface":"гости","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сидели","gloss":"the guests"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вынес","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with провел","gloss":"carried out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынес","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"свечу","lemma":"свеча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вынес","gloss":"a candle"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b8-c6-s121","source":"Затем потихоньку ввел Митю и поставил его в углу, в темноте, откуда бы он мог свободно разглядеть собеседников ими не видимый.","translation":"Then he quietly led Mitya in and set him in the corner, in the dark, from where he could freely study the company without himself being seen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ввел … и поставил","title":"A chain of perfectives","body":"Both verbs are perfective past («ввести», «поставить»), so each names a single completed act — led-in, then set-down — moving the narrative forward step by step. The imperfective would have given process or habit; here we feel two discrete clicks of action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"откуда бы он мог свободно разглядеть","title":"Purpose with «бы» + past form","body":"The particle «бы» joined to the past «мог» builds an irrealis 'so that he might / from where he could' clause — a purpose construction, not a real past. Russian's single subjunctive is always past-form + «бы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ими не видимый","title":"Present passive participle «видимый»","body":"«видимый» is the rare present passive participle of «видеть» ('seen'); with «не» it means 'unseen', and the agent «ими» ('by them') stands in the instrumental — exactly the case Russian uses for the doer of a passive. A compact, bookish way to say 'without himself being seen by them'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ввел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"потихоньку","lemma":"потихоньку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ввел","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"ввел","lemma":"ввести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought in"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ввел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поставил","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ввел","gloss":"placed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поставил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставил","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"темноте","lemma":"темнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with углу","gloss":"the dark"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"from where"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks мог as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on темноте","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"свободно","lemma":"свободно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разглядеть","gloss":"freely"},{"surface":"разглядеть","lemma":"разглядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"make out"},{"surface":"собеседников","lemma":"собеседник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of разглядеть","gloss":"the company"},{"surface":"ими","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"agent complement of видимый","gloss":"by them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видимый","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видимый","lemma":"видимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он (predicative, describes Mitya)","gloss":"seen"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b8-c6-s122","source":"Но Митя недолго глядел, да и не мог разглядывать: он увидел ее, и сердце его застучало, в глазах помутилось.","translation":"But Mitya did not look for long, nor was he able to keep studying them: he caught sight of her, and his heart began to pound, and everything went dim before his eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"глядел … разглядывать … увидел","title":"Aspect doing the storytelling","body":"The imperfectives «глядел» and «разглядывать» frame looking as a process he could not sustain, while the perfective «увидел» ('caught sight of') is the sudden completed flash that interrupts it. The pair «глядеть/увидеть» is a textbook aspectual contrast: ongoing gaze versus instantaneous perception."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сердце его застучало","title":"Inceptive «за-»: the pounding begins","body":"The prefix «за-» on «стучать» (to knock/pound) gives «застучать», a perfective marking the onset of an action — 'began to pound'. Russian often signals the start of a process this way rather than with a separate verb 'to begin'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в глазах помутилось","title":"Impersonal 'it went dim'","body":"«помутилось» is a subjectless, neuter -ся verb: literally 'it grew murky in [his] eyes'. There is no nominative subject at all — a classic Russian impersonal of bodily sensation, the language framing experience as something that simply happens to a person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"недолго","lemma":"недолго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядел","gloss":"not long"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глядел","gloss":"was able"},{"surface":"разглядывать","lemma":"разглядывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"to keep looking"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"увидел","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to мог","gloss":"caught sight of"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of увидел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of застучало","gloss":"his heart"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"застучало","lemma":"застучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with увидел","gloss":"began to pound"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of помутилось","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"помутилось","lemma":"помутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with увидел","gloss":"grew dim"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b8-c6-s123","source":"Она сидела за столом сбоку, в креслах, а рядом с нею, на диване, хорошенький собою и еще очень молодой Калганов; она держала его за руку и, кажется, смеялась, а тот, не глядя на нее, что-то громко говорил, как будто с досадой, сидевшему чрез стол напротив Грушеньки Максимову.","translation":"She was sitting off to the side at the table, in an armchair, and beside her, on the sofa, sat Kalganov — a good-looking young man, very young still; she was holding him by the hand and seemed to be laughing, while he, not looking at her, was saying something loudly, as if out of vexation, to Maximov, who sat across the table opposite Grushenka.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а рядом с нею … а тот","title":"The contrastive «а» twice over","body":"«а» is the mild adversative 'and/while' that shifts the camera to a new subject rather than opposing it: first to Kalganov beside her, then to him not looking at her. English needs 'while' or a comma; Russian threads the tableau together with this untranslatable hinge."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не глядя на нее","title":"Gerund «не глядя»","body":"«глядя» is the imperfective present деепричастие of «глядеть» — an indeclinable verb-adverb naming the attendant circumstance 'not looking at her'. It shares the subject of the main clause (he), the hallmark of literary narration packing a second action into one breath."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидевшему чрез стол напротив Грушеньки Максимову","title":"Past participle agreeing in the dative","body":"«сидевшему» is the past active participle of «сидеть» ('who was sitting'), here in the dative to agree with «Максимову» — the person he was speaking to. The whole heavy modifier precedes the name, a bookish который-clause compressed into a single declined word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чрез","title":"Archaic «чрез» for «через»","body":"«чрез» ('across, over') is the elevated, contracted doublet of modern «через» — a non-pleophonic, bookish form that flavours the 19th-century prose without changing the sense: 'across the table'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хорошенький собою","title":"«хорошенький собою»: pretty to look at","body":"The diminutive adjective «хорошенький» ('nice-looking, pretty') with the instrumental «собою» ('in himself, of his person') is a set idiom describing someone's looks. The -еньк- suffix lends a light, almost doting touch, fitting for the very young Kalganov."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сидела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сидела","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was sitting"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"столом","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидела","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"сбоку","lemma":"сбоку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидела","gloss":"off to the side"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking креслах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"креслах","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидела","gloss":"an armchair"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рядом","lemma":"рядом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb (сидел)","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рядом","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the elided verb, parallel to рядом","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"хорошенький","lemma":"хорошенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Калганов","gloss":"good-looking"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"complement of хорошенький","gloss":"in looks","note":"\"хорош(енький) собою\" is an idiom meaning \"good-looking in appearance.\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молодой","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Калганов","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (сидел)","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of держала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"держала","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидела","gloss":"was holding"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of держала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of держала","gloss":"the hand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to смеялась","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"смеялась","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидела","gloss":"to be laughing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глядя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"глядя","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорил","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядя","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of что-то, direct object of говорил","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of что-то, direct object of говорил","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидела","gloss":"was saying"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of как будто, modifies досадой","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking досадой","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"досадой","lemma":"досада","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"vexation"},{"surface":"сидевшему","lemma":"сидевший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"modifies Максимову","gloss":"who was sitting"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидевшему","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньки","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of напротив","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"Максимову","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"to Maximov"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b8-c6-s124","source":"Максимов же чему-то очень смеялся.","translation":"Maximov, for his part, was laughing very hard at something.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Максимов же","title":"The particle «же» of return","body":"«же» here marks a shift back to a previously mentioned figure — 'Maximov, for his part / as for Maximov'. It is one of Russia's tiny modal particles that English can only render with stress or a phrase, knitting the narrative's attention from one person to the next."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чему-то очень смеялся","title":"Laughing AT something — dative + «-то»","body":"«смеяться» governs the dative for what one laughs at, and «чему-то» is its dative ('at something'); the clitic «-то» marks a specific but unidentified cause — some particular thing, though we are not told what. The verb itself exists only in the -ся form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смеялся","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Максимов","gloss":"for his part"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"part of чему-то, indirect object of смеялся","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"part of чему-то, indirect object of смеялся","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеялся","gloss":"very hard"},{"surface":"смеялся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was laughing"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b8-c6-s125","source":"На диване сидел он, а подле дивана, на стуле, у стены, какой-то другой незнакомец.","translation":"On the sofa he sat, and beside the sofa, on a chair against the wall, was some other stranger.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На диване сидел он","title":"Fronting for focus","body":"The neutral order would be 'он сидел на диване'; placing «на диване» first and the pronoun «он» at the end weights the new information — the seating — and keeps the camera panning the room. Free word order lets Russian arrange given-before-new without changing the grammar."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какой-то другой незнакомец","title":"«какой-то»: some unidentified one","body":"«какой-то» ('some sort of, a certain') marks the stranger as real but unknown to Mitya — the «-то» series naming a specific-but-unidentified referent. The repeated 'some / какой-то' through this scene keeps the whole company hazy and threatening to him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подле","title":"Bookish «подле» (beside)","body":"«подле» ('beside, next to', + genitive) is an archaic, literary preposition for «рядом с» or «около». It belongs to the elevated period register that flavours Dostoevsky's narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дивана","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"дивана","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of подле","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стуле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стуле","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel oblique complement of the elided сидел","gloss":"a chair"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стены","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"стены","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"parallel oblique complement of the elided сидел","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the indefinite determiner какой-то, modifies незнакомец","gloss":"some","note":"какой-то is a single indefinite word ('some, a certain') split across two tokens by -то."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"part of the indefinite determiner какой-то, modifies незнакомец","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies незнакомец","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"незнакомец","lemma":"незнакомец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided сидел, parallel to он","gloss":"a stranger"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b8-c6-s126","source":"Тот, который сидел на диване развалясь, курил трубку, и у Мити лишь промелькнуло, что это какой-то толстоватый и широколицый человечек, ростом, должно быть, невысокий и как будто на что-то сердитый.","translation":"The one who sat sprawled on the sofa was smoking a pipe, and all that flickered through Mitya's mind was that this was some rather stout, broad-faced little fellow, short in stature, it seemed, and looking as though he were angry about something.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот, который сидел на диване","title":"Correlative «тот, который»","body":"«тот» ('that one') sets up the relative «который» ('who') — 'the one who sat'. «который» agrees with «тот» in gender and number but takes nominative as the subject of its own clause; the comma-set relative is the standard way Russian appends a defining description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"развалясь","title":"Gerund «развалясь»: lolling back","body":"«развалясь» is the perfective past деепричастие of «развалиться» (to sprawl, loll), in its -сь variant — 'having sprawled / sprawled back'. The single word paints his posture as the attendant circumstance of his sitting."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у Мити лишь промелькнуло, что","title":"Impersonal 'it flickered through Mitya'","body":"Another subjectless perfective: «промелькнуло» ('flashed by') with «у Мити» ('at Mitya') and a «что»-clause. The thought is not something Mitya actively forms but something that darts through him — the impersonal frame rendering a half-conscious impression."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"толстоватый … человечек","title":"Hedging and belittling suffixes","body":"«толстоватый» softens 'fat' to 'rather stout' with the approximative -оват- suffix, and «человечек» is the diminutive of «человек» — a 'little fellow', faintly dismissive. Both suffixes color Mitya's quick, unflattering glance at the man."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"должно быть","title":"«должно быть»: it must be / probably","body":"A frozen impersonal parenthetical, «должно быть» means 'must be, presumably' — Mitya guessing the man's height rather than knowing it. It is set off as commentary, marking the whole impression as conjecture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of курил","gloss":"The one"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Тот","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"развалясь","lemma":"развалиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"manner complement of сидел","gloss":"sprawled"},{"surface":"курил","lemma":"курить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was smoking"},{"surface":"трубку","lemma":"трубка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of курил","gloss":"a pipe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of промелькнуло","gloss":"Mitya's (mind)"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies промелькнуло","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"промелькнуло","lemma":"промелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with курил","gloss":"flickered"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of промелькнуло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of человечек (elided copula)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the indefinite determiner какой-то, modifies человечек","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"part of the indefinite determiner какой-то, modifies человечек","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"толстоватый","lemma":"толстоватый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человечек","gloss":"rather stout"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"широколицый","lemma":"широколицый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with толстоватый","gloss":"broad-faced"},{"surface":"человечек","lemma":"человечек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of это (elided copula)","gloss":"a little fellow"},{"surface":"ростом","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of невысокий","gloss":"in stature"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical modifying невысокий","gloss":"apparently","note":"должно быть is a fixed parenthetical phrase meaning 'it seems, apparently.'"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должно","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"невысокий","lemma":"невысокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with толстоватый","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"if","note":"как будто is a fixed phrase meaning 'as if, as though.'"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что-то","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of что-то, oblique complement of сердитый","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"part of что-то, oblique complement of сердитый","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"сердитый","lemma":"сердитый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with невысокий","gloss":"angry"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b8-c6-s127","source":"Товарищ же его, другой незнакомец, показался Мите что-то уж чрезвычайно высокого роста; но более он ничего не мог разглядеть.","translation":"His companion, the other stranger, struck Mitya as somehow quite extraordinarily tall; but beyond that he could make out nothing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"показался Мите","title":"Dative experiencer: 'struck Mitya as'","body":"«показаться» ('to seem') sends its experiencer to the dative — «Мите» is 'to Mitya'. The companion is the nominative subject of seeming; the impression belongs to the dative person, the recurring Russian pattern for how things appear to someone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чрезвычайно высокого роста","title":"Genitive of measure","body":"«высокого роста» ('of tall stature') is a genitive describing a quality of measure — height expressed as a genitive attribute, like «человек высокого роста». «чрезвычайно» ('extraordinarily') intensifies it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"более он ничего не мог разглядеть","title":"Negative concord","body":"«ничего … не мог» stacks the negative pronoun «ничего» with the negator «не» on the verb — Russian's obligatory double negation, where two negatives make one. Note also «ничего» in the genitive, the object of a negated verb sliding into the genitive of negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Товарищ","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of показался","gloss":"His companion"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"topic-shift particle modifying Товарищ","gloss":"for his part","note":"же marks a shift of topic here; it has no separate word in the translation."},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive determiner of Товарищ","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies незнакомец","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"незнакомец","lemma":"незнакомец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Товарищ","gloss":"stranger"},{"surface":"показался","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck (as)"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of показался","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of что-то, adverbial modifier of высокого роста","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"part of что-то, adverbial modifier of высокого роста","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чрезвычайно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высокого","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"высокого","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies роста","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"роста","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate genitive of quality describing Товарищ","gloss":"in stature","note":"высокого роста is a genitive-of-quality phrase used as a predicate, literally 'of great height.'"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of разглядеть","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with показался","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"разглядеть","lemma":"разглядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"make out"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b8-c6-s128","source":"Дух у него захватило.","translation":"His breath caught in his throat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дух у него захватило","title":"Impersonal 'his breath caught'","body":"A fixed impersonal idiom: literally 'it caught the breath at him' — «дух» is the accusative object, «у него» ('at him') the possessor, and the verb is neuter with no nominative subject. Russian frames the seizing of breath as an event that befalls a person, not something he does."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дух захватило","title":"«дух захватило»: breathtaking","body":"A common idiom for being so overcome — by fear, awe, or excitement — that one's breath fails. Here «дух» is not 'spirit' but simply 'breath', preserved in this set phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дух","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of захватило","gloss":"His breath","note":"Дух захватило is an impersonal idiom, literally 'it seized [his] breath.'"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of захватило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"захватило","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b8-c6-s129","source":"И минуты он не смог выстоять, поставил ящик на комод и прямо, холодея и замирая, направился в голубую комнату к собеседникам.","translation":"He could not hold out even a minute longer; he set the box down on the chest of drawers and went straight, growing cold and faint within, into the blue room toward the company.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И минуты он не смог выстоять","title":"Genitive of negation with fronting","body":"Under negation the object «минуту» becomes genitive «минуты» ('not [even] a minute'), and fronting it before «он не смог» throws emphasis onto how briefly he could endure. The «и» here is the emphatic 'even', not 'and'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"холодея и замирая","title":"Paired gerunds of inner state","body":"Two imperfective present деепричастия — «холодея» ('growing cold') and «замирая» ('going numb / faint') — name the simultaneous inner sensations as he advances. Stacked gerunds like these are a signature of Dostoevsky's feverish narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"направился в голубую комнату","title":"«в» + accusative for motion toward","body":"«направился» (set off toward) is a perfective -ся motion verb, and «в голубую комнату» takes the accusative because the preposition «в» expresses motion into a place; the same phrase in the prepositional («в комнате») would mean static location."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive of extent under negation, complement of выстоять","gloss":"a minute","note":"минуты is genitive under the negated смог, not accusative plural — 'not even a minute.'"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смог","lemma":"смочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"выстоять","lemma":"выстоять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of смог","gloss":"hold out"},{"surface":"поставил","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смог","gloss":"set down"},{"surface":"ящик","lemma":"ящик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поставил","gloss":"the box"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комод","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"комод","lemma":"комод","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставил","gloss":"the chest of drawers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies направился","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"холодея","lemma":"холодеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on направился","gloss":"growing cold"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"замирая","lemma":"замирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with холодея","gloss":"growing faint"},{"surface":"направился","lemma":"направиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поставил","gloss":"headed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"голубую","lemma":"голубой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнату","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направился","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собеседникам","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"собеседникам","lemma":"собеседник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of направился","gloss":"the company"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b8-c6-s130","source":"— Ай! — взвизгнула в испуге Грушенька, заметив его первая.","translation":"\"Ah!\" shrieked Grushenka in fright, the first to notice him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заметив его первая","title":"Perfective gerund «заметив»","body":"«заметив» is the perfective past деепричастие of «заметить» ('having noticed') — a prior, completed action explaining the shriek. «первая» ('first', feminine) agrees with Grushenka: she, the first to spot him, cries out."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в испуге","title":"«в испуге»: prepositional of state","body":"«в испуге» ('in fright') uses «в» + prepositional to express the emotional state accompanying the action — a fixed adverbial of manner. The noun «испуг» names a sudden startle rather than lasting fear."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"взвизгнула","title":"«взвизгнуть»: to let out a shriek","body":"An expressive perfective verb for a single sharp, high cry — a squeal or shriek. The «вз-» prefix plus the -ну- suffix mark a sudden, momentary outburst, vividly conveying Grushenka's involuntary startle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ай","lemma":"ай","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, head of the phrase","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"взвизгнула","lemma":"взвизгнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shrieked"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking испуге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"испуге","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взвизгнула","gloss":"fright"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of взвизгнула","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"заметив","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on взвизгнула","gloss":"noticing"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заметив","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"первая","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicative, modifies Грушенька","gloss":"first"}]}]}