{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b8-c7","title":{"source":"VII. Прежний и бесспорный","translated":"The First and Rightful Lover"},"section":"Book VIII — Mitya","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b8-c7","lines":294},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b8-c6","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b8-c8","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b8-c7-s1","source":"Митя скорыми и длинными своими шагами подступил вплоть к столу.","translation":"With his quick, long strides Mitya came right up to the table.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"скорыми и длинными своими шагами","title":"Instrumental of manner","body":"«Шагами» stands in the instrumental plural, here naming the means/manner of motion — 'with quick, long strides'. The whole phrase «скорыми и длинными своими шагами» is one agreeing instrumental cluster modifying «подступил»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подступил вплоть к столу","title":"Prefixed motion verb, perfective","body":"«Подступил» is the perfective of «подступать/подступить» (to step up to, approach), a directional prefix под- on a motion stem. It registers a single completed advance, sharpened by «вплоть к» ('right up to')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"своими шагами","title":"Reflexive possessive свой","body":"«Своими» is the reflexive possessive «свой», pointing the strides back to the clause's own subject (Mitya). Russian prefers «свой» over «его» whenever the possessor is the subject, avoiding the ambiguity English 'his' would leave."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подступил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"скорыми","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies шагами","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"длинными","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with скорыми","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"determiner of шагами","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"шагами","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подступил","gloss":"strides"},{"surface":"подступил","lemma":"подступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came up"},{"surface":"вплоть","lemma":"вплоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase вплоть к (right up to)","gloss":"right up","note":"вплоть к is a fixed phrase meaning 'right up to.'"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"столу","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подступил","gloss":"the table"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b8-c7-s2","source":"— Господа, — начал он громко, почти крича, но заикаясь на каждом слове, — я… я ничего! Не бойтесь, — воскликнул он, — я ведь ничего, ничего, — повернулся он вдруг к Грушеньке, которая отклонилась на кресле в сторону Калганова и крепко уцепилась за его руку. — Я… Я тоже еду. Я до утра. Господа, проезжему путешественнику… можно с вами до утра? Только до утра, в последний раз, в этой самой комнате?","translation":"\"Gentlemen,\" he began loudly, almost shouting, yet stammering on every word, \"I... I mean nothing by it! Don't be afraid,\" he exclaimed, \"I really mean nothing, nothing at all\" — and he suddenly turned to Grushenka, who had leaned aside in her chair toward Kalganov and was clutching his arm tightly. \"I... I'm here too. I'll stay till morning. Gentlemen, may a passing traveler... may I stay with you till morning? Only till morning, this one last time, in this very room?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заикаясь на каждом слове","title":"Imperfective gerund (деепричастие)","body":"«Заикаясь» is a present (imperfective) деепричастие in -ясь from «заикаться» — 'stammering', an action running simultaneously with «начал». It shares the main subject (he) and adds attendant circumstance, a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ведь ничего, ничего","title":"The particle ведь","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared understanding — 'I really don't mean anything, you see / after all'. It softens and pleads, exactly the register of Mitya's anxious reassurance; English can only render it with intonation or a tag."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которая отклонилась… и крепко уцепилась","title":"Relative clause with который","body":"«Которая» introduces a relative clause and agrees with «Грушеньке» in feminine gender and number, while taking nominative as the subject of its own clause. The two perfective verbs «отклонилась» / «уцепилась» mark her completed movements."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проезжему путешественнику… можно с вами до утра?","title":"Dative-subject impersonal with можно","body":"An impersonal construction: «можно» ('is it permitted / may one') governs a dative experiencer, «проезжему путешественнику» — 'may a passing traveler...'. There is no nominative subject; the person affected stands in the dative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"проезжему путешественнику","title":"'A passing traveler' — self-deprecation","body":"«Проезжий» means 'passing through, in transit'; «проезжий путешественник» is a humble, slightly grandiose third-person way for Mitya to refer to himself, casting himself as a mere wayfarer begging a place for the night."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, head of the phrase","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крича","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"крича","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb modifying начал, coordinated with заикаясь","gloss":"shouting"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"заикаясь","lemma":"заикаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"stammering"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слове","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"каждом","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of слове","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"слове","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заикаясь","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"false start, resumed by the following я","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ничего","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"predicate complement of я","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бойтесь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"бойтесь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be afraid"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical reporting clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ничего","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"predicate complement of я","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"coordinated with the preceding ничего, for emphasis","gloss":"nothing at all"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулся","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отклонилась","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"отклонилась","lemma":"отклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on Грушеньке","gloss":"had leaned"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кресле","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отклонилась","gloss":"the chair"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отклонилась","gloss":"the direction"},{"surface":"Калганова","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сторону","gloss":"of Kalganov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уцепилась","gloss":"tightly"},{"surface":"уцепилась","lemma":"уцепиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отклонилась","gloss":"clutched"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of руку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уцепилась","gloss":"arm"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"false start, resumed by the following Я","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of еду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies еду","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"еду","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am traveling"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided verb (remain, implied)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утра","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of elided verb","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, head of the phrase","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"проезжему","lemma":"проезжий","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies путешественнику","gloss":"passing"},{"surface":"путешественнику","lemma":"путешественник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative logical subject of можно","gloss":"traveler"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"impersonal predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of можно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утра","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of можно","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies утра","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утра","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical phrase","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel elliptical phrase to до утра","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of комнате","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"parallel elliptical phrase to до утра","gloss":"room"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b8-c7-s3","source":"Это уже он докончил, обращаясь к толстенькому человечку, сидевшему на диване с трубкой.","translation":"This last he finished by turning to address the plump little man sitting on the sofa with a pipe.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обращаясь к толстенькому человечку","title":"Imperfective gerund of manner","body":"«Обращаясь» (turning/addressing) is again a present деепричастие, simultaneous with «докончил» — 'he finished it by turning to...'. The dative «человечку» after «обращаться к» is governed by к."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"толстенькому человечку","title":"Affectionate-belittling diminutives","body":"Both words carry diminutive suffixes: «толстенький» (-еньк-) softens 'fat' to 'plump, roly-poly', and «человечек» (-ек) shrinks 'man' to 'little man'. The pairing is faintly condescending, coloring how Mitya — and the narrator — sees the seated pan."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидевшему на диване с трубкой","title":"Past active participle","body":"«Сидевшему» is a past active participle from «сидеть», agreeing with «человечку» in dative — literally 'to the little man who was sitting'. It compresses a который-clause into one modifier, very common in 19th-century prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of докончил","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies докончил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of докончил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"докончил","lemma":"докончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on докончил","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человечку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"толстенькому","lemma":"толстенький","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человечку","gloss":"plump little"},{"surface":"человечку","lemma":"человечек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"сидевшему","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying человечку","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидевшему","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трубкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"трубкой","lemma":"трубка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидевшему","gloss":"a pipe"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b8-c7-s4","source":"Тот важно отнял от губ своих трубку и строго произнес:","translation":"That one gravely took the pipe from his lips and pronounced sternly:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот важно отнял","title":"Demonstrative тот as 'that one'","body":"«Тот» (that, the farther one) stands alone as a pronoun, 'that one / the latter', tracking the man just introduced. Russian uses this топик-shifting тот constantly to keep referents straight without repeating the noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от губ своих трубку","title":"Genitive after от; reflexive свой","body":"«От» governs the genitive «губ» ('from his lips'), and «своих» is again the reflexive possessive tying the lips to the subject. Word order places «своих» after its noun, a slightly elevated, literary inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отнял","gloss":"That one"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отнял","gloss":"gravely"},{"surface":"отнял","lemma":"отнять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took away"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губ","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"губ","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отнял","gloss":"his lips"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of губ","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"трубку","lemma":"трубка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отнял","gloss":"the pipe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"sternly"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отнял","gloss":"pronounced"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b8-c7-s5","source":"— Пане, мы здесь приватно. Имеются иные покои.","translation":"\"Panie, we are here privately. There are other rooms to be had.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приватно… покои","title":"Stilted, Polonized register","body":"«Приватно» (a borrowing, 'privately') and «покои» (chambers, apartments — a bookish, slightly grand plural) give the pan's two short sentences an affected, foreign-tinged formality, part of the comic pretension Dostoevsky builds into his speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, head of the phrase","gloss":"Panie","note":"Пане is the Polish-style vocative of пан ('sir, mister'), kept to mark the Polish guest's speech."},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of elided verb (are), predicate приватно","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elided verb, parallel to приватно","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"приватно","lemma":"приватно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate adverb of мы (elided copula)","gloss":"privately"},{"surface":"Имеются","lemma":"иметься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"иные","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies покои","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"покои","lemma":"покой","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Имеются","gloss":"rooms"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b8-c7-s6","source":"— Да это вы, Дмитрий Федорович, да чего это вы? — отозвался вдруг Калганов, — да садитесь с нами, здравствуйте!","translation":"\"Why, is that you, Dmitri Fyodorovich? What's all this?\" Kalganov suddenly spoke up. \"Sit down with us, hello!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да чего это вы?","title":"Particle да and genitive чего","body":"Opening «да» is a colloquial particle here meaning 'why, but, come now', not 'yes'. «Чего» is the genitive of «что», idiomatic in such exclamatory questions — 'what's all this with you?' — the texture of lively spoken Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"садитесь","title":"Polite/plural imperative","body":"«Садитесь» is the imperative of «садиться» with the polite/plural ending -тесь (the -ся verb keeps its reflexive clitic). 'Sit down' addressed with вы-politeness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the exclamation","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of elided copula, predicate вы","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the next exclamation","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"interrogative complement of это","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical question","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject complement, coordinated with это","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"отозвался","lemma":"отозваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"spoke up"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отозвался","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отозвался","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies садитесь","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"садитесь","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second quoted clause","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of садитесь","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"здравствуйте","lemma":"здравствовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with садитесь","gloss":"hello"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b8-c7-s7","source":"— Здравствуйте, дорогой человек… и бесценный! Я всегда уважал вас… — радостно и стремительно отозвался Митя, тотчас же протянув ему через стол свою руку.","translation":"\"Hello, my dear man... my precious one! I always respected you...\" Mitya answered joyfully and impetuously, at once thrusting his hand to him across the table.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тотчас же протянув ему через стол свою руку","title":"Perfective past gerund","body":"«Протянув» is a perfective past деепричастие in -в from «протянуть» — 'having stretched out / thrusting'. It names an action completed essentially at the moment of «отозвался», with «же» reinforcing 'at once'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бесценный","title":"'Priceless, beyond price'","body":"«Бесценный» (без- 'without' + цена 'price') is an effusive term of endearment, 'precious, invaluable'. Heaped onto «дорогой человек», it conveys Mitya's overflowing, almost theatrical warmth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Здравствуйте","lemma":"здравствовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Hello"},{"surface":"дорогой","lemma":"дорогой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, coordinated with Здравствуйте","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бесценный","lemma":"бесценный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with человек","gloss":"precious one"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уважал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уважал","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"уважал","lemma":"уважать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"respected"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of уважал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"радостно","lemma":"радостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отозвался","gloss":"joyfully"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with радостно","gloss":"impetuously"},{"surface":"отозвался","lemma":"отозваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отозвался","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протянув","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"протянув","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отозвался","gloss":"reaching out"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of протянув","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of протянув","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of руку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of протянув","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b8-c7-s8","source":"— Ай, как вы крепко пожали! Совсем сломали пальцы, — засмеялся Калганов.","translation":"\"Ow, what a grip you've got! You've quite crushed my fingers,\" Kalganov laughed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Совсем сломали пальцы","title":"Perfective for a vivid completed act","body":"«Сломали» (perfective of «ломать/сломать», 'broke/crushed') views the squeeze as a single accomplished result — comic hyperbole: 'you've quite crushed my fingers'. The perfective is what makes it a finished, total event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ай","lemma":"ай","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, head of the phrase","gloss":"Ow"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamatory modifier of пожали","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пожали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожали","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"пожали","lemma":"пожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamatory clause","gloss":"gripped"},{"surface":"Совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сломали","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"сломали","lemma":"сломать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crushed"},{"surface":"пальцы","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of сломали","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялся","gloss":"Kalganov"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b8-c7-s9","source":"— Вот он так всегда жмет, всегда так! — весело отозвалась, еще робко улыбаясь, Грушенька, кажется вдруг убедившаяся по виду Мити, что тот не будет буянить, с ужасным любопытством и всё еще с беспокойством в него вглядываясь.","translation":"\"That's how he always squeezes, always like that!\" Grushenka answered cheerfully, still smiling timidly, seeming all at once to have satisfied herself from Mitya's look that he would not make a scene, yet peering at him with dreadful curiosity and lingering unease.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще робко улыбаясь… в него вглядываясь","title":"Stacked imperfective gerunds","body":"The sentence hangs two present деепричастия on Grushenka — «улыбаясь» (smiling) and «вглядываясь» (peering) — framing her ongoing attendant states around the main verb «отозвалась». Such gerund chains are characteristic of dense literary description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кажется вдруг убедившаяся по виду Мити","title":"Past active participle, reflexive","body":"«Убедившаяся» is a past active participle of the -ся verb «убедиться» ('to convince oneself'), agreeing with Grushenka in feminine — 'having satisfied herself'. The retained -ся marks the middle/reflexive sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что тот не будет буянить","title":"Compound future with быть","body":"«Не будет буянить» is the imperfective compound future: «будет» (future of быть) plus the imperfective infinitive «буянить» ('to make a scene, rampage') — 'he would not be making a scene'. The imperfective names an ongoing/anticipated behavior."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle introducing он","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жмет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жмет","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жмет","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"жмет","lemma":"жать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"squeezes"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical predicate, repeats так жмет","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отозвалась","gloss":"cheerfully"},{"surface":"отозвалась","lemma":"отозваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбаясь","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"робко","lemma":"робко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбаясь","gloss":"timidly"},{"surface":"улыбаясь","lemma":"улыбаться","morphology":"verb, present, reflexive, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отозвалась","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отозвалась","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, reflexive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical insertion, \"it seems\"","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убедившаяся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"убедившаяся","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies Грушенька","gloss":"having convinced herself"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виду","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убедившаяся","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виду","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of убедившаяся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of будет буянить","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет буянить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of буянить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"буянить","lemma":"буянить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement clause of убедившаяся","gloss":"make a scene"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ужасным","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вглядываясь","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom \"всё еще\" (still), modifies еще","gloss":"still","note":"\"всё еще\" together mean \"still\"; splitting them across two tokens is a tagger artifact."},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies беспокойством, completes \"всё еще\"","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспокойством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"беспокойством","lemma":"беспокойство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вглядываясь","gloss":"unease"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вглядываясь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вглядываясь","lemma":"вглядываться","morphology":"verb, present, reflexive, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отозвалась, coordinated with улыбаясь","gloss":"peering"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b8-c7-s10","source":"Было что-то в нем чрезвычайно ее поразившее, да и вовсе не ожидала она от него, что в такую минуту он так войдет и так заговорит.","translation":"There was something in him that struck her enormously, and she had hardly expected that at such a moment he would come in and speak in just this way.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Было что-то в нем чрезвычайно ее поразившее","title":"Existential было + participle, fronted","body":"The sentence opens with the predicate «Было что-то…» ('there was something'), and the participle «поразившее» (past active, neuter, agreeing with «что-то») trails after, 'something that had struck her'. The inverted weight — verb first, modifier last — is a deliberate literary rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вовсе не ожидала она от него","title":"Negation reinforced by вовсе","body":"«Вовсе не» is an emphatic negation — 'not at all, hardly'. The basic negator «не» sits before the verb «ожидала», intensified by «вовсе»; «от него» is genitive after от."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то","title":"Indefinite -то: a specific unknown","body":"«Что-то» ('something') uses the clitic -то marking a referent that is real and specific but unidentified — there was a particular something in him she could not name. Contrast «что-нибудь», which would mean 'anything at all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"existential verb, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"first part of что-то, subject of Было","gloss":"something","note":"\"что-то\" (something) is split across w2/w3 by the tagger; they form one indefinite pronoun."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"completes что-то with w2","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поразившее","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразившее","gloss":"enormously"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поразившее","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"поразившее","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"that struck"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вовсе, intensifies да","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не ожидала","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ожидала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ожидала","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, linked to Было by да и","gloss":"expected"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ожидала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ожидала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of ожидала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войдет","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of войдет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies войдет","gloss":"in this way"},{"surface":"войдет","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of ожидала","gloss":"would come in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорит","gloss":"in this way"},{"surface":"заговорит","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with войдет","gloss":"would speak"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b8-c7-s11","source":"— Здравствуйте-с, — сладко отозвался слева и помещик Максимов.","translation":"\"How d'you do, sir,\" came the sugary greeting from the left as well, from the landowner Maximov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"-с (здравствуйте-с)","title":"The deferential particle -с","body":"Maximov tacks the little particle «-с» onto his words («здравствуйте-с», «нет-с», «да-с»). It is a shortened form of «сударь» ('sir') and signals servile, old-fashioned politeness. There is no direct English equivalent, so we carry the cringing tone with an added 'sir' and with Maximov's whole fawning manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Здравствуйте","lemma":"здравствовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"greeting formula, quoted speech","gloss":"how d'you do"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (deferential enclitic)","role":"attaches to Здравствуйте, marks polite deference","gloss":"sir","note":"archaic deferential enclitic \"-с\" (from \"сударь\"), attached to show politeness to a social superior."},{"surface":"сладко","lemma":"сладко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отозвался","gloss":"sweetly"},{"surface":"отозвался","lemma":"отозваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb introducing the greeting","gloss":"responded"},{"surface":"слева","lemma":"слева","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отозвался","gloss":"from the left"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помещик Максимов, \"as well\"","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"помещик","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отозвался","gloss":"landowner"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to помещик","gloss":"Maximov"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b8-c7-s12","source":"Митя бросился и к нему:","translation":"Mitya rushed at him too:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросился и к нему","title":"Reflexive -ся and additive particle и","body":"«Бросился» (perfective «броситься», 'to rush/throw oneself') carries the reflexive -ся marking the self-directed motion. The particle «и» before «к нему» here means 'too, also' — he rushed at this one as well."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies к нему, \"too\"","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b8-c7-s13","source":"— Здравствуйте, и вы тут, как я рад, что и вы тут! Господа, господа, я… — Он снова обратился к пану с трубкой, видимо принимая его за главного здесь человека. — Я летел… Я хотел последний день и последний час мой провести в этой комнате, в этой самой комнате… где и я обожал… мою царицу!.. Прости, пане! — крикнул он исступленно, — я летел и дал клятву… О, не бойтесь, последняя ночь моя! Выпьем, пане, мировую! Сейчас подадут вино… Я привез вот это… Он вдруг для чего-то вытащил свою пачку кредиток. — Позволь, пане! Я хочу музыки, грому, гаму, всего что прежде… Но червь, ненужный червь проползет по земле, и его не будет! День моей радости помяну в последнюю ночь мою!..","translation":"\"Hello, you're here too — how glad I am that you're here as well! Gentlemen, gentlemen, I...\" He turned again to the pan with the pipe, evidently taking him for the chief person here. \"I came flying... I wanted to spend my last day and my last hour in this room, in this very room... where I too adored... my queen!.. Forgive me, panie!\" he cried frantically. \"I came flying and swore an oath... Oh, don't be afraid, it's my last night! Let us drink, panie, to peace between us! They'll bring the wine directly... I've brought this, look...\" For some reason he suddenly pulled out his bundle of banknotes. \"Allow me, panie! I want music, thunder, an uproar, everything as before... But a worm, a useless worm, will crawl over the earth and be gone! On this last night of mine I'll commemorate my day of joy!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"видимо принимая его за главного здесь человека","title":"Imperfective gerund + принимать за","body":"«Принимая» is a present деепричастие, 'taking him (for)'. The idiom «принимать кого-за кого» governs the accusative «главного человека» after «за» — 'mistaking him for the chief person here'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Я летел","title":"'I came flying' — figurative","body":"«Летел» (imperfective past of «лететь», to fly) is used figuratively for headlong haste, 'I came rushing/flying'. The imperfective unidirectional verb evokes the single, urgent sweep of his journey here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не бойтесь","title":"Negative imperative of a -ся verb","body":"«Не бойтесь» is the negated polite imperative of «бояться» ('to fear'), a verb existing only in the -ся form. Russian negative commands typically take the imperfective, as here — a general 'don't be afraid'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выпьем, пане, мировую!","title":"First-person plural perfective as exhortation","body":"«Выпьем» is the perfective future 1st-plural of «выпить» used hortatively — 'let us drink!'. Russian forms such 'let's' commands simply with the perfective future, no «давайте» needed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выпить мировую","title":"'To drink to reconciliation'","body":"«Мировая» (from «мир», peace) is here a noun: a reconciliation, a settling of a quarrel. «Выпить мировую» is the set phrase 'to drink to peace / make up over a drink' — Mitya theatrically proposing to bury the hatchet with his rival."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"грому, гаму","title":"'Thunder and uproar' — partitive genitive","body":"«Я хочу музыки, грому, гаму» — the objects of «хочу» stand in the genitive (partitive, 'some / a lot of'). «Гам» is din, hubbub; «гром» thunder used for noise and revelry. The piled genitives convey Mitya's craving for riotous abandon."}],"words":[{"surface":"Здравствуйте","lemma":"здравствовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"greeting formula","gloss":"hello"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of тут","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical predicate (\"you're here too\")","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the exclamatory clause \"как я рад\"","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рад","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, exclamatory clause","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of рад","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы, \"too\"","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of тут","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of рад","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address (direct speech)","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"repetition of Господа for emphasis","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"trailing off, incomplete clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пану","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"пану","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"the pan"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трубкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"трубкой","lemma":"трубка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пану","gloss":"pipe"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимая","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"принимая","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on обратился","gloss":"taking"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимая","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"главного","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies главного","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимая","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of летел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"летел","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came flying"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of провести","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with день, direct object of провести","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"провести","lemma":"провести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to spend"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of комнате","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of провести","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of комнате","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнате, \"this very\"","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"apposition emphasizing the first комнате","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying комнате, modifies обожал","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я, \"too\"","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обожал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"обожал","lemma":"обожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"adored"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of царицу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"царицу","lemma":"царица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обожал","gloss":"queen"},{"surface":"Прости","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb (imperative)","gloss":"forgive me"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, coordinated with Прости","gloss":"sir","note":"\"пане\" is the Polish-style vocative of \"пан\", used repeatedly as Mitya addresses the Polish gentleman."},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"исступленно","lemma":"исступленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнул","gloss":"frantically"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of летел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"летел","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"direct speech following крикнул","gloss":"came flying"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with летел","gloss":"swore"},{"surface":"клятву","lemma":"клятва","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"an oath"},{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation preceding бойтесь","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бойтесь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"бойтесь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, imperative, reflexive, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be afraid"},{"surface":"последняя","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the elliptical clause (copula omitted)","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Выпьем","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative (hortative), active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb, hortative \"let's drink\"","gloss":"let's drink"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"мировую","lemma":"мировая","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Выпьем","gloss":"a peace-toast","note":"idiom \"выпить мировую\": to drink together as a sign of making peace/reconciliation."},{"surface":"Сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подадут","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"подадут","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they'll bring"},{"surface":"вино","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подадут","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of привез","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"привез","lemma":"привезти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of привез","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вытащил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вытащил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"чего-то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"first part of чего-то, oblique complement of вытащил","gloss":"some","note":"\"для чего-то\" (for some reason) — \"чего\"/\"то\" together form the indefinite pronoun чего-то, split by the tagger."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"чего-то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"completes чего-то with w82","gloss":"-reason"},{"surface":"вытащил","lemma":"вытащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pulled out"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of пачку","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"пачку","lemma":"пачка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вытащил","gloss":"bundle"},{"surface":"кредиток","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies пачку","gloss":"of banknotes"},{"surface":"Позволь","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb (imperative)","gloss":"allow me"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, coordinated with Позволь","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"музыки","lemma":"музыка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object (genitive of desire) of хочу","gloss":"music"},{"surface":"грому","lemma":"гром","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (partitive)","role":"coordinated with музыки, object of хочу","gloss":"thunder","note":"\"грому\" is the archaic/partitive genitive of \"гром\" (like \"чаю\"), used after хотеть."},{"surface":"гаму","lemma":"гам","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (partitive)","role":"coordinated with музыки, object of хочу","gloss":"an uproar"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with музыки, object of хочу","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying всего","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the relative clause modifying всего","gloss":"was before"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"червь","lemma":"червь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проползет","gloss":"worm"},{"surface":"ненужный","lemma":"ненужный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the repeated червь","gloss":"useless"},{"surface":"червь","lemma":"червь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"repetition of червь for emphasis, subject of проползет","gloss":"worm"},{"surface":"проползет","lemma":"проползти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will crawl"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проползет","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject (genitive under negation) of будет","gloss":"it","note":"\"его не будет\" uses genitive-of-negation: literally \"of him there will not be\", i.e. \"he will be gone\"."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with проползет, existential predicate","gloss":"will be no more"},{"surface":"День","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of помяну","gloss":"the day"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of радости","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies День","gloss":"of joy"},{"surface":"помяну","lemma":"помянуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll commemorate"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"последнюю","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помяну","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b8-c7-s14","source":"Он почти задохся; он многое, многое хотел сказать, но выскочили одни странные восклицания.","translation":"He was almost out of breath; he had so very much he wanted to say, but only these strange exclamations came tumbling out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выскочили одни странные восклицания","title":"одни = 'only'; topic-comment order","body":"«Одни» here means 'only, nothing but', not 'one' — 'only strange exclamations jumped out'. The verb «выскочили» leads and the new-information subject «восклицания» follows, the comment landing last for emphasis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"задохся","title":"'He gasped / lost his breath'","body":"«Задохся» (perfective «задохнуться», to choke / catch one's breath) is an older masculine past form (modern «задохнулся»). It pictures Mitya breathless with the rush of feeling he cannot get into words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задохся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задохся","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"задохся","lemma":"задохнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"was breathless"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хотел, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"repetition of многое, direct object of хотел","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"выскочили","lemma":"выскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"came tumbling out"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies восклицания","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"странные","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies восклицания","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"восклицания","lemma":"восклицание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of выскочили","gloss":"exclamations"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b8-c7-s15","source":"Пан неподвижно смотрел на него, на пачку его кредиток, смотрел на Грушеньку и был в видимом недоумении.","translation":"The pan looked at him without stirring, at his bundle of banknotes, looked at Grushenka, and was plainly at a loss.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был в видимом недоумении","title":"Prepositional after в for a state","body":"«В недоумении» ('in perplexity, at a loss') puts the noun in the prepositional after «в», a common idiom for being in a mental state. «Видимом» agrees in the prepositional — 'in plain perplexity'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"неподвижно смотрел… смотрел… смотрел","title":"Imperfective for sustained gaze","body":"The repeated imperfective «смотрел» (was looking) renders a steady, ongoing stare — at Mitya, at the banknotes, at Grushenka — the imperfective's natural job for process and duration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"the pan"},{"surface":"неподвижно","lemma":"неподвижно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"motionlessly"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пачку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"пачку","lemma":"пачка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"the bundle"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of кредиток","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"кредиток","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies пачку","gloss":"banknotes"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрел","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to недоумении","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недоумении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"видимом","lemma":"видимый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies недоумении","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"недоумении","lemma":"недоумение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"bewilderment"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b8-c7-s16","source":"— Ежели поволит моя крулева… — начал было он.","translation":"\"If my krulewa will permit it...\" he began.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ежели поволит моя крулева","title":"Polonized speech: ежели / поволит / крулева","body":"The pan's line is comically half-Polish: «ежели» is an archaic/folk 'if', «поволит» mangles 'позволит' (will permit) toward Polish, and «крулева» is Polish 'królowa' (queen) where Russian has «королева». Dostoevsky spells his accent into the words themselves."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"начал было он","title":"The particle было: an interrupted start","body":"«Начал было» uses the particle «было», which marks an action begun but checked or not carried through — 'he started to (but)…'. It sets up the interruption by Grushenka in the next line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ежели","lemma":"ежели","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of поволит","gloss":"if","note":"archaic/dialectal form of \"если\" (if)."},{"surface":"поволит","lemma":"поволить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"will permit","note":"dialectal Polish-inflected form used by Maximov/the pan for \"позволит\" (will permit)."},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of крулева","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"крулева","lemma":"крулева","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поволит","gloss":"queen","note":"Polish \"królowa\" (queen), transliterated; playfully applied to Grushenka."},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle (aborted-action marker)","role":"modifies начал, marks the action as interrupted","gloss":"was about to","note":"the particle \"было\" after a past-tense verb marks an action begun but then interrupted/abandoned."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b8-c7-s17","source":"— Да что крулева, это королева, что ли? — перебила вдруг Грушенька. — И смешно мне на вас, как вы все говорите. Садись, Митя, и что это ты говоришь? Не пугай, пожалуйста. Не будешь пугать, не будешь? Коли не будешь, так я тебе рада…","translation":"\"What's this 'krulewa' — do you mean 'queen,' or what?\" Grushenka suddenly broke in. \"It makes me laugh, the way you all talk. Sit down, Mitya, and what is it you're going on about? Don't frighten anyone, please. You won't frighten us, will you? If you won't, then I'm glad of you...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это королева, что ли?","title":"The questioning tag что ли","body":"«Что ли» is a colloquial dubitative tag, 'or what? / is it?', expressing Grushenka's puzzled guess at the foreign «крулева». The interrogative particle «ли» here lives inside this fixed spoken phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смешно мне на вас","title":"Dative-subject impersonal","body":"«Смешно мне» is impersonal: the neuter predicative «смешно» with the dative experiencer «мне» — 'it amuses me / I find it funny'. No nominative subject; the feeling is framed as happening to her."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Садись, Митя","title":"Familiar singular imperative","body":"«Садись» is the ты-imperative of «садиться» (vs. polite «садитесь» to Kalganov earlier). Grushenka's switch to the intimate singular, plus the bare name «Митя», marks her closeness to him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Коли не будешь, так я тебе рада","title":"Folksy conditional with коли… так","body":"«Коли» is a colloquial/archaic 'if', paired with resumptive «так» ('then') — 'if you won't, then I'm glad of you'. «Я тебе рада» uses the short adjective «рада» with a dative — 'I am glad (at) you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the exclamatory question","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate/head of the elliptical question \"что крулева\"","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"крулева","lemma":"крулева","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"topic of the elliptical question","gloss":"krulewa"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of королева","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"королева","lemma":"королева","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"queen"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom \"что ли\"","gloss":"what","note":"\"что ли\" is a fixed idiom meaning \"or what\"/\"or something\"."},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"combines with что to form the idiom \"что ли\"","gloss":"or something"},{"surface":"перебила","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main reporting verb","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перебила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of перебила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смешно","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective (predicate), neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"funny"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of смешно","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of смешно","gloss":"you all"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying смешно","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы, \"you all\"","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause modifying смешно","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"Садись","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, reflexive, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (command)","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"interrogative pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говоришь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle reinforcing что","gloss":"is it","note":"\"что это ты говоришь\" — \"это\" is an emphatic filler, not a separate demonstrative."},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говоришь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говоришь","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"saying"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пугай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"пугай","lemma":"пугать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"frighten"},{"surface":"пожалуйста","lemma":"пожалуйста","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пугай","gloss":"please"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будешь пугать","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of пугать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"пугать","lemma":"пугать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb, complement of будешь","gloss":"frighten"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будешь (repeated question)","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"elliptical repeated question, coordinated with пугать","gloss":"will you"},{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of рада","gloss":"if","note":"archaic/dialectal form of \"если\" (if)."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause (elliptical \"не будешь [пугать]\")","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with Коли, introduces the consequent clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рада","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of рада","gloss":"of you"},{"surface":"рада","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"main predicate of the consequent clause","gloss":"glad"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b8-c7-s18","source":"— Мне, мне пугать? — вскричал вдруг Митя, вскинув вверх свои руки. — О, идите мимо, проходите, не помешаю!.. — И вдруг он совсем неожиданно для всех и, уж конечно, для себя самого бросился на стул и залился слезами, отвернув к противоположной стене свою голову, а руками крепко обхватив спинку стула, точно обнимая ее","translation":"\"Me — me frighten anyone?\" Mitya suddenly cried out, flinging up his hands. \"Oh, pass me by, walk on past, I won't get in your way!..\" And suddenly, quite unexpectedly to everyone and, of course, to himself most of all, he threw himself onto a chair and dissolved into tears, turning his head to the opposite wall and gripping the back of the chair tightly with his arms, as though he were embracing it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне, мне пугать?","title":"Dative + infinitive of indignant rhetoric","body":"«Мне пугать?» is a dative-experiencer pattern with a bare infinitive, an incredulous rhetorical question — 'Me, frighten anyone?!' The dative «мне» names the one supposedly to do it, the infinitive left hanging in protest."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"идите мимо, проходите, не помешаю","title":"Imperatives and perfective future","body":"«Идите», «проходите» are polite-plural imperatives ('go past, walk on'), while «не помешаю» is the perfective future 1st-singular of «помешать» — 'I won't get in the way'. The shift from command to promise rides entirely on the verb forms."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"залился слезами… обхватив… точно обнимая ее","title":"Chained gerunds with точно","body":"After the perfective «залился слезами» ('burst into tears' — instrumental «слезами'), the sentence stacks a perfective gerund «обхватив» (having gripped) and an imperfective «обнимая» (embracing), the latter under «точно» 'as if'. The participial pile-up is pure literary narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"emphatic repetition, subject of пугать","gloss":"Me"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of пугать (dative-infinitive construction)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"пугать","lemma":"пугать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive in dative-infinitive rhetorical question","gloss":"frighten"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (quotation tag)","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"вскинув","lemma":"вскинуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскричал","gloss":"flinging up"},{"surface":"вверх","lemma":"вверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскинув","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of руки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of вскинув","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation opening the sentence","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"идите","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идите","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"проходите","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with идите","gloss":"walk on"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помешаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помешаю","lemma":"помешать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to идите","gloss":"get in the way","note":"Lemma is the infinitive помешать, not the inflected form."},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to the next clause","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданно","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of неожиданно","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies конечно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, parallel to неожиданно","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of неожиданно","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies себя","gloss":"most of all"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with залился","gloss":"threw himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стул","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"залился","lemma":"залиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросился","gloss":"dissolved into"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of залился","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"отвернув","lemma":"отвернуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on залился","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стене","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"противоположной","lemma":"противоположный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стене","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"стене","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвернув","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of голову","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отвернув","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of обхватив","gloss":"with his arms"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обхватив","gloss":"tightly"},{"surface":"обхватив","lemma":"обхватить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвернув","gloss":"gripping"},{"surface":"спинку","lemma":"спинка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обхватив","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"стула","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies спинку","gloss":"of the chair"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обнимая","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"обнимая","lemma":"обнимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on обхватив","gloss":"embracing","note":"обнимая is a converb (gerund), not a passive participle."},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обнимая","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b8-c7-s19","source":"— Ну вот, ну вот, экой ты! — укоризненно воскликнула Грушенька. — Вот он такой точно ходил ко мне, — вдруг заговорит, а я ничего не понимаю. А один раз так же заплакал, а теперь вот в другой — экой стыд! С чего ты плачешь-то? Было бы еще с чего? — прибавила она вдруг загадочно и с каким-то раздражением напирая на свое словечко.","translation":"\"Now, now, what a fellow you are!\" Grushenka exclaimed reproachfully. \"This is just how he used to come to me — he'd start talking all of a sudden and I'd understand nothing. And once he cried just like this, and now here's a second time — for shame! What is it you're crying about? As if there were anything to cry about!\" she added, suddenly enigmatic, leaning with a kind of irritation on her little phrase.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"экой ты!","title":"Folk exclamatory экой","body":"«Экой» (= «экий») is a colloquial exclamatory 'what a…!' — «экой ты!» = 'what a one you are!', «экой стыд!» = 'what a shame!'. It is a folksy, affectionate-scolding marker typical of Grushenka's earthy speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"С чего ты плачешь-то?","title":"Emphatic clitic -то","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «плачешь-то» emphasizes the known topic — 'what are you crying about, then?'. This is the topic-highlighting -то, distinct from the indefinite -то of «кто-то»; Grushenka leans on it for insistence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Было бы еще с чего?","title":"Conditional particle бы as 'as if'","body":"«Было бы… с чего» uses past «было» plus «бы» for an irrealis dismissal — 'as if there were anything to (cry about)'. The бы-construction here voices skepticism rather than a true condition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"напирая на свое словечко","title":"словечко — a knowing 'little word'","body":"«Словечко» is the diminutive of «слово», here a 'pointed little word/phrase'. «Напирать на» means to lean/press on it — Grushenka stresses her loaded phrase «было бы с чего» with cryptic, irritated meaning the reader is meant to feel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"forms idiom ну вот","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker, repeated","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"forms idiom ну вот, repeated","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"экой","lemma":"экой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamatory modifier of ты","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"fellow you are"},{"surface":"укоризненно","lemma":"укоризненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнула","gloss":"reproachfully"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (quotation tag)","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ходил","gloss":"This is how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ходил (idiom такой точно)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходил (idiom такой точно)","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"used to come"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заговорит","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"заговорит","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ходил (vivid habitual)","gloss":"he'd start talking"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with заговорит","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies раз","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заплакал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заплакал","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"заплакал","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elliptical clause (в другой раз)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies другой","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking другой","gloss":"for a"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies elliptical раз","gloss":"second time"},{"surface":"экой","lemma":"экой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стыд","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"стыд","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel exclamation to заплакал","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of плачешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of плачешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"плачешь","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are crying"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic clitic on плачешь","gloss":"anyway","note":"Enclitic -то for emphasis, not the pronoun то."},{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (subjunctive with бы)","gloss":"as if there'd be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of Было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Было","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"прибавила","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (quotation tag)","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прибавила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies загадочно","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"загадочно","lemma":"загадочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавила","gloss":"enigmatically"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раздражением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раздражением (idiom каким-то)","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"suffix completing каким-то","gloss":"(indefinite)","note":"Part of the indefinite particle -то attached to каким."},{"surface":"раздражением","lemma":"раздражение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of напирая","gloss":"irritation"},{"surface":"напирая","lemma":"напирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прибавила","gloss":"leaning on"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словечко","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of словечко","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"словечко","lemma":"словечко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of напирая","gloss":"little phrase"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b8-c7-s20","source":"— Я… я не плачу… Ну, здравствуйте! — повернулся он в один миг на стуле и вдруг засмеялся, но не деревянным своим отрывистым смехом, а каким-то неслышным длинным, нервозным и сотрясающимся смехом.","translation":"\"I... I'm not crying... Well, hello!\" He whirled around on the chair in an instant and suddenly laughed, but not with his usual wooden, abrupt laugh — with some inaudible, drawn-out, nervous, shuddering laughter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не деревянным своим… смехом, а каким-то… смехом","title":"Contrastive не… а with instrumental","body":"The pattern «не X, а Y» ('not X, but Y') opposes two ways of laughing, both in the instrumental «смехом» (laughed 'with' a laugh). «А» is the contrastive coordinator, and the long agreeing strings of adjectives are typical literary characterization."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каким-то… смехом","title":"Indefinite какой-то","body":"«Каким-то» (instrumental of «какой-то») means 'some sort of', a vague qualifier the narrator uses to grope at the strange new quality of the laugh — specific yet not quite namable, the -то of the unknown-but-real."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"emphatic repetition, subject of плачу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of плачу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плачу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"плачу","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am crying"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"здравствуйте","lemma":"здравствовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"interjection (greeting)","gloss":"hello"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned around"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies миг (idiom в один миг)","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулся","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стуле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стуле","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулся","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засмеялся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"засмеялся","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повернулся","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies деревянным","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"деревянным","lemma":"деревянный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смехом","gloss":"wooden"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смехом","gloss":"his usual"},{"surface":"отрывистым","lemma":"отрывистый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смехом","gloss":"abrupt"},{"surface":"смехом","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of засмеялся","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смехом (idiom каким-то)","gloss":"some kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"suffix completing каким-то","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"неслышным","lemma":"неслышный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смехом","gloss":"inaudible"},{"surface":"длинным","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смехом","gloss":"drawn-out"},{"surface":"нервозным","lemma":"нервозный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with длинным","gloss":"nervous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сотрясающимся","lemma":"сотрясающийся","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"coordinated with длинным","gloss":"shuddering"},{"surface":"смехом","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of засмеялся, contrasted with the first смехом","gloss":"laughter"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b8-c7-s21","source":"— Ну вот, опять… Ну, развеселись, развеселись! — уговаривала его Грушенька. — Я очень рада, что ты приехал, очень рада, Митя, слышишь ты, что я очень рада? Я хочу, чтоб он сидел здесь с нами, — повелительно обратилась она как бы ко всем, хотя слова ее видимо относились к сидевшему на диване. — Хочу, хочу! А коли он уйдет, так и я уйду, вот что! — прибавила она с загоревшимися вдруг глазами.","translation":"\"There, there it is again... Come, cheer up, cheer up!\" Grushenka coaxed him. \"I'm very glad you've come, very glad, Mitya, do you hear me, that I'm very glad? I want him to sit here with us,\" she announced imperiously, as if addressing them all, though her words were plainly aimed at the man sitting on the sofa. \"I want it, I want it! And if he leaves, then I'll leave too, so there!\" she added, her eyes suddenly blazing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"развеселись, развеселись!","title":"Reflexive imperative, perfective","body":"«Развеселись» is the ты-imperative of perfective «развеселиться» ('to cheer up', -ся middle/change-of-state). The doubling is coaxing insistence — 'come, cheer up, cheer up!'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я хочу, чтоб он сидел здесь","title":"чтобы + past-form for a willed outcome","body":"After «хочу» ('I want'), Russian requires «чтоб(ы)» plus a past-form verb «сидел» — the irrealis of will, 'I want that he sit / I want him to sit'. You cannot use an infinitive when the subject of the wish differs from the wisher."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"относились к сидевшему на диване","title":"Substantivized past active participle","body":"«Сидевшему» (past active participle of «сидеть») here stands without a noun, functioning as 'the one sitting (on the sofa)' in the dative after «к». Participles freely become nouns in literary Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А коли он уйдет, так и я уйду","title":"Conditional коли… так with perfective futures","body":"«Коли… так» frames a real condition, and both verbs are perfective futures: «уйдёт» / «уйду» (from «уйти», a prefixed motion verb) — 'if he leaves, then I'll leave too'. The completed-departure sense is carried entirely by the perfective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"forms idiom ну вот","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the exclamation ну вот","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Come"},{"surface":"развеселись","lemma":"развеселиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"cheer up"},{"surface":"развеселись","lemma":"развеселиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis","gloss":"cheer up"},{"surface":"уговаривала","lemma":"уговаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (quotation tag)","gloss":"coaxed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уговаривала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of уговаривала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рада","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рада","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"рада","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приехал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рада","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рада","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"рада","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"repeated for emphasis","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing Mitya","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"слышишь","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рада","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рада","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рада","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"рада","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of слышишь","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сидел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of хочу","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нами","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"повелительно","lemma":"повелительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратилась","gloss":"imperiously"},{"surface":"обратилась","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of обратилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратилась (idiom как бы)","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"(idiom)"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of обратилась","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of относились","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of относились","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies относились","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"относились","lemma":"относиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on обратилась","gloss":"were aimed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сидевшему","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сидевшему","lemma":"сидевший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"oblique complement of относились","gloss":"the man sitting","note":"Substantivized past active participle of сидеть, not a noun."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидевшему","gloss":"sofa"},{"surface":"Хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of a new exclamation, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"I want it"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis","gloss":"I want it"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if","note":"Archaic/colloquial conjunction meaning 'if', not a verb."},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уйдет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уйдет","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause introduced by коли","gloss":"leaves"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the result clause (correlative with коли)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle with уйду","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уйду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уйду","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"will leave"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"exclamatory tag, coordinated with уйду","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"прибавила","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (quotation tag)","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прибавила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"загоревшимися","lemma":"загоревшийся","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies глазами","gloss":"blazing"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies загоревшимися","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прибавила","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b8-c7-s22","source":"— Что изволит моя царица — то закон! — произнес пан, галантно поцеловав ручку Грушеньки. — Прошу пана до нашей компаньи! — обратился он любезно к Мите Митя опять привскочил было с видимым намерением снова разразиться тирадой, но вышло другое.","translation":"\"Whatever my queen pleases — that is the law!\" pronounced the pan, gallantly kissing Grushenka's little hand. \"I beg the pan to join our company!\" he said amiably, turning to Mitya. Mitya started up again, with the evident intention of bursting into another tirade, but something else came out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что изволит моя царица — то закон!","title":"Correlative что… то","body":"A correlative construction: «что…» ('whatever') in the subordinate clause answered by «то» ('that') in the main — 'whatever my queen wishes, that is law'. This тот/то-with-relative pattern is a staple of sententious, proverbial phrasing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"галантно поцеловав ручку Грушеньки","title":"Perfective gerund of accompanying act","body":"«Поцеловав» is a perfective past деепричастие ('having kissed'), the gallant gesture accompanying his pronouncement. «Ручку» is the diminutive of «рука» — kissing her 'little hand', courtly and tender."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Прошу пана до нашей компаньи","title":"Polonisms: прошу пана, до, компаньи","body":"The pan's invitation is Polish-flavored: «прошу пана» calques Polish 'proszę pana' (please, sir), and «до нашей компаньи» uses «до» where standard Russian would say «в нашу компанию» — Polish 'do' meaning 'to/into'. The accent is sewn into the syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"привскочил было","title":"Particle было with prefixed verb","body":"«Привскочил было» — the perfective «привскочить» (to half-start up) plus «было» again marks an aborted action: he began to leap up but 'something else came out'. The diminutive prefix при-/-вс- softens the movement to a small jerk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of изволит","gloss":"Whatever"},{"surface":"изволит","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause (subject царица)","gloss":"pleases"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of царица","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"царица","lemma":"царица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of изволит","gloss":"queen"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle before закон","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"закон","lemma":"закон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the sentence","gloss":"the law"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (quotation tag)","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"the pan"},{"surface":"галантно","lemma":"галантно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поцеловав","gloss":"gallantly"},{"surface":"поцеловав","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес","gloss":"kissing"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловав","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ручку","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"Прошу","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I beg"},{"surface":"пана","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Прошу","gloss":"the pan"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking компаньи","gloss":"to","note":"Polish-influenced usage in the character's speech; standard Russian would use в."},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of компаньи","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"компаньи","lemma":"компанья","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Прошу","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (quotation tag)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"любезно","lemma":"любезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратился","gloss":"amiably"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of привскочил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привскочил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"привскочил","lemma":"привскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started up"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks an interrupted/unrealized action, modifies привскочил","gloss":"was about to","note":"было here marks that the action began but didn't complete, not a copula."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking намерением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"видимым","lemma":"видимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies намерением","gloss":"evident"},{"surface":"намерением","lemma":"намерение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of привскочил","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разразиться","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"разразиться","lemma":"разразиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of намерением","gloss":"burst into"},{"surface":"тирадой","lemma":"тирада","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разразиться","gloss":"a tirade"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with привскочил","gloss":"came out"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вышло","gloss":"something else"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b8-c7-s23","source":"— Выпьем, пане! — оборвал он вдруг вместо речи, Все рассмеялись.","translation":"\"Let us drink, panie!\" he broke off suddenly, instead of making a speech. Everyone laughed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вместо речи","title":"Вместо + genitive","body":"«Вместо» ('instead of') governs the genitive «речи» — 'instead of a speech'. A neat genitive-of-substitution: the toast bursts out where the oration was expected."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Все рассмеялись","title":"Inceptive perfective with рас-","body":"«Рассмеялись» (perfective «рассмеяться») denotes the onset of laughing — 'burst out laughing' — the prefix рас- adding an ingressive, spreading sense to the -ся verb «смеяться»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выпьем","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (hortative)","gloss":"Let's drink"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir","note":"Polish-style vocative form of пан, used by the character."},{"surface":"оборвал","lemma":"оборвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (quotation tag)","gloss":"broke off"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оборвал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оборвал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking речи","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"речи","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оборвал","gloss":"a speech"},{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of рассмеялись","gloss":"Everyone"},{"surface":"рассмеялись","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b8-c7-s24","source":"— Господи! А я думала, он опять говорить хочет, — нервозно воскликнула Грушенька. — Слышишь, Митя, — настойчиво прибавила она, — больше не вскакивай, а что шампанского привез, так это славно. Я сама пить буду, а наливки я терпеть не могу. А лучше всего, что сам прикатил, а то скучища… Да ты кутить, что ли, приехал опять? Да спрячь деньги-то в карман! Откуда столько достал?","translation":"\"Lord! And I thought he wanted to start talking again,\" Grushenka exclaimed nervously. \"Listen, Mitya,\" she added insistently, \"don't jump up like that anymore — but it's splendid that you've brought champagne. I'll drink some myself; I can't bear the fruit liqueurs. But best of all is that you've come yourself, or it was deadly dull here... So have you come to make a spree of it again, then? Put that money back in your pocket! Wherever did you get so much?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"наливки я терпеть не могу","title":"Genitive of negation","body":"Under the negated «не могу терпеть» ('I can't stand'), the object «наливки» appears in the genitive rather than accusative — the genitive of negation. It is fronted for emphasis: 'the fruit-liqueur, I can't bear'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я сама пить буду","title":"Compound future + emphatic сама","body":"«Пить буду» is the imperfective compound future ('I'll be drinking'), with «буду» following the infinitive for emphasis. «Сама» is the intensifier 'myself' agreeing in feminine — 'I'll drink it myself'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наливки… скучища… деньги-то","title":"Earthy, colloquial texture","body":"Grushenka's speech bristles with folk color: «наливка» (a sweet fruit liqueur), «скучища» (the augmentative -ища of «скука» — 'deadly, crushing boredom'), and the emphatic clitic in «деньги-то». The diction paints her plain, lively origins."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что сам прикатил, а то скучища","title":"Conjunction а то 'or else'","body":"«А то» means 'otherwise, or else' — best of all that he came himself, 'or else it was deathly dull'. It is a common colloquial connective pivoting on an unstated counterfactual."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"interjection (vocative form)","role":"interjection","gloss":"Lord!"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думала","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to talk"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the complement clause of думала","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"нервозно","lemma":"нервозно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнула","gloss":"nervously"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"Слышишь","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Listen","note":"Literally 'you hear' — used colloquially like 'listen (to me)'."},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"настойчиво","lemma":"настойчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавила","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"прибавила","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прибавила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскакивай","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates вскакивай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"вскакивай","lemma":"вскакивать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"jump up"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of привез","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"шампанского","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of привез","gloss":"champagne"},{"surface":"привез","lemma":"привезти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies славно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of славно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"славно","lemma":"славный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form (predicate)","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies subject Я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"пить","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (with auxiliary буду)","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of пить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"наливки","lemma":"наливка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of терпеть (fronted)","gloss":"fruit liqueurs","note":"Наливка is a homemade fruit cordial/liqueur."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of терпеть","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"терпеть","lemma":"терпеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase (best of all)","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лучше","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subject clause of лучше всего","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies implied subject of прикатил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"прикатил","lemma":"прикатить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the subject clause of лучше всего","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom а то (otherwise)","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"скучища","lemma":"скучища","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the elliptical а то clause","gloss":"deadly dull","note":"Skuchishcha is an augmentative of скука (boredom) — 'such deadly boredom'."},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кутить","lemma":"кутить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose complement of приехал","gloss":"to carouse"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom что ли (or what)","gloss":"or what","note":"'что ли' is a colloquial tag roughly meaning 'I wonder' / 'or what'."},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom что ли","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying спрячь","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"спрячь","lemma":"спрятать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put away"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of спрячь","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, enclitic","role":"emphatic particle attached to деньги","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карман","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"карман","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition в, complement of спрячь","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"Откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достал","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of достал","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"достал","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"get"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b8-c7-s25","source":"Митя, у которого в руке всё еще скомканы были кредитки, очень всеми и особенно панами замеченные, быстро и конфузливо сунул их в карман.","translation":"Mitya, who still had the crumpled banknotes in his hand — much noticed by everyone, and especially by the pans — quickly and sheepishly stuffed them into his pocket.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у которого… скомканы были кредитки","title":"Short passive participle as predicate","body":"«Скомканы» is the short-form past passive participle of «скомкать» ('to crumple'), agreeing with «кредитки» in plural — '(the banknotes) were crumpled'. The short passive plus «были» states a resulting condition, the standard periphrastic passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"очень всеми и особенно панами замеченные","title":"Long passive participle with instrumental agents","body":"«Замеченные» is the long past passive participle ('noticed'), and its agents «всеми» / «панами» stand in the instrumental — 'noticed by everyone, especially by the pans'. The instrumental of agent is how Russian names the doer in a passive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кредитки","title":"кредитки — paper banknotes","body":"«Кредитка» (from «кредитный билет», 'credit note') is the everyday word for a paper rouble banknote of the period. Mitya's loose, crumpled wad of them is what so visibly catches the company's — and the Poles' — attention."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сунул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"relative pronoun referring to Митя, possessor in the у-phrase","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руке","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скомканы","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё еще (still)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скомканы","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"скомканы","lemma":"скомкать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, short form, perfective","role":"predicate of the relative clause on Митя","gloss":"crumpled"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of скомканы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"кредитки","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of скомканы были","gloss":"banknotes"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замеченные","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"agent complement of замеченные","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies панами","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"панами","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with всеми, agent of замеченные","gloss":"the pans"},{"surface":"замеченные","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying кредитки","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сунул","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"конфузливо","lemma":"конфузливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with быстро","gloss":"sheepishly"},{"surface":"сунул","lemma":"сунуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stuffed"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of сунул","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карман","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"карман","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сунул","gloss":"pocket"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b8-c7-s26","source":"Он покраснел.","translation":"He blushed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он покраснел","title":"Inceptive perfective покраснеть","body":"«Покраснел» is the perfective of «краснеть/покраснеть» — the prefix по- marks the change of state, 'he turned red, blushed'. A single completed event punctuating the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of покраснел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"покраснел","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blushed"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b8-c7-s27","source":"В эту самую минуту хозяин принес откупоренную бутылку шампанского на подносе и стаканы.","translation":"At that very moment the landlord brought in an uncorked bottle of champagne on a tray, with glasses.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"откупоренную бутылку шампанского","title":"Past passive participle as attribute; genitive of content","body":"«Откупоренную» is a long past passive participle ('uncorked') agreeing with «бутылку» in accusative. «Шампанского» is a genitive of content/material — 'a bottle of champagne'."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies минуту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принес","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"хозяин","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принес","gloss":"landlord"},{"surface":"принес","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"откупоренную","lemma":"откупоренный","morphology":"adjective (participle), accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бутылку","gloss":"uncorked"},{"surface":"бутылку","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принес","gloss":"bottle"},{"surface":"шампанского","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бутылку","gloss":"of champagne"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подносе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"подносе","lemma":"поднос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принес","gloss":"tray"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стаканы","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with бутылку, second direct object of принес","gloss":"glasses"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b8-c7-s28","source":"Митя схватил было бутылку, но так растерялся, что забыл, что с ней надо делать.","translation":"Mitya seized the bottle, but was so flustered that he forgot what to do with it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватил было бутылку","title":"Particle было: a thwarted grab","body":"«Схватил было» again uses «было» to mark an action begun but not completed in its intent — he seized the bottle but then froze, forgetting what to do. The perfective «схватил» gives the sharp snatch, «было» the frustration of it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так растерялся, что забыл","title":"Result clause так… что","body":"«Так… что» ('so… that') links degree to result: 'so flustered that he forgot'. «Растерялся» is a perfective -ся verb of becoming bewildered; the что-clause states the consequence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks an action begun (schvatil bylo = grabbed, then...)","gloss":"started to","note":"'бы(ло)' after a past-tense verb marks an action started or intended but interrupted."},{"surface":"бутылку","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"bottle"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies растерялся","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"растерялся","lemma":"растеряться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle (reflexive), singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватил","gloss":"was flustered"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause (так...что)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the result clause","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать, introduces the clause complement of забыл","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of делать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb (modal)","role":"main predicate of the embedded clause","gloss":"need to"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b8-c7-s29","source":"Взял у него ее уже Калганов и разлил за него вино.","translation":"Kalganov took it from him and poured out the wine on his behalf.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Взял у него ее уже Калганов","title":"Verb-first inversion; у + genitive of source","body":"The sentence fronts the verb «взял» before the subject «Калганов», a marked literary order that throws the action forward. «У него» (genitive after «у») marks the person from whom it was taken — 'took it from him'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разлил за него вино","title":"за + accusative 'on behalf of'","body":"«За него» here means 'for him, in his stead' (за + accusative) — Kalganov poured the wine in place of the helpless Mitya. The same «за» elsewhere means 'behind' or 'for' depending on case and sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Взял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Взял","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Взял","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Взял","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разлил","lemma":"разлить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Взял","gloss":"poured out"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разлил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вино","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разлил","gloss":"wine"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b8-c7-s30","source":"— Да еще, еще бутылку! — закричал Митя хозяину и, забыв чокнуться с паном, которого так торжественно приглашал выпить с ним мировую, вдруг выпил весь свой стакан один, никого не дождавшись.","translation":"\"More, another bottle!\" Mitya shouted to the landlord, and, forgetting to clink glasses with the pan whom he had so solemnly invited to drink to peace with him, he suddenly drained his whole glass alone, without waiting for anyone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"забыв чокнуться с паном","title":"Perfective gerund + reflexive infinitive","body":"«Забыв» is a perfective past деепричастие ('having forgotten'), and «чокнуться» (to clink glasses, a -ся reciprocal verb) its infinitive complement. «С паном» uses instrumental after «с» for accompaniment — 'forgetting to clink with the pan'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого так торжественно приглашал выпить","title":"Relative который in the accusative","body":"«Которого» is the relative pronoun in the accusative (animate, hence genitive-shaped) — object of «приглашал», 'whom he had so solemnly invited'. The clause folds the earlier toast back into the narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никого не дождавшись","title":"Negative concord + genitive after a gerund","body":"«Никого не дождавшись» — the ни-pronoun «никого» (genitive) and the negator «не» co-occur (negative concord), with the perfective gerund «дождавшись» ('having waited for'): 'without waiting for anyone'. «Дождаться» governs the genitive of what one waits for."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle urging action","gloss":"Come on"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamatory, coordinated with second еще","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бутылку","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"бутылку","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with еще, object of the exclamation","gloss":"bottle"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закричал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"хозяину","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of закричал","gloss":"to the landlord"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"забыв","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on выпил","gloss":"forgetting"},{"surface":"чокнуться","lemma":"чокнуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of забыв","gloss":"to clink glasses"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking паном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"паном","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чокнуться","gloss":"the pan"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приглашал","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приглашал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"торжественно","lemma":"торжественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приглашал","gloss":"solemnly"},{"surface":"приглашал","lemma":"приглашать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on паном","gloss":"had invited"},{"surface":"выпить","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of приглашал","gloss":"to drink"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выпить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мировую","lemma":"мировая","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выпить","gloss":"a peace toast","note":"'выпить мировую' is an idiom: to drink together as a gesture of reconciliation."},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выпил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"выпил","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with закричал","gloss":"drained"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стакан","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стакан","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"стакан","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выпил","gloss":"glass"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicative modifier of the implied subject (alone)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"никого","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of дождавшись","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates дождавшись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дождавшись","lemma":"дождаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on выпил","gloss":"waiting for"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b8-c7-s31","source":"Всё лицо его вдруг изменилось.","translation":"His whole face suddenly changed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё лицо его вдруг изменилось","title":"Reflexive of change-of-state","body":"«Изменилось» is the perfective -ся verb «измениться» ('to change', intransitive), the -ся giving the middle, non-agentive sense — his face changed of itself. Contrast «изменить» (to change something / to betray)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of изменилось","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive determiner of лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изменилось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"изменилось","lemma":"измениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"changed"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b8-c7-s32","source":"Вместо торжественного и трагического выражения, с которым он вошел, в нем явилось как бы что-то младенческое.","translation":"In place of the solemn and tragic expression with which he had come in, something almost childlike appeared in him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с которым он вошел","title":"Relative в котором/с которым","body":"«С которым» — the relative «который» in the instrumental after «с», modifying «выражения» — 'the expression with which he had come in'. «Вошёл» is the perfective of «входить/войти», a prefixed motion verb of completed entry."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в нем явилось как бы что-то младенческое","title":"Substantivized neuter adjective","body":"«Что-то младенческое» — the neuter adjective «младенческое» ('infantile, babyish') stands as a noun governed by «что-то», 'something childlike'. «Как бы» softens it to 'as it were'. Adjectives readily nominalize in the neuter for such abstractions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выражения","gloss":"Instead of"},{"surface":"торжественного","lemma":"торжественный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражения","gloss":"solemn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"трагического","lemma":"трагический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with торжественного","gloss":"tragic"},{"surface":"выражения","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition Вместо","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on выражения","gloss":"had come in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явилось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"явилось","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы (as if)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of что-то (something), subject of явилось","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle, enclitic","role":"part of что-то (something)","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"младенческое","lemma":"младенческий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"childlike"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b8-c7-s33","source":"Он вдруг как бы весь смирился и принизился.","translation":"He suddenly seemed wholly humbled and subdued.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь смирился и принизился","title":"Paired perfective reflexives","body":"Both «смирился» («смириться», to humble oneself) and «принизился» («принизиться», to become abased) are perfective -ся verbs of change of state, marking a sudden completed inner shift. «Весь» = 'wholly, all over'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смирился","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смирился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы (as if)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies subject Он (wholly)","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"смирился","lemma":"смириться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was humbled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"принизился","lemma":"принизиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смирился","gloss":"subdued"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b8-c7-s34","source":"Он смотрел на всех робко и радостно, часто и нервно хихикая, с благодарным видом виноватой собачонки, которую опять приласкали и опять впустили.","translation":"He looked at them all timidly and joyfully, giggling often and nervously, with the grateful air of a guilty little dog that has been petted and let back in again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"часто и нервно хихикая","title":"Imperfective gerund of attendant manner","body":"«Хихикая» is a present деепричастие from «хихикать» ('to giggle, titter'), describing the ongoing manner of his looking — 'giggling often and nervously'. Simultaneous, subject-shared, adverbial."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которую опять приласкали и опять впустили","title":"Relative clause, agentless 3rd-plural","body":"«Которую» is the relative in the accusative (the little dog 'which they had petted and let back in'). The unstated 3rd-person-plural subjects «приласкали»/«впустили» work like an English passive — a common way Russian leaves the agent vague."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"виноватой собачонки","title":"собачонка — a pitiable little dog","body":"«Собачонка» is an expressive diminutive of «собака», a small, scruffy, pitiable dog (the suffix -онк- adds a shade of contempt or pathos). The image — a 'guilty little dog' let back in — defines Mitya's abject, fawning mood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"робко","lemma":"робко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел, coordinated with радостно","gloss":"timidly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"радостно","lemma":"радостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with робко","gloss":"joyfully"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хихикая","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нервно","lemma":"нервно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with часто","gloss":"nervously"},{"surface":"хихикая","lemma":"хихикать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying смотрел","gloss":"giggling"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"благодарным","lemma":"благодарный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"grateful"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"виноватой","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies собачонки","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"собачонки","lemma":"собачонка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"little dog"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of приласкали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приласкали","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"приласкали","lemma":"приласкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on собачонки","gloss":"petted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies впустили","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"впустили","lemma":"впустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with приласкали","gloss":"let in"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b8-c7-s35","source":"Он как будто всё забыл и оглядывал всех с восхищением, с детскою улыбкой.","translation":"It was as if he had forgotten everything and was gazing round at them all with delight, with a childlike smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто всё забыл и оглядывал","title":"Aspect contrast: perfective + imperfective","body":"«Забыл» (perfective, a completed 'had forgotten') sets the state, then «оглядывал» (imperfective, 'was gazing round') paints the ongoing action against it — the two aspects working in tandem, settled result plus living process."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с восхищением, с детскою улыбкой","title":"Instrumental of accompaniment; archaic ending","body":"«С восхищением» / «с детскою улыбкой» — instrumental after «с» for accompanying manner. Note the bookish long-form instrumental «детскою» (vs. modern «детской»), a 19th-century literary flavor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто (as if)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of забыл","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had forgotten"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оглядывал","lemma":"оглядывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with забыл","gloss":"was gazing round"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of оглядывал","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восхищением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"восхищением","lemma":"восхищение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оглядывал","gloss":"delight"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"детскою","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"childlike"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with восхищением, oblique complement of оглядывал","gloss":"smile"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b8-c7-s36","source":"На Грушеньку смотрел беспрерывно смеясь и придвинул свой стул вплоть к самому ее креслу.","translation":"At Grushenka he gazed, laughing without pause, and he drew his chair right up against her armchair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотрел беспрерывно смеясь","title":"Imperfective gerund of simultaneity","body":"«Смеясь» (present деепричастие of «смеяться», a -ся verb) accompanies «смотрел» — 'gazed, laughing continuously'. The reflexive verb keeps its -сь in the gerund, here softened to -ясь after the vowel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"придвинул свой стул вплоть к самому ее креслу","title":"Perfective придвинуть; intensifier самому","body":"«Придвинул» (perfective, prefix при- = 'up to, toward') is a single completed drawing-near. «К самому её креслу» uses «самый» as an intensifier — 'right up against her very armchair'. «Свой» again the reflexive possessive."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньку","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"беспрерывно","lemma":"беспрерывно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеясь","gloss":"continuously"},{"surface":"смеясь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying смотрел","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"придвинул","lemma":"придвинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смотрел","gloss":"drew up"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стул","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of придвинул","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"вплоть","lemma":"вплоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase вплоть к (right up to)","gloss":"right up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking креслу, part of вплоть к","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"intensifies креслу","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, possessive, invariant","role":"possessive determiner of креслу","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"креслу","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of придвинул","gloss":"armchair"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b8-c7-s37","source":"Помаленьку разглядел и обоих панов, хотя еще мало осмыслив их.","translation":"Little by little he made out the two pans as well, though he had as yet given little thought to them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя еще мало осмыслив их","title":"Concessive хотя + perfective gerund","body":"«Хотя… осмыслив» pairs the concessive conjunction «хотя» ('although') with a perfective gerund — 'though having as yet little grasped them'. Russian readily lets «хотя» govern a gerund rather than a full clause in compact literary style."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Помаленьку","title":"'Little by little'","body":"«Помаленьку» is a colloquial adverb (from «маленький») meaning 'gradually, bit by bit, little by little'. It sets the unhurried, dreamy pace of Mitya's slow taking-in of the two Poles."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помаленьку","lemma":"помаленьку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разглядел","gloss":"little by little"},{"surface":"разглядел","lemma":"разглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обоих (also)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies панов","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"панов","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of разглядел","gloss":"pans"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of осмыслив","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мало","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осмыслив","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"осмыслив","lemma":"осмыслить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on разглядел","gloss":"having grasped"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of осмыслив","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b8-c7-s38","source":"Пан на диване поражал его своею осанкой, польским акцентом, а главное — трубкой.","translation":"The pan on the sofa impressed him by his bearing, by his Polish accent, and above all by his pipe.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поражал его своею осанкой, польским акцентом… трубкой","title":"Instrumental of cause/respect","body":"The three nouns «осанкой», «акцентом», «трубкой» stand in the instrumental — the instrumental of the respect in which something strikes one: 'impressed him by his bearing, his accent, his pipe'. Again the archaic «своею» for «своей»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осанкой","title":"осанка — carriage, bearing","body":"«Осанка» means one's physical bearing or deportment — the dignified, self-important way the seated pan holds himself. It is precisely the affected grandeur the narrator keeps gently mocking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поражал","gloss":"The pan"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Пан","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"поражал","lemma":"поражать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"impressed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поражал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of осанкой","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"осанкой","lemma":"осанка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of поражал","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"польским","lemma":"польский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies акцентом","gloss":"Polish"},{"surface":"акцентом","lemma":"акцент","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with осанкой, instrumental complement of поражал","gloss":"accent"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"modifies the elliptical clause (above all)","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"трубкой","lemma":"трубка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"elliptical instrumental complement of поражал","gloss":"his pipe"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b8-c7-s39","source":"«Ну что же такое, ну и хорошо, что он курит трубку», — созерцал Митя.","translation":"\"Well, what of it — and a good thing, too, that he smokes a pipe,\" Mitya contemplated.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну что же такое","title":"Particle же in an exclamatory dismissal","body":"«Что же такое» = 'well what of it, so what'; the particle «же» adds the resigned, brushing-aside emphasis Russian loves in such phrases. It marks Mitya's blissful refusal to be bothered by anything."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"созерцал","title":"созерцать — to contemplate","body":"«Созерцать» is a lofty, almost contemplative-religious verb, 'to contemplate, gaze upon in reverie'. Applied to drunken Mitya musing about a pipe, it is gently ironic, inflating his blurry staring into philosophical 'contemplation'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase что же такое","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes что","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of что","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form (predicate)","role":"predicate, governs the что-clause as its subject","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause of хорошо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of курит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"курит","lemma":"курить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"smokes"},{"surface":"трубку","lemma":"трубка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of курит","gloss":"a pipe"},{"surface":"созерцал","lemma":"созерцать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reflected"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of созерцал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b8-c7-s40","source":"Несколько обрюзглое, почти уже сорокалетнее лицо пана с очень маленьким носиком, под которым виднелись два претоненькие востренькие усика, нафабренные и нахальные, не возбудило в Мите тоже ни малейших пока вопросов.","translation":"The pan's somewhat flabby, nearly forty-year-old face, with its very small nose, beneath which could be seen two exceedingly thin, sharp little mustaches, waxed and impudent, raised not the slightest question in Mitya either, for now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"носиком… усика… паричок","title":"Mocking diminutive cascade","body":"The portrait is built from belittling diminutives: «носик» (little nose), «усики» (little mustache), and later «паричок» (little wig), «височки» (little temple-locks). The piled -ик/-ок suffixes shrink and ridicule the pretentious pan into something faintly absurd."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не возбудило… ни малейших пока вопросов","title":"Genitive of negation with ни малейших","body":"Under negated «не возбудило», the object goes genitive: «ни малейших… вопросов» ('not the slightest questions'), with «ни» intensifying — the genitive of negation reinforced by negative concord."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"претоненькие… нафабренные","title":"Intensifying пре- and 'waxed' mustaches","body":"The prefix «пре-» on «претоненькие» / «востренькие» intensifies — 'exceedingly thin, very sharp'. «Нафабренные» means waxed/blackened with «фабра» (mustache-wax), a dandy's grooming — pretentious detail underscoring the pan's vanity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обрюзглое","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"обрюзглое","lemma":"обрюзглый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"flabby"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сорокалетнее","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сорокалетнее","lemma":"сорокалетний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with обрюзглое, modifies лицо","gloss":"forty-year-old"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of возбудило","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"пана","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицо (possessive)","gloss":"the pan's"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking носиком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies маленьким","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"маленьким","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies носиком","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"носиком","lemma":"носик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition под","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"виднелись","lemma":"виднеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause introduced by под которым","gloss":"could be seen"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"modifies усика","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"претоненькие","lemma":"претоненький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies усика","gloss":"exceedingly thin"},{"surface":"востренькие","lemma":"востренький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies усика","gloss":"sharp little"},{"surface":"усика","lemma":"усик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of виднелись","gloss":"mustaches","note":"Genitive singular used with the numeral два in this counting construction."},{"surface":"нафабренные","lemma":"нафабренный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies усика","gloss":"waxed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нахальные","lemma":"нахальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with нафабренные","gloss":"impudent"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возбудило","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"возбудило","lemma":"возбудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возбудило","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возбудило","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies малейших","gloss":"not even"},{"surface":"малейших","lemma":"малейший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies вопросов","gloss":"slightest"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возбудило","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"вопросов","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of возбудило","gloss":"questions"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b8-c7-s41","source":"Даже очень дрянненький паричок пана, сделанный в Сибири, с преглупо зачесанными вперед височками, не поразил особенно Митю: «Значит, так и надо, коли парик», — блаженно продолжал он созерцать.","translation":"Even the pan's wretched little wig, made in Siberia, with its temple-locks combed absurdly forward, did not particularly strike Mitya: \"If he wears a wig, then it must be the thing to do,\" he went on contemplating blissfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дрянненький паричок… преглупо","title":"Contemptuous diminutives + intensifier","body":"«Дрянненький» (from «дрянь», trash) is a doubly-suffixed contemptuous diminutive, 'wretched, shabby little'; «паричок» a mocking 'little wig'; «преглупо» = «пре-» + 'stupidly', 'most absurdly'. The lexis drips disdain even as Mitya feels none."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Значит, так и надо, коли парик","title":"Elliptical коli-clause; impersonal надо","body":"Mitya's lazy thought: «так и надо» is impersonal ('that's how it should be'), and «коли парик» is an elliptical conditional, 'if (it's) a wig (then so be it)'. Colloquial «коли» and the dropped verb mimic drunken, easy reasoning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies паричок","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дрянненький","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"дрянненький","lemma":"дрянненький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies паричок","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"паричок","lemma":"паричок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поразил","gloss":"little wig"},{"surface":"пана","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies паричок (possessive)","gloss":"the pan's"},{"surface":"сделанный","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying паричок","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сибири","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Сибири","lemma":"Сибирь","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделанный","gloss":"Siberia"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking височками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"преглупо","lemma":"преглупо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зачесанными","gloss":"absurdly"},{"surface":"зачесанными","lemma":"зачесать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies височками","gloss":"combed"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зачесанными","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"височками","lemma":"височек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"temple-locks"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поразил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поразил","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразил","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"that's how"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и надо","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"predicate of the clause introduced by Значит","gloss":"it must be"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause modifying надо","gloss":"if","note":"Archaic/colloquial conjunction for 'if' (=если)."},{"surface":"парик","lemma":"парик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of the elliptical clause introduced by коли","gloss":"a wig"},{"surface":"блаженно","lemma":"блаженно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжал","gloss":"blissfully"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"созерцать","lemma":"созерцать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжал","gloss":"contemplating"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b8-c7-s42","source":"Другой же пан, сидевший у стены, более молодой, чем пан на диване, смотревший на всю компанию дерзко и задорно и с молчаливым презрением слушавший общий разговор, опять-таки поразил Митю только очень высоким своим ростом, ужасно непропорциональным с паном, сидевшим на диване.","translation":"The other pan, who sat by the wall, younger than the pan on the sofa, who surveyed the whole company with insolent bravado and listened to the general conversation with silent contempt — he too struck Mitya only by his very great height, dreadfully out of proportion with the pan sitting on the sofa.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидевший… смотревший… слушавший","title":"A chain of past active participles","body":"Three past active participles — «сидевший» (sitting), «смотревший» (looking), «слушавший» (listening) — pile up as agreeing modifiers of the second pan, each replacing a который-clause. This dense participial stacking is quintessential Dostoevskian description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"более молодой, чем пан на диване","title":"Comparative with более and чем","body":"«Более молодой» is the analytic (attributive) comparative — 'younger' — and «чем» introduces the standard of comparison. Russian could also say «моложе»; the periphrastic «более + adjective» is the bookish attributive option."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поразил Митю только очень высоким своим ростом","title":"Instrumental of respect again","body":"«Поразил… ростом» — the instrumental «ростом» names what struck Mitya, 'by his height'. «Высоким своим ростом» is one agreeing instrumental cluster; «своим» the reflexive possessive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Другой","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поразил","gloss":"pan"},{"surface":"сидевший","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying пан","gloss":"who sat"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стены","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"стены","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидевший","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молодой","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан (in apposition)","gloss":"younger"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause introduced by чем","gloss":"the pan"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пан (w10)","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"смотревший","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying пан (w3)","gloss":"who looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking компанию","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of компанию","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"компанию","lemma":"компания","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотревший","gloss":"the company"},{"surface":"дерзко","lemma":"дерзко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотревший","gloss":"insolently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"задорно","lemma":"задорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with дерзко","gloss":"defiantly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking презрением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"молчаливым","lemma":"молчаливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies презрением","gloss":"silent"},{"surface":"презрением","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of слушавший","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"слушавший","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотревший","gloss":"listened to"},{"surface":"общий","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies разговор","gloss":"the general"},{"surface":"разговор","lemma":"разговор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слушавший","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразил, part of опять-таки","gloss":"once again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"поразил","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высоким","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"высоким","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ростом","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ростом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ростом","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поразил","gloss":"height"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies непропорциональным","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"непропорциональным","lemma":"непропорциональный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying ростом","gloss":"out of proportion"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking паном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"паном","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of непропорциональным","gloss":"the pan"},{"surface":"сидевшим","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"clause modifying паном","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидевшим","gloss":"the sofa"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b8-c7-s43","source":"«Коли встанет на ноги, будет вершков одиннадцати», — мелькнуло в голове Мити.","translation":"\"If he stood up, he'd be eleven vershoks,\" flashed through Mitya's head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вершков одиннадцати","title":"Measuring height in вершки","body":"A «вершок» is an old Russian unit (about 4.4 cm). Heights were quoted as so many «вершки» above two arshins (a standard base), so 'eleven вершки' means a very tall man — roughly six foot three. We keep the original unit in our rendering and gloss it here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Коли встанет на ноги, будет вершков одиннадцати","title":"Real conditional with perfective futures","body":"«Коли встанет… будет» is a colloquial real conditional — both verbs perfective future ('if he stands up, he'll be…'). «Вершков одиннадцати» is the genitive-of-measure construction with the numeral, the noun governed in the genitive plural."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of встанет","gloss":"if","note":"Archaic/colloquial conjunction for 'if' (=если)."},{"surface":"встанет","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the conditional clause introduced by Коли","gloss":"he stands"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноги","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of встанет","gloss":"his feet"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"he will be"},{"surface":"вершков","lemma":"вершок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of будет","gloss":"vershoks","note":"A vershok is an old Russian unit of length (~4.4 cm), used here as a comic height measure."},{"surface":"одиннадцати","lemma":"одиннадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies вершков","gloss":"eleven"},{"surface":"мелькнуло","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнуло","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голове (possessive)","gloss":"Mitya's"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b8-c7-s44","source":"Мелькнуло у него тоже, что этот высокий пан, вероятно, друг и приспешник пану на диване, как бы «телохранитель его», и что маленький пан с трубкой, конечно, командует паном высоким.","translation":"It flashed across him too that this tall pan was probably the friend and henchman of the pan on the sofa, a sort of \"bodyguard\" to him, and that the little pan with the pipe was, of course, the one who commanded the tall one.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мелькнуло у него тоже, что…","title":"Impersonal мелькнуло + что-clause","body":"«Мелькнуло, что…» is an impersonal flash-of-thought construction ('it flashed (across him) that…'), the subordinate «что»-clause as logical subject. «У него» (genitive after «у») locates the thought in him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"друг и приспешник пану на диване… телохранитель его","title":"Predicate nouns, dative attribute","body":"Note «приспешник пану» — the bookish dative «пану» as 'henchman to the pan'. The predicate nouns «друг», «приспешник», «телохранитель» (nominative) describe the tall pan, and «командует паном» takes the instrumental after «командовать»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приспешник","title":"приспешник — henchman, accomplice","body":"«Приспешник» is a pejorative 'henchman, lackey, accomplice' — someone who serves another's (often shady) ends. Mitya casts the tall pan as the seated one's hireling, sketching a little criminal hierarchy in his tipsy imagination."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мелькнуло","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it flashed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Мелькнуло","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Мелькнуло","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the noun clause: этот высокий пан ... друг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пан","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"высокий","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of друг","gloss":"pan"},{"surface":"вероятно","lemma":"вероятно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying друг","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of пан","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приспешник","lemma":"приспешник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with друг","gloss":"henchman"},{"surface":"пану","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative complement of друг и приспешник","gloss":"to the pan"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пану","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"телохранитель","lemma":"телохранитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to друг и приспешник","gloss":"bodyguard"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies телохранитель","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of командует","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"the little"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of командует","gloss":"pan"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трубкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"трубкой","lemma":"трубка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"the pipe"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying командует","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"командует","lemma":"командовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by что (w21)","gloss":"commands"},{"surface":"паном","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of командует","gloss":"the pan"},{"surface":"высоким","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies паном","gloss":"tall"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b8-c7-s45","source":"Но и это всё казалось Мите ужасно как хорошо и бесспорно.","translation":"But all this, too, struck Mitya as terribly fine and beyond all dispute.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"казалось Мите ужасно как хорошо и бесспорно","title":"Dative experiencer with казаться","body":"«Казалось Мите» — the verb «казаться» ('to seem') takes a dative experiencer, 'seemed to Mitya'. The predicatives «хорошо»/«бесспорно» are neuter/invariable, matching the impersonal frame; «ужасно как» = 'awfully, terribly' colloquially intensifies."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of казалось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of казалось","gloss":"to Mitya"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies хорошо","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"predicate complement of казалось","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бесспорно","lemma":"бесспорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with хорошо","gloss":"beyond dispute"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b8-c7-s46","source":"В маленькой собачке замерло всякое соперничество.","translation":"In the little dog every trace of rivalry had died away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В маленькой собачке замерло всякое соперничество","title":"Locative fronting; verb-then-subject","body":"The prepositional phrase «в маленькой собачке» (in the little dog) opens the sentence as topic, the verb «замерло» follows, and the subject «соперничество» lands last as the new information — classic topic-comment ordering."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"В маленькой собачке","title":"Mitya as 'the little dog'","body":"The narrator now calls Mitya himself «маленькая собачка», carrying forward the guilty-dog image of s34. The metaphor has hardened into his epithet for the moment — every flicker of rivalry has died in this fawning creature."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собачке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"маленькой","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies собачке","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"собачке","lemma":"собачка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of замерло","gloss":"the little dog"},{"surface":"замерло","lemma":"замереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"died away"},{"surface":"всякое","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of соперничество","gloss":"every trace of"},{"surface":"соперничество","lemma":"соперничество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of замерло","gloss":"rivalry"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b8-c7-s47","source":"В Грушеньке и в загадочном тоне нескольких фраз ее он еще ничего не понял; а понимал лишь, сотрясаясь всем сердцем своим, что она к нему ласкова, что она его «простила» и подле себя посадила.","translation":"Of Grushenka and the enigmatic tone of several of her phrases he understood nothing as yet; he understood only, his whole heart shaking, that she was kind to him, that she had \"forgiven\" him and seated him at her side.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он еще ничего не понял; а понимал лишь","title":"Aspect + negation pivot","body":"«Ничего не понял» (perfective, with negative concord «ничего… не») = 'understood nothing (completely)'; then «понимал лишь» (imperfective) shifts to the ongoing partial grasp he did have. The aspect switch is the whole point: no finished comprehension, only a dim continuing one."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сотрясаясь всем сердцем своим","title":"Imperfective gerund + instrumental","body":"«Сотрясаясь» is a present деепричастие of the -ся verb «сотрясаться» ('to shake, tremble'), with «всем сердцем» in the instrumental of means — 'trembling with his whole heart'. «Своим» the reflexive possessive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что она к нему ласкова","title":"Short adjective predicate ласкова","body":"«Ласкова» is the short feminine form of «ласковый» ('tender, affectionate'), used predicatively after the zero copula — 'she is kind (to him)'. The short form is the bookish, predicate-only option carrying a present state."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понял","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тоне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"загадочном","lemma":"загадочный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тоне","gloss":"enigmatic"},{"surface":"тоне","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понял","gloss":"the tone"},{"surface":"нескольких","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies фраз","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"фраз","lemma":"фраза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies тоне","gloss":"phrases"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"possessive pronoun, invariant","role":"modifies фраз","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of понял","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with понял","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"сотрясаясь","lemma":"сотрясаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on понимал","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердцем","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сотрясаясь","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердцем","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ласкова","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ласкова","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ласкова","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ласкова","lemma":"ласковый","morphology":"adjective (short form), feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the что-clause (w22)","gloss":"affectionate"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of простила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of простила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of простила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"простила","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second что-clause","gloss":"forgave"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"object of preposition подле","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"посадила","lemma":"посадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with простила","gloss":"seated"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b8-c7-s48","source":"Он был вне себя от восхищения, увидев, как она хлебнула из стакана вино.","translation":"He was beside himself with rapture when he saw her take a sip of wine from her glass.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"увидев, как она хлебнула","title":"Perfective gerund framing perception","body":"«Увидев» (perfective past gerund of «увидеть', 'having seen') sets the moment of perception, and «как она хлебнула» ('how she took a sip', perfective «хлебнуть») is its content. The gerund pins the rapture to the instant he saw it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вне себя от восхищения","title":"Idiom: вне себя","body":"«Вне себя» (literally 'outside oneself') is the set idiom 'beside oneself', with «от восхищения» (genitive after «от») giving the cause — 'beside himself with rapture'. «Хлебнула» (to gulp/sip) is a homely, vivid verb of drinking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula verb linking Он to вне себя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вне","lemma":"вне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"object of preposition вне","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восхищения","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"восхищения","lemma":"восхищение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"cause complement of был","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"увидев","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on был","gloss":"when he saw"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хлебнула","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хлебнула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"хлебнула","lemma":"хлебнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"complement of увидев","gloss":"took a sip"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стакана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стакана","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хлебнула","gloss":"the glass"},{"surface":"вино","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хлебнула","gloss":"wine"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b8-c7-s49","source":"Молчание компании как бы вдруг, однако, поразило его, и он стал обводить всех ожидающими чего-то глазами: «Что же мы, однако, сидим, что же вы ничего не начинаете, господа?» — как бы говорил осклабленный взор его.","translation":"The silence of the company suddenly struck him, however, and he began to run his eyes over them all expectantly: \"What are we sitting about for, though — why don't you start something, gentlemen?\" his grinning gaze seemed to say.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же мы, однако, сидим","title":"Particle же + однако in lively question","body":"«Что же… однако» layers two discourse particles: «же» insists ('what on earth'), «однако» adds 'however, yet'. Together they voice Mitya's impatient inner prompt — why are we just sitting here?"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ожидающими чего-то глазами","title":"Present active participle in the instrumental","body":"«Ожидающими» is a present active participle from «ожидать» ('expecting'), agreeing with «глазами» in the instrumental — 'with eyes expecting something'. «Чего-то» is the genitive object (ждать/ожидать + genitive), -то marking a vague specific."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осклабленный взор","title":"Bookish осклабленный / взор","body":"«Взор» is an elevated, literary word for 'gaze' (vs. plain «взгляд»), and «осклабленный» is a past passive participle from «осклабиться» — 'grinning, showing the teeth', faintly animal. The pairing lends his grinning look a vivid, slightly grotesque tinge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молчание","lemma":"молчание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поразило","gloss":"the silence"},{"surface":"компании","lemma":"компания","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Молчание","gloss":"of the company"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразило","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying поразило","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"поразило","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поразило","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"обводить","lemma":"обводить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to run over"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of обводить","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"ожидающими","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, instrumental, imperfective","role":"modifies глазами","gloss":"expectant"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"complement of ожидающими, part of чего-то","gloss":"something","note":"чего-то = 'something'; the '-то' suffix is an indefinite marker."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix)","role":"part of the phrase чего-то","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обводить","gloss":"with his eyes"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, neuter (adverbial: 'why')","role":"modifies сидим (why)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сидим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying сидим","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"сидим","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, neuter (adverbial: 'why')","role":"modifies начинаете (why)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of начинаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of начинаете","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начинаете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"начинаете","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second quoted question","gloss":"starting"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"seemed to say"},{"surface":"осклабленный","lemma":"осклабленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взор","gloss":"grinning"},{"surface":"взор","lemma":"взор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взор","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b8-c7-s50","source":"— Да вот он всё врет, и мы тут всё смеялись, — начал вдруг Калганов, точно угадав его мысль и показывая на Максимова.","translation":"\"He keeps telling tall tales, and we've all been laughing,\" Kalganov suddenly began, as if guessing his thought, and pointing at Maximov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"точно угадав его мысль и показывая на Максимова","title":"Perfective + imperfective gerunds together","body":"Two gerunds of different aspect: perfective «угадав» ('as if having guessed', a prior completed act under «точно») and imperfective «показывая» ('pointing', simultaneous). The aspect pairing distinguishes the finished guess from the ongoing gesture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"он всё врет","title":"врать — to fib, talk nonsense","body":"«Врать» is a colloquial 'to lie / tell tall tales / talk rubbish', lighter than the grave «лгать». With «всё» ('keeps') it means Maximov is reeling off harmless whoppers — 'he keeps spinning yarns'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the sentence","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of врет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies врет (constantly)","gloss":"keeps"},{"surface":"врет","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"telling tall tales"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смеялись","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеялись","gloss":"all this while"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеялись (the whole time)","gloss":"the whole time"},{"surface":"смеялись","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with врет","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies угадав","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"угадав","lemma":"угадать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"having guessed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner (possessive)","role":"determiner of мысль","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of угадав","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"показывая","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with угадав","gloss":"pointing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Максимова","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Максимова","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показывая","gloss":"Maximov"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b8-c7-s51","source":"Митя стремительно уставился на Калганова и потом тотчас же на Максимова.","translation":"Mitya stared eagerly at Kalganov and then at once at Maximov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уставился на Калганова и потом тотчас же на Максимова","title":"Perfective reflexive of fixed gaze","body":"«Уставился» (perfective «уставиться», -ся middle) means to fix one's stare, a single completed riveting of the eyes. «На + accusative» gives the target; the structure repeats for the two men."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уставился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уставился","gloss":"eagerly"},{"surface":"уставился","lemma":"уставиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Калганова","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Калганова","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уставился","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with уставился (elliptical)","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Максимова","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Максимова","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of тотчас (elliptical verb)","gloss":"Maximov"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b8-c7-s52","source":"— Врет? — рассмеялся он своим коротким деревянным смехом, тотчас же чему-то обрадовавшись, — ха-ха!","translation":"\"Tall tales?\" He burst out with his short, wooden laugh, instantly delighted by something. \"Ha-ha!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тотчас же чему-то обрадовавшись","title":"Perfective gerund with dative object","body":"«Обрадовавшись» is a perfective past gerund of «обрадоваться» (-ся, 'to become glad'), which governs the dative «чему-то» — 'delighted at once by something'. The verb's joy is directed at a dative cause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассмеялся он своим коротким деревянным смехом","title":"Instrumental of the cognate object","body":"«Рассмеялся… смехом» — laughed 'with a laugh', the instrumental «смехом» as a cognate instrument. «Своим коротким деревянным» is one agreeing instrumental string painting his characteristic 'short, wooden laugh'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Врет","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"quoted question (direct speech)","gloss":"tall tales?"},{"surface":"рассмеялся","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out laughing"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассмеялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смехом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"коротким","lemma":"короткий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смехом","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"деревянным","lemma":"деревянный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смехом","gloss":"wooden"},{"surface":"смехом","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассмеялся","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обрадовавшись","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of обрадовавшись, part of чему-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix)","role":"part of the phrase чему-то","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"обрадовавшись","lemma":"обрадоваться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying рассмеялся","gloss":"delighted"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection (exclamation)","gloss":"ha"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection (exclamation)","gloss":"ha"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b8-c7-s53","source":"— Да. Представьте, он утверждает, что будто бы вся наша кавалерия в двадцатых годах переженилась на польках; но это ужасный вздор, не правда ли?","translation":"\"Yes. Imagine, he insists that in the twenties our whole cavalry supposedly married Polish women; but that's dreadful nonsense, isn't it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будто бы вся наша кавалерия… переженилась","title":"Reported doubt: будто бы + collective verb","body":"«Будто бы» ('supposedly, as if') flags the claim as hearsay Kalganov doubts. «Переженилась» (perfective «пережениться», the prefix пере- = 'all of them, one after another') takes a singular collective verb agreeing with «кавалерия» — the whole cavalry 'married off'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"переженилась на польках… не правда ли?","title":"жениться на + prepositional; tag не правда ли","body":"«Жениться на ком» governs the prepositional «на польках» ('married Polish women'). «Не правда ли?» is the standard tag question, 'isn't that so?', inviting agreement — here, that it's all nonsense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"Представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on утверждает","gloss":"Imagine"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of утверждает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"утверждает","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"insists"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of переженилась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто бы, modifies переженилась","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто бы","gloss":"supposedly","note":"будто бы is a set phrase meaning \"supposedly/allegedly\"."},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кавалерия","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"наша","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кавалерия","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"кавалерия","lemma":"кавалерия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of переженилась","gloss":"cavalry"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking годах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"двадцатых","lemma":"двадцатый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies годах","gloss":"twenties"},{"surface":"годах","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"temporal complement of переженилась","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"переженилась","lemma":"пережениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of утверждает","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking польках","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"польках","lemma":"полька","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of переженилась","gloss":"Polish women"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вздор","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ужасный","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вздор","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"вздор","lemma":"вздор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of это","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the tag question не правда ли","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"question-tag particle, part of не правда ли","gloss":"right"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b8-c7-s54","source":"— На польках? — подхватил опять Митя и уже в решительном восхищении.","translation":"\"Polish women?\" Mitya caught it up again, now in downright rapture.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже в решительном восхищении","title":"Prepositional of state; verbless echo","body":"The fragment «уже в решительном восхищении» (prepositional after «в», 'now in decided rapture') is a verbless characterizing tag attached to «подхватил». Such elliptic state-phrases keep the narration brisk and impressionistic."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking польках","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"польках","lemma":"полька","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb (echoing переженилась)","gloss":"Polish women"},{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught up"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подхватил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подхватил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies в решительном восхищении","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восхищении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"решительном","lemma":"решительный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies восхищении","gloss":"downright"},{"surface":"восхищении","lemma":"восхищение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement describing Митя's state","gloss":"rapture"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b8-c7-s55","source":"Калганов очень хорошо понимал отношения Мити к Грушеньке, догадывался и о пане, но его всё это не так занимало, даже, может быть, вовсе не занимало, а занимал его всего более Максимов.","translation":"Kalganov understood very well the relations between Mitya and Grushenka, and he guessed about the pan too, but none of it interested him much — perhaps did not interest him at all — for what interested him most of all was Maximov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"его всё это не так занимало… а занимал его всего более Максимов","title":"Contrastive а with focus reordering","body":"The contrastive «а» pivots from what did not interest Kalganov to what did, and the second clause inverts to verb-first «занимал его… Максимов» so the new focus «Максимов» lands last. «Всего более» = 'most of all' (genitive «всего» with comparative)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"догадывался и о пане","title":"догадываться о + prepositional","body":"«Догадываться о ком/чём» ('to guess, surmise about') governs the prepositional «о пане». The imperfective «догадывался» suggests an ongoing, dawning intuition rather than a single realization."}],"words":[{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимал","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"отношения","lemma":"отношение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of понимал","gloss":"relations"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отношения","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отношения","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"догадывался","lemma":"догадываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with понимал","gloss":"guessed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пане","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пане","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of догадывался","gloss":"the pan"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of занимало (w19)","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of занимало (w19)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies занимало (w19)","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"занимало","lemma":"занимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by но (subject это)","gloss":"interested"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies the following clause вовсе не занимало","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, forms может быть (\"perhaps\") with быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical phrase может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies занимало (w25)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"занимало","lemma":"занимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with занимало (w19)","gloss":"interested"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"занимал","lemma":"занимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause (subject Максимов, postposed)","gloss":"interested"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of занимал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всего более (\"most of all\")","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies занимал (forms всего более, \"most of all\")","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of занимал (postposed)","gloss":"Maximov"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b8-c7-s56","source":"Попал он сюда с Максимовым случайно и панов встретил здесь на постоялом дворе в первый раз в жизни.","translation":"He had come here with Maximov by chance, and he had met the pans here at the inn for the first time in his life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"панов встретил здесь… в первый раз в жизни","title":"Animate accusative = genitive","body":"«Панов» is the accusative plural of «пан», identical to the genitive because the noun is animate — 'met the pans'. This animacy rule keeps object and subject distinct under Russian's free word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Попал","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Попал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Попал","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Максимовым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Максимовым","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Попал","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"случайно","lemma":"случайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Попал","gloss":"by chance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"панов","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of встретил","gloss":"the pans"},{"surface":"встретил","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Попал (subject он)","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретил","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"постоялом","lemma":"постоялый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дворе (постоялый двор = \"inn\")","gloss":"lodging"},{"surface":"дворе","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встретил","gloss":"inn"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встретил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b8-c7-s57","source":"Грушеньку же знал прежде и раз даже был у нее с кем-то; тогда он ей не понравился.","translation":"Grushenka he had known before, and had even once been to see her with someone; on that occasion she had not taken to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Грушеньку же знал прежде","title":"Topicalizing же; object fronted","body":"«Грушеньку» is fronted as the new topic and marked by the contrastive particle «же» ('as for Grushenka, he had known her before'). The accusative animate «Грушеньку» leads, the subject «он» dropped — pure topic-comment management."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тогда он ей не понравился","title":"нравиться with dative experiencer","body":"«Понравиться» reverses English logic: the dative «ей» is the one who likes (or here, with «не», doesn't), and the grammatical subject «он» is what is liked — 'she did not take to him'. The dative-experiencer pattern is everywhere in the novel's inner life."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знал (fronted topic)","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Грушеньку (topic marker, \"as for\")","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had known"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies был","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with знал (subject он)","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кем-то","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кем","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun кем-то","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понравился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понравился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of понравился","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понравился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понравился","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"pleased"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b8-c7-s58","source":"Но здесь она очень ласково на него поглядывала; до приезда Мити даже ласкала его, но он как-то оставался бесчувственным.","translation":"But here she looked at him very kindly; before Mitya's arrival she had even been making much of him, but he somehow remained unmoved.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"до приезда Мити","title":"до + genitive of time-before","body":"«До приезда Мити» ('before Mitya's arrival') — «до» governs the genitive «приезда», and «Мити» is the genitive of the verbal noun's subject. A compact way to anchor an event before another."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ласково… поглядывала… ласкала… оставался бесчувственным","title":"Imperfective chain; predicate instrumental","body":"The imperfectives «поглядывала»/«ласкала» render her repeated, ongoing coaxing, against which «оставался бесчувственным» uses the instrumental predicate «бесчувственным» after «оставаться» — 'he remained unmoved'. Verbs of remaining-in-a-state take the instrumental complement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядывала","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поглядывала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ласково","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ласково","lemma":"ласково","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядывала","gloss":"kindly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядывала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"поглядывала","lemma":"поглядывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приезда","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"приезда","lemma":"приезд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ласкала","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приезда (possessive)","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ласкала","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ласкала","lemma":"ласкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поглядывала","gloss":"petted"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ласкала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как-то (\"somehow\"), modifies оставался","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как-то","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"оставался","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поглядывала","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"бесчувственным","lemma":"бесчувственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of оставался","gloss":"unmoved"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b8-c7-s59","source":"Это был молодой человек, лет не более двадцати, щегольски одетый, с очень милым беленьким личиком и с прекрасными густыми русыми волосами.","translation":"He was a young man, no more than twenty, foppishly dressed, with a very sweet, fair little face and beautiful thick light-brown hair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"лет не более двадцати","title":"Genitive of approximate age","body":"«Лет не более двадцати» ('no more than twenty years') uses the genitive plural «лет» governed by the numeral phrase, with «не более» ('no more than') framing approximation. Age is regularly expressed with this genitive-of-quantity idiom."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беленьким личиком… щегольски","title":"Diminutive prettiness; щегольски","body":"«Беленький» (-еньк- diminutive of 'white/fair') and «личико» (the endearing diminutive of «лицо», 'face') paint Kalganov's youthful prettiness with tenderness. «Щегольски» (from «щёголь», a dandy) means 'foppishly, in dandy fashion'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to человек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of более","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies человек (age appositive: не более двадцати лет)","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"двадцати","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies более","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"щегольски","lemma":"щегольски","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одетый","gloss":"foppishly"},{"surface":"одетый","lemma":"одетый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with человек","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking личиком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies милым","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"милым","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies личиком","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"беленьким","lemma":"беленький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies личиком","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"личиком","lemma":"личико","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with человек","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волосами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"прекрасными","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies волосами","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"густыми","lemma":"густой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies волосами","gloss":"thick"},{"surface":"русыми","lemma":"русый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies волосами","gloss":"light-brown"},{"surface":"волосами","lemma":"волос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with личиком","gloss":"hair"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b8-c7-s60","source":"Но на этом беленьком личике были прелестные светло-голубые глаза, с умным, а иногда и глубоким выражением, не по возрасту даже, несмотря на то что молодой человек иногда говорил и смотрел совсем как дитя и нисколько этим не стеснялся, даже сам это сознавая.","translation":"But in that fair little face were lovely pale-blue eyes, with an intelligent and at times even profound expression, beyond his years, even though the young man sometimes spoke and looked exactly like a child and was not in the least embarrassed by it, even being aware of it himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря на то что… говорил и смотрел совсем как дитя","title":"Concessive несмотря на то что","body":"«Несмотря на то что» is the full concessive conjunction 'despite the fact that / even though', opening the subordinate clause. «Дитя» is the archaic/bookish word for 'child' (vs. «ребёнок»), an old neuter noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нисколько этим не стеснялся","title":"Negation нисколько + instrumental cause","body":"«Нисколько… не стеснялся» — «нисколько» ('not at all') reinforces the negated «не», negative concord again. «Стесняться» (-ся, 'to be embarrassed by') governs the instrumental «этим» — 'not in the least embarrassed by it'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"даже сам это сознавая","title":"Imperfective gerund of attendant awareness","body":"«Сознавая» is a present деепричастие from «сознавать» ('to be aware'), 'even being aware of it himself', simultaneous with the main clause. «Сам» intensifies — he himself knew it. A final gerund rounding off the portrait."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking личике","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of личике","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"беленьком","lemma":"беленький","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies личике","gloss":"fair little"},{"surface":"личике","lemma":"личико","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of были","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential, subject глаза)","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"прелестные","lemma":"прелестный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"светло","lemma":"светло","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"part of the compound светло-голубые, modifies глаза","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"голубые","lemma":"голубой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"part of the compound светло-голубые, modifies глаза","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выражением, modifies глаза","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"умным","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражением","gloss":"intelligent"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глубоким","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies глубоким","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"глубоким","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражением","gloss":"profound"},{"surface":"выражением","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies глаза (с ... выражением)","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies по возрасту","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возрасту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"возрасту","lemma":"возраст","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies выражением (не по возрасту, \"beyond his years\")","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies возрасту (intensifies не по возрасту)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition несмотря на, introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря на","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"antecedent of the что-clause (несмотря на то что = \"despite the fact that\")","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (modifies то)","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies как дитя","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"comparative particle marking дитя","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"дитя","lemma":"дитя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"complement in the comparison как дитя, describing человек","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нисколько","lemma":"нисколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стеснялся","gloss":"not at all"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стеснялся","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стеснялся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стеснялся","lemma":"стесняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"embarrassed"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies the implied subject of сознавая (человек), modifies сознавая","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сознавая","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сознавая","lemma":"сознавать","morphology":"verb, gerund, present, active, imperfective","role":"adverbial participle modifying человек, concessive (\"even being aware of it himself\")","gloss":"being aware"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b8-c7-s61","source":"Вообще он был очень своеобразен, даже капризен, хотя всегда ласков.","translation":"On the whole he was very singular, even capricious, though always gentle.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"своеобразен","title":"«своеобразен» — singular, peculiar","body":"From «свой» (one's own) + «образ» (form, image): literally 'of his own cast', hence idiosyncratic, peculiar, having a character all his own. Here it is the short predicative form (cf. «своеобразный»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был очень своеобразен, даже капризен, хотя всегда ласков","title":"A chain of short adjectives","body":"«своеобразен», «капризен», «ласков» are all short-form adjectives, used predicatively after «был». The short form is more bookish and states a characterizing quality, very much the texture of Dostoevsky's narratorial description."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies своеобразен","gloss":"on the whole"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of своеобразен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to своеобразен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies своеобразен","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"своеобразен","lemma":"своеобразный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of он","gloss":"singular"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies капризен","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"капризен","lemma":"капризный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with своеобразен","gloss":"capricious"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause modifying своеобразен/капризен","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ласков","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"ласков","lemma":"ласковый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the concessive clause introduced by хотя","gloss":"gentle"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b8-c7-s62","source":"Иногда в выражении лица его мелькало что-то неподвижное и упрямое: он глядел на вас, слушал, а сам как будто упорно мечтал о чем-то своем.","translation":"Sometimes there flickered in the expression of his face something fixed and stubborn: he would look at you, listen, and yet seem all the while to be obstinately dreaming of something of his own.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в выражении лица его мелькало что-то неподвижное","title":"Neuter «что-то» governing a neuter verb","body":"The indefinite «что-то» ('something') takes neuter singular agreement, so the verb «мелькало» and the modifiers «неподвижное и упрямое» all stand in the neuter. The «-то» marks a specific-but-unnamed thing flickering in his face."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он глядел на вас, слушал, а сам как будто упорно мечтал","title":"Contrastive «а» and the past imperfective","body":"The mild adversative «а» hinges 'he looked... and yet meanwhile dreamed', a shift of perspective rather than flat opposition. The string of imperfective pasts («глядел, слушал, мечтал») paints habitual, ongoing behaviour, not single events."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"о чем-то своем","title":"«своё» — his own private world","body":"The reflexive possessive «свой» here is nominalized to neuter «своё»: 'something of his own', some private preoccupation belonging to himself. A small word that conveys his self-enclosed inwardness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мелькало","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выражении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"выражении","lemma":"выражение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькало","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выражении","gloss":"face's"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лица (possessive, \"his\")","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"мелькало","lemma":"мелькать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flickered"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of мелькало","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun что-то, subject of мелькало","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"неподвижное","lemma":"неподвижный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"упрямое","lemma":"упрямый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то, coordinated with неподвижное","gloss":"stubborn"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause after the colon","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глядел","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies the subject он, modifies мечтал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто (\"as if\")","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто, introduces мечтал","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"упорно","lemma":"упорно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мечтал","gloss":"obstinately"},{"surface":"мечтал","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with глядел","gloss":"dreamed"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем-то","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of мечтал","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чем-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чем-то (\"of his own\")","gloss":"of his own"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b8-c7-s63","source":"То становился вял и ленив, то вдруг начинал волноваться, иногда, по-видимому, от самой пустой причины.","translation":"Now he would turn listless and lazy, now he would suddenly grow agitated, sometimes, it appeared, from the most trifling cause.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"То становился вял и ленив, то вдруг начинал волноваться","title":"The correlative «то... то...»","body":"«то... то...» means 'now... now...', alternating between two states. Both verbs are imperfective («становился», «начинал волноваться»), framing recurrent mood-swings rather than one occasion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вял и ленив","title":"Short adjectives as predicate","body":"After «становился» the qualities appear as short forms «вял», «ленив» (from «вялый», «ленивый»), the bookish predicative shape for a state one falls into."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от самой пустой причины","title":"«от» + genitive for cause","body":"«от» governs the genitive and here marks cause: 'from the most trifling cause'. «самой пустой причины» is feminine genitive singular, with «самой» ('very, most') and «пустой» ('empty, trivial') agreeing."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"correlates with то (w6), introduces the alternation","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"становился","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first alternation (coordinated with начинал)","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"вял","lemma":"вялый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"complement of становился","gloss":"listless"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ленив","lemma":"ленивый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вял","gloss":"lazy"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"correlates with То (w1), introduces the alternation","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"начинал","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"волноваться","lemma":"волноваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинал","gloss":"growing agitated"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинал волноваться (indicates frequency)","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the parenthetical phrase по-видимому","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"видимому","lemma":"видимому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the parenthetical phrase по-видимому","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking причины","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пустой (intensifier, \"the merest\")","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"пустой","lemma":"пустой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies причины","gloss":"trifling"},{"surface":"причины","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of от, modifies начинал (indicating cause)","gloss":"cause"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b8-c7-s64","source":"— Вообразите, я его уже четыре дня вожу с собою, — продолжал он, немного как бы растягивая лениво слова, но безо всякого фатовства, а совершенно натурально. — Помните, с тех пор, как ваш брат его тогда из коляски вытолкнул и он полетел. Тогда он меня очень этим заинтересовал, и я взял его в деревню, а он всё теперь врет, так что с ним стыдно. Я его назад везу…","translation":"\"Imagine, I've been dragging him about with me for four days now,\" he went on, drawing his words out a little, lazily, but without any swagger, quite naturally. \"Do you remember, ever since your brother shoved him out of the carriage that time and he went flying? He interested me very much by that, then, and I took him off to the country, but now he tells nothing but tall tales, so that I'm ashamed to be with him. I'm taking him back...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вообразите","title":"Imperative «Вообразите»","body":"Polite/plural imperative of «вообразить» (to imagine): 'just imagine!'. The «-те» ending marks address to more than one person or a polite singular — Kalganov speaking to the company."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вожу с собою","title":"«возить» — to cart about","body":"«вожу» is from multidirectional «возить» (to convey, transport, back and forth), suiting the repeated dragging-about over four days. «с собою» (with myself) uses the reflexive «себя» in the instrumental."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фатовство","title":"«фатовство» — foppish swagger","body":"From «фат», a fop or coxcomb: «безо всякого фатовства» means 'without any dandyish affectation'. A period word marking the narrator's eye for social posturing; note «безо» for «без» before a consonant cluster."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тех пор, как ваш брат его тогда из коляски вытолкнул","title":"Perfective «вытолкнул» — a single shove","body":"«вытолкнул» (prefixed perfective of «толкать», to push) names one completed act of shoving out, against the imperfective backdrop. «из коляски» is «из» + genitive, 'out of the carriage'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коляска","title":"«коляска» — open carriage","body":"A light open carriage or calash, the kind a gentleman rides in. Maximov being shoved from one is part of the comic indignity recalled here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вообразите","lemma":"вообразить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Imagine"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вожу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вожу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies четыре дня (already four days)","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вожу (duration)","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"вожу","lemma":"возить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the clause complementing Вообразите","gloss":"I've been bringing"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of вожу","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"продолжал","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting clause","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of продолжал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies растягивая","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы (modifies растягивая)","gloss":"as if","note":"как бы is a set idiom meaning 'somewhat/as if', not a true subordinating clause here."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"растягивая","lemma":"растягивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on продолжал","gloss":"drawing out"},{"surface":"лениво","lemma":"лениво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies растягивая","gloss":"lazily"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of растягивая","gloss":"his words"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"безо","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фатовства","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of фатовства","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"фатовства","lemma":"фатовство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of растягивая, coordinated with лениво","gloss":"swagger"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but rather"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies натурально","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"натурально","lemma":"натурально","morphology":"adverb (short-form neuter adjective used adverbially)","role":"coordinated with лениво, modifies растягивая","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"Помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Вообразите","gloss":"Do you remember"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase тех пор (since)","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"time","note":"с тех пор как = 'ever since'."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вытолкнул","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of брат","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вытолкнул","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вытолкнул","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вытолкнул","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коляски","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"коляски","lemma":"коляска","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытолкнул","gloss":"the carriage"},{"surface":"вытолкнул","lemma":"вытолкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying тех пор","gloss":"shoved out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of полетел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"полетел","lemma":"полететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вытолкнул","gloss":"went flying"},{"surface":"Тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заинтересовал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заинтересовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of заинтересовал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies этим","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заинтересовал","gloss":"by that"},{"surface":"заинтересовал","lemma":"заинтересовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"interested"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заинтересовал","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деревню","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"деревню","lemma":"деревня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"the country"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of врет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies врет","gloss":"keeps"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies врет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"врет","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (contrasted by а)","gloss":"tells lies"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of стыдно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стыдно","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"predicate of the так что clause","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of везу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of везу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies везу","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"везу","lemma":"везти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am taking"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b8-c7-s65","source":"— Пан польской пани не видзел и муви, что быть не мо́гло, — заметил пан с трубкой Максимову.","translation":"\"The pan never saw a Polish lady and says what could not be,\" remarked the pan with the pipe to Maximov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что быть не мо́гло","title":"«не могло» — genitive-free negation in past","body":"'what could not be': impersonal-flavoured negation, «не» before «могло» (neuter past of «мочь»). The stressed «мо́гло» is marked in the text to render the Pole's foreign stress placement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видзел","gloss":"The pan"},{"surface":"польской","lemma":"польский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пани","gloss":"Polish"},{"surface":"пани","lemma":"пани","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видзел (genitive under negation)","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видзел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"видзел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw","note":"видзел is the Pole's broken-Russian pronunciation of видел ('saw')."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"муви","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видзел","gloss":"says","note":"муви is the pan's Polish-accented rendering of говорит ('says')."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мо́гло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of мо́гло","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мо́гло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мо́гло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to видзел","gloss":"could","note":"Stress mark reflects the pan's dialectal pronunciation of могло."},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting clause of the quotation","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"the pan"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трубкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"трубкой","lemma":"трубка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"the pipe"},{"surface":"Максимову","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of заметил","gloss":"to Maximov"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b8-c7-s66","source":"Пан с трубкой говорил по-русски порядочно, по крайней мере гораздо лучше, чем представлялся.","translation":"The pan with the pipe spoke Russian tolerably well — at any rate much better than he pretended to.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"говорил по-русски порядочно","title":"«по-русски» — the adverb of language","body":"The «по-...-ски» pattern forms adverbs of manner/language: «по-русски» means 'in Russian, Russian-fashion'. «порядочно» ('decently, tolerably') modifies how well he spoke."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"гораздо лучше, чем представлялся","title":"Comparative «лучше» + «чем»","body":"«лучше» is the suppletive comparative of «хороший» (good), intensified by «гораздо» ('far, much'). «чем» introduces the standard of comparison; «представлялся» is reflexive 'pretended/made himself out to be'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"The pan"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трубкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"трубкой","lemma":"трубка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Пан","gloss":"the pipe"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom по-русски, modifies говорил","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"русски","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom по-русски, modifies говорил","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"порядочно","lemma":"порядочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"tolerably well"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере (at least)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лучше","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate coordinated with говорил (elliptical comparative)","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of представлялся","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"представлялся","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on лучше","gloss":"he made himself out"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b8-c7-s67","source":"Русские слова, если и употреблял их, коверкал на польский лад.","translation":"Russian words, if he did use them, he mangled in the Polish fashion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Русские слова, если и употреблял их, коверкал на польский лад","title":"Topicalized object, «если и»","body":"«Русские слова» is fronted as the topic (accusative object of «коверкал»), with the verb arriving late — classic topic-comment ordering. «если и» means 'even if', conceding that he used such words at all."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"коверкал на польский лад","title":"«коверкать на ... лад» — to mangle in the manner of","body":"«коверкать» is to distort or mangle (speech); «на польский лад» means 'in the Polish manner/way'. The idiom «на ... лад» fixes the style or fashion of doing something."}],"words":[{"surface":"Русские","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of коверкал","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of употреблял","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies употреблял","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"употреблял","lemma":"употреблять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on коверкал","gloss":"he did use"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of употреблял","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"коверкал","lemma":"коверкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mangled"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лад","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"польский","lemma":"польский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лад","gloss":"Polish"},{"surface":"лад","lemma":"лад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of коверкал","gloss":"fashion"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b8-c7-s68","source":"— Да ведь я и сам был женат на польской пани-с, — отхихикнулся в ответ Максимов.","translation":"\"Why, I myself was married to a Polish lady, sir,\" Maximov tittered in reply.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да ведь я и сам был женат","title":"Particles «да ведь» and emphatic «и сам»","body":"«да» opens with a conversational 'why', «ведь» appeals to shared knowledge ('after all, you know'), and «и сам» ('I myself, for my part') adds personal emphasis — three small markers layering Maximov's eager, self-inserting tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был женат на польской пани-с","title":"«женат на» + prepositional","body":"A man is «женат на ком» (married 'on/to' someone) with «на» + prepositional. «-с» tacked onto «пани-с» is the servile particle (see culture note) marking Maximov's deferential speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отхихикнулся","title":"«отхихикнулся» — tittered out","body":"A vivid coinage on «хихикать» (to titter) with prefix «от-» and reflexive «-ся»: he gave a little answering giggle. Dostoevsky loves such expressive, faintly ridiculous verbs for Maximov's giggling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies женат","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of женат","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to женат","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"женат","lemma":"женатый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пани","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"польской","lemma":"польский","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пани","gloss":"Polish"},{"surface":"пани","lemma":"пани","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of женат","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to пани (politeness marker)","gloss":"sir","note":"The clitic -с is an old deferential suffix ('sir/madam'), often left untranslated."},{"surface":"отхихикнулся","lemma":"отхихикнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"reporting clause of the quotation","gloss":"tittered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответ","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отхихикнулся","gloss":"reply"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отхихикнулся","gloss":"Maximov"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b8-c7-s69","source":"— Ну, так вы разве служили в кавалерии? Ведь это вы про кавалерию говорили. Так разве вы кавалерист? — ввязался сейчас Калганов.","translation":"\"Well, did you serve in the cavalry, then? It was the cavalry you were talking about. So were you a cavalryman?\" Kalganov broke in at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы разве служили в кавалерии?","title":"«разве» — incredulous question","body":"«разве» opens a question coloured with surprise or doubt ('do you mean to say...?, really?'). Kalganov is half-disbelieving that this giggling old man could have been a soldier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это вы про кавалерию говорили","title":"«про» + accusative — 'about'","body":"Colloquial «про» + accusative ('about, concerning') is the everyday alternative to «о» + prepositional. «это вы ... говорили» fronts «это» to foreground that it was the cavalry he had been discussing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ввязался","title":"«ввязаться» — to butt in","body":"«ввязаться» (perfective, reflexive) literally 'to get oneself tied into', here 'broke into the conversation, butted in'. The «-ся» gives the sense of entangling oneself in something."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the question","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies служили","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of служили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies служили (interrogative)","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"служили","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did serve"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кавалерии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кавалерии","lemma":"кавалерия","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of служили","gloss":"the cavalry"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topicalized pronoun (cleft, refers to кавалерию)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говорили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кавалерию","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"кавалерию","lemma":"кавалерия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"the cavalry"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were talking"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кавалерист","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Так (interrogative)","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of кавалерист","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кавалерист","lemma":"кавалерист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of вы (implied copula)","gloss":"a cavalryman"},{"surface":"ввязался","lemma":"ввязаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ввязался","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ввязался","gloss":"Kalganov"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b8-c7-s70","source":"— Да, конечно, разве он кавалерист? ха-ха! — крикнул Митя, жадно слушавший и быстро переводивший свой вопросительный взгляд на каждого, кто заговорит, точно бог знает что ожидал от каждого услышать.","translation":"\"Yes, of course — was he a cavalryman? Ha-ha!\" cried Mitya, who was listening greedily and quickly shifting his questioning gaze to each person who spoke, as though God knows what he expected to hear from each of them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"жадно слушавший и быстро переводивший свой вопросительный взгляд","title":"Past active participles as a single modifier","body":"«слушавший» and «переводивший» are past active participles (in «-вший») agreeing with «Митя» — 'who was listening and shifting'. They compress two который-clauses into adjective-like modifiers, a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на каждого, кто заговорит","title":"«кто» + perfective future «заговорит»","body":"The relative «кто» introduces 'whoever spoke up'; «заговорит» is perfective (here a vivid future-for-iterative), naming the inceptive act of beginning to speak. Mitya's gaze darts to each new speaker."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"точно бог знает что ожидал","title":"«точно бог знает что» — as if heaven knows what","body":"«точно» here means 'as if, as though'; «бог знает что» is a frozen idiom 'goodness/God knows what'. Together: 'as though he expected God knows what to hear'. A recurring colouring of Mitya's overwrought expectancy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the exclamation","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to кавалерист","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кавалерист (interrogative)","gloss":"was he really"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кавалерист","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"кавалерист","lemma":"кавалерист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of он (implied copula)","gloss":"a cavalryman"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ha"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with ха","gloss":"ha"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting clause of the quotation","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"жадно","lemma":"жадно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушавший","gloss":"greedily"},{"surface":"слушавший","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"participle clause modifying Митя","gloss":"listening"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переводивший","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"переводивший","lemma":"переводить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слушавший","gloss":"shifting"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of взгляд","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"вопросительный","lemma":"вопросительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"questioning"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of переводивший","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каждого","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"каждого","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переводивший (object of на)","gloss":"each person"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of заговорит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"заговорит","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on каждого","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает (as though)","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying слушавший/переводивший","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ожидал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ожидал","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"he expected"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каждого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"каждого","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ожидал (object of от)","gloss":"each one"},{"surface":"услышать","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of ожидал","gloss":"to hear"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b8-c7-s71","source":"— Нет-с, видите-с, — повернулся к нему Максимов, — я про то-с, что эти там пане́нки… хорошенькие-с… как оттанцуют с нашим уланом мазурку… как оттанцевала она с ним мазурку, так тотчас и вскочит ему на коленки, как кошечка-с… беленькая-с… а пан-ойц и пани-матка видят и позволяют… и позволяют-с… а улан-то назавтра пойдет и руку предложит… вот-с… и предложит руку, хи-хи! — хихикнул, закончив, Максимов.","translation":"\"No, sir — you see, sir,\" Maximov turned to him, \"what I mean, sir, is that those little panienki over there... the pretty ones, sir... once they dance a mazurka with one of our lancers... once she's danced the mazurka through with him, she hops straight up onto his knees like a little kitten, sir... a fair little thing, sir... and the pan-father and the pani-mother look on and allow it... they allow it, sir... and the next day the lancer goes and offers his hand... there it is, sir... offers his hand, hee-hee!\" Maximov tittered as he finished.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пане́нки","title":"«паненки» — Polish young ladies","body":"From Polish 'panienki', diminutive of 'panna' (young unmarried lady). Maximov uses the exotic Polish word for the pretty girls; the stress mark «пане́нки» again flags non-Russian pronunciation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хорошенькие-с... беленькая-с","title":"Diminutive-affectionate «-еньк-» adjectives","body":"The suffix «-еньк-» softens and endears: «хорошенькие» ('pretty little') and «беленькая» ('nice and fair'). Maximov's speech drips with these cooing forms, conveying his lecherous relish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так тотчас и вскочит ему на коленки","title":"«вскочит» — perfective for a sudden leap","body":"«вскочит» (perfective future of «вскочить», to leap up) gives the abrupt, completed hop onto the soldier's knees; «и» here is the emphatic 'and just'. «ему на коленки» — «на» + accusative for motion onto, with dative «ему» of the person."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пан-ойц и пани-матка","title":"«пан-ойц», «пани-матка» — father and mother (Polish)","body":"Polish-flavoured compounds: 'ojciec' (father) and 'matka' (mother) yoked to пан/пани — 'the master-father and mistress-mother' looking on. Maximov mimics the Polish household even while telling the tale in Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection introducing the quotation","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to Нет (politeness marker)","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Нет","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to видите (politeness marker)","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулся","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернулся","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of implied verb (говорю), elliptical construction","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of the implied verb (object of про)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to то (politeness marker)","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies пане́нки","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пане́нки (locates them)","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"пане́нки","lemma":"паненка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of оттанцуют","gloss":"young ladies"},{"surface":"хорошенькие","lemma":"хорошенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies пане́нки (apposition)","gloss":"pretty ones"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to хорошенькие (politeness marker)","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оттанцуют","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"оттанцуют","lemma":"оттанцевать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"finish dancing"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уланом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нашим","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of уланом","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"уланом","lemma":"улан","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оттанцуют","gloss":"lancer"},{"surface":"мазурку","lemma":"мазурка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оттанцуют","gloss":"a mazurka"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оттанцевала","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"оттанцевала","lemma":"оттанцевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскочит","gloss":"has danced"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оттанцевала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оттанцевала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мазурку","lemma":"мазурка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оттанцевала","gloss":"the mazurka"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочит","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочит","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вскочит","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вскочит","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"jumps up"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of вскочит","gloss":"onto him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленки","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"коленки","lemma":"коленка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вскочит","gloss":"his knees"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction, comparative (functions as preposition)","role":"preposition marking кошечка","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"кошечка","lemma":"кошечка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочит","gloss":"a little kitten"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to кошечка (politeness marker)","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"беленькая","lemma":"беленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пане́нки (apposition, with кошечка)","gloss":"a little fair one"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to беленькая (politeness marker)","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of compound пан-ойц, subject of видят","gloss":"father","note":"пан-ойц is mock-Polish for 'father' (ojciec)."},{"surface":"ойц","lemma":"ойц","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of compound пан-ойц, subject of видят","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пани","lemma":"пани","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of compound пани-матка, coordinated with пан-ойц","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"матка","lemma":"матка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"part of compound пани-матка, subject of видят","gloss":"mother","note":"пани-матка is mock-Polish for 'mother' (matka)."},{"surface":"видят","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"позволяют","lemma":"позволять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видят","gloss":"allow it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"позволяют","lemma":"позволять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"emphatic repetition of позволяют","gloss":"allow it"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to позволяют (politeness marker)","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"улан","lemma":"улан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пойдет","gloss":"the lancer"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic suffix","role":"attaches to улан (emphatic marker)","gloss":"(emphatic, untranslated)","note":"улан-то uses the colloquial emphatic particle -то, roughly 'the lancer, mind you'."},{"surface":"назавтра","lemma":"назавтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдет","gloss":"the next day"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предложит","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"предложит","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойдет","gloss":"will offer"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies предложит","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, deferential suffix","role":"attaches to вот (politeness marker)","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"предложит","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"emphatic repetition of предложит","gloss":"offers"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предложит","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"хи","lemma":"хи","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with руку (exclamation)","gloss":"hee"},{"surface":"хи","lemma":"хи","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with хи","gloss":"hee"},{"surface":"хихикнул","lemma":"хихикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting clause of the quotation","gloss":"tittered"},{"surface":"закончив","lemma":"закончить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on хихикнул","gloss":"as he finished"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хихикнул","gloss":"Maximov"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b8-c7-s72","source":"— Пан — лайдак! — проворчал вдруг высокий пан на стуле и переложил ногу на ногу.","translation":"\"The pan is a scoundrel!\" the tall pan on the chair suddenly muttered, and crossed one leg over the other.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лайдак","title":"«лайдак» — scoundrel (Polish)","body":"From Polish 'łajdak', a rogue or blackguard. The tall pan spits it out at Maximov; Grushenka immediately picks up the foreign word in s75, mocking it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"переложил ногу на ногу","title":"«переложить ногу на ногу» — to cross one's legs","body":"The fixed phrase for crossing one leg over the other. «переложил» is perfective (re-laid, shifted), capturing the single deliberate gesture of disdain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лайдак","gloss":"The pan"},{"surface":"лайдак","lemma":"лайдак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of Пан (copula omitted)","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"проворчал","lemma":"проворчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting clause of the quotation","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проворчал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"высокий","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проворчал","gloss":"pan"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стуле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стуле","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"the chair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"переложил","lemma":"переложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проворчал","gloss":"crossed"},{"surface":"ногу","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of переложил","gloss":"one leg"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногу","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ногу","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переложил","gloss":"the other"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b8-c7-s73","source":"Мите только бросился в глаза огромный смазной сапог его с толстою и грязною подошвой.","translation":"All that caught Mitya's eye was his enormous greased boot with its thick, dirty sole.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мите ... бросился в глаза огромный смазной сапог","title":"Dative «Мите» + «броситься в глаза»","body":"The idiom «броситься в глаза» ('to catch one's eye, leap out') puts the experiencer in the dative: «Мите» — to Mitya. The grammatical subject is «сапог» (the boot), which is what did the catching; an experiencer-first framing typical of Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"огромный смазной сапог ... с толстою и грязною подошвой","title":"«смазной сапог» and old instrumental endings","body":"«смазной сапог» is a greased (oil-treated) boot, a heavy peasant-style boot. Note the archaic long instrumental endings «-ою»: «толстою» and «грязною» — the older literary variant of «-ой». («подошвой» here shows the ordinary modern «-ой»; the archaic variant would be «подошвою».)"}],"words":[{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of бросился (dative experiencer)","gloss":"to Mitya"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"the eye"},{"surface":"огромный","lemma":"огромный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сапог","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"смазной","lemma":"смазной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сапог","gloss":"greased"},{"surface":"сапог","lemma":"сапог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"boot"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сапог","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подошвой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"толстою","lemma":"толстый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies подошвой","gloss":"thick"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"грязною","lemma":"грязный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with толстою, modifies подошвой","gloss":"dirty"},{"surface":"подошвой","lemma":"подошва","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сапог","gloss":"sole"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b8-c7-s74","source":"Да и вообще оба пана были одеты довольно засаленно.","translation":"And on the whole both pans were dressed rather greasily.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оба пана были одеты довольно засаленно","title":"Short passive participle «одеты»","body":"«одеты» is the short past passive participle of «одеть» (to dress), joining «были» to state a result: 'were dressed'. «довольно засаленно» ('rather greasily') is the adverb describing the shabby state."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"засаленно","title":"«засаленный» — greasy, grubby","body":"From «сало» (grease, fat) with prefix «за-»: soiled with grease, threadbare-shiny. The detail quietly punctures the two Poles' aristocratic pretensions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom да и (and indeed)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одеты","gloss":"on the whole"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on пана","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"пана","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive одеты","gloss":"pans"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of одеты","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"одеты","lemma":"одеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies засаленно","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"засаленно","lemma":"засаленный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одеты","gloss":"greasily"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b8-c7-s75","source":"— Ну вот, и лайдак! Чего он бранится? — рассердилась вдруг Грушенька.","translation":"\"There, so he's a scoundrel! What's he abusing him for?\" Grushenka suddenly grew angry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего он бранится?","title":"Colloquial «чего» for 'why'","body":"«чего» (genitive of «что») here is informal for «почему» / «зачем» — 'what's he abusing him for?'. «бранится» is the reflexive «браниться» (to swear, abuse), an inherently «-ся» verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рассердилась","title":"«рассердиться» — to flare into anger","body":"Perfective reflexive 'grew angry, lost her temper' (prefix «рас-» on «сердиться»). The single completed inception of anger fits Grushenka's sudden flares of temper through this scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"лайдак","lemma":"лайдак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun (implied он — лайдак)","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бранится (colloquial 'why')","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бранится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бранится","lemma":"браниться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"abusing him"},{"surface":"рассердилась","lemma":"рассердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"reporting clause of the quotation","gloss":"grew angry"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассердилась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of рассердилась","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b8-c7-s76","source":"— Пани Агриппина, пан видзел в польском краю хлопок, а не шляхетных паней, — заметил пан с трубкой Грушеньке.","translation":"\"Pani Agrippina, the pan saw peasant girls in the Polish land, not well-born ladies,\" the pan with the pipe remarked to Grushenka.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хлопок, а не шляхетных паней","title":"Genitive after negation «а не»","body":"«а не шляхетных паней» stands in the genitive plural under the contrastive negation — 'and not noble ladies'. The genitive of negation marks the absent, denied object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пани","lemma":"пани","morphology":"proper noun/title, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address, head of the phrase","gloss":"Pani"},{"surface":"Агриппина","lemma":"агриппина","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Пани","gloss":"Agrippina"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видзел","gloss":"the pan"},{"surface":"видзел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw","note":"Polish-accented form of видел, part of the pan's broken Russian."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking краю","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"польском","lemma":"польский","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies краю","gloss":"Polish"},{"surface":"краю","lemma":"край","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of видзел","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"хлопок","lemma":"хлопка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of видзел","gloss":"peasant girls","note":"Polonism (chłopka), not the Russian word for \"cotton\" — mocking dialect for peasant women."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шляхетных","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"шляхетных","lemma":"шляхетный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies паней","gloss":"well-born"},{"surface":"паней","lemma":"пани","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with хлопок","gloss":"ladies"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to видзел","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"the pan"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трубкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"трубкой","lemma":"трубка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"pipe"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of заметил","gloss":"to Grushenka"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b8-c7-s77","source":"— Можешь на́ то раховаць! — презрительно отрезал высокий пан на стуле.","translation":"\"You can count on that!\" the tall pan on the chair cut in scornfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Можешь на́ то раховаць!","title":"«раховаць» — 'you can count on that' (Polish)","body":"Polish 'rachować' (to reckon, count): 'you can count on that'. «на́ то» ('on that') carries the retracted stress of the preposition, again rendering the Polish accent on the page."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"отрезал","title":"«отрезать» — to retort curtly","body":"Literally 'to cut off', figuratively to snap out a sharp, clipped reply. «презрительно отрезал» — he cut in scornfully, the verb itself conveying the curtness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you can"},{"surface":"на́","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of раховаць","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"раховаць","lemma":"раховать","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Можешь","gloss":"count","note":"Dialectal (Belarusian/Ukrainian-flavored) form for рассчитывать, part of the pan's broken Russian."},{"surface":"презрительно","lemma":"презрительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезал","gloss":"scornfully"},{"surface":"отрезал","lemma":"отрезать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Можешь","gloss":"cut in"},{"surface":"высокий","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отрезал","gloss":"the pan"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стуле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стуле","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"chair"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b8-c7-s78","source":"— Вот еще! Дайте ему говорить-то! Люди говорят, чего мешать? С ними весело, — огрызнулась Грушенька.","translation":"\"What next! Let him talk! When people are talking, why interfere? They're good company,\" Grushenka snapped.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вот еще!","title":"«Вот еще!» — 'What next!'","body":"A dismissive exclamation of indignant refusal: 'the idea!, what next!'. Grushenka brushes aside the pan's contempt and defends Maximov's right to talk."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дайте ему говорить-то!","title":"«дать» + dative + infinitive; emphatic «-то»","body":"«Дайте ему говорить» — 'let him talk', with «дать» governing dative «ему» plus infinitive. The clitic «-то» on «говорить-то» emphasizes the verb as the contested point: 'just let him talk, will you'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"огрызнулась","title":"«огрызнуться» — to snap back","body":"Perfective reflexive 'snapped, snarled back' (related to «грызть», to gnaw). A vivid, faintly animal verb for Grushenka's quick retort."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"Дайте","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Дайте","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Дайте","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to говорить","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"Люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of говорят","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are talking"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мешать","gloss":"why","note":"Colloquial adverbial use of чего meaning \"why.\""},{"surface":"мешать","lemma":"мешать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"interfere"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of весело","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"good company"},{"surface":"огрызнулась","lemma":"огрызнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to весело","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of огрызнулась","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b8-c7-s79","source":"— Я не мешаю, пани, — значительно заметил пан в паричке с продолжительным взглядом ко Грушеньке и, важно замолчав, снова начал сосать свою трубку.","translation":"\"I am not interfering, pani,\" the pan in the wig observed pointedly, with a lingering look at Grushenka, and, falling gravely silent, he began once more to suck at his pipe.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в паричке","title":"«паричок» — a little wig","body":"Diminutive of «парик» (wig): «в паричке» = 'in his little wig'. The dismissive diminutive deflates the pan's dignity even as he tries to look grave; the wig itself marks him as a shabby pretender."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"важно замолчав, снова начал сосать свою трубку","title":"Perfective gerund «замолчав»","body":"«замолчав» is a perfective past gerund (in «-в») of «замолчать» (to fall silent): 'having fallen gravely silent, he began...'. The gerund stacks a prior completed action onto the main clause, sharing its subject — characteristic literary compression."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ко Грушеньке","title":"Old fuller preposition «ко»","body":"«ко» is the fuller variant of «к» used before consonant clusters (here «ко Грушеньке» before the proper name) — a slightly elevated, period flavour. (The preposition before «продолжительным взглядом» is the ordinary «с», not «со».)"}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мешаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мешаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мешаю","lemma":"мешать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am interfering"},{"surface":"пани","lemma":"пани","morphology":"noun/title, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"pani"},{"surface":"значительно","lemma":"значительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"pointedly"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to мешаю","gloss":"observed"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"the pan"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking паричке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"паричке","lemma":"паричок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"wig"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взглядом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"продолжительным","lemma":"продолжительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"lingering"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замолчав","gloss":"gravely"},{"surface":"замолчав","lemma":"замолчать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"falling silent"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заметил","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"сосать","lemma":"сосать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to suck"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of трубку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"трубку","lemma":"трубка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сосать","gloss":"pipe"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b8-c7-s80","source":"— Да нет, нет, это пан теперь правду сказал, — загорячился опять Калганов, точно бог знает о чем шло дело. — Ведь он в Польше не был, как же он говорит про Польшу? Ведь вы же не в Польше женились, ведь нет?","translation":"\"No, no, the pan has just told the truth,\" Kalganov flared up again, as though God knows what were at stake. \"After all, he's never been to Poland — so how can he talk about Poland? You weren't married in Poland, were you, now?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"загорячился","title":"«загорячиться» — to flare up","body":"Perfective reflexive with inceptive «за-»: 'began to get heated, flared up'. From «горячий» (hot); the prefix «за-» catches the onset of Kalganov's excitement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь он в Польше не был ... Ведь вы же не в Польше женились, ведь нет?","title":"Piled-up particles «ведь» and «же»","body":"«ведь» (after all, you know) appeals to shared sense, «же» insists, and the tag «ведь нет?» seeks confirmation ('isn't that so?'). The cluster reproduces Kalganov's breathless, button-holing insistence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как же он говорит про Польшу?","title":"«как же» — indignant 'how on earth'","body":"«как же» intensifies the question: 'how then/how on earth can he talk about Poland?'. The «же» loads the rhetorical force, expecting the answer 'he can't'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"focus particle introducing пан","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"the pan"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"загорячился","lemma":"загорячиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сказал","gloss":"flared up"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies загорячился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of загорячился","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on загорячился","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of шло","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"шло","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"was going"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of шло","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Польше","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Польше","lemma":"польша","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"Poland"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies был","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to был","gloss":"talks"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Польшу","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Польшу","lemma":"польша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорит","gloss":"Poland"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies женились","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of женились","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies женились","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Польше","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Польше","lemma":"польша","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of женились","gloss":"Poland"},{"surface":"женились","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were married"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the tag question нет","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"tag question forming ведь нет","gloss":"no"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b8-c7-s81","source":"— Нет-с, в Смоленской губернии-с. А только ее улан еще прежде того вывез-с, супругу-то мою-с, будущую-с, и с пани-маткой, и с тантой, и еще с одною родственницей со взрослым сыном, это уж из самой Польши, из самой… и мне уступил. Это один наш поручик, очень хороший молодой человек. Сначала он сам хотел жениться, да и не женился, потому что она оказалась хромая…","translation":"\"No, sir, in the Smolensk province, sir. Only her hussar had carried her off even before that, sir — my future wife, that is, sir — along with the pani-mother, and an aunt, and another female relation with a grown son; that was straight from Poland itself, from Poland itself... and he gave her up to me. He was one of our lieutenants, a very fine young man. At first he meant to marry her himself, but then he didn't, because she turned out to be lame...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"супругу-то мою-с, будущую-с","title":"«супруга» — wife (elevated) with hedging tags","body":"«супруга» is the formal, slightly genteel word for 'wife'. Maximov hangs his tics on it — emphatic «-то», deferential «-с» — then corrects himself with «будущую-с» ('my future [wife], that is, sir'), since she was not yet his."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она оказалась хромая","title":"«оказаться» + predicate adjective","body":"«оказаться» (to turn out to be) here links to the long-form (nominative) adjective «хромая» ('lame', fem.) — 'she turned out lame'. The predicate adjective is nominative here, not instrumental. A characterizing verb of revelation that drives the comic anti-climax."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (honorific suffix)","role":"honorific suffix attached to Нет","gloss":"sir","note":"-с is a deferential clitic (contracted from сударь/сударыня), tacked onto the preceding word; several tokens in this passage are this same suffix."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губернии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Смоленской","lemma":"смоленский","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies губернии","gloss":"Smolensk"},{"surface":"губернии","lemma":"губерния","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of an elided verb (женились)","gloss":"province"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (honorific suffix)","role":"honorific suffix attached to губернии","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вывез","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of улан","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"улан","lemma":"улан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вывез","gloss":"hussar"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прежде","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies того","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of прежде","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вывез","lemma":"вывезти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had carried off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (honorific suffix)","role":"honorific suffix attached to вывез","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"супругу","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вывез","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic clitic)","role":"emphatic particle attached to супругу","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of супругу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (honorific suffix)","role":"honorific suffix attached to мою","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"будущую","lemma":"будущий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies супругу","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (honorific suffix)","role":"honorific suffix attached to будущую","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пани","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пани","lemma":"пани","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with супругу","gloss":"the pani"},{"surface":"маткой","lemma":"матка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"compound with пани","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тантой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тантой","lemma":"танта","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with маткой","gloss":"aunt"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies родственницей","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родственницей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"одною","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies родственницей","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"родственницей","lemma":"родственница","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with маткой","gloss":"relative"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сыном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"взрослым","lemma":"взрослый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сыном","gloss":"grown"},{"surface":"сыном","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies родственницей","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of an elided verb (было)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Польши","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Польши","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Польши","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"Польши","lemma":"польша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of an elided verb (было)","gloss":"Poland"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking самой","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Польши","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of уступил","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"уступил","lemma":"уступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вывез","gloss":"gave up"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поручик","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies поручик","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поручик","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"поручик","lemma":"поручик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"lieutenant"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хороший","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"хороший","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with поручик","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"Сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"жениться","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to marry"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies женился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"женился","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of оказалась","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оказалась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"оказалась","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on женился","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"хромая","lemma":"хромой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of оказалась","gloss":"lame"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b8-c7-s82","source":"— Так вы на хромой женились? — воскликнул Калганов.","translation":"\"So you married a lame woman?\" exclaimed Kalganov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы на хромой женились?","title":"Adjective as noun: «на хромой»","body":"«хромой» ('lame') is used substantivally, declined as a feminine adjective in the prepositional after «на» — 'you married a lame [woman]?'. Russian freely turns adjectives into nouns when the referent is clear."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies женились","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of женились","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хромой","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"хромой","lemma":"хромой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of женились","gloss":"a lame woman"},{"surface":"женились","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to женились","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Kalganov"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b8-c7-s83","source":"— На хромой-с. Это уж они меня оба тогда немножечко обманули и скрыли. Я думал, что она подпрыгивает… она всё подпрыгивала, я и думал, что она это от веселости…","translation":"\"A lame one, sir. They both deceived me a little at the time and kept it hidden. I thought she was skipping... she kept skipping along, and I thought it was out of high spirits...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это уж они меня оба тогда немножечко обманули и скрыли","title":"Particle «уж» and stacked qualifiers","body":"«уж» (a worn-down «уже») adds a resigned, confiding emphasis 'well, you see'. Note the heap of adverbial softeners — «тогда», «немножечко» (a teeny bit), «оба» (both) — that gentle, evasive padding so typical of Maximov."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"немножечко","title":"«немножечко» — a teeny little bit","body":"A doubly diminutive form: «немного» → «немножко» → «немножечко». Each suffix shrinks and softens further; Maximov uses the most coaxing form to minimize the deception."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она всё подпрыгивала","title":"«всё» + imperfective for continuous action","body":"Adverbial «всё» here means 'kept on, all the while'; with imperfective «подпрыгивала» (kept giving little hops) it stresses repeated, ongoing motion. The aspect is the joke: he saw constant skipping and mistook it for gaiety."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хромой","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"хромой","lemma":"хромой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of an elided verb (женился)","gloss":"a lame one"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (honorific suffix)","role":"honorific suffix attached to хромой","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"focus particle referring forward to the deception (they deceived me)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обманули","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обманули","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обманули","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"modifies они","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обманули","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"немножечко","lemma":"немножечко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обманули","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"обманули","lemma":"обмануть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"deceived"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скрыли","lemma":"скрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with обманули","gloss":"hid it"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подпрыгивает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подпрыгивает","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"подпрыгивает","lemma":"подпрыгивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думал","gloss":"was skipping"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подпрыгивала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подпрыгивала","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"подпрыгивала","lemma":"подпрыгивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept skipping"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подпрыгивала","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of веселости","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of an implied verb (было)","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of an elided verb (делает)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking веселости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"веселости","lemma":"весёлость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of думал","gloss":"high spirits"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b8-c7-s84","source":"— От радости, что за вас идет? — завопил каким-то детски звонким голосом Калганов.","translation":"\"Out of joy at marrying you?\" Kalganov cried in a sort of childishly ringing voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"От радости, что за вас идет?","title":"«идти за» — to marry (of a woman)","body":"«идти за кого» ('to go [in marriage] for someone') is the idiom for a woman marrying a man — «что за вас идет» = 'that she was marrying you'. «От радости» (from joy) is «от» + genitive of cause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"завопил ... детски звонким голосом","title":"«завопить» and «детски звонкий»","body":"«завопить» is inceptive perfective 'to start wailing/crying out'. «детски звонким голосом» — 'in a childishly ringing voice', the instrumental of manner; «детски» is a short adverb 'child-like', underscoring Kalganov's youthful, unguarded glee."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause modifying радости","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of идет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of радости","gloss":"is marrying","note":"Idiom «идти за кого» = for a woman \"to marry\" someone."},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to радости","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голосом","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase каким","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"детски","lemma":"детски","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies звонким","gloss":"childishly"},{"surface":"звонким","lemma":"звонкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"ringing"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завопил","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"Kalganov"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b8-c7-s85","source":"— Да-с, от радости-с. А вышло, что совсем от иной причины-с. Потом, когда мы обвенчались, она мне после венца в тот же вечер и призналась и очень чувствительно извинения просила, чрез лужу, говорит, в молодых годах однажды перескочила и ножку тем повредила, хи-хи!","translation":"\"Yes, sir, out of joy, sir. But it turned out to be from quite another cause, sir. Afterward, when we'd been married, she confessed to me that very evening, after the ceremony, and asked my pardon very feelingly: as a girl, she said, she'd once jumped over a puddle and so injured her little leg, hee-hee!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чрез лужу ... перескочила и ножку тем повредила","title":"Archaic «чрез» and diminutive «ножка»","body":"«чрез» is the bookish/Church-Slavonic doublet of «через» ('over, across'), an elevated touch in plain speech. «ножку» is the affectionate diminutive of «нога» (leg/foot) — 'her little leg' — softening the confession of her lameness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"очень чувствительно извинения просила","title":"Genitive object «извинения просила»","body":"«просить» governs the genitive of what is sought: «извинения просила» = 'begged pardon'. The word order, with object before verb, gives the old-fashioned, slightly mincing cadence of Maximov's account."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (honorific suffix)","role":"honorific suffix attached to Да","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of an elided verb","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (honorific suffix)","role":"honorific suffix attached to радости","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of причины","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иной","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking иной","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"иной","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies причины","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"причины","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of вышло","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (honorific suffix)","role":"honorific suffix attached to причины","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies призналась","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обвенчались","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обвенчались","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"обвенчались","lemma":"обвенчаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on призналась","gloss":"were married"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of призналась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of призналась","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking венца","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"венца","lemma":"венец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of призналась","gloss":"the wedding"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of призналась","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"призналась","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confessed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чувствительно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"чувствительно","lemma":"чувствительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просила","gloss":"feelingly"},{"surface":"извинения","lemma":"извинение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of просила","gloss":"forgiveness"},{"surface":"просила","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with призналась","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лужу","gloss":"over","note":"Archaic spelling of через."},{"surface":"лужу","lemma":"лужа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перескочила","gloss":"a puddle"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel clause to перескочила","gloss":"she says"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking годах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"молодых","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies годах","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"годах","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of перескочила","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"однажды","lemma":"однажды","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перескочила","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"перескочила","lemma":"перескочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with призналась","gloss":"jumped over"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ножку","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of повредила","gloss":"her leg"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повредила","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"повредила","lemma":"повредить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перескочила","gloss":"injured"},{"surface":"хи","lemma":"хи","morphology":"interjection","role":"part of the interjection хи-хи","gloss":"hee"},{"surface":"хи","lemma":"хи","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with хи","gloss":"hee"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b8-c7-s86","source":"Калганов так и залился самым детским смехом и почти упал на диван.","translation":"Kalganov fairly dissolved into the most childlike laughter and almost fell over onto the sofa.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"залился самым детским смехом","title":"«залиться смехом» — to dissolve in laughter","body":"The idiom «залиться смехом» (literally 'to be flooded with laughter') means to burst into, dissolve into laughter. «самым детским» — 'the most childlike', superlative with «самый» — keeps Kalganov's boyishness in view."}],"words":[{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of залился","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies залился","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"залился","lemma":"залиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst into"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies детским","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"детским","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смехом","gloss":"childlike"},{"surface":"смехом","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of залился","gloss":"laughter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упал","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"упал","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with залился","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диван","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"диван","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упал","gloss":"sofa"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b8-c7-s87","source":"Рассмеялась и Грушенька.","translation":"Grushenka laughed too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Рассмеялась и Грушенька.","title":"Inversion: verb before subject","body":"The verb «рассмеялась» (burst out laughing, perfective) precedes its subject «Грушенька», with «и» meaning 'too'. Fronting the verb throws the new information — the laughter — first, then names who joins in: tight narrative rhythm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рассмеялась","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Грушенька","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Рассмеялась","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b8-c7-s88","source":"Митя же был на верху счастья.","translation":"As for Mitya, he was at the height of bliss.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митя же был на верху счастья.","title":"Topic-shifting «же»","body":"Here «же» is not the insistent particle but the contrastive topic-marker 'as for...': 'As for Mitya, he was...'. It pivots attention from the laughing pair to Mitya."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на верху счастья","title":"«на верху счастья» — at the height of bliss","body":"An idiom 'at the very top of happiness, on the pinnacle of bliss'. «на верху» (on the top of) + genitive «счастья». The phrase quietly foreshadows how high — and how precarious — Mitya's joy stands tonight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Митя","gloss":"for his part"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to верху","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking верху","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"верху","lemma":"верх","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the height"},{"surface":"счастья","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies верху","gloss":"of bliss"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b8-c7-s89","source":"— Знаете, знаете, это он теперь уже вправду, это он теперь не лжет! — восклицал, обращаясь к Мите, Калганов. — И знаете, он ведь два раза был женат — это он про первую жену говорит — а вторая жена его, знаете, сбежала и жива до сих пор, знаете вы это?","translation":"\"You know, you know, now he's telling the truth, now he isn't lying!\" Kalganov exclaimed, turning to Mitya. \"And you know, he's been married twice — it's his first wife he's talking about — but his second wife, you know, ran off and is alive to this day. Did you know that?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это он теперь уже вправду, это он теперь не лжет!","title":"Emphatic repetition and «вправду»","body":"Kalganov repeats «это он теперь» for breathless emphasis. «вправду» ('truly, for real') contrasts with «не лжет» (isn't lying) — the imperfective present «лжёт» (from «лгать», to lie) names habitual lying now suspended."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а вторая жена его ... сбежала и жива до сих пор","title":"Short adjective «жива» as predicate","body":"«жива» is the short form of «живой» (alive), predicative: 'is alive'. The short form is the normal way to say someone is alive; «до сих пор» means 'to this day, still'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"discourse verb opening the exclamation","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"repeats Знаете for emphasis","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject with вправду","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вправду","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вправду","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вправду","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"вправду","lemma":"вправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, parallel to не лжет below","gloss":"for real"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject with лжет","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лжет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лжет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates лжет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"лжет","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclaimed clause","gloss":"is lying"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main narrative verb introducing the quote","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb clause on восклицал","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the new sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"discourse verb opening the clause","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of женат","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies женат","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of женат","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to женат","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"женат","lemma":"женатый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with говорит","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жену","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"первую","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жену","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"жену","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорит","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"is talking"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вторая","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жена","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"жена","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сбежала","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жена","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical discourse verb","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"сбежала","lemma":"сбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with жива","gloss":"ran off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жива","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сбежала","gloss":"is alive"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition, part of the idiom до сих пор","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the idiom до сих пор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the idiom до сих пор","gloss":"day","note":"«до сих пор» is a fixed idiom meaning \"to this day / still\" — don't parse the pieces separately."},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"did you know"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаете","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b8-c7-s90","source":"— Неужто? — быстро повернулся к Максимову Митя, выразив необыкновенное изумление в лице.","translation":"\"Is that so?\" Mitya turned quickly to Maximov, his face expressing extraordinary astonishment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Неужто?","title":"«Неужто?» — 'Is that so?, really?'","body":"A colloquial, slightly archaic variant of «неужели», expressing surprised disbelief. Mitya's astonished single word; the «-то» form is folksier and warmer than «неужели»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выразив необыкновенное изумление в лице","title":"Perfective gerund «выразив»","body":"«выразив» is the perfective past gerund of «выразить» (to express): 'having expressed extraordinary astonishment in his face'. The gerund attaches the simultaneous-prior facial reaction to the main act of turning, «повернулся»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"stand-alone interrogative particle","gloss":"Really?","note":"«Неужто» is an old-fashioned particle for \"Is that so? / Really?\", stronger than «неужели»."},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Максимову","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Максимову","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулся","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернулся","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"выразив","lemma":"выразить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial converb clause on повернулся","gloss":"expressing"},{"surface":"необыкновенное","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies изумление","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"изумление","lemma":"изумление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выразив","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выразив","gloss":"his face"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b8-c7-s91","source":"— Да-с, сбежала-с, я имел эту неприятность, — скромно подтвердил Максимов. — С одним мусью-с. А главное, всю деревушку мою перво-наперво на одну себя предварительно отписала. Ты, говорит, человек образованный, ты и сам найдешь себе кусок. С тем и посадила. Мне раз один почтенный архиерей и заметил: у тебя одна супруга была хромая, а другая уж чресчур легконогая, хи-хи!","translation":"\"Yes, sir, she ran off, sir — I had that unpleasantness,\" Maximov confirmed modestly. \"With a certain monsieur, sir. And the main thing was, she first of all had my whole little estate signed over to herself alone, in advance. You, she says, are an educated man, you'll find yourself a crust well enough. And with that she packed me off. A worthy bishop once remarked to me: one of your wives was lame, and the other was a bit too light on her feet, hee-hee!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"С одним мусью-с","title":"«мусью» — a mangled 'monsieur'","body":"«мусью» is a popular, half-mocking russification of French 'monsieur', used for a Frenchman or a dandy aping French manners. Maximov's wife ran off 'with a certain monsieur'; the deformed word carries condescension."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всю деревушку мою ... на одну себя ... отписала","title":"«деревушка» — pitiful little estate","body":"«деревушка» is the diminutive (here pejorative-affectionate) of «деревня» (village/estate) — his poor little property. «на одну себя» ('onto herself alone') uses the reflexive «себя»; «отписать» is the legal 'to sign/make over (in writing)'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чресчур легконогая","title":"«чересчур легконогая» — 'a bit too light-footed'","body":"«легконогая» literally 'light-footed', a coinage punning on the lame first wife: the second was 'too light on her feet', i.e. apt to run off. «чресчур» is the colloquial spelling of «чересчур» ('too, excessively')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"перво-наперво","title":"«перво-наперво» — first of all","body":"A folksy reduplicated adverb meaning 'first and foremost, before anything else'. The colloquial doubling marks Maximov's homely, rambling storytelling register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle opening the reply","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential suffix attached to Да","gloss":"sir","note":"«-с» is an archaic servility suffix (short for «сударь») tacked onto a word, like adding \"sir\" — here split off from «Да-с» by the tokenizer."},{"surface":"сбежала","lemma":"сбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause echoing the topic","gloss":"she ran off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential suffix attached to сбежала","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of неприятность","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"неприятность","lemma":"неприятность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"unpleasantness"},{"surface":"скромно","lemma":"скромно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подтвердил","gloss":"modestly"},{"surface":"подтвердил","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quote","gloss":"confirmed"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подтвердил","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мусью","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies мусью","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"мусью","lemma":"мусью","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb сбежала","gloss":"monsieur","note":"«мусью» is a folksy, indeclinable Russification of French \"monsieur.\""},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential suffix attached to мусью","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the new sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying отписала","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of деревушку","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"деревушку","lemma":"деревушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отписала","gloss":"little estate"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of деревушку","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"перво","lemma":"перво-наперво","morphology":"adverb","role":"first half of the idiom перво-наперво, modifies отписала","gloss":"first of all"},{"surface":"наперво","lemma":"перво-наперво","morphology":"adverb","role":"second half of the idiom перво-наперво","gloss":"first of all","note":"«перво-наперво» is a single colloquial idiom meaning \"first and foremost\", split here into two tokens by the hyphen."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies себя","gloss":"herself alone"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of отписала","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"предварительно","lemma":"предварительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отписала","gloss":"in advance"},{"surface":"отписала","lemma":"отписать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"signed over"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, introduces her reported speech","gloss":"she says"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Ты (zero copula)","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"образованный","lemma":"образованный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"educated"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of найдешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes ты","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"найдешь","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will find"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of найдешь","gloss":"for yourself"},{"surface":"кусок","lemma":"кусок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of найдешь","gloss":"a crust"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of посадила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"посадила","lemma":"посадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"packed me off","note":"«посадить» here is figurative — \"to sit someone down/leave someone stranded,\" i.e., to be gotten rid of."},{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of заметил","gloss":"To me"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies архиерей","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"почтенный","lemma":"почтенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies архиерей","gloss":"worthy"},{"surface":"архиерей","lemma":"архиерей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"bishop"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя, possessive construction","gloss":"you have","note":"«у тебя ... была» is the possessive construction \"you had,\" literally \"at you there was.\""},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"possessor in the у тебя была construction","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies супруга","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"супруга","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to хромая","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"хромая","lemma":"хромой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"lame"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другая","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of легконогая (elided была)","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies чресчур","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"чресчур","lemma":"чересчур","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легконогая","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"легконогая","lemma":"легконогий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement, coordinated with хромая","gloss":"light on her feet"},{"surface":"хи","lemma":"хи","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation of laughter","gloss":"hee"},{"surface":"хи","lemma":"хи","morphology":"interjection","role":"repeats хи","gloss":"hee"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b8-c7-s92","source":"— Послушайте, послушайте! — так и кипел Калганов, — если он и лжет — а он часто лжет — то он лжет, единственно чтобы доставить всем удовольствие: это ведь не подло, не подло? Знаете, я люблю его иногда. Он очень подл, но он натурально подл, а? Как вы думаете? Другой подличает из-за чего-нибудь, чтобы выгоду получить, а он просто, он от натуры… Вообразите, например, он претендует (вчера всю дорогу спорил), что Гоголь в «Мертвых душах» это про него сочинил. Помните, там есть помещик Максимов, которого высек Ноздрев и был предан суду: «за нанесение помещику Максимову личной обиды розгами в пьяном виде» — ну помните? Так что ж, представьте, он претендует, что это он и был и что это его высекли! Ну может ли это быть? Чичиков ездил, самое позднее, в двадцатых годах, в начале, так что совсем годы не сходятся. Не могли его тогда высечь. Ведь не могли, не могли?","translation":"\"Listen, listen!\" Kalganov fairly boiled over. \"Even if he is lying — and he often lies — he lies solely to give everyone pleasure: now, that isn't base, is it, isn't base? You know, I'm fond of him sometimes. He's very base, but he's base in a natural way, eh? What do you think? Another man plays the rogue for some reason, to get some advantage out of it, but he does it simply, out of his very nature... Imagine, for instance, he claims (he argued about it the whole way yesterday) that Gogol wrote about him in 'Dead Souls.' Do you remember, there's a landowner Maximov in it whom Nozdryov thrashed and was put on trial 'for inflicting personal injury with birch-rods upon the landowner Maximov while drunk' — you remember? Well, then, just imagine — he claims it was he, and that it was he who got the thrashing! Now, can that be? Chichikov did his traveling, at the very latest, in the twenties, at the beginning, so the years don't fit at all. He couldn't have been thrashed then. He couldn't have been, could he, could he?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чичиков ездил ... в двадцатых годах","title":"Multidirectional «ездил» for ranging travel","body":"«ездил» is the multidirectional motion verb (from «ездить»), fitting Chichikov's roaming about the country buying dead souls, not a single trip. «в двадцатых годах» — 'in the twenties', «в» + prepositional for the decade."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не могли его тогда высечь. Ведь не могли, не могли?","title":"«не могли» + perfective infinitive; pleading repetition","body":"«не могли ... высечь» = 'could not have thrashed him', negated «мочь» + perfective infinitive of the single completed act. The doubled tag «ведь не могли, не могли?» reproduces Kalganov's anxious appeal for agreement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Послушайте","lemma":"послушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"Listen"},{"surface":"послушайте","lemma":"послушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"repeats Послушайте for emphasis","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"first half of the idiom так и, intensifies кипел","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"second half of the idiom так и","gloss":"positively","note":"«так и» before a verb is an intensifying idiom (\"just went and...\", \"positively did X\")."},{"surface":"кипел","lemma":"кипеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was boiling over"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кипел","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лжет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лжет","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"лжет","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"is lying"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical aside","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лжет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лжет","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"лжет","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the parenthetical aside","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"introduces the resulting main clause, correlative with если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лжет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"лжет","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the то-clause","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чтобы доставить","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"доставить","lemma":"доставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of доставить","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"удовольствие","lemma":"удовольствие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of доставить","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of подло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подло","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates подло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подло","lemma":"подло","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of это, zero copula","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates подло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подло","lemma":"подло","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats подло for emphasis","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"Знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"discourse verb opening the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подл","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подл","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"подл","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Он, zero copula","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подл","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"натурально","lemma":"натурально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подл","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"подл","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with подл (w36)","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"tag-question particle","gloss":"eh?"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаете","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"Другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подличает, used substantively","gloss":"Another man"},{"surface":"подличает","lemma":"подличать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"plays the rogue"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"first half of the compound preposition из-за","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"second half of the compound preposition из-за","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"first half of the indefinite pronoun чего-нибудь","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the indefinite pronoun чего-нибудь","gloss":"or other","note":"«чего-нибудь» = \"some reason or other\"; «-нибудь» is a suffix that turns question words into indefinite pronouns."},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"выгоду","lemma":"выгода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of получить","gloss":"an advantage"},{"surface":"получить","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial purpose clause on подличает","gloss":"get"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (просто)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"predicate adverbial, parallel to подличает","gloss":"does it simply"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (от натуры)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking натуры","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"натуры","lemma":"натура","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb, parallel to просто","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"Вообразите","lemma":"вообразить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Imagine"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Вообразите","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of претендует","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"претендует","lemma":"претендовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"complement clause of Вообразите","gloss":"claims"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спорил","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дорогу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of спорил","gloss":"journey"},{"surface":"спорил","lemma":"спорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause on претендует","gloss":"argued"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of претендует","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Гоголь","lemma":"гоголь","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сочинил","gloss":"Gogol"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Мертвых","lemma":"мёртвый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies душах","gloss":"Dead"},{"surface":"душах","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition в, modifies сочинил","gloss":"Souls","note":"«Мертвых душах» names Gogol's novel «Мёртвые души» (Dead Souls)."},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сочинил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сочинил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сочинил","lemma":"сочинить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"Помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Remember"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"complement clause of Помните","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"помещик","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"a landowner"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to помещик","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of высек","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"высек","lemma":"высечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause modifying помещик","gloss":"thrashed"},{"surface":"Ноздрев","lemma":"ноздрев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of высек","gloss":"Nozdryov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of предан","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"предан","lemma":"предать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with высек","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"суду","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of предан","gloss":"on trial"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нанесение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нанесение","lemma":"нанесение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition за, modifies предан","gloss":"inflicting"},{"surface":"помещику","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of нанесение","gloss":"upon the landowner"},{"surface":"Максимову","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to помещику","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"личной","lemma":"личный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обиды","gloss":"personal"},{"surface":"обиды","lemma":"обида","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нанесение","gloss":"injury"},{"surface":"розгами","lemma":"розга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies обиды","gloss":"with birch-rods"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пьяном","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виде","gloss":"a drunken"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обиды","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"repeats Помните as a tag question","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"first part of the idiom так что ж","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"second part of the idiom так что ж","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"third part of the idiom так что ж","gloss":"well","note":"«Так что ж» is a colloquial fixed phrase, roughly \"Well, so what.\""},{"surface":"представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel to претендует","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of претендует","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"претендует","lemma":"претендовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"claims"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first complement clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of был, cleft construction","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies был","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first complement clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two complement clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second complement clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject of высекли, cleft construction","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of высекли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"высекли","lemma":"высечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second complement clause","gloss":"they thrashed"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"forms the yes/no question with может","gloss":"[question]"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of может быть","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Чичиков","lemma":"чичиков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ездил","gloss":"Chichikov"},{"surface":"ездил","lemma":"ездить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did his traveling"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самое позднее","morphology":"adverb phrase","role":"first part of the idiom самое позднее, modifies ездил","gloss":"at the very"},{"surface":"позднее","lemma":"самое позднее","morphology":"adverb phrase","role":"second part of the idiom самое позднее","gloss":"latest","note":"«самое позднее» is a fixed phrase meaning \"at the very latest.\""},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking годах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"двадцатых","lemma":"двадцатый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies годах","gloss":"the twenties"},{"surface":"годах","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial time complement of ездил","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начале","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"начале","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of ездил, coordinated with годах","gloss":"the beginning"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with что, introduces the result clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сходятся","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"годы","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сходятся","gloss":"the years"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates сходятся","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"сходятся","lemma":"сходиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"match up"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates могли","gloss":"couldn't"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of высечь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высечь","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"высечь","lemma":"высечь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"thrashed"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могли","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates могли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"repeats могли as a tag question","gloss":"could they"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates могли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"repeats могли as a tag question","gloss":"could they"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b8-c7-s93","source":"Трудно было представить, из-за чего так горячился Калганов, но горячился он искренно.","translation":"It was hard to imagine why Kalganov was getting so worked up, but worked up he was, and sincerely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Трудно было представить, из-за чего так горячился Калганов","title":"Impersonal «трудно было представить»","body":"A subjectless impersonal construction: «трудно было» ('it was hard') + infinitive, with no nominative subject. «из-за чего» ('on account of what, why') uses «из-за» + genitive for cause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"горячился он искренно","title":"Concessive inversion for emphasis","body":"Russian echoes the verb and re-fronts it — 'but worked up he was, and sincerely' — using inversion («горячился он») to underline the concession. The repeated «горячился» drives home that the excitement, however baffling, was real."}],"words":[{"surface":"Трудно","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"Hard"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to Трудно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Трудно было","gloss":"to imagine"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"first half of the compound preposition из-за","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"second half of the compound preposition из-за","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of горячился","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies горячился","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"горячился","lemma":"горячиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of представить","gloss":"was getting worked up"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of горячился","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"горячился","lemma":"горячиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with горячился (w8)","gloss":"worked up"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of горячился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies горячился","gloss":"sincerely"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b8-c7-s94","source":"Митя беззаветно входил в его интересы.","translation":"Mitya entered into his interests wholeheartedly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беззаветно","title":"«беззаветно» — wholeheartedly, selflessly","body":"From «без» + «завет» (covenant, reserve): without reservation, utterly devotedly. «входил в его интересы» ('entered into his concerns') with «беззаветно» shows Mitya throwing himself, in his exalted mood, into Kalganov's silly enthusiasm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of входил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"беззаветно","lemma":"беззаветно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies входил","gloss":"wholeheartedly"},{"surface":"входил","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"entered into"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking интересы","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of интересы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"интересы","lemma":"интерес","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of входил","gloss":"interests"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b8-c7-s95","source":"— Ну, да ведь коли высекли! — крикнул он хохоча.","translation":"\"Well, but suppose they did thrash him!\" he cried, roaring with laughter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да ведь коли высекли!","title":"Folksy «коли» — 'if/since they did'","body":"«коли» is a colloquial, slightly archaic conjunction for «если» ('if, since'). With «да ведь» it gives a rollicking 'well, but suppose they did thrash him!'. The impersonal «высекли» (3rd pl., 'they thrashed') leaves the agents unnamed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"крикнул он хохоча","title":"Imperfective gerund «хохоча»","body":"«хохоча» is the present imperfective gerund of «хохотать» (to roar with laughter): 'he cried, roaring with laughter' — a simultaneous attendant action sharing Mitya's subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the contrast","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies коли высекли","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical conditional clause","gloss":"suppose","note":"«коли» is an archaic/folksy word for \"if\"; the apodosis is left unsaid — an exclamatory ellipsis, roughly \"well, suppose they did!\""},{"surface":"высекли","lemma":"высечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the коли-clause","gloss":"they thrashed him"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quote","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хохоча","lemma":"хохотать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial converb clause on крикнул","gloss":"laughing"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b8-c7-s96","source":"— Не то чтобы высекли-с, а так, — вставил вдруг Максимов.","translation":"\"It wasn't exactly that they thrashed me, sir, but something of the sort,\" Maximov suddenly put in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не то чтобы высекли-с, а так","title":"«не то чтобы..., а...» — 'not exactly..., but...'","body":"The construction «не то чтобы X, а Y» hedges: 'not so much that they thrashed [me], but rather...'. «а так» trails off vaguely ('but sort of...'), Maximov's characteristic evasion — and the «чтобы» here carries the irrealis past «высекли»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the idiom не то чтобы","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, part of fixed phrase не то чтобы","role":"part of idiom не то чтобы","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of высекли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"высекли","lemma":"высечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the не то чтобы clause","gloss":"they thrashed me","note":"Impersonal plural standing for an unnamed subject, as English \"they\" in \"they thrashed me.\""},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (colloquial address clitic)","role":"attached to высекли as a politeness marker","gloss":"sir","note":"The old servile \"-с\" clitic (from сударь), added to show deference to a social superior."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the чтобы-clause with так","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"pronoun/adverb","role":"coordinated with the чтобы-clause","gloss":"just something"},{"surface":"вставил","lemma":"вставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put in"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вставил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вставил","gloss":"Maximov"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b8-c7-s97","source":"— Как так? Или высекли, или нет?","translation":"\"How do you mean? Either they thrashed you or they didn't?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Или высекли, или нет?","title":"«или ..., или ...» — exclusive 'either/or'","body":"The correlative «или ..., или ...» forces a yes-or-no: 'either they thrashed you, or they didn't'. Kalganov demands Maximov stop hedging and commit to one of the two."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the idiom как так","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"высекли","lemma":"высечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did they thrash you"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with высекли","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b8-c7-s98","source":"— Ктура годзина, пане? (который час?) — обратился со скучающим видом пан с трубкой к высокому пану на стуле.","translation":"\"Ktura godzina, panie? (what time is it?)\" the pan with the pipe asked the tall pan on the chair, with a bored air.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ктура","lemma":"ктура","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular (Polish którą/która)","role":"determiner of годзина","gloss":"what","note":"Broken Polish: \"która godzina\" = \"what time.\" Rendered phonetically in Cyrillic to mark the pan's Polish accent."},{"surface":"годзина","lemma":"годзина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular (Polish godzina)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular (Polish panie)","role":"vocative address to высокому пану (the tall pan), not a mixed-gender address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned to ask"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"скучающим","lemma":"скучающий","morphology":"adjective (participle), instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"bored"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"the pan"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трубкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"трубкой","lemma":"трубка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"pipe"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пану","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"высокому","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пану","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"пану","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"pan"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стуле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стуле","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пану","gloss":"chair"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b8-c7-s99","source":"Тот вскинул в ответ плечами: часов у них у обоих не было.","translation":"The other shrugged his shoulders in reply: neither of them had a watch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"часов у них у обоих не было","title":"Genitive of negation with «не было»","body":"In a negated existential, the absent thing goes in the genitive: «часов ... не было» = 'there was no watch'. «у них у обоих» doubles the «у»-phrase ('on them, on both of them') to say neither possessed one."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вскинул ... плечами","title":"«вскинуть плечами» — to give a shrug","body":"«вскинуть» (to jerk/throw up) + instrumental «плечами» (shoulders): a sharp shrug. The instrumental here is the body-part used in the gesture, the normal pattern for shrugging, nodding, etc."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner/pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскинул","gloss":"the other one"},{"surface":"вскинул","lemma":"вскинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shrugged"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответ","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскинул","gloss":"reply"},{"surface":"плечами","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"instrumental complement of вскинул","gloss":"his shoulders"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of было (genitive under negation)","gloss":"a watch"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обоих, reinforcing у них","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"both of them"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential)","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b8-c7-s100","source":"— Отчего не поговорить? Дайте и другим говорить. Коли вам скучно, так другие и не говори, — вскинулась опять Грушенька, видимо нарочно привязываясь.","translation":"\"Why shouldn't they talk? Let others talk too. If you're bored, that's no reason others shouldn't speak,\" Grushenka flared up again, plainly picking a quarrel on purpose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отчего не поговорить?","title":"«отчего не» + infinitive — 'why not...?'","body":"«отчего» ('why, for what reason') + negated infinitive «не поговорить» forms a rhetorical 'why shouldn't [they] talk?'. The dative subject is implied; the perfective «поговорить» means 'have a [bit of a] chat'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Коли вам скучно, так другие и не говори","title":"Dative «вам скучно»; folksy imperative «не говори»","body":"«вам скучно» is the dative-experiencer 'you are bored'. «другие ... не говори» uses a generalized 2nd-sg imperative for a 3rd-person collective ('then let others not speak'), a homely, ungrammatical-sounding folk turn fitting Grushenka's provocation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"видимо нарочно привязываясь","title":"Imperfective gerund «привязываясь»","body":"«привязываясь» is the present imperfective gerund of «привязываться» (here 'to pick on, fasten a quarrel onto'): 'plainly picking a quarrel on purpose'. The reflexive «-ся» verb plus gerund paints her ongoing, deliberate needling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поговорить","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поговорить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поговорить","lemma":"поговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talk a little"},{"surface":"Дайте","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies другим","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"logical subject of говорить, object of Дайте","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Дайте","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скучно","gloss":"if","note":"Colloquial/archaic form of \"если\" (if)."},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of скучно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"скучно","lemma":"скучно","morphology":"predicate adverb","role":"head of the phrase (predicate)","gloss":"bored"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative to Коли, modifies говори clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of говори","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говори","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говори","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective (generic/impersonal use)","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with поговорить","gloss":"shouldn't speak"},{"surface":"вскинулась","lemma":"вскинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"flared up"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскинулась","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскинулась","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привязываясь","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привязываясь","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"привязываясь","lemma":"привязываться","morphology":"verb, present, reflexive, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскинулась","gloss":"picking a quarrel"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b8-c7-s101","source":"У Мити как бы в первый раз что-то промелькнуло в уме.","translation":"Something seemed to dawn on Mitya, as if for the first time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У Мити как бы в первый раз что-то промелькнуло в уме","title":"«у Мити» + «промелькнуло» — something dawned","body":"The «у» + genitive «у Мити» frames the experiencer ('in Mitya, with Mitya'), while «что-то промелькнуло» ('something flashed') makes the vague thought the grammatical subject. «как бы» ('as if') softens it into a half-formed intuition — the first dim stirring of suspicion."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of промелькнуло","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, part of как бы","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"первый","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of промелькнуло","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, part of что-то","role":"subject of промелькнуло","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle, part of что-то","role":"subject of промелькнуло","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"промелькнуло","lemma":"промелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of промелькнуло","gloss":"mind"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b8-c7-s102","source":"На этот раз пан ответил уже с видимою раздражительностью:","translation":"This time the pan answered with evident irritation:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ответил уже с видимою раздражительностью","title":"Old instrumental «с видимою раздражительностью»","body":"«с» + instrumental of manner: 'with evident irritability'. The «-ою» ending on «видимою» is the archaic full instrumental of «-ая» adjectives, lending the narration a 19th-century literary cast."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"the pan"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раздражительностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"видимою","lemma":"видимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular (archaic ending)","role":"modifies раздражительностью","gloss":"evident"},{"surface":"раздражительностью","lemma":"раздражительность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"irritation"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b8-c7-s103","source":"— Пани, я ниц не мувен против, ниц не поведзялем. (Я не противоречу, я ничего не сказал).","translation":"\"Pani, I say nothing against it, I said nothing. (I am not contradicting, I said nothing.)\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Пани","lemma":"пани","morphology":"noun, vocative, feminine, singular (Polish pani)","role":"head of the phrase (vocative address)","gloss":"madam"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мувен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ниц","lemma":"ниц","morphology":"pronoun (Polish nic = nothing)","role":"direct object of мувен","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мувен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мувен","lemma":"мувен","morphology":"verb, present, active, first, singular (Polish mówię, garbled)","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"say","note":"Broken Polish-Russian pidgin: \"nie mówię\" (I don't say), phonetically respelled to mark Maximov's mockery of the pan's accent."},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мувен","gloss":"against it"},{"surface":"ниц","lemma":"ниц","morphology":"pronoun (Polish nic = nothing)","role":"direct object of поведзялем","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поведзялем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поведзялем","lemma":"поведзялем","morphology":"verb, past, active, first, singular (Polish powiedziałem, garbled)","role":"coordinated with мувен","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of противоречу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies противоречу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"противоречу","lemma":"противоречить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"contradicting"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause, coordinated with противоречу","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b8-c7-s104","source":"— Ну да хорошо, а ты рассказывай, — крикнула Грушенька Максимову. — Что ж вы все замолчали?","translation":"\"Well, all right, then — and you, go on with your story,\" Grushenka cried to Maximov. \"Why have you all fallen silent?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а ты рассказывай","title":"Imperfective imperative «рассказывай»","body":"«рассказывай» is the imperfective imperative of «рассказывать» — 'go on telling, carry on with your story'. The imperfective command invites continued or general action, unlike a perfective «расскажи» (tell it through). «а ты» fronts the addressee contrastively."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ж вы все замолчали?","title":"«что ж» — reproachful 'why on earth'","body":"«что ж» (= «что же») gives a chiding 'why ever have you all fallen silent?'. «замолчали» is perfective, the completed lapse into silence she is scolding."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"all right"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"predicate adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассказывай","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"рассказывай","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хорошо","gloss":"go on telling it"},{"surface":"крикнула","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of крикнула","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"Максимову","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of крикнула","gloss":"to Maximov"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular, part of idiom что ж","role":"part of idiom что ж","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom что ж","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of замолчали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"замолчали","lemma":"замолчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fallen silent"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b8-c7-s105","source":"— Да тут и рассказывать-то нечего-с, потому всё это одни глупости, — подхватил тотчас Максимов с видимым удовольствием и капельку жеманясь, — да и у Гоголя всё это только в виде аллегорическом, потому что все фамилии поставил аллегорические: Ноздрев-то ведь был не Ноздрев, а Носов, а Кувшинников — это уже совсем даже и не похоже, потому что он был Шкворнев. А Фенарди действительно был Фенарди, только не итальянец, а русский, Петров-с, и мамзель Фенарди была хорошенькая-с, и ножки в трико хорошенькие-с, юпочка коротенькая в блестках, и это она вертелась, да только не четыре часа, а всего только четыре минутки-с… и всех обольстила…","translation":"\"Why, there's nothing to tell, sir, since it's all nonsense,\" Maximov took it up at once with evident pleasure, simpering a little, \"and besides, in Gogol it's all only in an allegorical form, since he made all the surnames allegorical: Nozdryov wasn't Nozdryov at all, but Nosov, and Kuvshinnikov — well, that's not even alike, since he was Shkvornyov. But Fenardi really was Fenardi, only not an Italian, but a Russian, Petrov, sir, and Mademoiselle Fenardi was a pretty thing, sir, with pretty little legs in tights, sir, and a short little spangled skirt, and she was the one who spun round — only not for four hours, but altogether just four little minutes, sir... and she enchanted everyone...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тут и рассказывать-то нечего-с","title":"«нечего» + infinitive — 'there's nothing to tell'","body":"The negative «нечего» ('there is nothing to') + infinitive «рассказывать» forms a subjectless 'there's nothing to tell'. The clitic «-то» on «рассказывать-то» foregrounds the verb; the implied dative subject is impersonal."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"капельку жеманясь","title":"«жеманиться» — to simper, mince","body":"«жеманиться» (here as gerund «жеманясь») is to be affected, coy, to simper. «капельку» ('a wee drop', diminutive of «капля») softens it: Maximov puts on a little coy modesty as he takes up the tale."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ножки в трико ... юпочка коротенькая в блестках","title":"Diminutives of theatrical glamour","body":"«ножки» (little legs), «юпочка» (little skirt, from French 'jupe'), «коротенькая» (short little) — a shimmer of diminutives evoking the spangled circus-dancer Mlle Fenardi. Maximov's leering relish surfaces in every «-очк-/-еньк-»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не четыре часа, а всего только четыре минутки","title":"Genitive singular after «четыре»","body":"Numerals 2-4 take the genitive singular: «четыре часа», «четыре минутки» — 'four hours', 'four little minutes'. The diminutive «минутки» deflates the boast; «всего только» means 'only just'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker, modifies тут","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нечего","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассказывать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"рассказывать","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of нечего","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic -то)","role":"modifies рассказывать","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"predicative pronoun","role":"head of the phrase (predicate)","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (colloquial address clitic)","role":"modifies нечего","gloss":"sir","note":"The servile \"-с\" clitic, recurring through Maximov's speech to mark his fawning tone."},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"conjunction (informal for потому что)","role":"introduces the reason clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of глупости","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies глупости","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"глупости","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took it up"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подхватил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подхватил","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удовольствием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"видимым","lemma":"видимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удовольствием","gloss":"evident"},{"surface":"удовольствием","lemma":"удовольствие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подхватил","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"капельку","lemma":"капелька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular (used adverbially)","role":"modifies жеманясь","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"жеманясь","lemma":"жеманиться","morphology":"verb, present, reflexive, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause coordinated with подхватил","gloss":"simpering"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Гоголя","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Гоголя","lemma":"гоголь","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the predicate аллегорическом","gloss":"Gogol","note":"Gogol's Dead Souls is the novel Maximov is (mis)quoting throughout this passage."},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the predicate аллегорическом","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies в виде аллегорическом","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase в виде","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"аллегорическом","lemma":"аллегорический","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виде, head of the predicate","gloss":"allegorical"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of поставил","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of фамилии","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"фамилии","lemma":"фамилия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of поставил","gloss":"the surnames"},{"surface":"поставил","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reason clause","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"аллегорические","lemma":"аллегорический","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"object complement modifying фамилии","gloss":"allegorical"},{"surface":"Ноздрев","lemma":"ноздрев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Nozdryov","note":"Nozdryov, Kuvshinnikov, and the rest are characters from Gogol's Dead Souls that Maximov garbles."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic -то)","role":"modifies Ноздрев","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies был","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Ноздрев","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Ноздрев","lemma":"ноздрев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"Nozdryov"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Носов","lemma":"носов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated predicate complement of был","gloss":"Nosov"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Кувшинников","lemma":"кувшинников","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of похоже","gloss":"Kuvshinnikov"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle (expletive)","role":"expletive with похоже","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies даже","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies похоже","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies похоже","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies похоже","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"похоже","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"predicate adjective, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"alike"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the reason clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking он to Шкворнев","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Шкворнев","lemma":"шкворнев","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"Shkvornyov"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Фенарди","lemma":"фенарди","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Fenardi"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Фенарди","lemma":"фенарди","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"Fenardi"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies итальянец","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies итальянец","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"итальянец","lemma":"итальянец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated predicate complement","gloss":"an Italian"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"русский","lemma":"русский","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated predicate complement","gloss":"a Russian"},{"surface":"Петров","lemma":"петров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to русский","gloss":"Petrov"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (colloquial address clitic)","role":"modifies Петров","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мамзель","lemma":"мамзель","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular (French mademoiselle)","role":"subject of была","gloss":"Mademoiselle","note":"A folksy Russianized borrowing of French \"mademoiselle.\""},{"surface":"Фенарди","lemma":"фенарди","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to мамзель","gloss":"Fenardi"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to хорошенькая","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"хорошенькая","lemma":"хорошенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"pretty"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (colloquial address clitic)","role":"modifies хорошенькая","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ножки","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of хорошенькие","gloss":"the little legs"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трико","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"трико","lemma":"трико","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ножки","gloss":"tights"},{"surface":"хорошенькие","lemma":"хорошенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement of ножки","gloss":"pretty"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (colloquial address clitic)","role":"modifies хорошенькие","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"юпочка","lemma":"юпочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular (dialectal юбочка)","role":"subject of an elided predicate","gloss":"a little skirt","note":"Folk pronunciation of юбочка (little skirt)."},{"surface":"коротенькая","lemma":"коротенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies юпочка","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking блестках","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"блестках","lemma":"блёстка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies юпочка","gloss":"spangles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular (cleft marker)","role":"emphatic marker with она вертелась","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вертелась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вертелась","lemma":"вертеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"spun around"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не четыре часа","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies четыре","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies часа","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of вертелась","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies четыре","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies минутки","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"минутки","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial complement, parallel to часа","gloss":"little minutes"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (colloquial address clitic)","role":"modifies минутки","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of обольстила","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"обольстила","lemma":"обольстить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"captivated"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b8-c7-s106","source":"— Да за что высекли-то, высекли-то тебя за что? — вопил Калганов.","translation":"\"But what were you thrashed for — what were you thrashed for?\" Kalganov kept wailing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за что высекли-то, высекли-то тебя за что?","title":"«за что» + emphatic «-то», chiastic repetition","body":"«за что» ('what for, on what account') brackets the sentence in an impatient chiasmus, with the clitic «-то» nailing «высекли» as the burning point. Kalganov's mounting exasperation lives in the repetition itself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вопил","title":"«вопить» — to wail, howl","body":"«вопить» is to cry out shrilly, to wail or bawl. The imperfective past «вопил» ('kept wailing') stresses Kalganov's repeated, near-hysterical badgering of the question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of высекли","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"высекли","lemma":"высечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"did they thrash you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic -то)","role":"modifies высекли","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"высекли","lemma":"высечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the repeated clause","gloss":"thrash"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle (emphatic -то)","role":"modifies высекли","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of высекли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of высекли","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вопил","lemma":"вопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the narration","gloss":"kept wailing"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вопил","gloss":"Kalganov"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b8-c7-s107","source":"— За Пирона-с, — ответил Максимов.","translation":"\"On account of Piron, sir,\" answered Maximov.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Пирона","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"Пирона","lemma":"пирон","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"Piron"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle (colloquial address clitic)","role":"modifies Пирона","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Maximov"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b8-c7-s108","source":"— За какого Пирона? — крикнул Митя.","translation":"\"On account of what Piron?\" cried Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"За какого Пирона?","title":"Animate accusative = genitive: «какого Пирона»","body":"«Пирон» is an animate masculine noun, so its accusative after «за» borrows the genitive form «Пирона», and «какого» agrees. Mitya's incredulous 'on account of what Piron?' shows the animacy rule in action."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Пирона","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Пирона","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Пирона","lemma":"пирон","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"Piron"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b8-c7-s109","source":"— За французского известного писателя, Пирона-с. Мы тогда все вино пили в большом обществе, в трактире, на этой самой ярмарке. Они меня и пригласили, а я перво-наперво стал эпиграммы говорить: «Ты ль это, Буало, какой смешной наряд». А Буало-то отвечает, что он в маскарад собирается, то есть в баню-с, хи-хи, они и приняли на свой счет. А я поскорее другую сказал, очень известную всем образованным людям, едкую-с:","translation":"\"On account of the famous French writer, Piron, sir. We were all drinking wine then, in a large party, at a tavern, at that very fair. They invited me, and first of all I began reciting epigrams: 'Is that you, Boileau — what a comical getup.' And Boileau answers that he's getting ready for a masquerade — that is, for the bathhouse, sir, hee-hee — and they took it as aimed at themselves. So I quickly recited another, a very well-known one, biting, sir, familiar to all educated people:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты ль это, Буало","title":"Interrogative particle «ль»","body":"«ль» is the reduced form of the yes/no particle «ли», here in verse: «Ты ль это» = 'Is that you?'. Fronting «ты» and following it with «ль» throws the focus onto the addressee — bookish and poetic."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking писателя","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"французского","lemma":"французский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies писателя","gloss":"French"},{"surface":"известного","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies писателя","gloss":"famous"},{"surface":"писателя","lemma":"писатель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition За","gloss":"writer"},{"surface":"Пирона","lemma":"Пирон","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to писателя","gloss":"Piron"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to Пирона","gloss":"sir","note":"'-с' is an old deferential speech tag (from сударь), added for politeness."},{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пили","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of вино","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вино","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пили","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"пили","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were drinking"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обществе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"большом","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обществе","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"обществе","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пили","gloss":"party"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактире","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"трактире","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with обществе","gloss":"tavern"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ярмарке","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ярмарке","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies этой","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ярмарке","lemma":"ярмарка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with обществе","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пригласили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of пригласили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пригласили","lemma":"пригласить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"invited"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"перво","lemma":"перво-наперво","morphology":"adverb (part of compound)","role":"adverbial modifier of стал","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"наперво","lemma":"перво-наперво","morphology":"adverb (part of compound)","role":"coordinated with перво (compound)","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пригласили","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"эпиграммы","lemma":"эпиграмма","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of говорить","gloss":"epigrams"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"reciting"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided copula (= это)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ль","lemma":"ль","morphology":"particle","role":"question particle modifying Ты","gloss":"[question marker]"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of Ты","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Буало","lemma":"Буало","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Boileau"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of наряд","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"смешной","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies наряд","gloss":"comical"},{"surface":"наряд","lemma":"наряд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"getup"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Буало","lemma":"Буало","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отвечает","gloss":"Boileau"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Буало","gloss":"as for","note":"Enclitic '-то' after Буало adds emphasis ('as for Boileau')."},{"surface":"отвечает","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answers"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of собирается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of собирается","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking маскарад","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"маскарад","lemma":"маскарад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of собирается","gloss":"masquerade"},{"surface":"собирается","lemma":"собираться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of отвечает","gloss":"is getting ready"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (idiom)","role":"introduces apposition to маскарад","gloss":"that","note":"'то есть' is a fixed idiom meaning 'that is/i.e.'"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction (idiom)","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking баню","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"баню","lemma":"баня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of собирается","gloss":"bathhouse"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to баню","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"хи","lemma":"хи","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection (laughter)","gloss":"hee"},{"surface":"хи","lemma":"хи","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with хи (reduplication)","gloss":"hee"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of приняли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приняли","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"приняли","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счет","gloss":"as directed at"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of счет","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"счет","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приняли","gloss":"account","note":"'принять на свой счёт' is an idiom meaning 'to take personally'."},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"поскорее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"another one"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recited"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известную","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"известную","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies другую","gloss":"well-known"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of людям","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"образованным","lemma":"образованный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies людям","gloss":"educated"},{"surface":"людям","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"dative complement of известную","gloss":"to people"},{"surface":"едкую","lemma":"едкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies другую","gloss":"biting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to едкую","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b8-c7-s110","source":"Ты Сафо, я Фаон, об этом я не спорю, Но, к моему ты горю, Пути не знаешь к морю.","translation":"You're Sappho, I'm Phaon — I'll not dispute that part, / But here is, to my sorrow, the trouble in your heart: / The way down to the sea you cannot chart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к моему ты горю ... Пути не знаешь к морю","title":"Genitive object under negation; «к» + dative","body":"«Пути не знаешь» — the negated «знать» takes the genitive «пути» ('you do not know the way'). «к моему горю» ('to my sorrow') and «к морю» ('to the sea') both use «к» + dative; the rhyme горю/морю drives the verse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided copula (= Сафо)","gloss":"you're"},{"surface":"Сафо","lemma":"Сафо","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Ты","gloss":"Sappho"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elided copula (= Фаон)","gloss":"I'm"},{"surface":"Фаон","lemma":"Фаон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of я","gloss":"Phaon"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спорю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спорю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спорю","lemma":"спорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dispute"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of горю","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"горю","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition к","gloss":"sorrow"},{"surface":"Пути","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знаешь (genitive with negation)","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking морю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"морю","lemma":"море","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Пути (path to the sea)","gloss":"the sea"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b8-c7-s111","source":"Они еще пуще обиделись и начали меня неприлично за это ругать, а я как раз, на беду себе, чтобы поправить обстоятельства, тут и рассказал очень образованный анекдот про Пирона, как его не приняли во французскую академию, а он, чтоб отмстить, написал свою эпитафию для надгробного камня:","translation":"They took even greater offense and began abusing me indecently for it, and just then, to my own misfortune, in order to set things right, I went and told a very erudite anecdote about Piron — how he wasn't admitted to the French Academy, and how, to avenge himself, he composed his own epitaph for his gravestone:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы поправить обстоятельства, тут и рассказал","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«чтобы» + infinitive «поправить» expresses purpose: 'in order to set things right'. Because the subject (Maximov) is the same in both clauses, the infinitive — not the past-form irrealis — is used after «чтобы»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чтоб отмстить, написал свою эпитафию","title":"Archaic «отмстить» and «надгробный камень»","body":"«отмстить» is the Church-Slavonic-flavoured form of «отомстить» (to avenge), without the inserted vowel — a solemn, bookish ring. «эпитафия ... для надгробного камня» = an epitaph for the gravestone; «свою» (reflexive 'his own') points the epitaph back to Piron himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обиделись","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пуще","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies обиделись","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"обиделись","lemma":"обидеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took offense"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with обиделись","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ругать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"неприлично","lemma":"неприлично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ругать","gloss":"indecently"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking это","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ругать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ругать","lemma":"ругать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начали","gloss":"abusing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"adverb (idiom)","role":"part of the phrase как раз, modifies рассказал","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"как раз","morphology":"adverb (idiom)","role":"part of the phrase как раз","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беду","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"беду","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказал","gloss":"misfortune"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"possessor of беду (my own)","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поправить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"поправить","lemma":"поправить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on рассказал","gloss":"set right"},{"surface":"обстоятельства","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of поправить","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказал","gloss":"right then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассказал","gloss":"went and"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies образованный","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"образованный","lemma":"образованный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies анекдот","gloss":"erudite"},{"surface":"анекдот","lemma":"анекдот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of рассказал","gloss":"anecdote"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Пирона","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Пирона","lemma":"Пирон","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition про, modifying анекдот","gloss":"Piron"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приняли","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приняли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приняли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приняли","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"content clause of анекдот","gloss":"admitted"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking академию","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"французскую","lemma":"французский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies академию","gloss":"French"},{"surface":"академию","lemma":"академия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приняли","gloss":"Academy"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of написал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отмстить","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"отмстить","lemma":"отмстить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on написал","gloss":"avenge himself"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"content clause of анекдот, coordinated with приняли","gloss":"composed"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of эпитафию","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"эпитафию","lemma":"эпитафия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of написал","gloss":"epitaph"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking камня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"надгробного","lemma":"надгробный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies камня","gloss":"grave"},{"surface":"камня","lemma":"камень","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition для, modifies эпитафию","gloss":"stone"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b8-c7-s112","source":"Ci-gît Piron qui ne fut rien Pas même académicien.","translation":"Ci-gît Piron qui ne fut rien / Pas même académicien.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ci","lemma":"ci","morphology":"French adverb","role":"adverb of place, part of ci-gît","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"gît","lemma":"gésir","morphology":"French verb, present, third singular","role":"main verb (ci-gît = here lies)","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"Piron","lemma":"Piron","morphology":"French proper noun","role":"subject of gît","gloss":"Piron"},{"surface":"qui","lemma":"qui","morphology":"French relative pronoun","role":"subject of fut","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ne","lemma":"ne","morphology":"French negation particle","role":"part of ne...rien, modifies fut","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"fut","lemma":"être","morphology":"French verb, passé simple, third singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"rien","lemma":"rien","morphology":"French pronoun","role":"predicate complement of fut","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"Pas","lemma":"pas","morphology":"French adverb","role":"part of pas même, negates académicien","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"même","lemma":"même","morphology":"French adverb","role":"part of pas même","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"académicien","lemma":"académicien","morphology":"French noun","role":"predicate noun of elided fut","gloss":"an academician"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b8-c7-s113","source":"Они взяли да меня и высекли.","translation":"And they up and thrashed me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Они взяли да меня и высекли.","title":"«взять да (и)» — the resolve construction","body":"«взять да и» + a verb expresses an abrupt, unexpected decision to act: 'they up and thrashed me'. The «взяли» is not literal taking; it conveys 'they just went and...'. A vivid colloquial idiom of sudden action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of взяли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"взяли","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb (idiom взяли да и + verb)","gloss":"went and"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взяли","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of высекли","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"высекли","lemma":"высечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with взяли","gloss":"thrashed","note":"'взяли да и высекли' is an idiom: 'just up and thrashed'."}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b8-c7-s114","source":"— Да за что же, за что?","translation":"\"But what for, what for?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да за что же, за что?","title":"Insistent «же» with «за что»","body":"«за что же» ('but what for, on earth') adds the insistent particle «же» to the doubled question. The compression — verbless, repeated — captures Kalganov's frantic demand for a reason."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing question","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with что","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b8-c7-s115","source":"— За образование мое. Мало ли из-за чего люди могут человека высечь, — кротко и нравоучительно заключил Максимов.","translation":"\"For my education. There are plenty of reasons people may thrash a man for,\" Maximov concluded meekly and sententiously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мало ли из-за чего люди могут человека высечь","title":"«мало ли» — 'no end of, you never know'","body":"«мало ли» (literally 'is it little?') is an idiom meaning 'there's no telling, plenty of reasons': «мало ли из-за чего» = 'there are any number of reasons why'. The «ли» fossilized into this expression of open-ended possibility."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кротко и нравоучительно заключил","title":"«кротко», «нравоучительно» — meek and moralizing","body":"«кротко» ('meekly', from «кроткий», a gently spiritual word elsewhere in the novel) and «нравоучительно» ('sententiously, moralizingly') together skewer Maximov: he caps an absurd tale of being birched with mock-pious gravity."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образование","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"образование","lemma":"образование","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition За","gloss":"education"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of образование","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the rhetorical phrase мало ли","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Мало","gloss":"[is it]"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (compound)","role":"part of compound preposition из-за","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (compound)","role":"part of compound preposition из-за","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition из-за","gloss":"what","note":"'мало ли из-за чего' is a rhetorical idiom: 'there's no end of reasons why'."},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of могут","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"могут","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Мало ли","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of высечь","gloss":"a person"},{"surface":"высечь","lemma":"высечь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могут","gloss":"flog"},{"surface":"кротко","lemma":"кротко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключил","gloss":"meekly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нравоучительно","lemma":"нравоучительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with кротко","gloss":"sententiously"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"Maximov"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b8-c7-s116","source":"— Э, полно, скверно всё это, не хочу слушать, я думала, что веселое будет, — оборвала вдруг Грушенька, Митя всполохнулся и тотчас же перестал смеяться.","translation":"\"Eh, enough, this is all vile, I don't want to listen — I thought it would be merry,\" Grushenka suddenly broke in. Mitya started up and at once stopped laughing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я думала, что веселое будет","title":"«что» clause; neuter «веселое»","body":"«что» introduces the reported thought after «думала» ('I thought that...'). «веселое» is the neuter adjective used as a noun ('something merry'), with «будет» — 'I thought it would be merry'. The impersonal neuter keeps the expected fun vague."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митя всполохнулся","title":"«всполохнуться» — to start, take alarm","body":"«всполохнуться» (perfective reflexive) is to be startled, to start up in alarm — Mitya instantly reacts to Grushenka's displeasure. A somewhat dialectal, expressive verb close to «всполошиться»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Э","lemma":"э","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"полно","lemma":"полно","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with Э","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"скверно","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement, describes это","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of скверно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"слушать","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to listen"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думала","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочу","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of будет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"веселое","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"something merry"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, third, singular","role":"clausal complement of думала","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"оборвала","lemma":"оборвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оборвала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оборвала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of всполохнулся","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"всполохнулся","lemma":"всполохнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перестал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"[emphatic]"},{"surface":"перестал","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with всполохнулся","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"смеяться","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестал","gloss":"laughing"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b8-c7-s117","source":"Высокий пан поднялся с места и с высокомерным видом скучающего не в своей компании человека начал шагать по комнате из угла в угол, заложив за спину руки.","translation":"The tall pan rose from his seat and, with the haughty air of a man bored in company not his own, began pacing the room from corner to corner, his hands clasped behind his back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с высокомерным видом скучающего ... человека","title":"Present active participle «скучающего»","body":"«скучающего» is the present active participle of «скучать» (to be bored), declined in the genitive to agree with «человека»: 'of a man [who is] bored'. The participle condenses a который-clause into one modifier — bookish narrative texture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заложив за спину руки","title":"Perfective gerund «заложив»","body":"«заложив» is the perfective past gerund of «заложить» (here 'to clasp/put behind'): 'having clasped his hands behind his back'. The gerund freezes the completed posture that accompanies his pacing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из угла в угол","title":"«из угла в угол» — from corner to corner","body":"A set phrase for restless pacing back and forth ('from corner to corner'), with «из» + genitive paired against «в» + accusative of motion. The image marks the tall pan's haughty, caged irritation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Высокий","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднялся","gloss":"pan"},{"surface":"поднялся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднялся","gloss":"his seat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"высокомерным","lemma":"высокомерный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"haughty"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies начал (manner)","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"скучающего","lemma":"скучать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"bored"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies компании","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking компании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of компании","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"компании","lemma":"компания","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скучающего","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive modifier of видом","gloss":"of a man"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднялся","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"шагать","lemma":"шагать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"pacing"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагать","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase из угла в угол, modifies шагать","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"угла","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase из угла в угол","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase из угла в угол","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"угол","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase из угла в угол, modifies шагать","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"заложив","lemma":"заложить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on шагать","gloss":"having clasped"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спину","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"спину","lemma":"спина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заложив","gloss":"his back"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of заложив","gloss":"his hands"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b8-c7-s118","source":"— Ишь зашагал! — презрительно поглядела на него Грушенька.","translation":"\"Look at him, off pacing about!\" Grushenka eyed him scornfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ишь зашагал!","title":"«ишь» and inceptive «зашагал»","body":"«ишь» is a colloquial particle of mocking surprise ('look at that!, just look at him'). «зашагал» (inceptive «за-» on «шагать», to stride) means 'off he started pacing' — Grushenka jeers at the pan's strutting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ишь","lemma":"ишь","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection introducing зашагал","gloss":"look at that"},{"surface":"зашагал","lemma":"зашагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"off pacing"},{"surface":"презрительно","lemma":"презрительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядела","gloss":"scornfully"},{"surface":"поглядела","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"eyed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядела","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поглядела","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b8-c7-s119","source":"Митя забеспокоился, к тому же заметил, что пан на диване с раздражительным видом поглядывает на него.","translation":"Mitya grew uneasy; besides, he noticed that the pan on the sofa was glancing at him with an irritated look.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пан на диване ... поглядывает на него","title":"Iterative imperfective «поглядывает»","body":"«поглядывает» (imperfective, with the «-ыва-» frequentative) means 'keeps glancing, glances now and then' — repeated, intermittent looks, not a single glance. The present tense here renders the ongoing scene Mitya notices."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"забеспокоился","title":"«забеспокоиться» — to grow uneasy","body":"Inceptive perfective reflexive: 'began to feel anxious'. The «за-» catches the moment unease takes hold of Mitya — a quiet narrative beat of his deepening discomfort with the Poles."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забеспокоился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"забеспокоился","lemma":"забеспокоиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew uneasy"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к тому же","morphology":"preposition (idiom)","role":"part of idiom к тому же, modifies заметил","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"к тому же","morphology":"pronoun (idiom)","role":"part of idiom к тому же","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"к тому же","morphology":"particle (idiom)","role":"part of idiom к тому же","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with забеспокоился","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поглядывает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поглядывает","gloss":"the pan"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан (the pan on the sofa)","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"раздражительным","lemma":"раздражительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"irritated"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поглядывает (manner)","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"поглядывает","lemma":"поглядывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заметил","gloss":"was glancing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядывает","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b8-c7-s120","source":"— Пан, — крикнул Митя, — выпьем, пане! И с другим паном тоже: выпьем, панове! — Он мигом сдвинул три стакана и разлил в них шампанское.","translation":"\"Pan!\" Mitya cried, \"let us drink, panie! And with the other pan too: let us drink, panowie!\" In an instant he drew three glasses together and poured the champagne into them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выпьем, пане! ... выпьем, панове!","title":"1st-pl exhortative «выпьем» and Polish vocatives","body":"«выпьем» is the perfective 1st-pl used as an exhortation: 'let's drink!'. Mitya addresses them with Polish vocatives — «пане» (sg.) and «панове» (pl., 'gentlemen') — clumsily flattering the two Poles in their own tongue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мигом сдвинул три стакана и разлил в них шампанское","title":"Perfectives for swift action; «три стакана»","body":"«сдвинул» and «разлил» are perfectives chaining two completed acts — drew the glasses together, poured out the champagne. «три стакана» shows the genitive singular after «три»; «мигом» ('in a flash') stresses Mitya's eager haste."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"выпьем","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first, plural, perfective","role":"quoted utterance (direct speech)","gloss":"let us drink"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"panie","note":"'пане'/'панове' are Polish vocative forms of 'pan' used to address Poles."},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking паном","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies паном","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"паном","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"pan"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies second выпьем","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"выпьем","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, first, plural, perfective","role":"quoted utterance (direct speech)","gloss":"let us drink"},{"surface":"панове","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"panowie"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сдвинул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сдвинул","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"сдвинул","lemma":"сдвинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drew together"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on стакана","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"стакана","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сдвинул","gloss":"glasses"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разлил","lemma":"разлить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сдвинул","gloss":"poured"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of разлил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"шампанское","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разлил","gloss":"champagne"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b8-c7-s121","source":"— За Польшу, панове, пью за вашу Польшу, за польский край! — воскликнул Митя.","translation":"\"To Poland, panowie, I drink to your Poland, to the Polish land!\" cried Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"панове","title":"«панове» — Polish, not Russian","body":"Mitya addresses the two Poles with the Polish plural vocative «panowie» ('gentlemen'), rendered in Cyrillic. Throughout this scene Dostoevsky writes the Poles' speech in transliterated Polish — and Russians aping it — to mark them as comic, posturing outsiders."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пью за вашу Польшу","title":"«за» + accusative for a toast","body":"«пить за» ('to drink to') governs the accusative: «за вашу Польшу», «за польский край». The preposition «за» takes the accusative when it points at a goal or the thing honoured, as opposed to the instrumental of location ('behind')."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Польшу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Польшу","lemma":"Польша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пью","gloss":"Poland"},{"surface":"панове","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"panowie"},{"surface":"пью","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I drink"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Польшу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Польшу","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Польшу","lemma":"Польша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пью","gloss":"Poland"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking край","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"польский","lemma":"польский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies край","gloss":"Polish"},{"surface":"край","lemma":"край","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Польшу","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b8-c7-s122","source":"— Бардзо ми то мило, пане, выпием (это мне очень приятно, пане, выпьем), — важно и благосклонно проговорил пан на диване и взял свой стакан.","translation":"\"Bardzo mi to miło, panie, wypijem (this is very pleasant to me, sir, let us drink),\" the Pole on the sofa pronounced gravely and graciously, and took up his glass.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Бардзо ми то мило… выпием","title":"Polish in Cyrillic, glossed in-line","body":"The Pole speaks Polish — «bardzo mi to miło… wypijem» ('this is very pleasant to me… let us drink') — which Dostoevsky immediately glosses in Russian in parentheses. The doubling lets the Russian reader hear the foreignness yet still follow the sense; the gloss «выпьем» is the ordinary Russian first-person-plural exhortation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"важно и благосклонно проговорил","title":"Manner adverbs and the perfective «про-»","body":"The adverbs «важно» (pompously, with self-importance) and «благосклонно» (graciously) carry the irony. «проговорил» is the perfective of «говорить» with the prefix «про-», presenting the utterance as one completed, deliberate act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бардзо","lemma":"бардзо","morphology":"adverb (Polish, transliterated)","role":"modifies мило","gloss":"very","note":"Transliterated Polish \"bardzo\" — the Pole is speaking Polish in Cyrillic."},{"surface":"ми","lemma":"ми","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular (Polish)","role":"indirect object of мило","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мило","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мило","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, predicate","role":"predicate, head of the clause","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular (Polish)","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"выпием","lemma":"wypijem","morphology":"verb, future, first, plural, hortative (Polish)","role":"coordinated with мило","gloss":"let's drink"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of приятно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of приятно","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приятно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"приятно","lemma":"приятный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, predicate","role":"predicate, parenthetical gloss of мило","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"выпьем","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical gloss of выпием","gloss":"let's drink"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"gravely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links важно and благосклонно","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"благосклонно","lemma":"благосклонно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"graciously"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"the gentleman"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проговорил","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стакан","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"стакан","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"glass"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b8-c7-s123","source":"— И другой пан, как его, эй, ясневельможный, бери стакан! — хлопотал Митя.","translation":"\"And the other gentleman, what's his name, hey, jaśnie wielmożny, take a glass!\" Mitya bustled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ясневельможный","title":"«ясневельможный» — mock-grand address","body":"From Polish «jaśnie wielmożny», a high honorific ('most illustrious / right honourable'). Mitya, not knowing the second Pole's name, throws out this absurdly grandiose title — part flattery, part drunken mockery."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хлопотал","title":"«хлопотать» — to fuss and bustle","body":"«хлопотал» (imperfective) means to bustle about, busy oneself fussily over arrangements. It paints Mitya's restless, over-eager hosting in this scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бери стакан","title":"Imperfective imperative «бери»","body":"«бери» is the imperative of imperfective «брать» ('take'). The imperfective command here is an open, hospitable invitation ('go on, take a glass'), where a perfective «возьми» would sound like a sharper, one-off order."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как его","gloss":"what's"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom как его","gloss":"his name","note":"\"как его\" is a filler idiom for a forgotten name, like \"what's-his-name\"."},{"surface":"эй","lemma":"эй","morphology":"interjection","role":"vocative interjection","gloss":"hey"},{"surface":"ясневельможный","lemma":"jaśnie wielmożny","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular (Polish honorific)","role":"vocative address to пан","gloss":"your excellency","note":"Polish honorific for addressing nobility/gentry, left untranslated by the author for local color."},{"surface":"бери","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (imperative)","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"стакан","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of бери","gloss":"a glass"},{"surface":"хлопотал","lemma":"хлопотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bustled"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хлопотал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b8-c7-s124","source":"— Пан Врублевский, — подсказал пан на диване.","translation":"\"Pan Wróblewski,\" the Pole on the sofa prompted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подсказал","title":"«подсказать» — to prompt, supply a word","body":"«подсказал» means to prompt or supply the missing word (here, the name) — the prefix «под-» giving the sense of quietly feeding something from below or aside."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (title)","role":"title modifying Врублевский","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Врублевский","lemma":"врублевский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quoted content, complement of подсказал","gloss":"Wróblewski"},{"surface":"подсказал","lemma":"подсказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"prompted"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подсказал","gloss":"the gentleman"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"the sofa"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b8-c7-s125","source":"Пан Врублевский, раскачиваясь, подошел к столу и стоя принял свой стакан.","translation":"Pan Wróblewski, swaying as he came, approached the table and took his glass standing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"раскачиваясь","title":"Gerund «раскачиваясь» — swaying as he went","body":"«раскачиваясь» is an imperfective деепричастие (adverbial participle) in -ясь, a reflexive gerund showing an action simultaneous with the main verb: he approached the table while swaying. It shares Wróblewski as its subject and compresses 'as he swayed' into one word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подошел… принял","title":"Perfective chain and prefixed motion","body":"«подошёл» (perfective of «подходить/подойти», 'walked up to') and «принял» ('took, received') move the narration forward as two completed events. «подошёл» is a prefixed verb of motion: «под-» on the unidirectional «идти» yields the perfective 'approach'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (title)","role":"title modifying Врублевский","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Врублевский","lemma":"врублевский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"Wróblewski"},{"surface":"раскачиваясь","lemma":"раскачиваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on подошел","gloss":"swaying"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"approached"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"столу","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стоя","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"modifies принял","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стакан","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"стакан","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принял","gloss":"glass"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b8-c7-s126","source":"— За Польшу, панове, ура! — прокричал Митя, подняв стакан.","translation":"\"To Poland, panowie, hurrah!\" Mitya shouted, raising his glass.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подняв стакан","title":"Perfective gerund «подняв»","body":"«подняв» is a perfective past деепричастие in -в ('having raised'), naming an action completed just before or as the main verb: he shouted, glass already raised. Such gerunds are a hallmark of Russian literary narration, packing a prior sub-action into the same clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прокричал","title":"«прокричать» — to cry out","body":"A perfective of «кричать» with «про-», marking a single completed shout. Dostoevsky rings many such prefixed speech verbs through this scene — «воскликнул», «прокричал», «провозгласил», «возгласил» — each a slightly different register of exclaiming."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Польшу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Польшу","lemma":"польша","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the toast phrase","gloss":"Poland"},{"surface":"панове","lemma":"панове","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural (Polish \"panowie\")","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen","note":"Polish plural address term \"panowie\", kept untranslated for local color."},{"surface":"ура","lemma":"ура","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with toast","gloss":"hurrah"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"подняв","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прокричал","gloss":"raising"},{"surface":"стакан","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подняв","gloss":"his glass"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b8-c7-s127","source":"Все трое выпили.","translation":"All three drank.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Все трое","title":"Collective numeral «трое»","body":"«трое» is a collective numeral ('the three of them, as a group'), used for groups of people rather than the plain «три». It governs the genitive plural when modifying a noun and lends a sense of the set taken together."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of трое","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"трое","lemma":"трое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"subject of выпили","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"выпили","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drank"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b8-c7-s128","source":"Митя схватил бутылку и тотчас же налил опять три стакана.","translation":"Mitya seized the bottle and at once poured out three more glasses.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тотчас же налил опять","title":"«же» reinforcing «тотчас»","body":"The particle «же» here intensifies the adverb «тотчас» ('at once') into 'that very instant'. Unlike contrastive uses of «же», this is the emphatic particle simply sharpening immediacy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"схватил","title":"«схватить» — to seize, snatch up","body":"«схватил» (perfective) conveys a quick, grasping motion — Mitya grabs the bottle. The verb's abruptness fits his impetuous, headlong energy throughout the carousal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"бутылку","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"the bottle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies налил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies тотчас","gloss":"right","note":"Emphatic particle; \"тотчас же\" together means \"immediately\"."},{"surface":"налил","lemma":"налить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватил","gloss":"poured"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies налил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on стакана","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"стакана","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of налил","gloss":"glasses"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b8-c7-s129","source":"— Теперь за Россию, панове, и побратаемся!","translation":"\"Now to Russia, panowie, and let us be brothers!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"побратаемся","title":"«побратаемся» — reflexive perfective future","body":"«побратаемся» is the perfective future of the reflexive «побрататься» ('to become brothers, swear brotherhood'). The reflexive -ся here is reciprocal (do it to each other), and the perfective-present form carries future meaning: 'let us become brothers'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побратаемся","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Россию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the toast phrase","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"панове","lemma":"панове","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"побратаемся","lemma":"побрататься","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with toast","gloss":"let's be brothers"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b8-c7-s130","source":"— Налей и нам, — сказала Грушенька, — за Россию и я хочу пить.","translation":"\"Pour for us too,\" said Grushenka, \"I want to drink to Russia as well.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Налей и нам","title":"Perfective imperative + emphatic «и»","body":"«налей» is the perfective imperative of «налить» ('pour out'), a single demanded action. The «и» before «нам» ('us too') is the additive 'also/even', not 'and': 'pour for us as well'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за Россию и я хочу пить","title":"Topic-comment word order","body":"Grushenka fronts the toast «за Россию», then «и я» ('I too'), pushing «хочу пить' to the end. The reordering foregrounds Russia and her own wish to join — case endings free the words to be arranged for emphasis rather than grammar."}],"words":[{"surface":"Налей","lemma":"налить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pour"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"adverb/particle","role":"modifies нам","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of Налей","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сказала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Россию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"toast object, modifies хочу пить","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"intensifies я (parallel to \"и нам\" above)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"пить","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to drink"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b8-c7-s131","source":"— И я, — сказал Калганов.","translation":"\"And so do I,\" said Kalganov.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"elliptical subject (I too)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Kalganov"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b8-c7-s132","source":"— Да и я бы тоже-с… за Россеюшку, старую бабусеньку, — подхихикнул Максимов.","translation":"\"Why, and I would too, sir... to little mother Russia, the dear old granny,\" Maksimov tittered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Россеюшку, старую бабусеньку","title":"Sentimental diminutives for Russia","body":"Maksimov pours on affectionate diminutives: «Россеюшка» (dear Mother Russia, from «Россия» + -юшк-) and «бабусенька» (sweet old granny). The piled-up -еньк-/-юшк- suffixes signal mawkish, ingratiating tenderness — exactly his fawning manner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я бы тоже-с","title":"Conditional «бы» and the servile «-с»","body":"«я бы… пить» is the conditional with «бы» plus an implied past form — a softened, deferential 'I would too'. The clitic «-с», a contraction of «сударь» ('sir'), is tacked on for obsequious politeness, a fading 19th-century habit Dostoevsky gives to fawning minor characters."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подхихикнул","title":"«подхихикнуть» — to titter along","body":"A vivid compound: «хихикать» (to giggle, titter) with «под-» ('alongside, ingratiatingly'). Maksimov giggles to ingratiate himself with the company — the prefix turns a giggle into a sycophantic one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the clause","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"elliptical subject (would drink too)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood on я","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential","role":"politeness particle attached to тоже","gloss":"sir","note":"Archaic deferential enclitic \"-с\", a verbal tic of servility, roughly \"sir\"."},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Россеюшку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Россеюшку","lemma":"россеюшка","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"toast object","gloss":"dear Russia"},{"surface":"старую","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бабусеньку","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"бабусеньку","lemma":"бабусенька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Россеюшку","gloss":"granny"},{"surface":"подхихикнул","lemma":"подхихикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tittered"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подхихикнул","gloss":"Maksimov"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b8-c7-s133","source":"— Все, все! — восклицал Митя. — Хозяин, еще бутылок!","translation":"\"Everyone, everyone!\" Mitya exclaimed. \"Landlord, more bottles!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще бутылок","title":"Partitive genitive «бутылок»","body":"«еще бутылок» ('more bottles') is genitive plural after the quantity word «еще» — the partitive genitive, naming an indefinite further amount of something. An accusative «бутылки» would mean specific bottles; the genitive says 'some more'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of restated exclamation","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with Все","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Хозяин","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"landlord"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бутылок","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"бутылок","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of an implied verb (bring)","gloss":"bottles"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b8-c7-s134","source":"Принесли все три оставшиеся бутылки из привезенных Митей.","translation":"They brought in all three remaining bottles of those Mitya had carried with him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Принесли","title":"Subjectless 'they brought'","body":"«Принесли» is a third-person plural with no stated subject — the indefinite-personal construction, equivalent to English 'they brought / someone brought'. Russian uses this freely when the agent is unimportant or generic (the servants)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставшиеся… из привезенных Митей","title":"Past participles, active and passive","body":"Two participles do heavy lifting: «оставшиеся» (active past, 'the remaining ones', from reflexive «остаться») and «привезённых» (passive past, 'those brought/carried', from «привезти»). The passive participle's agent stands in the instrumental, «Митей» ('by Mitya')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Принесли","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they brought"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of три","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on бутылки","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"оставшиеся","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies бутылки","gloss":"remaining"},{"surface":"бутылки","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Принесли","gloss":"bottles"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking привезенных","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"привезенных","lemma":"привезённый","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, genitive, plural, perfective","role":"object of из, substantivized \"those brought\"","gloss":"those brought"},{"surface":"Митей","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of привезенных","gloss":"by Mitya","note":"Instrumental marks the agent of the passive participle: \"brought by Mitya\"."}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b8-c7-s135","source":"Митя разлил.","translation":"Mitya poured them out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разлил","title":"«раз-» as distributive prefix","body":"«разлил» (perfective «разлить») means to pour out distributing among several glasses — the prefix «раз-» carrying the sense of spreading apart, dividing the pour around. A bare «налил» would just mean 'poured'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разлил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"разлил","lemma":"разлить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"poured them out"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b8-c7-s136","source":"— За Россию, ура! — провозгласил он снова.","translation":"\"To Russia, hurrah!\" he proclaimed once more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"провозгласил","title":"«провозгласить» — to proclaim","body":"An elevated, almost ceremonial verb of speech ('proclaimed, pronounced solemnly'), heightening the mock-grandeur of yet another toast. It belongs to a slightly bookish register above plain «сказал»."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Россию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the toast phrase","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"ура","lemma":"ура","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with toast","gloss":"hurrah"},{"surface":"провозгласил","lemma":"провозгласить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"proclaimed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of провозгласил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"снова","lemma":"снова","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies провозгласил","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b8-c7-s137","source":"Все, кроме панов, выпили, а Грушенька выпила разом весь свой стакан.","translation":"Everyone except the Poles drank, and Grushenka tossed off her whole glass at a single draught.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кроме панов","title":"«кроме» + genitive; «панов» declines","body":"«кроме» ('except') governs the genitive, hence «панов». Notice the Polish-flavoured «пан» is now fully naturalized into Russian declension (genitive plural «панов»), even as its meaning stays pointedly foreign."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выпила разом весь свой стакан","title":"«разом» — at one go","body":"«разом» is an adverb meaning 'all at once, in a single gulp'. With «весь свой стакан» ('her whole glass') it gives Grushenka's defiant draining of the toast in one swallow — the reflexive possessive «свой» marking the glass as her own."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of выпили","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking панов","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"панов","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"complement of кроме","gloss":"the Poles"},{"surface":"выпили","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drank"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выпила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"выпила","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выпили","gloss":"drank"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular (adverbial)","role":"modifies выпила","gloss":"in one gulp"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стакан","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стакан","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"стакан","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выпила","gloss":"glass"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b8-c7-s138","source":"Панове же и не дотронулись до своих.","translation":"The Poles, however, did not so much as touch theirs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Панове же и не дотронулись","title":"«же» contrasting, «и не» = 'not even'","body":"Here «же» is the contrastive particle ('the Poles, on the other hand'), pivoting against the others who drank. «и не дотронулись» means 'did not even touch' — the «и» intensifying the negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не дотронулись до своих","title":"«дотронуться до» + genitive","body":"«дотронуться» ('to touch') governs «до» plus the genitive of what is touched: «до своих» ('their own [glasses]'). The reflexive possessive «свой» points the ownership back to the Poles themselves."}],"words":[{"surface":"Панове","lemma":"панове","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of дотронулись","gloss":"the Poles"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Панове","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies не дотронулись","gloss":"even","note":"\"и не\" here means \"did not even\", not plain \"and\"."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дотронулись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дотронулись","lemma":"дотронуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"touched"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking своих","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural (substantivized)","role":"oblique complement of дотронулись","gloss":"their own"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b8-c7-s139","source":"— Как же вы, панове? — воскликнул Митя. — Так вы так-то?","translation":"\"What's the matter with you, panowie?\" cried Mitya. \"So that's how it is with you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же вы… Так вы так-то?","title":"Particles «же» and «-то» voicing offence","body":"Mitya's indignation is built entirely from particles: «Как же вы?» ('What's with you, then?') and «так-то» ('so that's how it is') with the emphatic clitic «-то» underscoring the topic. English needs intonation and added words to do what these tiny particles do."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Как (elliptical)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"панове","lemma":"панове","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the second exclamation","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Так (elliptical)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Так, forms idiom так-то","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with так, forms idiom так-то","gloss":"is that so","note":"\"так-то\" is one idiom meaning roughly \"so that's how it is\"."}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b8-c7-s140","source":"Пан Врублевский взял стакан, поднял его и зычным голосом проговорил:","translation":"Pan Wróblewski took up his glass, raised it, and in a booming voice declared:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зычным голосом","title":"«зычный» — booming, stentorian","body":"«зычный» describes a loud, resonant, far-carrying voice. The instrumental phrase «зычным голосом» ('in a booming voice') sets up the provocation that follows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зычным голосом","title":"Instrumental of manner","body":"«зычным голосом» is the instrumental of manner — 'by means of / in a booming voice'. Russian routinely uses the bare instrumental, with no preposition, to express the manner or means by which something is done."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (title)","role":"title modifying Врублевский","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Врублевский","lemma":"врублевский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"Wróblewski"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"стакан","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"the glass"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зычным","lemma":"зычный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"booming"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"declared"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b8-c7-s141","source":"— За Россию в пределах до семьсот семьдесят второго года!","translation":"\"To Russia within her borders before the year seventeen seventy-two!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"семьсот семьдесят второго года","title":"Ordinal year in the genitive","body":"Russian dates put the year in the genitive ('of the … year'), and in a compound ordinal only the last element is ordinal and declines: «семьсот семьдесят второго года» = '[the year] seven-hundred seventy-second'. The thousand is colloquially dropped here."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Россию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Россию","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the toast phrase","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пределах","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"пределах","lemma":"предел","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Россию","gloss":"the borders"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking года","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"семьсот","lemma":"семьсот","morphology":"numeral, invariant component of compound numeral (undeclined in year-expressions)","role":"part of the compound numeral, modifies года","gloss":"seven hundred"},{"surface":"семьдесят","lemma":"семьдесят","morphology":"numeral, invariant component of compound numeral (undeclined in year-expressions)","role":"part of the compound numeral, modifies года","gloss":"seventy"},{"surface":"второго","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, ordinal, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies года","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of до","gloss":"year","note":"Toast to Poland's pre-1772 borders, before the First Partition."}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b8-c7-s142","source":"— Ото бардзо пенкне! (Вот так хорошо!) — крикнул другой пан, и оба разом осушили свои стаканы.","translation":"\"Oto bardzo pięknie! (Now that's good!)\" cried the other Pole, and the two of them drained their glasses at one go.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ото бардзо пенкне!","title":"Polish exclamation, glossed","body":"Cyrillic-spelled Polish «Oto bardzo pięknie!» ('Now that's fine / beautiful!'), again glossed in parentheses as «Вот так хорошо!». The Pole crows approval at the anti-Russian toast."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осушили свои стаканы","title":"«осушить» — to drain dry","body":"«осушить» literally 'to dry up / drain', here idiomatic for emptying a glass completely. The image: they drank theirs to the last drop — pointedly, only for the insulting toast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ото","lemma":"ото","morphology":"particle (Polish \"oto\")","role":"discourse particle, head of the exclamation","gloss":"now","note":"Transliterated Polish exclamation \"Oto bardzo pięknie!\""},{"surface":"бардзо","lemma":"бардзо","morphology":"adverb (Polish)","role":"modifies пенкне","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"пенкне","lemma":"пенкне","morphology":"adjective/adverb, predicate (Polish \"pięknie\")","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, predicate","role":"predicate, parenthetical gloss","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"the gentleman"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"subject of осушили","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular (adverbial)","role":"modifies осушили","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"осушили","lemma":"осушить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with крикнул","gloss":"drained"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of стаканы","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"стаканы","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of осушили","gloss":"glasses"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b8-c7-s143","source":"— Дурачье же вы, панове! — сорвалось вдруг у Мити.","translation":"\"What fools you are, panowie!\" burst suddenly from Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Дурачье","title":"«дурачьё» — collective 'pack of fools'","body":"«дурачьё» is a collective noun (neuter, in -ьё) from «дурак», massing the idea into 'a lot of fools, the foolish lot'. The suffix carries contempt — Mitya lumps the Poles together as one despicable mass."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сорвалось вдруг у Мити","title":"Reflexive «сорвалось» — it burst out of him","body":"«сорвалось» (reflexive «сорваться») literally 'tore loose, broke off' — used of words that escape one involuntarily. The construction «у Мити» (genitive with «у») frames the outburst as something that happened from/out of Mitya, not something he deliberately said."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дурачье","lemma":"дурачьё","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular (collective)","role":"predicate noun (вы = дурачье)","gloss":"fools"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Дурачье","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Дурачье (elliptical)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"панове","lemma":"панове","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"сорвалось","lemma":"сорваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сорвалось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сорвалось","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b8-c7-s144","source":"— Па-не!! — прокричали оба пана с угрозою, наставившись на Митю, как петухи.","translation":"\"Pa-nie!!\" the two Poles shouted threateningly, bristling at Mitya like a pair of fighting cocks.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Па-не!!","title":"«Па-не!!» — drawn-out Polish outrage","body":"The Poles bark the Polish vocative «panie!» ('sir!'), hyphenated to show it stretched out in indignation. It is a warning shot of wounded gentility."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"наставившись на Митю, как петухи","title":"Reflexive gerund + simile","body":"«наставившись» is a perfective reflexive gerund ('having fixed [their gaze/themselves] on') sharing the subject 'the two Poles'. The simile «как петухи» ('like fighting-cocks') makes the menace comic — two preening birds squaring up."}],"words":[{"surface":"Па","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun fragment, vocative (Polish \"panie\")","role":"first syllable of the exclamatory vocative","gloss":"sir","note":"\"Пане\" (\"sir\") broken into stressed syllables \"Па-не!!\" for emphasis."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun fragment, vocative","role":"second syllable of the exclamatory vocative","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"прокричали","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on пана","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"пана","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричали","gloss":"the gentlemen"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking угрозою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"угрозою","lemma":"угроза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies прокричали","gloss":"menace"},{"surface":"наставившись","lemma":"наставиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прокричали","gloss":"bristling"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Митю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наставившись","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison петухи","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"петухи","lemma":"петух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"comparative complement","gloss":"roosters"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b8-c7-s145","source":"Особенно вскипел пан Врублевский.","translation":"Pan Wróblewski in particular boiled over.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вскипел","title":"«вскипеть» — to boil over (with rage)","body":"«вскипел» literally 'came to a boil' (water), here figurative for flaring up in sudden anger. The prefix «вс-» marks the upward, instantaneous surge of temper."}],"words":[{"surface":"Особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскипел","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"вскипел","lemma":"вскипеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"boiled over"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (title)","role":"title modifying Врублевский","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Врублевский","lemma":"врублевский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскипел","gloss":"Wróblewski"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b8-c7-s146","source":"— Але не можно не мець слабосьци до своего краю? — возгласил он. (Разве можно не любить своей стороны?)","translation":"\"Ale nie można nie mieć słabości do swego kraju?\" he proclaimed. (Surely a man may love his own country?)","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Але не можно не мець слабосьци до своего краю?","title":"Polish defence of patriotism, glossed","body":"Polish «Ale nie można nie mieć słabości do swego kraju?» — 'But can one not have a weakness (fondness) for one's own land?' — glossed in Russian as «Разве можно не любить своей стороны?». Note «слабость до» ('a soft spot for'), a Polish idiom Russian would render «слабость к»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не любить своей стороны","title":"Genitive of negation","body":"In the Russian gloss, the object of negated «не любить» stands in the genitive: «своей стороны» (not accusative «свою сторону»). Negating a verb regularly pulls its object into the genitive, especially with abstract or general objects."}],"words":[{"surface":"Але","lemma":"ale","morphology":"conjunction (Polish)","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"but","note":"Transliterated Polish \"Ale nie można nie mieć słabości do swego kraju?\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"can one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мець","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мець","lemma":"mieć","morphology":"verb, infinitive (Polish)","role":"complement of можно","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"слабосьци","lemma":"słabość","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular (Polish)","role":"direct object of мець","gloss":"a weakness"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking краю","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of краю","gloss":"one's own"},{"surface":"краю","lemma":"край","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of до, modifies слабосьци","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"возгласил","lemma":"возгласить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"proclaimed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возгласил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"head of the second clause","gloss":"can one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of можно","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"one's own"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"country"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b8-c7-s147","source":"— Молчать! Не ссориться! Чтобы не было ссор! — крикнула повелительно Грушенька и стукнула ножкой об пол.","translation":"\"Be quiet! No quarreling! I won't have any quarrels!\" Grushenka cried imperiously, and stamped her little foot on the floor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Молчать! Не ссориться!","title":"Infinitive as blunt command","body":"Grushenka snaps orders with bare infinitives — «Молчать!» ('Silence!'), «Не ссориться!» ('No quarrelling!'). The infinitive imperative is curt, impersonal, and absolute, like a barked military order, harsher than the ordinary -и/-те imperative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чтобы не было ссор!","title":"«чтобы» + past for a willed command","body":"«Чтобы не было ссор!» ('Let there be no quarrels!') uses «чтобы» with a past-form verb to express a forceful wish or command — the irrealis «чтобы» construction. «ссор» is genitive plural after negated existential «не было»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стукнула ножкой об пол","title":"«ножкой» — affectionate diminutive","body":"«ножка» is the diminutive of «нога» ('foot'), here tender rather than literal — Grushenka stamps her dainty little foot. The narrator's diminutive softens her imperiousness into something charming and feminine."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молчать","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective (imperatival)","role":"independent exclamation","gloss":"be quiet"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ссориться","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ссориться","lemma":"ссориться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective (imperatival)","role":"independent exclamation","gloss":"quarreling"},{"surface":"Чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the Чтобы-clause","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"ссор","lemma":"ссора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of было","gloss":"quarrels"},{"surface":"крикнула","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"повелительно","lemma":"повелительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнула","gloss":"imperiously"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of крикнула","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стукнула","lemma":"стукнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with крикнула","gloss":"stamped"},{"surface":"ножкой","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стукнула","gloss":"her foot"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пол","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стукнула","gloss":"the floor"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b8-c7-s148","source":"Лицо ее загорелось, глаза засверкали.","translation":"Her face was flushed, her eyes flashing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лицо ее загорелось, глаза засверкали","title":"Inchoative «за-» — bursting into action","body":"Both verbs carry the inceptive prefix «за-», marking the sudden onset of a state: «загорелось» ('began to blaze/flush') and «засверкали» ('began to flash'). «за-» plus a perfective stem is Russian's standard way of saying 'started to —'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of загорелось","gloss":"her face"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Лицо","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"загорелось","lemma":"загореться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flushed"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of засверкали","gloss":"her eyes"},{"surface":"засверкали","lemma":"засверкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with загорелось","gloss":"flashed"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b8-c7-s149","source":"Только что выпитый стакан сказался.","translation":"The glass she had just drunk was telling on her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Только что выпитый стакан","title":"Passive participle «выпитый»","body":"«выпитый» is a past passive participle ('drunk, drained') from perfective «выпить», modifying «стакан» — 'the just-drunk glass'. «Только что» ('only just now') times the action; together they make a tight participial phrase where English needs a relative clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сказался","title":"«сказаться» — to make itself felt","body":"The reflexive «сказаться» idiomatically means 'to tell, take effect, show its result' — the wine she had just drunk was beginning to work on her. Not 'was said'; the -ся shifts the sense to an effect manifesting itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только что","gloss":"now","note":"\"только что\" together means \"just now\"."},{"surface":"выпитый","lemma":"выпитый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular (participle)","role":"modifies стакан","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"стакан","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказался","gloss":"the glass"},{"surface":"сказался","lemma":"сказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was telling"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b8-c7-s150","source":"Митя страшно испугался.","translation":"Mitya was terribly frightened.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"страшно испугался","title":"«страшно» as intensifier; reflexive «испугаться»","body":"«страшно» literally 'terribly/frighteningly' is used as a colloquial intensifier ('terribly frightened'). «испугался» is the reflexive perfective «испугаться» ('to take fright') — the -ся here marking an inwardly experienced change of state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of испугался","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испугался","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"испугался","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was frightened"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b8-c7-s151","source":"— Панове простите! Это я виноват, я не буду. Врублевский, пан Врублевский, я не буду!..","translation":"\"Panowie, forgive me! It's my fault, I won't do it again. Wróblewski, Pan Wróblewski, I won't do it again!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не буду","title":"Compound imperfective future, elliptical","body":"«я не буду» ('I won't [do it again]') is the compound imperfective future — «буду» plus an understood, dropped infinitive. Russian readily leaves the infinitive unspoken when it is clear, leaving just the future of «быть» to carry the promise."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Это я виноват","title":"«виноват» — short adjective 'at fault'","body":"«виноват» is the short (predicative) form of «виноватый», the standard way to say 'I'm to blame, it's my fault'. Short adjectives in such confessions of guilt or rightness («я виноват», «вы правы») are idiomatic and bookish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Панове","lemma":"панове","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural (Polish loan, address)","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Panowie","note":"Polish plural vocative \"panowie\" (gentlemen), used to address the Poles."},{"surface":"простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive me"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject, resumed by я виноват","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виноват","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, subject я","gloss":"am to blame"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of буду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates буду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"won't (do it again)","note":"\"я не буду\" is the stock child's apology, \"I won't do it again.\""},{"surface":"Врублевский","lemma":"врублевский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Wróblewski"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (title)","role":"title, modifies Врублевский","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Врублевский","lemma":"врублевский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to пан, vocative address","gloss":"Wróblewski"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of буду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates буду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"won't (do it again)"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b8-c7-s152","source":"— Да молчи хоть ты-то, садись, экой глупый! — со злобною досадой огрызнулась на него Грушенька.","translation":"\"Oh do hold your tongue, you at least, sit down, you silly man!\" Grushenka snapped at him with angry vexation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да молчи хоть ты-то","title":"Particle stack: «да», «хоть», «-то»","body":"Three particles colour the command: «да» (exasperated 'oh, do —'), «хоть» ('at least'), and the contrastive clitic «-то» pinning «ты» ('you, of all people'). The pile-up renders Grushenka's irritated, intimate scolding — a texture only particles can carry."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"экой глупый","title":"«экой» — colloquial 'what a…'","body":"«экой» (also «экий») is a folksy exclamatory determiner, 'what a / such a': «экой глупый» = 'what a silly man'. It belongs to lively, lower-register spoken Russian, fitting Grushenka's earthy speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"огрызнулась","title":"«огрызнуться» — to snap back","body":"«огрызнуться» is to snarl or snap back the way a dog does — a sharp, biting retort. The reflexive perfective with «о(б)-» captures a single curt snapping response, vivid and animal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle before молчи","gloss":"oh, do"},{"surface":"молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hold your tongue"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of молчи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to ты (ты-то)","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"садись","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молчи","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"экой","lemma":"экой","morphology":"determiner, exclamative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глупый","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"глупый","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition, address to Митя","gloss":"silly man"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобною досадой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"злобною","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies досадой","gloss":"angry"},{"surface":"досадой","lemma":"досада","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of огрызнулась","gloss":"vexation"},{"surface":"огрызнулась","lemma":"огрызнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of огрызнулась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of огрызнулась","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b8-c7-s153","source":"Все уселись, все примолкли, все смотрели друг на друга.","translation":"They all sat down, all fell silent, all looked at one another.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Все уселись, все примолкли, все смотрели","title":"Anaphoric «все» and aspect contrast","body":"The triple «все… все… все» ('all… all… all') hammers the collective hush. The first two verbs are perfective («уселись», «примолкли» — they sat, they fell silent: discrete events), the last imperfective («смотрели» — they were looking: an ongoing state), so the sentence settles from action into a held tableau."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"друг на друга","title":"Reciprocal «друг на друга»","body":"«друг друга» is the fixed reciprocal pronoun 'one another'; a preposition slots between its two halves and governs the second, hence «друг на друга» ('at one another'). Only the second element declines for case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of уселись","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"уселись","lemma":"усесться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of примолкли","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"примолкли","lemma":"примолкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with уселись","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смотрели","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"смотрели","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with уселись","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun (reciprocal), nominative","role":"first element of reciprocal idiom друг на друга, oblique complement of смотрели","gloss":"one","note":"друг на друга is the fixed reciprocal idiom \"at one another\"."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition within the idiom друг на друга","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun (reciprocal), accusative","role":"second element of reciprocal idiom, object of на","gloss":"another"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b8-c7-s154","source":"— Господа, всему я причиной! — качал опять Митя, ничего не понявший в возгласе Грушеньки. — Ну чего же мы сидим? Ну чем же нам заняться… чтобы было весело, опять весело?","translation":"\"Gentlemen, I'm the cause of it all!\" Mitya started up again, understanding nothing of Grushenka's outburst. \"Well, why are we just sitting here? Well, what shall we do... to make it gay again, gay once more?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всему я причиной","title":"Instrumental predicate «причиной»","body":"«я причиной» — 'I [am] the cause' — puts the predicate noun in the instrumental, an idiomatic zero-copula pattern ('я причиной всему' = I'm the cause of it all). «всему» is dative governed by «причина» of what he is the cause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего не понявший","title":"Past active participle with genitive of negation","body":"«ничего не понявший» ('having understood nothing') is a past active participle from «понять», used adjectivally of Mitya. The negated object «ничего» (genitive of «ничто») shows both negative concord («ни… не») and the genitive of negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну чем же нам заняться","title":"Dative subject + instrumental after «заняться»","body":"«нам заняться» ('what are we to busy ourselves with') is a dative-subject infinitive construction with no nominative. «чем» is the instrumental object of «заняться» ('occupy oneself with'), and «же» adds the fretful 'on earth'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"dative complement of причиной","gloss":"of everything"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of причиной (copula omitted)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"причиной","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"the cause"},{"surface":"качал","lemma":"качать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rocked","note":"gloss 'rocked' (from качать) does not match the line's translation 'started up again'; качал is an odd, objectless reporting-verb choice here (качать normally needs an object, e.g. качать головой) and the translation implies a verb of sudden movement/alarm (cf. вскинулся/воскликнул). Flagging for a source-text check rather than asserting an unverified replacement."},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies качал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of качал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of понявший","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates понявший","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понявший","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participial clause modifying Митя","gloss":"having understood"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возгласе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"возгласе","lemma":"возглас","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понявший","gloss":"outburst"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies возгласе","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial complement of сидим (=why)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сидим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"сидим","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заняться","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of infinitive заняться","gloss":"should we"},{"surface":"заняться","lemma":"заняться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"main predicate of the rhetorical question","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause with весело","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to весело","gloss":"it would be"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"merry"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies весело","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"in apposition to the first весело, restated for emphasis","gloss":"merry"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b8-c7-s155","source":"— Ах, в самом деле ужасно невесело, — лениво промямлил Калганов.","translation":"\"Ah, it really is dreadfully dull,\" Kalganov drawled lazily.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"промямлил","title":"«промямлить» — to mumble drawlingly","body":"«мямлить» is to mumble, drawl, speak limply and indecisively; with «про-» it is one such limp utterance. Paired with «лениво» ('lazily'), it perfectly draws Kalganov's bored languor."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в самом деле ужасно невесело","title":"«невесело» — joylessly dull","body":"«невесело» negates «весело» ('merry') into 'cheerless, no fun'. «в самом деле» ('really, in fact') and «ужасно» ('awfully') stack to make the dullness emphatic — a recurring keyword «весело/невесело» runs through this whole revel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле, part of idiom в самом деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom в самом деле (=indeed), modifies невесело","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невесело","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"невесело","lemma":"невесело","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"main predicate of the sentence (copula omitted)","gloss":"dull"},{"surface":"лениво","lemma":"лениво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies промямлил","gloss":"lazily"},{"surface":"промямлил","lemma":"промямлить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mumbled"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of промямлил","gloss":"Kalganov"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b8-c7-s156","source":"— В банчик бы-с сыграть-с, как давеча… — хихикнул вдруг Максимов.","translation":"\"We might have a little game of faro, sir, like before...\" Maksimov suddenly giggled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В банчик бы-с сыграть-с","title":"«бы» wish + double servile «-с»","body":"«сыграть бы» ('how about a little game') is the bare-«бы» wish — a past-less hypothetical expressing a tentative suggestion. Maksimov coats it in the cringing «-с» (from «сударь»), tacked on twice, marking his servile timidity."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking банчик","gloss":"a game of"},{"surface":"банчик","lemma":"банчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сыграть, object of preposition в","gloss":"faro"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"particle forming optative mood with сыграть","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (archaic deferential suffix)","role":"archaic deferential particle attached to бы","gloss":"(sir)","note":"the enclitic -с (\"sударь/sударыня\") is an old-fashioned deferential tag Maksimov adds after words, roughly \"sir\"."},{"surface":"сыграть","lemma":"сыграть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive verb, complement of бы (optative construction)","gloss":"to play"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (archaic deferential suffix)","role":"archaic deferential particle attached to сыграть","gloss":"(sir)"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause with давеча","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of как (comparative clause)","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"хихикнул","lemma":"хихикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"giggled"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хихикнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хихикнул","gloss":"Maksimov"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b8-c7-s157","source":"— Банк? Великолепно! — подхватил Митя, — если только панове…","translation":"\"Faro? Splendid!\" Mitya caught him up. \"If only the panowie...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подхватил","title":"«подхватить» — to take up eagerly","body":"«подхватил» literally 'caught up', here 'seized on the idea, chimed in eagerly' — Mitya jumps at the suggestion. The same verb recurs through the dialogue for characters picking up and running with another's words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Банк","lemma":"банк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (one-word question)","gloss":"Faro"},{"surface":"Великолепно","lemma":"великолепно","morphology":"adverb (exclamation)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Splendid"},{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught him up"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подхватил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause with панове","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies панове","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"панове","lemma":"панове","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural (Polish loan)","role":"subject of the elliptical clause introduced by если только","gloss":"the panowie"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b8-c7-s158","source":"— Пузьно, пане! — как бы нехотя отозвался пан на диване…","translation":"\"Późno, panie!\" the Pole on the sofa responded, as if reluctantly...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Пузьно, пане!","title":"«Пузьно» — Polish 'late'","body":"Polish «Późno, panie!» ('It's late, sir!'), spelled phonetically in Cyrillic — the soft «ź» rendered «зь». Grushenka will demand a translation two lines on, the comedy lying precisely in the Poles' alien speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как бы нехотя","title":"«нехотя» — reluctantly","body":"«нехотя» is a frozen adverb ('unwillingly, reluctantly'), historically a gerund of «хотеть». «как бы» ('as if') hedges it: the Pole responds 'as though reluctantly', the affectation that so irritates Grushenka."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пузьно","lemma":"пузьно","morphology":"adverb (Polish \"późno\", transliterated)","role":"head of the phrase (exclamation)","gloss":"Late","note":"Broken-Russian transliteration of Polish \"późno\" (late), part of the Pole's accented speech."},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular (Polish loan)","role":"vocative address, coordinated with Пузьно","gloss":"pan"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom как бы (=as if)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom как бы (=as if)","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"нехотя","lemma":"нехотя","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отозвался","gloss":"reluctantly"},{"surface":"отозвался","lemma":"отозваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"responded"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отозвался","gloss":"the Pole"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"the sofa"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b8-c7-s159","source":"— То правда, — поддакнул и пан Врублевский.","translation":"\"That's true,\" Pan Wróblewski chimed in too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поддакнул","title":"«поддакнуть» — to chime in agreement","body":"«поддакнуть» is to say 'да, да' in assent, to second someone obsequiously. The verb itself is built from «да» ('yes') with «под-»; Wróblewski merely echoes his companion's agreement."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of правда (copula omitted)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"'s true"},{"surface":"поддакнул","lemma":"поддакнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"chimed in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пан (=also/too)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"title, in apposition with Врублевский, subject of поддакнул","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Врублевский","lemma":"врублевский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поддакнул, apposition with пан","gloss":"Wróblewski"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b8-c7-s160","source":"— Пузьно? Это что такое пузьно? — спросила Грушенька.","translation":"\"Późno? What does that mean, późno?\" Grushenka asked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это что такое пузьно?","title":"«что такое…?» — 'what is…?'","body":"«Что такое пузьно?» is the set frame for asking the meaning or nature of something ('what is this — pузьno?'). «такое» is the neuter of «такой» frozen into the idiom; Grushenka demands a gloss of the Polish word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пузьно","lemma":"пузьно","morphology":"adverb (Polish \"późno\", transliterated)","role":"head of the phrase (echoing the word)","gloss":"Late"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"intensifies что","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"пузьно","lemma":"пузьно","morphology":"adverb (Polish \"późno\", transliterated)","role":"in apposition, echoing the word being asked about","gloss":"'late'"},{"surface":"спросила","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of спросила","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b8-c7-s161","source":"— То значи поздно, пани, поздно, час поздний, — разъяснил пан на диване.","translation":"\"It means late, pani, late, the hour is late,\" the Pole on the sofa explained.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"То значи поздно, пани","title":"Polish-tinged gloss, «пани»","body":"The Pole explains in half-Polish: «То значи» (Polish «to znaczy», 'that means') and «пани» (the Polish feminine address to Grushenka). His Russian «поздно… час поздний» finally renders the word she asked about."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"час поздний","title":"Post-posed adjective «час поздний»","body":"Placing the adjective after its noun, «час поздний» (vs ordinary «поздний час»), gives a predicative, sententious ring — 'the hour [is] late'. Such inversion is a bookish, slightly oracular flavour suited to the Pole's pompous delivery."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of значи","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"значи","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective (dialectal form)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"поздно","lemma":"поздно","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"complement of значи","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"пани","lemma":"пани","morphology":"noun, vocative, feminine, singular (Polish loan)","role":"vocative address","gloss":"madam"},{"surface":"поздно","lemma":"поздно","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"in apposition to the first поздно, restated for emphasis","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поздний","gloss":"the hour"},{"surface":"поздний","lemma":"поздний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, complement of час (copula omitted)","gloss":"is late"},{"surface":"разъяснил","lemma":"разъяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разъяснил","gloss":"the Pole"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разъяснил","gloss":"the sofa"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b8-c7-s162","source":"— И всё-то им поздно, и всё-то им нельзя! — почти взвизгнула в досаде Грушенька. — Сами скучные сидят, так и другим чтобы скучно было. Пред тобой, Митя, они всё вот этак молчали и надо мной фуфырились…","translation":"\"Everything's late with them, everything's not allowed with them!\" Grushenka almost shrieked in vexation. \"They sit there dull themselves, so everyone else has to be dull too. Before you came, Mitya, they kept silent just like this and put on airs at me...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И всё-то им поздно, и всё-то им нельзя!","title":"«-то» + dative-subject «нельзя»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «всё» ('everything, the whole lot of it') voices exasperated insistence. «им поздно», «им нельзя» are dative-subject impersonals — 'for them it's [too] late / not allowed' — with no nominative subject, the experiencer in the dative «им»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так и другим чтобы скучно было","title":"«чтобы» purpose with dative-subject state","body":"«чтобы другим скучно было» ('so that others too should be bored') is a «чтобы» purpose clause with past-form «было» and a dative subject «другим». It compactly expresses the Poles' spiteful wish that everyone share their gloom."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фуфырились","title":"«фуфыриться» — to put on airs","body":"«фуфыриться» is a colloquial, slightly contemptuous verb: to puff oneself up, sulk haughtily, give oneself airs. Grushenka accuses the Poles of preening and looking down on her — the word is as deflating as the act it names."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поздно","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to всё","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of поздно","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"поздно","lemma":"поздно","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"main predicate of the clause","gloss":"too late"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нельзя","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to всё","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of нельзя","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"coordinated with поздно","gloss":"not allowed"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взвизгнула","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"взвизгнула","lemma":"взвизгнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shrieked"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking досаде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"досаде","lemma":"досада","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взвизгнула","gloss":"vexation"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of взвизгнула","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"Сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun (emphatic), nominative, plural","role":"modifies скучные","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"скучные","lemma":"скучный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate adjective, subject of сидят (describes the elided они)","gloss":"dull"},{"surface":"сидят","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и (=so...too)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"другим","lemma":"другой","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of скучно было (impersonal construction)","gloss":"for others"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скучно","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"скучно","lemma":"скучный","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"predicate of было","gloss":"dull"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to скучно","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"Пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of Пред","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of молчали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этак","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этак","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"этак","lemma":"этак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies молчали","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"молчали","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept silent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of фуфырились via надо","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"фуфырились","lemma":"фуфыриться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молчали","gloss":"put on airs","note":"colloquial/dialectal verb meaning to be haughty or sulky."}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b8-c7-s163","source":"— Богиня моя! — крикнул пан на диване, — цо мувишь, то сень стане. Видзен неласкен, и естем смутны. (Вижу нерасположение, оттого я и печальный). Естем готув (я готов), пане, — докончил он, обращаясь к Мите.","translation":"\"My goddess!\" cried the Pole on the sofa, \"co mówisz, to się stanie. Widzę niełaskę, i jestem smutny. (I see your displeasure, and so I am sad.) Jestem gotów (I am ready), panie,\" he finished, turning to Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Богиня моя!","title":"«Богиня моя!» — 'My goddess!'","body":"The Pole's grandiloquent endearment to Grushenka, «Богиня моя» ('my goddess'). The inflated gallantry — set beside his clipped, reluctant Polish refusals — is exactly the theatrical posing Dostoevsky mocks in him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"цо мувишь, то сень стане… Естем готув","title":"Sustained Polish, glossed","body":"A long Polish stretch in Cyrillic — «co mówisz, to się stanie» ('what you say shall be'), «Widzę niełaskę, i jestem smutny» ('I see [your] disfavour, and I am sad'), «Jestem gotów» ('I am ready') — each clause glossed in Russian. Dostoevsky sustains the bilingual comedy to its fullest here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Богиня","lemma":"богиня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address, head noun","gloss":"goddess"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Богиня","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"the Pole"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"цо","lemma":"co","morphology":"pronoun (Polish \"co\", transliterated)","role":"object of мувишь","gloss":"what","note":"Polish \"co\" (=what), part of the Pole's Polish outburst \"co mówisz, to się stanie.\""},{"surface":"мувишь","lemma":"mówić","morphology":"verb, present, active, second, singular (Polish \"mówisz\", transliterated)","role":"verb of the clause цо мувишь","gloss":"you say"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"to","morphology":"pronoun (Polish \"to\", resumptive)","role":"resumptive pronoun, subject of стане","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сень","lemma":"się","morphology":"particle (Polish reflexive \"się\", transliterated)","role":"reflexive particle with стане (się stanie)","gloss":"(się)","note":"Transliteration of the Polish reflexive particle \"się\" in \"to się stanie\" (=that's how it'll be)."},{"surface":"стане","lemma":"stać się","morphology":"verb, future, third, singular (Polish \"stanie\", transliterated)","role":"main verb of the clause то сень стане","gloss":"will happen"},{"surface":"Видзен","lemma":"widzieć","morphology":"verb, present, active, first, singular (Polish \"widzę\", transliterated)","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"неласкен","lemma":"niełaska","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular (Polish \"niełaskę\", transliterated)","role":"direct object of Видзен","gloss":"disfavor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"естем","lemma":"być","morphology":"verb, present, active, first, singular (Polish \"jestem\", transliterated)","role":"copula, subject of смутны","gloss":"I am"},{"surface":"смутны","lemma":"smutny","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular (Polish, transliterated)","role":"predicate adjective with естем","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"Вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I see","note":"Dostoevsky's own Russian translation of the preceding Polish."},{"surface":"нерасположение","lemma":"нерасположение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Вижу","gloss":"displeasure"},{"surface":"оттого","lemma":"оттого","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Вижу","gloss":"that's why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of печальный","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying печальный","gloss":"indeed/too"},{"surface":"печальный","lemma":"печальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, coordinated with я","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"Естем","lemma":"być","morphology":"verb, present, active, first, singular (Polish \"jestem\", transliterated)","role":"copula, main verb of the clause","gloss":"I am"},{"surface":"готув","lemma":"gotowy","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular (Polish \"gotów\", transliterated)","role":"predicate adjective with Естем","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of готов","gloss":"I","note":"Dostoevsky's own Russian translation of the preceding Polish."},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, coordinated with готув","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular (Polish loan)","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"докончил","lemma":"докончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of докончил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on докончил","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b8-c7-s164","source":"— Начинай, пане! — подхватил Митя, выхватывая из кармана свои кредитки и выкладывая из них две сторублевых на стол.","translation":"\"Begin, panie!\" Mitya caught him up, snatching his banknotes out of his pocket and laying two hundred-rouble notes from among them on the table.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выхватывая… и выкладывая","title":"Paired imperfective gerunds","body":"Two imperfective present gerunds in -я, «выхватывая» ('snatching out') and «выкладывая» ('laying out'), run parallel to the main verb, painting Mitya's simultaneous flurry of action as he speaks. Chains of such gerunds are signature literary narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Начинай","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, head of the exclamatory clause","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular (Polish loan)","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"подхватил","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught him up"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подхватил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"выхватывая","lemma":"выхватывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on подхватил","gloss":"snatching"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармана","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"кармана","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выхватывая","gloss":"his pocket"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of кредитки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"кредитки","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of выхватывая","gloss":"banknotes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выкладывая","lemma":"выкладывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выхватывая","gloss":"laying out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of выкладывая","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on сторублевых","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"сторублевых","lemma":"сторублёвый","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), genitive, plural","role":"direct object of выкладывая","gloss":"hundred-rouble notes"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выкладывая (destination)","gloss":"the table"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b8-c7-s165","source":"— Я тебе много, пан, хочу проиграть. Бери карты, закладывай банк!","translation":"\"I want to lose a lot to you, pan. Take the cards, hold the bank!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хочу проиграть","title":"«проиграть» — to lose (at play)","body":"«проиграть» (perfective) specifically means to lose at gambling — the prefix «про-» here carrying the sense of losing/squandering through play. Mitya's wish to lose to the Pole is bravado, a grand gesture of contempt-as-generosity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Бери карты, закладывай банк!","title":"Imperfective imperatives of invitation","body":"«бери», «закладывай» are imperfective imperatives ('take the cards, set up the bank') — open, energetic commands urging him to get on with it. «закладывать банк» is the faro idiom for the banker setting up the hand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of проиграть","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проиграть","gloss":"a lot"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"pan"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"проиграть","lemma":"проиграть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to lose"},{"surface":"Бери","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"карты","lemma":"карта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of Бери","gloss":"the cards"},{"surface":"закладывай","lemma":"закладывать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Бери","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"банк","lemma":"банк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of закладывай","gloss":"the bank"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b8-c7-s166","source":"— Карты чтоб от хозяина, пане, — настойчиво и серьезно произнес маленький пан.","translation":"\"The cards must come from the landlord, panie,\" the little Pole said insistently and earnestly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Карты чтоб от хозяина","title":"Elliptical «чтоб» demand","body":"«Карты чтоб от хозяина» ('the cards [must come] from the landlord') is a clipped «чтоб»-clause with the verb omitted — a curt insistence on a condition. The little Pole, alert to cheating, demands a fresh sealed pack from the innkeeper."}],"words":[{"surface":"Карты","lemma":"карта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of the elliptical clause чтоб от хозяина","gloss":"the cards"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces elliptical necessity clause","gloss":"should be"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хозяина","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"хозяина","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чтоб (source)","gloss":"the landlord"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular (Polish loan)","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"настойчиво","lemma":"настойчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with настойчиво","gloss":"earnestly"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"the Pole"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b8-c7-s167","source":"— То найлепши спосуб (самый лучший способ), — поддакнул пан Врублевский.","translation":"\"To najlepszy sposób (that's the best way),\" Pan Wróblewski chimed in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"То найлепши спосуб","title":"Polish «najlepszy sposób»","body":"Polish «To najlepszy sposób» ('that's the best way'), glossed «самый лучший способ». Note Polish «najlepszy» (superlative of 'good') against Russian «лучший» — cognate Slavic roots diverging just enough to mark the foreignness."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"to","morphology":"pronoun (Polish \"to\", transliterated)","role":"subject of найлепши","gloss":"that","note":"Polish \"To najlepszy sposób\" (=that's the best way)."},{"surface":"найлепши","lemma":"najlepszy","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, superlative (Polish, transliterated)","role":"predicate adjective modifying спосуб","gloss":"the best"},{"surface":"спосуб","lemma":"sposób","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular (Polish, transliterated)","role":"head noun of the predicate construction with найлепши","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лучший","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"лучший","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies способ","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"способ","lemma":"способ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to спосуб (Russian gloss in parens)","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"поддакнул","lemma":"поддакнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"chimed in"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поддакнул","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Врублевский","lemma":"врублевский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to пан","gloss":"Wróblewski"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b8-c7-s168","source":"— От хозяина? Хорошо, понимаю, пусть от хозяина, это вы хорошо, панове! Карты! — скомандовал Митя хозяину.","translation":"\"From the landlord? Fine, I understand, let it be from the landlord, that's a good idea of yours, panowie! Cards!\" Mitya commanded the landlord.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть от хозяина","title":"«пусть» — third-person 'let it be'","body":"«пусть» forms a third-person imperative / concession: «пусть от хозяина» ('let it be from the landlord'). It expresses Mitya's yielding assent — 'have it your way' — a softer command than the bare imperative."}],"words":[{"surface":"От","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хозяина","gloss":"From"},{"surface":"хозяина","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of От, head of the one-word question","gloss":"the landlord"},{"surface":"Хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb (exclamation)","role":"exclamation, head of the phrase","gloss":"Fine"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I understand"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces permissive clause with от хозяина","gloss":"let it be"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хозяина","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"хозяина","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"complement of пусть (elliptical clause)","gloss":"the landlord"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of хорошо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elided verb, praised by хорошо","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"predicate describing вы's action","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"панове","lemma":"панове","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural (Polish loan)","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"Карты","lemma":"карта","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"quoted command (in reported speech under скомандовал)","gloss":"Cards!"},{"surface":"скомандовал","lemma":"скомандовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"commanded"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of скомандовал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"хозяину","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of скомандовал","gloss":"the landlord"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b8-c7-s169","source":"Хозяин принес нераспечатанную игру карт и объявил Мите, что уж сбираются девки, жидки с цимбалами прибудут тоже, вероятно, скоро, а что тройка с припасами еще не успела прибыть.","translation":"The landlord brought an unopened pack of cards and announced to Mitya that the girls were already gathering, that the Jews with their cimbalom would probably arrive soon too, but that the troika with the provisions had not yet managed to get there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"объявил Мите, что… что… а что…","title":"Reported speech with «что»","body":"The landlord's report is strung on repeated «что» ('that…') — the subordinating conjunction introducing reported fact — with «а что» ('but that…') marking the contrastive last clause. The cascade of «что»-clauses neatly stacks his three pieces of news."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хозяин","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принес","gloss":"the landlord"},{"surface":"принес","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"нераспечатанную","lemma":"нераспечатанный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies игру","gloss":"unopened"},{"surface":"игру","lemma":"игра","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принес","gloss":"pack"},{"surface":"карт","lemma":"карта","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies игру","gloss":"of cards"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with принес","gloss":"announced"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of объявил","gloss":"to Mitya"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сбираются","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сбираются","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сбираются","lemma":"сбираться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объявил","gloss":"were gathering"},{"surface":"девки","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of сбираются","gloss":"the girls"},{"surface":"жидки","lemma":"жидок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of прибудут","gloss":"the Jews","note":"Dated, ethnically pejorative colloquial term for Jewish people, used here of the traveling musicians."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цимбалами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"цимбалами","lemma":"цимбалы","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies жидки","gloss":"their cimbalom"},{"surface":"прибудут","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with сбираются","gloss":"would arrive"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибудут","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"вероятно","lemma":"вероятно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибудут","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибудут","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of успела","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тройка","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of успела","gloss":"the troika"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking припасами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"припасами","lemma":"припас","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies тройка","gloss":"the provisions"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успела","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успела","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успела","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сбираются","gloss":"had managed"},{"surface":"прибыть","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успела","gloss":"to arrive"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b8-c7-s170","source":"Митя выскочил из-за стола и побежал в соседнюю комнату сейчас же распорядиться.","translation":"Mitya jumped up from the table and ran into the next room to give his orders at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выскочил… побежал","title":"Prefixed motion perfectives","body":"«выскочил» ('jumped out', «вы-» + «скочить») and «побежал» ('set off running', «по-» + «бежать') are perfective prefixed motion verbs, each a single bounded movement. «по-» on a motion verb specifically marks the setting-off, the start of going."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выскочил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"выскочил","lemma":"выскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"jumped up"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стола","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стола","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"стола","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выскочил","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выскочил","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"соседнюю","lemma":"соседний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнату","gloss":"the next"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежал","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies распорядиться","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"распорядиться","lemma":"распорядиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of побежал","gloss":"to give orders"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b8-c7-s171","source":"Но девок всего пришло только три, да и Марьи еще не было.","translation":"But only three girls had come in all, and Marya was not there yet either.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"девок всего пришло только три","title":"Numeral subject and genitive «девок»","body":"Word order and case combine for emphasis: «девок» (genitive plural) is fronted, «всего… только три» ('only three in all') trails. With «три» the verb stands in the singular neuter «пришло», as numeral-headed subjects often do, treating the group as a single quantity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Марьи еще не было","title":"Genitive of negation in existence","body":"«Марьи… не было» — the absent subject of a negated existential goes in the genitive: «Марьи» (gen.), not nominative «Марья». The neuter «не было» is invariable, agreeing with no subject at all. This is the obligatory genitive-of-absence pattern."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"девок","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of пришло","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пришло","gloss":"in all"},{"surface":"пришло","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies три","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"subject of пришло","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Марьи","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive of negation)","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пришло","gloss":"was there"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b8-c7-s172","source":"Да и сам он не знал, как ему распорядиться и зачем он выбежал: велел только достать из ящика гостинцев, леденцов и тягушек и оделить девок.","translation":"And indeed he himself did not know what orders to give or why he had run out: he merely told them to fetch some treats from the chest — fruit drops and toffees — and to share them out among the girls.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ему распорядиться и зачем он выбежал","title":"Dative-subject infinitive in an embedded question","body":"«как ему распорядиться» ('what orders he was to give') is a dative-subject infinitive ('for him to arrange') folded into an indirect question. The dative «ему» names the would-be doer where there is no nominative subject — a very Dostoevskian framing of a man at a loss."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"леденцов и тягушек","title":"«леденцы» and «тягушки» — sweets","body":"Treats for the village girls: «леденцы» are hard fruit-drops / boiled sweets, «тягушки» pulled toffees (from «тянуть», 'to pull', for the way taffy is stretched). Homely, cheap delights — Mitya scattering small kindnesses in his largesse."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"велел… достать… и оделить","title":"«велеть» + bare infinitive","body":"«велел достать… и оделить» ('ordered [them] to fetch… and share out') uses «велеть» governing bare perfective infinitives — the ordinary way to report a command's content. The implicit dative recipient (the servants) is left unspoken."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies распорядиться","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of распорядиться","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"распорядиться","lemma":"распорядиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of знал","gloss":"to order"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выбежал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выбежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"выбежал","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with распорядиться","gloss":"had run out"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to выбежал","gloss":"told them"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies достать","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"достать","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"to fetch"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ящика","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ящика","lemma":"ящик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of достать","gloss":"the chest"},{"surface":"гостинцев","lemma":"гостинец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"partitive direct object of достать","gloss":"treats"},{"surface":"леденцов","lemma":"леденец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with гостинцев","gloss":"fruit drops"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тягушек","lemma":"тягушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with гостинцев","gloss":"toffees"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оделить","lemma":"оделить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with достать","gloss":"to share out"},{"surface":"девок","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of оделить","gloss":"the girls"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b8-c7-s173","source":"«Да Андрею водки, водки Андрею! — приказал он наскоро, — я обидел Андрея!»","translation":"\"And vodka for Andrei, vodka for Andrei!\" he ordered hurriedly. \"I've offended Andrei!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да Андрею водки, водки Андрею!","title":"Chiasmus + partitive genitive «водки»","body":"Mitya repeats his order in mirror-image — «Андрею водки, водки Андрею» — a chiasmus driven by emotion. «водки» is the partitive genitive ('some vodka'), and «Андрею» the dative recipient; the verb 'give' is dropped, as it freely can be in such excited commands."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Андрею","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of implied дать","gloss":"for Andrei"},{"surface":"водки","lemma":"водка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of implied дать","gloss":"vodka"},{"surface":"водки","lemma":"водка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with водки","gloss":"vodka"},{"surface":"Андрею","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of implied дать","gloss":"for Andrei"},{"surface":"приказал","lemma":"приказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"наскоро","lemma":"наскоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приказал","gloss":"hurriedly"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обидел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"обидел","lemma":"обидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to приказал","gloss":"have offended"},{"surface":"Андрея","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обидел","gloss":"Andrei"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b8-c7-s174","source":"Тут его вдруг тронул за плечо прибежавший вслед за ним Максимов.","translation":"Just then Maksimov, who had run out after him, suddenly touched him on the shoulder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прибежавший вслед за ним Максимов","title":"Past active participle modifying the subject","body":"«прибежавший вслед за ним» ('who had come running after him') is a past active participle from perfective «прибежать», placed before «Максимов» to compress a whole relative clause ('Maksimov, who had run after him') into a tight pre-modifier — typical literary economy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тронул","gloss":"Just then"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of тронул","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тронул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"тронул","lemma":"тронуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"touched"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечо","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"плечо","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of тронул","gloss":"the shoulder"},{"surface":"прибежавший","lemma":"прибежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Максимов","gloss":"who had run up"},{"surface":"вслед","lemma":"вслед","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибежавший","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вслед","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of тронул","gloss":"Maksimov"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b8-c7-s175","source":"— Дайте мне пять рублей, — прошептал он Мите, — я бы тоже в банчик рискнул, хи-хи!","translation":"\"Give me five roubles,\" he whispered to Mitya, \"I'd like to take a turn at faro too, hee-hee!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я бы тоже в банчик рискнул","title":"Conditional «бы рискнул»","body":"«я бы… рискнул» is the conditional — past-form «рискнул» plus «бы» — used to soften the request into a wistful 'I'd like to chance it too'. The hesitant mood matches Maksimov's wheedling, half-apologetic begging for money."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дайте","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Give"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Дайте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Дайте","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"прошептал","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Дайте","gloss":"he whispered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошептал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прошептал","gloss":"to Mitya"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рискнул","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks conditional mood of рискнул","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рискнул","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking банчик","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"банчик","lemma":"банчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рискнул","gloss":"faro"},{"surface":"рискнул","lemma":"рискнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Дайте","gloss":"take a turn"},{"surface":"хи","lemma":"хи","morphology":"interjection","role":"expresses laughter (part of хи-хи)","gloss":"hee"},{"surface":"хи","lemma":"хи","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with хи","gloss":"hee"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b8-c7-s176","source":"— Прекрасно, великолепно! Берите десять, вот! — Он вытащил опять все кредитки из кармана и отыскал десять рублей. — А проиграешь, еще приходи, еще приходи…","translation":"\"Wonderful, splendid! Take ten, here!\" He pulled all his banknotes out of his pocket again and found ten roubles. \"And if you lose, come again, come again...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А проиграешь, еще приходи","title":"Perfective future as an open conditional","body":"«проиграешь» is a perfective-present form with future meaning ('if you lose') — the bare conjugated verb standing in for a whole «если»-clause, a common colloquial conditional. «приходи» is the imperfective imperative inviting repeated visits: 'keep coming back'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прекрасно","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Wonderful"},{"surface":"великолепно","lemma":"великолепно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Прекрасно","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"Берите","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Take"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"direct object of Берите","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Берите","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вытащил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"вытащил","lemma":"вытащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Берите","gloss":"pulled out"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вытащил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of кредитки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"кредитки","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of вытащил","gloss":"banknotes"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кармана","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вытащил","gloss":"his pocket"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отыскал","lemma":"отыскать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вытащил","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of отыскал","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"проиграешь","lemma":"проиграть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause (if you lose)","gloss":"you lose"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходи","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"приходи","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with проиграешь","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходи","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"приходи","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with проиграешь","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b8-c7-s177","source":"— Хорошо-с, — радостно прошептал Максимов и побежал в залу.","translation":"\"Very good, sir,\" Maksimov whispered joyfully, and ran back into the hall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Хорошо-с","title":"«Хорошо-с» — the servile «-с» once more","body":"Maksimov's assent «Хорошо-с» ('Very good, sir') again wears the deferential clitic «-с» (< «сударь»). Dostoevsky uses this fading honorific suffix as a consistent verbal tic to mark his cringing, dependent hanger-on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Very good"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches deferential marker to Хорошо","gloss":"sir","note":"The suffixed particle -с (from сударь) marks deferential, servant-register speech."},{"surface":"радостно","lemma":"радостно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошептал","gloss":"joyfully"},{"surface":"прошептал","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Хорошо","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошептал","gloss":"Maksimov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошептал","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежал","gloss":"the hall"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b8-c7-s178","source":"Воротился тотчас и Митя и извинился, что заставил ждать себя.","translation":"Mitya returned at once too, and apologized for having kept them waiting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"извинился, что заставил ждать себя","title":"«заставить» + infinitive; reflexive «себя»","body":"«заставить ждать» means 'to make [someone] wait' — «заставить» plus a bare infinitive expressing compulsion. «себя» is the reflexive object pronoun ('to wait for himself'), referring back to Mitya, the clause's subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Воротился","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Митя","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Воротился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"извинился","lemma":"извиниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Воротился","gloss":"apologized"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заставил","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"заставил","lemma":"заставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of извинился","gloss":"had made"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of заставил","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of ждать","gloss":"for him"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b8-c7-s179","source":"Паны уже уселись и распечатали игру.","translation":"The Poles had already sat down and broken open the pack.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Паны уже уселись и распечатали игру","title":"Perfective pair: completed preparations","body":"«уселись» ('had settled themselves', reflexive) and «распечатали» ('had broken open / unsealed') are two perfectives reporting completed setup just before Mitya's return. «распечатать» (to unseal) confirms the fresh-pack precaution the Poles insisted on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Паны","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of уселись","gloss":"The Poles"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уселись","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"уселись","lemma":"усесться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had sat down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"распечатали","lemma":"распечатать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with уселись","gloss":"broken open"},{"surface":"игру","lemma":"игра","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of распечатали","gloss":"the pack"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b8-c7-s180","source":"Смотрели же гораздо приветливее, почти ласково.","translation":"They were looking far more cordial now, almost affable.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смотрели же гораздо приветливее, почти ласково","title":"Comparative adverbs + intensifier «гораздо»","body":"«приветливее» ('more cordially') is the comparative adverb in -ее, intensified by «гораздо» ('far, much'). «почти ласково» ('almost affectionately') sharpens the shift in the Poles' manner now that money is on the table."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смотрели же","title":"Subjectless verb + topic-shifting «же»","body":"The subject (the Poles) is dropped, carried over from the previous sentence, leaving «Смотрели» to open the clause. The particle «же» marks the gentle topic-shift back to them and their changed expression — a quiet narrative hinge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смотрели","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were looking"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Смотрели","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приветливее","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"приветливее","lemma":"приветливый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies Смотрели","gloss":"more cordial"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ласково","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"ласково","lemma":"ласково","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with приветливее","gloss":"affable"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b8-c7-s181","source":"Пан на диване закурил новую трубку и приготовился метать; в лице его изобразилась даже некая торжественность.","translation":"The Pole on the sofa lit a fresh pipe and prepared to deal; a certain solemnity even showed itself on his face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"метать","title":"«метать» — to deal (faro)","body":"Here «метать» is the technical verb of the card game faro («штосс»): the banker 'throws' the cards to set up the round. The whole episode is steeped in gambling vocabulary — «банк», «талья», «ва-банк», «на пе» — that an ordinary dictionary will not gloss."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в лице его изобразилась","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as middle voice","body":"«изобразилась» (lit. 'depicted itself') uses the clitic «-ся» to turn a transitive verb into an intransitive middle: a solemnity 'showed itself' on his face, with no external agent. Russian constantly forms such middle/inchoative verbs this way."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закурил","gloss":"The Pole"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Пан","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"закурил","lemma":"закурить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lit"},{"surface":"новую","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies трубку","gloss":"a fresh"},{"surface":"трубку","lemma":"трубка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of закурил","gloss":"pipe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приготовился","lemma":"приготовиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with закурил","gloss":"prepared"},{"surface":"метать","lemma":"метать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of приготовился","gloss":"to deal"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of изобразилась","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лице","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"изобразилась","lemma":"изобразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to закурил","gloss":"showed itself"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies некая","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"некая","lemma":"некий","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of торжественность","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"торжественность","lemma":"торжественность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of изобразилась","gloss":"solemnity"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b8-c7-s182","source":"— На мейсца, панове! — провозгласил пан Врублевский.","translation":"\"To your places, panowie!\" Pan Wróblewski proclaimed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"На мейсца, панове!","title":"Polish in Cyrillic: 'To your places!'","body":"Dostoevsky spells the Pole's Polish phonetically in Cyrillic: «на мейсца» = Polish 'na miejsca' (to [your] places), «панове» = 'panowie', the plural address 'gentlemen'. The macaronic effect — Polish heard through Russian ears — is deliberate and faintly comic."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мейсца","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"мейсца","lemma":"мейсца","morphology":"noun (Polonism), accusative, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"places","note":"Polish miejsca (\"places\") rendered phonetically in the Pole's broken Russian."},{"surface":"панове","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun (Polonism), vocative, plural","role":"vocative address, coordinated with мейсца","gloss":"gentlemen","note":"Polish vocative plural panowie."},{"surface":"провозгласил","lemma":"провозгласить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to мейсца","gloss":"proclaimed"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of провозгласил","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Врублевский","lemma":"врублевский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on пан","gloss":"Wróblewski"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b8-c7-s183","source":"— Нет, я не стану больше играть, — отозвался Калганов, — я давеча уж им проиграл пятьдесят рублей.","translation":"\"No, I shan't play anymore,\" Kalganov responded, \"I already lost fifty roubles to them earlier.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — 'a little while ago'","body":"«давеча» is a colloquial, slightly old-fashioned adverb meaning 'earlier today, just now', common in 19th-century speech. It places Kalganov's loss in the recent past of the same evening."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не стану больше играть","title":"«стану» as future + negation","body":"«стану играть» is a compound future ('I shall [start to] play'), here negated: «не стану больше играть» — 'I won't play anymore'. «стать» + imperfective infinitive is a common way to frame a future intention, and под negation it reads as a refusal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to стану","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стану","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стану","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стану","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies играть","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"играть","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стану","gloss":"play"},{"surface":"отозвался","lemma":"отозваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to стану","gloss":"responded"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отозвался","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of проиграл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проиграл","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies проиграл","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of проиграл","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"проиграл","lemma":"проиграть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стану","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"пятьдесят","lemma":"пятьдесят","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"fifty"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of проиграл","gloss":"roubles"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b8-c7-s184","source":"— Пан был нещенсливый, пан может быть опять щенсливым, — заметил в его сторону пан на диване.","translation":"\"Pan was unlucky, pan may be lucky again,\" the Pole on the sofa remarked in his direction.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нещенсливый ... щенсливым","title":"Polish 'unlucky / lucky'","body":"«нещенсливый» / «щенсливый» render Polish 'nieszczęśliwy / szczęśliwy' (unlucky / lucky) in Cyrillic. The Pole's whole sentence is Polish thinly Russified, the running joke of his speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"может быть опять щенсливым","title":"Instrumental of the predicate","body":"After «быть», the predicate adjective stands in the instrumental: «быть ... щенсливым» ('to be lucky'). Russian frames a state reached or assumed through «быть/стать» with the instrumental rather than the nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нещенсливый","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"нещенсливый","lemma":"несчастливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"unlucky","note":"Broken Polish-accented Russian for несчастливый (\"unlucky\")."},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"pan"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нещенсливый","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to щенсливым","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies щенсливым","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"щенсливым","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of может","gloss":"lucky","note":"Broken Polish-accented Russian for счастливым (\"lucky\")."},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to нещенсливый","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторону","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сторону","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сторону","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"direction"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"the Pole"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметил","gloss":"the sofa"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b8-c7-s185","source":"— Сколько в банке? Ответный? — горячился Митя.","translation":"\"How much is in the bank? Will it cover? \" Mitya was getting heated.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ответный?","title":"«ответный (банк)» — a covering bank","body":"In faro an «ответный банк» is one that 'answers' (covers) any stake a player makes — the bank pays whatever you bet. Mitya is asking whether the Pole's bank will cover all comers."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"горячился","title":"«горячиться» — to grow heated","body":"«горячиться» (reflexive, from «горячий», hot) means to get worked up, excited, hot under the collar. The imperfective past «горячился» paints Mitya's mounting agitation as an ongoing state, not a single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"subject of implied есть","gloss":"How much"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking банке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"банке","lemma":"банк","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of implied есть","gloss":"the bank"},{"surface":"Ответный","lemma":"ответный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Will it cover"},{"surface":"горячился","lemma":"горячиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Ответный","gloss":"was getting heated"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of горячился","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b8-c7-s186","source":"— Слухам, пане, может сто, може двесьце, сколько ставить будешь.","translation":"\"Słucham, panie, perhaps a hundred, perhaps two hundred, however much you care to stake.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Слухам, пане","title":"Polish 'I'm listening'","body":"«Слухам» = Polish 'słucham' (I'm listening / at your service), «може ... двесьце» = 'może ... dwieście' (perhaps ... two hundred). The Pole answers Mitya's question in his characteristic Polish-in-Cyrillic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сколько ставить будешь","title":"Compound future with «будешь»","body":"«ставить будешь» is the imperfective compound future: «будешь» (future of «быть») + imperfective infinitive «ставить» — 'however much you will [be] staking'. The «ты»-form «будешь» is also the Pole's faintly condescending familiar address."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слухам","lemma":"słucham","morphology":"interjection (Polish)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"I'm listening","note":"Polish słucham, a polite \"I hear you / pardon?\", rendered phonetically in the Pole's broken Russian."},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun (Polonism), vocative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Слухам","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Слухам","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"сто","lemma":"сто","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"complement of может","gloss":"a hundred"},{"surface":"може","lemma":"może","morphology":"adverb (Polonism)","role":"coordinated with Слухам","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"двесьце","lemma":"dwieście","morphology":"numeral (Polonism)","role":"complement of може","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"direct object of ставить","gloss":"however much"},{"surface":"ставить","lemma":"ставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Слухам","gloss":"to stake"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of ставить","gloss":"will"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b8-c7-s187","source":"— Миллион! — захохотал Митя.","translation":"\"A million!\" Mitya burst out laughing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"захохотал","title":"«захохотать» — to burst out laughing","body":"The prefix «за-» here is inceptive: «захохотать» means to break into loud laughter, 'start guffawing'. Dostoevsky favours these «за-» onset verbs to mark a sudden eruption of feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Миллион","lemma":"миллион","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"A million"},{"surface":"захохотал","lemma":"захохотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Миллион","gloss":"burst out laughing"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захохотал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b8-c7-s188","source":"— Пан капитан, может, слышал про пана Подвысоцкего?","translation":"\"Pan captain has perhaps heard of Pan Podwysocki?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слышал про пана Подвысоцкего","title":"«про» + accusative; animate accusative","body":"«про» governs the accusative and means 'about, concerning'. «пана Подвысоцкего» shows animate accusative borrowing the genitive ending (animate masculine acc. = gen.), which is how Russian keeps the object distinct once endings move freely."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies капитан","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"капитан","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to слышал","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пана","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"пана","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышал","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Подвысоцкего","lemma":"подвысоцкий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пана","gloss":"Podwysocki"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b8-c7-s189","source":"— Какого Подвысоцкого?","translation":"\"What Podwysocki?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какого Подвысоцкого?","title":"«какой» agreeing in the accusative","body":"The interrogative «какой» ('which / what kind of') declines like an adjective and here agrees with «Подвысоцкого» in animate masculine accusative: «Какого Подвысоцкого?» — 'What Podwysocki [do you mean]?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Подвысоцкого","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"Подвысоцкого","lemma":"подвысоцкий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Podwysocki"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b8-c7-s190","source":"— В Варшаве банк ответный ставит кто идет. Приходит Подвысоцкий, видит тысёнц злотых, ставит: ва-банк. Ба́нкер муви: «Пане Подвысоцки, ставишь злото чи на го́нор?» — «На го́нор, пане», — муви Подвысоцкий. «Тем лепей, пане». Ба́нкер мечет талью, Подвысоцкий берет тысёнц злотых. «Почекай, пане, — муви ба́нкер, вынул ящик и дает миллион, — бери, пане, ото есть твой рахунек» (вот твой счет)! Банк был миллионным. «Я не знал того», — муви Подвысоцкий. «Пане Подвысоцки, — муви ба́нкер, — ты ставилэсь на го́нор, и мы на го́нор». Подвысоцкий взял миллион.","translation":"\"In Warsaw the bank covers whoever comes against it. Podwysocki comes up, sees a thousand złotys, and stakes: va banque. The banker says: 'Panie Podwysocki, do you put down the gold, or na honor?' — 'Na honor, panie,' says Podwysocki. 'So much the better, panie.' The banker deals the round, Podwysocki takes the thousand złotys. 'Wait, panie,' says the banker, drew out a strongbox and hands over a million — 'take it, panie, oto jest twój rachunek (this is your account)!' The bank held a million. 'I didn't know that,' says Podwysocki. 'Panie Podwysocki,' says the banker, 'you staked na honor, and so did we.' Podwysocki took the million.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на го́нор","title":"«на гонор» — on (one's) honor","body":"Polish 'na honor' = on credit, on one's word of honor, staking without laying down the cash. «гонор» entered Russian to mean touchy, aristocratic pride — exactly the szlachta self-image the story flatters."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"муви","title":"Polish 'says': «муви»","body":"«муви» = Polish 'mówi' (says); «почекай» = 'poczekaj' (wait); «рахунек» = 'rachunek' (account, bill), which the narrator glosses parenthetically as «(вот твой счет)». The whole anecdote is delivered in dense Polish-in-Cyrillic with Russian glosses."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Приходит ... видит ... ставит","title":"Historic present in narration","body":"The story is told in a string of imperfective presents — «приходит, видит, ставит, мечет, берет» — the vivid 'historic present' that makes a past anecdote feel as if it unfolds before us. This staccato present is a storyteller's device."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я не знал того","title":"Genitive of negation: «не знал того»","body":"Under negation the object shifts from accusative to genitive: «не знал того» ('didn't know that') uses genitive «того» rather than accusative. This is the classic genitive of negation with an abstract object."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Варшаве","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"Варшаве","lemma":"Варшава","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ставит","gloss":"Warsaw"},{"surface":"банк","lemma":"банк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ставит","gloss":"the bank"},{"surface":"ответный","lemma":"ответный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies банк","gloss":"covering"},{"surface":"ставит","lemma":"ставить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"covers"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of идет","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause, object of ставит","gloss":"comes against it"},{"surface":"Приходит","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes up"},{"surface":"Подвысоцкий","lemma":"Подвысоцкий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Приходит","gloss":"Podwysocki"},{"surface":"видит","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Приходит","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"тысёнц","lemma":"тысёнц","morphology":"noun (Polish loan, indeclinable), accusative, singular","role":"part of numeral phrase, object of видит","gloss":"a thousand","note":"Polish tysiąc \"thousand,\" used untranslated as local card-table color."},{"surface":"злотых","lemma":"злотый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies тысёнц","gloss":"złotys"},{"surface":"ставит","lemma":"ставить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видит","gloss":"stakes"},{"surface":"ва","lemma":"ва-банк","morphology":"interjection (fixed gambling phrase)","role":"first part of the fixed phrase ва-банк","gloss":"all-in","note":"\"Va-banque\" (French \"va banque\") — staking everything against the whole bank."},{"surface":"банк","lemma":"ва-банк","morphology":"interjection (fixed gambling phrase)","role":"second part of the fixed phrase ва-банк","gloss":"the bank"},{"surface":"Ба́нкер","lemma":"банкер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of муви","gloss":"The banker"},{"surface":"муви","lemma":"муви","morphology":"verb (Polish loan, invariant), present, indicative, third, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says","note":"Polish mówi \"says,\" kept as a fixed dialogue tag throughout this Polish-accented speech."},{"surface":"Пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"Panie"},{"surface":"Подвысоцки","lemma":"Подвысоцкий","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Пане","gloss":"Podwysocki"},{"surface":"ставишь","lemma":"ставить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"do you stake"},{"surface":"злото","lemma":"злото","morphology":"noun (Polish loan), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ставишь","gloss":"the gold"},{"surface":"чи","lemma":"чи","morphology":"conjunction (Polish loan)","role":"links злото and на го́нор as alternatives","gloss":"or","note":"Polish czy \"or/whether.\""},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking го́нор","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"го́нор","lemma":"гонор","morphology":"noun (Polish loan), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"second alternative to злото","gloss":"honor","note":"Polish honor — staking on your word alone, with no gold laid down."},{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking го́нор","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"го́нор","lemma":"гонор","morphology":"noun (Polish loan), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement, elliptical answer","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"panie"},{"surface":"муви","lemma":"муви","morphology":"verb (Polish loan, invariant), present, indicative, third, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"Подвысоцкий","lemma":"Подвысоцкий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of муви","gloss":"Podwysocki"},{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"correlative with лепей","gloss":"so much","note":"\"Тем лепей\" = \"so much the better\" (Polish tym lepiej), a fixed comparative idiom."},{"surface":"лепей","lemma":"лепей","morphology":"adverb, comparative (Polish loan)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the better"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"panie"},{"surface":"Ба́нкер","lemma":"банкер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мечет","gloss":"The banker"},{"surface":"мечет","lemma":"метать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"deals"},{"surface":"талью","lemma":"талья","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of мечет","gloss":"the round","note":"Card-table term for one full deal-through of the deck (from French taille)."},{"surface":"Подвысоцкий","lemma":"Подвысоцкий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of берет","gloss":"Podwysocki"},{"surface":"берет","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мечет","gloss":"takes"},{"surface":"тысёнц","lemma":"тысёнц","morphology":"noun (Polish loan, indeclinable), accusative, singular","role":"part of numeral phrase, object of берет","gloss":"the thousand"},{"surface":"злотых","lemma":"злотый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies тысёнц","gloss":"złotys"},{"surface":"Почекай","lemma":"почекать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective (Polish loan)","role":"main verb of the quoted line","gloss":"Wait","note":"Polish poczekaj \"wait.\""},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"panie"},{"surface":"муви","lemma":"муви","morphology":"verb (Polish loan, invariant), present, indicative, third, singular","role":"parallel clause to Почекай","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"ба́нкер","lemma":"банкер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of муви","gloss":"the banker"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drew out"},{"surface":"ящик","lemma":"ящик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вынул","gloss":"a strongbox"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дает","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вынул","gloss":"hands over"},{"surface":"миллион","lemma":"миллион","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дает","gloss":"a million"},{"surface":"бери","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted line","gloss":"take it"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"panie"},{"surface":"ото","lemma":"ото","morphology":"demonstrative particle (Polish loan)","role":"introduces есть","gloss":"this","note":"Polish oto \"here is / this is.\""},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking ото and рахунек","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рахунек","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"рахунек","lemma":"рахунек","morphology":"noun (Polish loan), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of есть","gloss":"account","note":"Polish rachunek \"bill/account,\" glossed a moment later by the narrator as \"счет.\""},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces твой счет","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"твой","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of счет","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"счет","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, parenthetical gloss of рахунек","gloss":"bill"},{"surface":"Банк","lemma":"банк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"The bank"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to миллионным","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"миллионным","lemma":"миллионный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a million"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"муви","lemma":"муви","morphology":"verb (Polish loan, invariant), present, indicative, third, singular","role":"parallel clause to знал","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"Подвысоцкий","lemma":"Подвысоцкий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of муви","gloss":"Podwysocki"},{"surface":"Пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"Panie"},{"surface":"Подвысоцки","lemma":"Подвысоцкий","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Пане","gloss":"Podwysocki"},{"surface":"муви","lemma":"муви","morphology":"verb (Polish loan, invariant), present, indicative, third, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"ба́нкер","lemma":"банкер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of муви","gloss":"the banker"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ставилэсь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ставилэсь","lemma":"ставить","morphology":"verb, past, second, singular (Polish-flavored ending)","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"staked","note":"Mock-Polish past-tense ending (like Polish -łeś) grafted onto the Russian verb."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking го́нор","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"го́нор","lemma":"гонор","morphology":"noun (Polish loan), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ставилэсь","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of elliptical staked","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking го́нор","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"го́нор","lemma":"гонор","morphology":"noun (Polish loan), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement, elliptical parallel to ставилэсь","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"Подвысоцкий","lemma":"Подвысоцкий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"Podwysocki"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"миллион","lemma":"миллион","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"the million"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b8-c7-s191","source":"— Это неправда, — сказал Калганов.","translation":"\"That isn't true,\" said Kalganov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это неправда","title":"Zero copula in the present","body":"«Это неправда» — 'That('s) untrue' — has no verb 'to be': Russian omits the present-tense copula, juxtaposing subject and predicate nominative directly. Kalganov's flat little sentence punctures the Pole's tall tale."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of неправда","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"неправда","lemma":"неправда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of Это","gloss":"isn't true"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to неправда","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Kalganov"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b8-c7-s192","source":"— Пане Калганов, в шляхетной компании так мувиць не пржистои (в порядочном обществе так не говорят).","translation":"\"Panie Kalganov, w szlachetnej kompanii tak mówić nie przystoi (in decent society one does not talk like that).\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в шляхетной компании так мувиць не пржистои","title":"Polish: 'one doesn't speak so in noble company'","body":"Pure Polish in Cyrillic: 'w szlachetnej kompanii tak mówić nie przystoi' — glossed by the narrator as «(в порядочном обществе так не говорят)». «шляхетный» is from szlachta, the Polish nobility; the Pole stands on gentlemanly decorum."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"Panie"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Пане","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking компании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"шляхетной","lemma":"шляхетный","morphology":"adjective (Polish loan), locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies компании","gloss":"decent","note":"Polish szlachetny \"noble/decent.\""},{"surface":"компании","lemma":"компания","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мувиць","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мувиць","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"мувиць","lemma":"мувиць","morphology":"verb (Polish loan), infinitive, imperfective","role":"subject clause of пржистои","gloss":"to talk","note":"Polish mówić \"to speak.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пржистои","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пржистои","lemma":"пржистои","morphology":"verb (Polish loan), present, third, singular, impersonal","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is proper","note":"Polish przystoi \"it befits/is fitting.\""},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обществе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"порядочном","lemma":"порядочный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обществе","gloss":"decent"},{"surface":"обществе","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорят","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорят","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорят","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical gloss","gloss":"talk"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b8-c7-s193","source":"— Так и отдаст тебе польский игрок миллион! — воскликнул Митя, но тотчас спохватился. — Прости, пане, виновен, вновь виновен, отдаст, отдаст миллион, на го́нор, на польску честь! Видишь, как я говорю по-польски, ха-ха! Вот ставлю десять рублей, идет — валет.","translation":"\"As if a Polish gambler would just hand you a million!\" Mitya cried, but checked himself at once. \"Forgive me, panie, I'm in the wrong, in the wrong again, he'd hand it over, he'd hand over a million, na honor, on Polish honor! See how I talk Polish, ha-ha! There, I stake ten roubles — the jack goes.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так и отдаст тебе польский игрок миллион!","title":"Ironic «так и» + word order","body":"«Так и отдаст!» is sarcastic: 'as if he'd just hand it over!' — «так и» plus the perfective future «отдаст» mockingly asserts the opposite. Fronting «так и» and pushing the subject «польский игрок» rightward throws the scornful emphasis to the front (topic–comment ordering)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"спохватился","title":"«спохватиться» — to catch oneself","body":"«спохватиться» (reflexive, perfective) means to suddenly catch oneself, realize one has gone too far. Mitya checks his mockery mid-sentence and apologizes — the swing is pure Karamazov volatility."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"виновен","title":"Short adjective «виновен»","body":"«виновен» is the short (predicative) form of «виновный», 'guilty, at fault' — 'I'm in the wrong'. The short adjective, here a bookish flourish, predicates a state and cannot stand before a noun."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на польску честь","title":"Archaic short form «польску»","body":"«на польску честь» uses the old short/truncated feminine accusative «польску» for «польскую» — an archaic, folksy contraction Mitya adopts to mimic Polish gallantry. «валет» is the jack at cards."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the sarcastic exclamation","gloss":"As if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies Так","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"отдаст","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would hand over"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of отдаст","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"польский","lemma":"польский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies игрок","gloss":"a Polish"},{"surface":"игрок","lemma":"игрок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отдаст","gloss":"gambler"},{"surface":"миллион","lemma":"миллион","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отдаст","gloss":"a million"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to отдаст","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спохватился","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"спохватился","lemma":"спохватиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with воскликнул","gloss":"checked himself"},{"surface":"Прости","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted line","gloss":"Forgive me"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"panie"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with Прости","gloss":"I'm in the wrong"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies виновен","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"repeated for emphasis","gloss":"in the wrong"},{"surface":"отдаст","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated","gloss":"he'd hand it over"},{"surface":"отдаст","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis","gloss":"he'd hand over"},{"surface":"миллион","lemma":"миллион","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отдаст","gloss":"a million"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking го́нор","gloss":"na"},{"surface":"го́нор","lemma":"гонор","morphology":"noun (Polish loan), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking честь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"польску","lemma":"польский","morphology":"adjective (Polish form), accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies честь","gloss":"Polish"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"Видишь","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"See"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of говорю","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Видишь","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по-польски","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"польски","lemma":"польски","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"Polish"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"ha"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, repeated","gloss":"ha"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces ставлю","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"ставлю","lemma":"ставить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I stake"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of ставлю","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ставлю","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"валет","lemma":"валет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of идет","gloss":"the jack"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b8-c7-s194","source":"— А я рублик на дамочку, на червонную, на хорошенькую, на паненочку, хи-хи! — прохихикал Максимов, выдвинув свою даму и как бы желая скрыть ото всех, придвинулся вплоть к столу и наскоро перекрестился под столом.","translation":"\"And I'll put a little rouble on the lady, on the red one, on the pretty one, on the little miss, hee-hee!\" Maksimov tittered, pushing forward his queen, and, as if wishing to hide it from everyone, drew right up to the table and hastily crossed himself under it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рублик ... дамочку ... паненочку","title":"A cascade of diminutives","body":"Maksimov coos in diminutives: «рублик» (a dear little rouble), «дамочка» (the little queen-card), «хорошенькую» (the pretty little one), «паненочка» (a little 'panna', young lady). The pile-up of -ик/-очк- suffixes makes his timid, fawning glee audible."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выдвинув ... желая ... придвинулся","title":"Gerund chains («деепричастие»)","body":"Dostoevsky strings adverbial participles around the main verb: «выдвинув» (perfective, 'having pushed forward'), «желая» (imperfective, 'wishing'). Each shares Maksimov's subject and folds attendant action into one sentence — a hallmark of literary narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb ставлю","gloss":"I'll"},{"surface":"рублик","lemma":"рублик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of the elided verb ставлю","gloss":"put a little rouble"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дамочку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"дамочку","lemma":"дамочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement","gloss":"the lady"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking червонную","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"червонную","lemma":"червонный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to дамочку","gloss":"the red one"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хорошенькую","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"хорошенькую","lemma":"хорошенький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to дамочку","gloss":"the pretty one"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking паненочку","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"паненочку","lemma":"паненочка","morphology":"noun (Polish loan), accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to дамочку","gloss":"the little miss","note":"Polish panienka, diminutive of \"young lady.\""},{"surface":"хи","lemma":"хи","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"hee"},{"surface":"хи","lemma":"хи","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, repeated","gloss":"hee"},{"surface":"прохихикал","lemma":"прохихикать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tittered"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прохихикал","gloss":"Maksimov"},{"surface":"выдвинув","lemma":"выдвинуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прохихикал","gloss":"pushing forward"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of даму","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"даму","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выдвинув","gloss":"queen","note":"The playing card, not a woman."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"желая","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выдвинув","gloss":"wishing"},{"surface":"скрыть","lemma":"скрыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желая","gloss":"to hide it"},{"surface":"ото","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"complement of ото","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"придвинулся","lemma":"придвинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прохихикал","gloss":"drew up"},{"surface":"вплоть","lemma":"вплоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase вплоть к","gloss":"right up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"столу","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придвинулся","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наскоро","lemma":"наскоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перекрестился","gloss":"hastily"},{"surface":"перекрестился","lemma":"перекреститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with придвинулся","gloss":"crossed himself"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столом","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"столом","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перекрестился","gloss":"the table"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b8-c7-s195","source":"Митя выиграл. Выиграл и рублик.","translation":"Mitya won. The little rouble won too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выиграл и рублик.","title":"Inversion and the particle «и»","body":"Two clipped perfectives report the result. In «Выиграл и рублик» the verb fronts and «и» means 'too / even' (the little rouble won as well), with the subject «рублик» held to the stressed end — the new information last."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выиграл","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"выиграл","lemma":"выиграть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"won"},{"surface":"Выиграл","lemma":"выиграть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"won"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рублик","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"рублик","lemma":"рублик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Выиграл","gloss":"the little rouble"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b8-c7-s196","source":"— Угол! — крикнул Митя.","translation":"\"A corner!\" cried Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Угол!","title":"«угол» — a 'corner' bet","body":"A faro/gambling term: to play «угол» ('corner') is to fold the corner of the card, signalling a particular raised stake. Mitya's shouted card-terms — «угол», «бита», «на пе» — drive the rhythm of the losing streak."}],"words":[{"surface":"Угол","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation, one-word bet declaration","gloss":"A corner","note":"A \"corner bet\": turning down a card's corner to bet on a fraction of the stake."},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b8-c7-s197","source":"— А я опять рублик, я семпелечком, я маленьким, маленьким семпелечком, — блаженно бормотал Максимов в страшной радости, что выиграл рублик.","translation":"\"And I'll put another little rouble, just a simple stake, a little one, a tiny little simple stake,\" Maksimov muttered blissfully, in tremendous joy at having won a rouble.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"семпелечком","title":"«семпель» and its diminutive","body":"«семпель» (from French 'simple') is the plainest faro bet, a single flat stake; «семпелечком» is its caressing diminutive — 'with a teeny simple stake'. Maksimov shrinks even the gambling jargon into baby-talk."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я семпелечком, я маленьким","title":"Instrumental of manner/means","body":"«семпелечком ... маленьким» stand in the instrumental, the case of means: he stakes 'by way of / with' a tiny simple bet. The bare instrumental neatly expresses the manner of the wager."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"блаженно","title":"«блаженно» — blissfully","body":"«блаженно бормотал» ('muttered blissfully'): «блаженный» carries a religious overtone (the 'blessed', the holy fool), so Maksimov's rapture over a one-rouble win is faintly ridiculous in its beatific intensity."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb ставлю","gloss":"I'll"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb ставлю","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"рублик","lemma":"рублик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of the elided verb ставлю","gloss":"put a little rouble"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"семпелечком","lemma":"семпелечек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to рублик","gloss":"a simple stake","note":"Diminutive of семпель, a plain (undoubled) stake, from French simple."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"маленьким","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies семпелечком","gloss":"a little one"},{"surface":"маленьким","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"repeated for emphasis","gloss":"tiny little"},{"surface":"семпелечком","lemma":"семпелечек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"repeated for emphasis","gloss":"simple stake"},{"surface":"блаженно","lemma":"блаженно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бормотал","gloss":"blissfully"},{"surface":"бормотал","lemma":"бормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бормотал","gloss":"Maksimov"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страшной","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies радости","gloss":"tremendous"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бормотал","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выиграл","gloss":"at having"},{"surface":"выиграл","lemma":"выиграть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of радости","gloss":"won"},{"surface":"рублик","lemma":"рублик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выиграл","gloss":"a rouble"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b8-c7-s198","source":"— Бита! — крикнул Митя. — Семерку на пе!","translation":"\"Beaten!\" cried Mitya. \"The seven doubled!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Бита!","title":"«бита» — 'beaten!'","body":"«бита» (short passive participle of «бить», beat) is the card-table cry that a card has been beaten/lost. «Семерку на пе» = 'the seven, doubled' — staking the seven for double or nothing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на пе","title":"«на пе» — paroli (double)","body":"«на пе» (from French 'paroli') means letting a winning stake ride for double. Mitya's repeated «на пе» is his doomed attempt to double his way out of the hole; each one is 'killed'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бита","lemma":"битый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"exclamation, predicate describing the card","gloss":"Beaten"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Семерку","lemma":"семёрка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of the elided verb ставлю","gloss":"The seven"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пе","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"пе","lemma":"пе","morphology":"noun (gambling term, indeclinable)","role":"oblique complement, modifies Семерку","gloss":"doubling","note":"\"На пе\" = doubling an existing stake rather than laying a fresh one."}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b8-c7-s199","source":"Убили и на пе.","translation":"The doubled stake was killed too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Убили и на пе.","title":"Impersonal plural «убили»","body":"«Убили» ('[they] killed') is an indefinite-personal third-plural with no stated subject — 'the doubled stake got killed too'. «убить» is also card jargon for beating a stake; the agentless plural keeps the focus on the loss, not who inflicted it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Убили","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was killed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies на пе","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пе","lemma":"пе","morphology":"noun (gambling term, indeclinable)","role":"oblique complement of Убили","gloss":"the double"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b8-c7-s200","source":"— Перестаньте, — сказал вдруг Калганов.","translation":"\"Stop,\" Kalganov said suddenly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Перестаньте","title":"Polite imperative «перестаньте»","body":"«перестаньте» is the «-те» imperative of «перестать» (to stop, cease): a clipped, formal 'Stop it'. Kalganov uses the plural/polite form, keeping a cool distance even as he intervenes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Перестаньте","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted line","gloss":"Stop"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Перестаньте","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Kalganov"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b8-c7-s201","source":"— На пе, на пе, — удваивал ставки Митя, и что ни ставил на пе, — всё убивалось.","translation":"\"Doubled, doubled,\" Mitya kept doubling his stakes, and whatever he doubled was all killed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ни ставил на пе, — всё убивалось","title":"«что ни ...» concessive + «-ся» passive","body":"«что ни ставил ... всё убивалось» — 'whatever he staked ... was all killed'. «что ни» builds a concessive 'no matter what', and «убивалось» is an imperfective «-ся» passive: the stakes 'got killed' repeatedly, the imperfect marking the grinding repetition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"удваивал ставки","title":"Imperfective of repeated action","body":"«удваивал» (imperfective past, 'kept doubling') frames a habitual, repeated motion against the backdrop of the run of losses — the imperfective's job of painting process rather than a single event."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пе","gloss":"Doubled"},{"surface":"пе","lemma":"пе","morphology":"noun (gambling term, indeclinable)","role":"oblique complement, exclamation","gloss":"—"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пе","gloss":"doubled"},{"surface":"пе","lemma":"пе","morphology":"noun (gambling term, indeclinable)","role":"repeated for emphasis","gloss":"—"},{"surface":"удваивал","lemma":"удваивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept doubling"},{"surface":"ставки","lemma":"ставка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of удваивал","gloss":"his stakes"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удваивал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ставил","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"forms что ни \"whatever\"","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"ставил","lemma":"ставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что ни clause","gloss":"he doubled"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пе","lemma":"пе","morphology":"noun (gambling term, indeclinable)","role":"oblique complement of ставил","gloss":"the double"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of убивалось","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"убивалось","lemma":"убиваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"was killed"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b8-c7-s202","source":"А рублики выигрывали.","translation":"But the little roubles kept winning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А рублики выигрывали.","title":"Contrastive «а» + imperfective","body":"«А» opens a gentle contrast: Mitya's big stakes die, 'but the little roubles kept winning'. «выигрывали» is imperfective — ongoing, repeated winning — the bitter irony underlined by aspect, and «рублики» a fond diminutive of Maksimov's pennies."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"рублики","lemma":"рублик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of выигрывали","gloss":"the little roubles"},{"surface":"выигрывали","lemma":"выигрывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept winning"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b8-c7-s203","source":"— На пе! — рявкнул в ярости Митя.","translation":"\"Doubled!\" Mitya barked in a fury.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рявкнул в ярости","title":"«рявкнуть» — to bark out","body":"«рявкнуть» is to bark, bellow, snarl out a single word; «в ярости» = 'in a fury'. The harsh, animal verb (later echoed of the Pole, «рявкнул на Калганова») tracks the rising violence in the room."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пе","gloss":"Doubled"},{"surface":"пе","lemma":"пе","morphology":"noun (gambling term, indeclinable)","role":"oblique complement, exclamation","gloss":"—"},{"surface":"рявкнул","lemma":"рявкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"barked"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ярости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ярости","lemma":"ярость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рявкнул","gloss":"a fury"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рявкнул","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b8-c7-s204","source":"— Двесьце проиграл, пане. Еще ставишь двесьце? — осведомился пан на диване.","translation":"\"You've lost two hundred, panie. Will you stake another two hundred?\" the Pole on the sofa inquired.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Двесьце","title":"Polish 'two hundred'","body":"«Двесьце» = Polish 'dwieście' (two hundred); «осведомился» ('inquired') is the Russian narration. The Pole keeps tallying Mitya's losses in his own tongue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Еще ставишь двесьце?","title":"Present tense as immediate future","body":"«Еще ставишь?» uses the imperfective present «ставишь» for an action proposed for the very next moment — 'Will you stake [another] two hundred?'. Russian readily lets the present cover the imminent future."}],"words":[{"surface":"Двесьце","lemma":"двести","morphology":"numeral (Polish-flavored), accusative","role":"direct object of проиграл","gloss":"Two hundred","note":"Polish dwieście \"two hundred,\" used for the Russian двести."},{"surface":"проиграл","lemma":"проиграть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you've lost"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"panie"},{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ставишь","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"ставишь","lemma":"ставить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you stake"},{"surface":"двесьце","lemma":"двести","morphology":"numeral (Polish-flavored), accusative","role":"direct object of ставишь","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"осведомился","lemma":"осведомиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to ставишь","gloss":"inquired"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осведомился","gloss":"the Pole"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"the sofa"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b8-c7-s205","source":"— Как, двести уж проиграл? Так еще двести! Все двести на пе! — И, выхватив из кармана деньги, Митя бросил было двести рублей на даму, как вдруг Калганов накрыл ее рукой.","translation":"\"What, I've lost two hundred already? Then another two hundred! All two hundred doubled!\" And, snatching the money out of his pocket, Mitya was about to throw two hundred roubles on the queen, when Kalganov suddenly covered it with his hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выхватив из кармана деньги","title":"Perfective gerund «выхватив»","body":"«выхватив» (perfective past gerund, 'having snatched') marks an action completed just before the main verb «бросил было». «из кармана» — «из» + genitive 'out of the pocket' — shows the genitive of source after «из»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросил было","title":"The particle «было»","body":"«бросил было» uses the special particle «было», which marks an action begun or intended but interrupted/undone: Mitya 'was just about to throw' the money when Kalganov stopped him. It is a uniquely Russian way to signal a thwarted action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"накрыл ее рукой","title":"Instrumental of instrument","body":"«накрыл ... рукой» — 'covered it with his hand'. «рукой» stands in the instrumental, the case of the means or instrument of the action, with no preposition needed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, head of the phrase","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"двести","lemma":"двести","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"direct object of проиграл","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies проиграл","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"проиграл","lemma":"проиграть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have lost"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies еще двести (introduces the next stake)","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies двести","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"двести","lemma":"двести","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"head of the elliptical phrase (implied 'I'll stake')","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies двести (quantifier)","gloss":"All"},{"surface":"двести","lemma":"двести","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пе","lemma":"пе","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of двести, naming the stake","gloss":"double","note":"'На пе' is a card-game stake term in this dice/faro scene; our translation renders it as 'doubled.'"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"выхватив","lemma":"выхватить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросил","gloss":"snatching"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармана","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"кармана","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выхватив","gloss":"his pocket"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of выхватив","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was about to throw"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бросил, marks the action as interrupted","gloss":"started to"},{"surface":"двести","lemma":"двести","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of бросил","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking даму","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"даму","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросил","gloss":"the queen","note":"даму = the queen playing card, the target of the bet."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of накрыл","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накрыл","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of накрыл","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"накрыл","lemma":"накрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of накрыл","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of накрыл","gloss":"with his hand"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b8-c7-s206","source":"— Довольно! — крикнул он своим звонким голосом.","translation":"\"Enough!\" he cried in his ringing voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"своим звонким голосом","title":"«свой» + instrumental of manner","body":"«своим звонким голосом» ('in his own ringing voice') is an instrumental of manner; «своим» is the reflexive possessive «свой», pointing the voice back to the clause's own subject (Kalganov), where «его» would risk meaning someone else's."}],"words":[{"surface":"Довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb, interjection","role":"interjection, head of the phrase","gloss":"Enough!"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голосом","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"звонким","lemma":"звонкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"ringing"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of крикнул","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b8-c7-s207","source":"— Что вы это? — уставился на него Митя.","translation":"\"What are you doing?\" Mitya stared at him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что вы это?","title":"Elliptical «Что вы это?»","body":"«Что вы это?» is an idiomatic, verbless exclamation — 'What are you [doing] this?', i.e. 'What's got into you?'. The bare «что ... это» with no verb is colloquial astonishment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уставился","title":"«уставиться» — to stare fixedly","body":"«уставиться» (reflexive, perfective) is to fix one's stare on someone, gawp. Used here of Mitya rounding on Kalganov, the «-ся» verb conveys a sudden, riveted look."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the idiom Что вы это","gloss":"What","note":"«Что вы это?» is an idiom = 'What are you doing?'"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"completes the idiom Что вы это","gloss":"doing"},{"surface":"уставился","lemma":"уставиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уставился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уставился","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b8-c7-s208","source":"— Довольно, не хочу! Не будете больше играть.","translation":"\"Enough, I won't have it! You shan't play anymore.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не будете больше играть.","title":"Future as flat prohibition","body":"«Не будете больше играть» — literally 'you will not play anymore' — uses the compound future as a categorical decree, not a prediction: 'You shan't play.' The negated «будете ... играть» turns statement into command."}],"words":[{"surface":"Довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection introducing the sentence","gloss":"Enough"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будете","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of играть","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies играть","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"играть","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of будете","gloss":"play"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b8-c7-s209","source":"— Почему?","translation":"\"Why?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Why?"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b8-c7-s210","source":"— А потому. Плюньте и уйдите, вот почему. Не дам больше играть!","translation":"\"Just because. Spit on it and walk away, that's why. I won't let you play anymore!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"А потому.","title":"«А потому» — 'just because'","body":"«А потому» (lit. 'and therefore') used alone is a curt, almost childish non-answer to «почему?» — 'Because.' It refuses to give a reason while pretending to."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Плюньте","title":"«плюнуть» — 'spit on it'","body":"«Плюньте» is the «-те» imperative of «плюнуть» (to spit). The idiom «плюнуть на (что-то)» means to give up on something, dismiss it with contempt — 'spit on it and walk away'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не дам больше играть!","title":"«дать» as 'let / allow'","body":"«Не дам играть» — 'I won't let [you] play'. «дать» + infinitive means to permit/allow; «дам» is the perfective simple future used as a firm refusal: 'I won't allow it.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces потому","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"Плюньте","lemma":"плюнуть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Spit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уйдите","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Плюньте","gloss":"walk away"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the idiom вот почему","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will let"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies играть","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"играть","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of дам","gloss":"play"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b8-c7-s211","source":"Митя глядел на него в изумлении.","translation":"Mitya gazed at him in astonishment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"глядел на него в изумлении","title":"Imperfective «глядел» + «в» + prepositional","body":"«глядел» (imperfective past) holds the stare as a lingering state of astonishment. «в изумлении» — «в» + prepositional 'in amazement' — is the locative use of «в» for an emotional state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking изумлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"изумлении","lemma":"изумление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"astonishment"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b8-c7-s212","source":"— Брось, Митя, он, может, правду говорит; и без того много проиграл, — со странною ноткой в голосе произнесла и Грушенька.","translation":"\"Drop it, Mitya, perhaps he's telling the truth; you've lost a lot as it is,\" Grushenka said too, with a strange note in her voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Брось, Митя","title":"Familiar imperative «брось»","body":"«Брось» is the singular «ты»-imperative of «бросить» (to throw/drop): 'drop it, give it up'. Grushenka's bare, intimate command — name plus «ты»-form — marks her closeness to Mitya."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и без того","title":"«и без того» — 'as it is'","body":"«и без того» is a set phrase meaning 'even without that, as it is already': 'you've lost a lot as it is'. It concedes a state already reached before any further action."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"со странною ноткой","title":"«нотка» and archaic «-ою»","body":"«нотка» is a diminutive of «нота» — a faint 'note' in the voice. «странною» carries the bookish/archaic instrumental ending «-ою» for «-ой», common in 19th-century prose. Grushenka's 'strange note' quietly foreshadows the scene's turn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Брось","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Drop it"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, parenthetical, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies говорит","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"правду","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of говорит","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"is telling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom без того ('anyway')","gloss":"that","note":"«и без того» = 'anyway, as it is.'"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проиграл","gloss":"a lot"},{"surface":"проиграл","lemma":"проиграть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the second quoted clause, coordinated with говорит","gloss":"have lost"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноткой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"странною","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ноткой","gloss":"a strange"},{"surface":"ноткой","lemma":"нотка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произнесла","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голосе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голосе","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ноткой","gloss":"her voice"},{"surface":"произнесла","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting clause)","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Грушенька","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of произнесла","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b8-c7-s213","source":"Оба пана вдруг поднялись с места со страшно обиженным видом.","translation":"Both Poles suddenly rose from their places with a terribly offended air.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поднялись с места","title":"«-ся» middle + «с» + genitive","body":"«поднялись» (from «подняться», to rise) is a «-ся» intransitive. «с места» — «с» + genitive 'from [their] place(s)' — is the genitive of separation governed by «с»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"со страшно обиженным видом","title":"«с» + instrumental of manner","body":"«со ... обиженным видом» ('with a terribly offended air') is «с» + instrumental describing manner. «обиженным» is a past passive participle pressed into service as an adjective — 'offended'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"quantifies пана","gloss":"Both"},{"surface":"пана","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднялись","gloss":"Poles"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднялись","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"поднялись","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднялись","gloss":"their places"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обиженным","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"обиженным","lemma":"обиженный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"offended"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднялись","gloss":"air"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b8-c7-s214","source":"— Жартуешь (шутишь), пане? — проговорил маленький пан, строго осматривая Калганова.","translation":"\"Żartujesz (are you joking), panie?\" the little Pole said, eyeing Kalganov sternly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Жартуешь (шутишь)","title":"Polish 'are you joking?'","body":"«Жартуешь» = Polish 'żartujesz' (you're joking), which Dostoevsky immediately glosses as «(шутишь)». The parenthetical Russian translations throughout let the reader follow the Poles while still hearing their foreignness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"строго осматривая Калганова","title":"Present gerund «осматривая»","body":"«осматривая» (imperfective present gerund, 'eyeing / looking over') expresses an action simultaneous with the main verb «проговорил»: he spoke while sternly sizing Kalganov up. It shares the subject of the main clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жартуешь","lemma":"жартовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are joking","note":"Polish żartujesz, transliterated into Cyrillic; шутишь restates it in Russian."},{"surface":"шутишь","lemma":"шутить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical restatement of Жартуешь","gloss":"are joking"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Pole"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осматривая","gloss":"sternly"},{"surface":"осматривая","lemma":"осматривать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"eyeing"},{"surface":"Калганова","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of осматривая","gloss":"Kalganov"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b8-c7-s215","source":"— Як сен поважашь то робиць, пане! (Как вы смеете это делать!) — рявкнул на Калганова и пан Врублевский.","translation":"\"Jak się poważasz to robić, panie! (How dare you do that!)\" Pan Wróblewski barked at Kalganov too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Як сен поважашь то робиць","title":"Polish: 'How dare you do that!'","body":"«Як сен поважашь то робиць» renders Polish 'Jak się poważasz to robić' (How do you dare to do that), glossed by the narrator. «робиць» = 'robić' (to do); «сен» = the Polish reflexive 'się'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Як","lemma":"як","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поважашь","gloss":"How","note":"Polish 'Jak się poważasz to robić, panie!' transliterated into Cyrillic; the Russian gloss follows in parentheses."},{"surface":"сен","lemma":"сен","morphology":"particle, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of поважашь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"поважашь","lemma":"поважать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of робиць","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"робиць","lemma":"робить","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of поважашь","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеете","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смеете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"смеете","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смеете","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"рявкнул","lemma":"рявкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"barked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Калганова","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Калганова","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рявкнул","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пан Врублевский, 'also/too'","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Врублевский","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Врублевский","lemma":"врублевский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рявкнул","gloss":"Wróblewski"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b8-c7-s216","source":"— Не сметь, не сметь кричать! — крикнула Грушенька. — Ах петухи индейские!","translation":"\"Don't you dare, don't you dare shout!\" Grushenka cried. \"Ah, you turkey-cocks!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не сметь, не сметь кричать!","title":"Infinitive as sharp prohibition","body":"«Не сметь кричать!» uses a bare infinitive «сметь» under negation as a blunt command — 'Don't you dare shout!'. The negated infinitive is a forceful, impersonal way of issuing an order in Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"петухи индейские","title":"«петухи индейские» — turkey-cocks","body":"«индейский петух» is the old name for a turkey (lit. 'Indian rooster'). Grushenka's «Ах петухи индейские!» mocks the two strutting, puffed-up Poles as preening turkey-cocks — vivid, contemptuous folk insult."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сметь","gloss":"Don't"},{"surface":"сметь","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сметь (repeated)","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"сметь","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with сметь","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"кричать","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of сметь","gloss":"shout"},{"surface":"крикнула","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of крикнула","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"петухи","lemma":"петух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"roosters"},{"surface":"индейские","lemma":"индейский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies петухи","gloss":"turkey","note":"«петухи индейские» = turkey-cocks, a mocking insult."}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b8-c7-s217","source":"Митя смотрел на них на всех поочередно; но что-то вдруг поразило его в лице Грушеньки, и в тот же миг что-то совсем новое промелькнуло и в уме его — странная новая мысль!","translation":"Mitya looked at them all in turn; but something in Grushenka's face suddenly struck him, and at that same instant something quite new flashed through his mind too — a strange new thought!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотрел на них на всех поочередно","title":"Distributed preposition «на ... на ...»","body":"«на них на всех» repeats the preposition «на» across the pronoun and its quantifier — a colloquial doubling for emphasis, 'at them, at all of them'. «поочередно» = 'one after another, in turn'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что-то ... поразило его ... что-то ... промелькнуло","title":"Indefinite «что-то» and perfective flash","body":"«что-то» ('something', a specific but unidentified thing) with the clitic «-то» twice names a vague stimulus; the perfectives «поразило» and «промелькнуло» fix two sudden, momentary events — something struck him, a thought flashed by."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"in apposition to них","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"поочередно","lemma":"поочередно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of что-то, subject of поразило","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of что-то, subject of поразило","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразило","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"поразило","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, contrasted with смотрел","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поразило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поразило","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лице","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of миг","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот, 'that same'","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of промелькнуло","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of что-то, subject of промелькнуло","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of что-то, subject of промелькнуло","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies новое","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"новое","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of промелькнуло","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"промелькнуло","lemma":"промелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the third clause, coordinated with поразило","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies промелькнуло, 'also/too'","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of промелькнуло","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уме, possessive","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"странная","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"новая","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of промелькнуло, in apposition","gloss":"thought"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b8-c7-s218","source":"— Пани Агриппина! — начал было маленький пан, весь красный от задора, как вдруг Митя, подойдя к нему, хлопнул его по плечу.","translation":"\"Pani Agrippina!\" the little Pole was beginning, crimson all over with anger, when suddenly Mitya, stepping up to him, clapped him on the shoulder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подойдя к нему, хлопнул его по плечу","title":"Gerund «подойдя» + «по» + dative","body":"«подойдя» (perfective gerund, 'having stepped up') sets the action just before «хлопнул». «по плечу» — «по» + dative 'on the shoulder' — is the idiom for slapping someone on a body part, where «по» governs the dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пани","lemma":"пани","morphology":"noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address, head of the exclamation","gloss":"Pani"},{"surface":"Агриппина","lemma":"агриппина","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Пани","gloss":"Agrippina"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was beginning"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начал, marks the action as interrupted","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Pole"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of красный","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"красный","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"crimson"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking задора","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"задора","lemma":"задор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies красный","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хлопнул","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хлопнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хлопнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"подойдя","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on хлопнул","gloss":"stepping up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подойдя","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"хлопнул","lemma":"хлопнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"clapped"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of хлопнул","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"плечу","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хлопнул","gloss":"the shoulder"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b8-c7-s219","source":"— Ясневельможный, на два слова.","translation":"\"Jaśnie wielmożny, a couple of words.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ясневельможный","title":"«ясневельможный» — 'Your Lordship'","body":"Polish 'jaśnie wielmożny', a grandiloquent honorific for a nobleman ('most illustrious sir'). Mitya lays it on thick, flattering the Pole's szlachta vanity before drawing him aside. «на два слова» = 'a couple of words'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ясневельможный","lemma":"ясневельможный","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, head of the phrase","gloss":"Jaśnie wielmożny","note":"Polish honorific ('most illustrious sir'); the translation keeps the Polish form untranslated."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слова","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b8-c7-s220","source":"— Чего хцешь, пане? (Что угодно?)","translation":"\"Czego chcesz, panie? (What do you want?)\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Чего хцешь, пане?","title":"Polish 'What do you want?'","body":"«Чего хцешь?» = Polish 'Czego chcesz?' (What do you want?), glossed «(Что угодно?)». «хцешь» = 'chcesz'; the genitive «чего» after «хотеть» is shared by both languages."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хцешь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"хцешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom Что угодно ('what would you like')","gloss":"like"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b8-c7-s221","source":"— В ту комнату, в тот покой, два словечка скажу тебе хороших, самых лучших, останешься доволен.","translation":"\"Into that room, into that chamber, I'll say a couple of words to you — good ones, the very best, you'll be satisfied.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"покой","title":"«покой» — chamber (archaic)","body":"Beside its common sense 'peace, rest', «покой» here means an inner room or chamber — an older, slightly elevated usage. «два словечка» is a coaxing double diminutive of «слово», 'a couple of little words'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"самых лучших","title":"Suppletive superlative «лучший»","body":"«лучших» is from «лучший», the suppletive comparative/superlative of «хороший» (good → better/best). Reinforced by «самых» ('the very'), it reads as a true superlative: 'the very best [words]'."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"Into"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of комнату","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скажу","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking покой","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of покой","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"покой","lemma":"покой","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with комнату","gloss":"chamber"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter","role":"modifies словечка","gloss":"a couple of"},{"surface":"словечка","lemma":"словечко","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll say"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"хороших","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies словечка","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лучших","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"лучших","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, superlative, genitive, plural","role":"modifies словечка, coordinated with хороших","gloss":"the best"},{"surface":"останешься","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"you'll remain"},{"surface":"доволен","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of останешься","gloss":"satisfied"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b8-c7-s222","source":"Маленький пан удивился и опасливо поглядел на Митю.","translation":"The little Pole was surprised and looked warily at Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"удивился и опасливо поглядел","title":"Two perfectives, two beats","body":"«удивился» and «поглядел» are perfectives chaining single completed acts: he was surprised, then glanced. «опасливо» ('warily') colours the look. The «-ся» of «удивился» marks the change-of-state middle ('became surprised')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of удивился","gloss":"Pole"},{"surface":"удивился","lemma":"удивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was surprised"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опасливо","lemma":"опасливый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядел","gloss":"warily"},{"surface":"поглядел","lemma":"поглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with удивился","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Митю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядел","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b8-c7-s223","source":"Тотчас же, однако, согласился, но с непременным условием, чтобы шел с ним и пан Врублевский.","translation":"He agreed at once, however, but on the strict condition that Pan Wróblewski come with him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с непременным условием, чтобы шел с ним","title":"«чтобы» + past-form for a stipulation","body":"«чтобы шел» uses «чтобы» + a past-tense verb to express a willed condition: the demand 'that [Wróblewski] come with him'. After «чтобы» Russian requires this irrealis past form, not an infinitive or present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies согласился","gloss":"At once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to согласился","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"согласился","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"agreed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking условием","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"непременным","lemma":"непременный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies условием","gloss":"strict"},{"surface":"условием","lemma":"условие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of согласился","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of шел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пан Врублевский, 'also/too'","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Врублевский","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Врублевский","lemma":"врублевский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шел","gloss":"Wróblewski"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b8-c7-s224","source":"— Телохранитель-то? Пусть и он, и его надо! Его даже непременно! — воскликнул Митя. — Марш, панове!","translation":"\"Your bodyguard? Let him come too, we need him! We even need him absolutely!\" cried Mitya. \"March, panowie!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Телохранитель-то?","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"«Телохранитель-то?» ('The bodyguard, eh?') uses the topic-marking clitic «-то», which singles out a known referent for emphasis — distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то». Mitya picks up and underscores 'the bodyguard'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пусть и он","title":"Third-person imperative «пусть»","body":"«Пусть и он [идёт]» — 'let him too [come]'. «пусть» + a present/future verb forms the third-person imperative, a wish or permission directed at someone not addressed: 'let him come along'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Телохранитель","lemma":"телохранитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Bodyguard"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"topicalizes Телохранитель","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он, introduces a permissive clause","gloss":"Let"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он, 'also/too'","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb (пусть он идёт)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of надо","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, impersonal predicate","role":"impersonal predicate, coordinated with он","gloss":"is needed"},{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of the implied надо","gloss":"Him"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies непременно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate (implied надо непременно)","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Марш","lemma":"марш","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"March"},{"surface":"панове","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b8-c7-s225","source":"— Куда это вы? — тревожно спросила Грушенька.","translation":"\"Where are you off to?\" Grushenka asked anxiously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Куда это вы?","title":"Verbless «Куда это вы?»","body":"«Куда это вы?» drops the verb of motion entirely — 'Where (are) you (off to)?'. «куда» asks direction (motion-toward), and the little «это» adds anxious immediacy to Grushenka's question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Куда","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тревожно","lemma":"тревожно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросила","gloss":"anxiously"},{"surface":"спросила","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of спросила","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b8-c7-s226","source":"— В один миг вернемся, — ответил Митя.","translation":"\"We'll be back in a moment,\" Mitya answered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В один миг вернемся","title":"Perfective future «вернемся»","body":"«вернемся» is the perfective simple future of «вернуться» ('we'll come back'), a single completed return promised for 'in a flash' («в один миг»). The «-ся» is part of the lexical verb 'to return'."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies миг","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вернемся","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"вернемся","lemma":"вернуться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll be back"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b8-c7-s227","source":"Какая-то смелость, какая-то неожиданная бодрость засверкала в лице его; совсем не с тем лицом вошел он час назад в эту комнату.","translation":"A kind of boldness, a kind of unexpected vigor, was flashing in his face; it was not at all with that face that he had entered this room an hour before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"засверкала ... бодрость","title":"«засверкать»; «бодрость»","body":"«засверкать» (inceptive «за-», 'to begin flashing/sparkling') makes the boldness suddenly blaze up in his face. «бодрость» is 'vigour, briskness, good cheer' — the surge of resolve that transforms Mitya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совсем не с тем лицом вошел он","title":"Emphatic inversion: «не с тем лицом»","body":"The instrumental phrase «не с тем лицом» ('not with that face') is fronted before subject and verb for rhetorical weight, and «вошел он» inverts to verb–subject. The marked order throws stress onto the contrast between the man who entered an hour ago and the one now."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of смелость (indefinite какая-то)","gloss":"a kind of","note":"\"какая-то\" splits across two tokens; -то makes какая indefinite (\"some kind of\")."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to какая","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"смелость","lemma":"смелость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of засверкала","gloss":"boldness"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of бодрость (indefinite какая-то)","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to какая","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"неожиданная","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бодрость","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"бодрость","lemma":"бодрость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of засверкала","gloss":"vigor"},{"surface":"засверкала","lemma":"засверкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was flashing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of засверкала","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive, modifies лице (his face)","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the second clause (вошел ... с тем лицом)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицом","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, contrasted with засверкала","gloss":"he had entered"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the adverbial phrase час назад, modifies вошел","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies час (час назад = an hour ago)","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of комнату","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"room"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b8-c7-s228","source":"Он провел панов в комнатку направо, не в ту, в большую, в которой собирался хор девок и накрывался стол, а в спальную, в которой помещались сундуки, укладки и две большие кровати с ситцевыми подушками горой на каждой.","translation":"He led the Poles into a little room to the right — not into the big one where the chorus of girls was gathering and the table was being laid, but into a bedroom in which stood trunks, packing cases, and two large beds, each piled high with a mound of cotton-print pillows.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не в ту, в большую, ... а в спальную","title":"Contrastive «не ... а ...»","body":"The correction is built on «не X, а Y» — 'not into that one ... but into a bedroom'. «а» (not «но») is the contrastive conjunction that replaces a rejected alternative; the whole frame clarifies which room by ruling out another."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"укладки ... ситцевыми","title":"«укладки», «ситцевый»","body":"«укладка» is a chest or packing-box (from «укладывать», to pack away); «ситцевый» means made of «ситец», cheap printed cotton (chintz). The mounded chintz pillows and trunks evoke a provincial inn's homely bedroom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в которой собирался хор ... и накрывался стол","title":"Relative «который» + «-ся» passive","body":"«в которой» ('in which') is the relative «который» in the prepositional, agreeing with «комнату» in gender/number but taking the case its own clause needs. «накрывался стол» is an imperfective «-ся» passive — 'the table was being laid'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of провел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"провел","lemma":"провести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"панов","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of провел","gloss":"the Poles"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнатку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"комнатку","lemma":"комнатка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of провел","gloss":"a little room"},{"surface":"направо","lemma":"направо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies провел","gloss":"to the right"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates в ту (contrasted with а в спальную)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ту","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"refers to комнатку, contrasted (not that room)","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking большую","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"большую","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to ту, identifies which room","gloss":"the big one"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of собирался, refers to большую","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"собирался","lemma":"собираться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on большую","gloss":"was gathering"},{"surface":"хор","lemma":"хор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of собирался","gloss":"the chorus"},{"surface":"девок","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies хор","gloss":"of girls"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"накрывался","lemma":"накрываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with собирался","gloss":"was being laid"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of накрывался","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спальную","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"спальную","lemma":"спальный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to ту, identifies which room","gloss":"a bedroom"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помещались, refers to спальную","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"помещались","lemma":"помещаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on спальную","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"сундуки","lemma":"сундук","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of помещались","gloss":"trunks"},{"surface":"укладки","lemma":"укладка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with сундуки","gloss":"packing cases"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on кровати","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"большие","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies кровати","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"кровати","lemma":"кровать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with сундуки","gloss":"beds"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ситцевыми","lemma":"ситцевый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies подушками","gloss":"cotton-print"},{"surface":"подушками","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies кровати","gloss":"pillows"},{"surface":"горой","lemma":"гора","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies подушками (piled like a mountain)","gloss":"in a mound"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каждой","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"каждой","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"refers to each кровать, oblique complement of горой","gloss":"each"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b8-c7-s229","source":"Тут на маленьком тесовом столике в самом углу горела свечка.","translation":"Here, on a little deal table in the very corner, a candle was burning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тесовом ... свечка","title":"«тесовый»; «свечка»","body":"«тесовый» means made of «тёс», rough sawn deal-boards — a plain wooden table. «свечка» is the diminutive of «свеча» (candle), a humble little candle. The bare, modest detail sets the intimate, dim stage for Mitya's secret offer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies горела","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столике","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"маленьком","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies столике","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"тесовом","lemma":"тесовый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies столике","gloss":"deal-wood"},{"surface":"столике","lemma":"столик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of горела","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies углу","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of горела","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"горела","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was burning"},{"surface":"свечка","lemma":"свечка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of горела","gloss":"a candle"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b8-c7-s230","source":"Пан и Митя расположились у этого столика друг против друга, а огромный пан Врублевский сбоку их, заложив руки за спину.","translation":"The Pole and Mitya settled themselves at this little table facing each other, while the enormous Pan Wróblewski stood to one side of them, his hands clasped behind his back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"друг против друга","title":"«друг против друга» — facing each other","body":"«друг против друга» ('opposite one another') is the reciprocal construction: the frozen «друг ... друга» frames mutual relation, here with «против» + genitive — they sit face to face."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заложив руки за спину","title":"Perfective gerund of posture","body":"«заложив руки за спину» ('having clasped his hands behind his back') is a perfective gerund describing the completed posture Wróblewski holds. «за спину» — «за» + accusative — marks motion to behind the back."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of расположились","gloss":"the Pole"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Пан","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"расположились","lemma":"расположиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"settled themselves"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столика","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of столика","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"столика","lemma":"столик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расположились","gloss":"little table"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun","role":"head of the reciprocal phrase друг против друга, modifies расположились","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase друг против друга","gloss":"facing"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"part of the phrase друг против друга","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"огромный","lemma":"огромный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"enormous"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the implied verb (stood), coordinated with the first clause","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Врублевский","lemma":"Врублевский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to пан, names him","gloss":"Wróblewski"},{"surface":"сбоку","lemma":"сбоку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the implied verb (stood)","gloss":"to one side"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of сбоку","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"заложив","lemma":"заложить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сбоку","gloss":"having clasped"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of заложив","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спину","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"спину","lemma":"спина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заложив","gloss":"his back"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b8-c7-s231","source":"Паны смотрели строго, но с видимым любопытством.","translation":"The Poles looked stern, but with evident curiosity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с видимым любопытством","title":"«с» + instrumental of attitude","body":"«с видимым любопытством» ('with evident curiosity') is «с» + instrumental of accompanying manner/feeling. «видимым» (from «видимый», 'visible') is a present passive participle in -мый used as an adjective — a markedly bookish form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Паны","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of смотрели","gloss":"The Poles"},{"surface":"смотрели","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрели","gloss":"stern"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"видимым","lemma":"видимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"evident"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with строго, manner adverbial on смотрели","gloss":"curiosity"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b8-c7-s232","source":"— Чем моген служиць пану? — пролепетал маленький пан.","translation":"\"Czym mogę służyć panu? (How can I be of service to you?)\" the little Pole lisped.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Чем моген служиць пану?","title":"Polish 'How may I serve you?'","body":"«Чем моген служиць пану?» = Polish 'Czym mogę służyć panu?' (How can I serve you?). The instrumental «чем» (by what means) and the dative «пану» (to whom) are shared by Polish and Russian; «пролепетал» ('lisped, babbled') mocks the Pole's manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of служиц (how)","gloss":"how","note":"Idiom \"чем служить\" = \"how may I serve/be of use.\""},{"surface":"моген","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"modal verb governing служиц, main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"can","note":"Polish-accented Russian: \"моген\" renders могу (\"I can\"), echoing Polish mogę."},{"surface":"служиц","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, infinitive, active, imperfective","role":"complement of моген","gloss":"to serve","note":"Polish-accented spelling of служить, echoing Polish służyć."},{"surface":"пану","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of служиц","gloss":"you, sir"},{"surface":"пролепетал","lemma":"пролепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, introduces the quoted speech","gloss":"lisped"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пролепетал","gloss":"Pole"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b8-c7-s233","source":"— А вот чем, пане, я много говорить не буду: вот тебе деньги, — он вытащил свои кредитки, — хочешь три тысячи, бери и уезжай куда знаешь.","translation":"\"Here's how, panie, I won't say much: here's money for you,\" he pulled out his banknotes, \"if you want three thousand, take it and clear off wherever you please.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кредитки","title":"«кредитки» — banknotes","body":"«кредитка» is a colloquial term for a «кредитный билет», a state credit-note, i.e. paper money. Mitya pulls out the very banknotes whose origin will haunt the rest of the novel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уезжай куда знаешь","title":"Imperative «уезжай» + free relative","body":"«уезжай» is the «ты»-imperative of the imperfective «уезжать» (to leave, drive off). «куда знаешь» ('wherever you know/like') is a free relative of place — 'clear off anywhere you please'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"topicalized, refers to what follows (here's how it is)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to the listener","gloss":"sir","note":"\"пане\" is the vocative form of пан (\"sir\"/\"Mr.\"), not a verb."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of говорить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of вот","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase вот тебе деньги","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вытащил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вытащил","lemma":"вытащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"pulled out"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of кредитки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"кредитки","lemma":"кредитка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of вытащил","gloss":"banknotes"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"conditional clause, coordinated with бери","gloss":"if you want"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of хочешь","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"бери","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"take it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уезжай","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бери","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаешь","gloss":"wherever"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"complement of уезжай","gloss":"you please"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b8-c7-s234","source":"Пан смотрел пытливо, во все глаза, так и впился взглядом в лицо Мити.","translation":"The Pole looked searchingly, with all his eyes, fairly fastening his gaze on Mitya's face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"впился взглядом","title":"«впиться взглядом» — to fasten one's gaze","body":"«впиться» (perfective, '-ся') is to dig/bore in, sink into; «впиться взглядом в лицо» means to fasten one's stare onto a face, drink it in. «взглядом» is an instrumental of means. «во все глаза» = 'with all one's eyes', staring intently."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пытливо","title":"«пытливо» — searchingly","body":"«пытливо» (from «пытливый», inquisitive, probing) means with a keen, searching curiosity. The Pole scans Mitya's face for the catch behind the offer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"The Pole"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"пытливо","lemma":"пытливый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"searchingly"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with пытливо, manner adverbial","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies впился (так и = fairly)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"впился","lemma":"впиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смотрел","gloss":"fastened"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of впился","gloss":"his gaze"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of впился","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"of Mitya's"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b8-c7-s235","source":"— Тржи тысенцы, пане? — Он переглянулся с Врублевским.","translation":"\"Trzy tysiące, panie?\" He exchanged a glance with Wróblewski.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Тржи тысенцы, пане?","title":"Polish 'three thousand?'","body":"«Тржи тысенцы» = Polish 'trzy tysiące' (three thousand). The Pole repeats Mitya's sum in disbelieving Polish before glancing at his confederate — the bargaining has begun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"переглянулся с Врублевским","title":"Reciprocal «-ся» + «с» + instrumental","body":"«переглянулся» ('exchanged a glance', «пере-» + «-ся») is reciprocal — two parties glancing at each other; «с Врублевским» («с» + instrumental) names the partner. The «-ся» here carries 'with each other', not 'oneself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тржи","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies тысенцы","gloss":"three","note":"Polish-accented Russian: \"Тржи тысенцы\" renders Polish \"trzy tysiące\" (three thousand)."},{"surface":"тысенцы","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the quoted phrase, echoes Mitya's number","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to the listener","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of переглянулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"переглянулся","lemma":"переглянуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"exchanged a glance"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Врублевским","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Врублевским","lemma":"Врублевский","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переглянулся","gloss":"Wróblewski"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b8-c7-s236","source":"— Тржи, панове, тржи! Слушай, пане, вижу, что ты человек разумный. Бери три тысячи и убирайся ко всем чертям, да и Врублевского с собой захвати — слышишь это? Но сейчас же, сию же минуту, и это навеки, понимаешь, пане, навеки вот в эту самую дверь и выйдешь. У тебя что там: пальто, шуба? Я тебе вынесу. Сию же секунду тройку тебе заложат и — до видзенья, пане! А?","translation":"\"Three, panowie, three! Listen, panie, I see you're a sensible man. Take three thousand and go to the devil, and take Wróblewski with you — do you hear me? But right now, this very minute, and it's forever, do you understand, panie, forever, you'll go out through this very door. What have you got there: an overcoat, a fur coat? I'll bring it out to you. They'll harness the troika for you this very second and — do widzenia, panie! Well?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"убирайся ко всем чертям","title":"«убираться ко всем чертям»","body":"«убираться» (imperfective, '-ся') is the rude 'clear off, get out'; «ко всем чертям» = 'to all the devils', i.e. 'to hell'. Mitya's bargaining is contemptuous even as he offers a fortune. «захвати» ('grab, take along') is a clipped perfective imperative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"до видзенья, пане!","title":"Polish 'goodbye'","body":"«до видзенья» = Polish 'do widzenia' (goodbye, lit. 'until [our] seeing again'). Mitya peppers his ultimatum with Polish, half mocking, half cajoling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тройку тебе заложат","title":"Indefinite-personal plural «заложат»","body":"«заложат» ('they'll harness') is a third-plural with no named subject — the indefinite-personal construction, 'someone / they will harness for you'. «тебе» is the dative of benefit, 'for you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тржи","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"head of the exclamation, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"three","note":"Polish-accented \"three,\" echoing Polish trzy."},{"surface":"панове","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address to the listeners","gloss":"gentlemen","note":"Plural vocative of пан, echoing Polish panowie."},{"surface":"тржи","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with Тржи, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to the listener","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of человек","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the clause, clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"разумный","lemma":"разумный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"sensible"},{"surface":"Бери","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Бери","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убирайся","lemma":"убираться","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Бери","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чертям","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of чертям","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"чертям","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of убирайся","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Врублевского","lemma":"Врублевский","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of захвати","gloss":"Wróblewski"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of захвати","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"захвати","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"take along"},{"surface":"слышишь","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question clause","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слышишь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйдешь","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"сию","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сию","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial, coordinated with сейчас же, modifies выйдешь","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of навеки","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of это (elliptical: it's forever)","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"do you understand"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to the listener","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeated for emphasis, modifies выйдешь","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дверь","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверь","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дверь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дверь","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйдешь","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выйдешь","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll go out"},{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"part of the possessive phrase у тебя (you have)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate pronoun of the question (what is there)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb (is there)","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"пальто","lemma":"пальто","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to что, specifies what","gloss":"an overcoat"},{"surface":"шуба","lemma":"шуба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with пальто","gloss":"a fur coat"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вынесу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of вынесу","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"вынесу","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll bring out"},{"surface":"Сию","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of секунду","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Сию","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"секунду","lemma":"секунда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial, modifies заложат","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"тройку","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заложат","gloss":"the troika"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of заложат","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"заложат","lemma":"заложить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they'll harness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видзенья","gloss":"till"},{"surface":"видзенья","lemma":"видзенье","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"forms the interjection до видзенья (goodbye)","gloss":"goodbye","note":"Polish-accented Russian rendering of \"do widzenia\" (goodbye)."},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to the listener","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection seeking a response","gloss":"well?"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b8-c7-s237","source":"Митя уверенно ждал ответа.","translation":"Mitya waited confidently for the answer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уверенно ждал ответа","title":"«ждать» + genitive object","body":"«ждать» governs the genitive of the awaited thing: «ждал ответа» ('waited for an answer'). Verbs of waiting, seeking, and desiring take a genitive object, especially when it is abstract or non-specific."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ждал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"уверенно","lemma":"уверенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждал","gloss":"confidently"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"ответа","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ждал","gloss":"for an answer"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b8-c7-s238","source":"Он не сомневался.","translation":"He had no doubts.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он не сомневался.","title":"Imperfective «-ся» of a mental state","body":"«сомневаться» (imperfective, '-ся', 'to doubt') exists only in the «-ся» form. The negated imperfective «не сомневался» states an ongoing state of mind — 'he had no doubts', he was not doubting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сомневался","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сомневался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сомневался","lemma":"сомневаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had doubts"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b8-c7-s239","source":"Нечто чрезвычайно решительное мелькнуло в лице пана.","translation":"Something extraordinarily resolute flickered across the Pole's face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Нечто чрезвычайно решительное","title":"«нечто» — 'something' (bookish)","body":"«нечто» is the literary, indeclinable 'something' (as opposed to colloquial «что-то»), taking neuter agreement: «нечто ... решительное». «чрезвычайно» = 'extraordinarily'. The elevated «нечто» suits the narrator's grave register at this pivot."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мелькнуло в лице пана","title":"Perfective «мелькнуть» — a single flicker","body":"«мелькнуло» (perfective, semelfactive «-ну-») names one instantaneous flash — 'flickered across'. The «-ну-» suffix marks a single, momentary act, against any imperfective sense of repeated flickering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of мелькнуло","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решительное","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"решительное","lemma":"решительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Нечто","gloss":"resolute"},{"surface":"мелькнуло","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flickered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнуло","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"пана","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лице","gloss":"of the Pole"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b8-c7-s240","source":"— А ру́бли, пане?","translation":"\"And the roubles, panie?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ру́бли, пане?","title":"Topic-shifting «а» in an elliptical question","body":"«А ру́бли, пане?» — 'And the roubles, panie?' — uses «а» to shift the topic and a verbless ellipsis to pose the sly question: the Pole, far from refusing, is already haggling over the currency. The whole moral turn of the scene hangs on this little 'and'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ру́бли","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase, topic (what about the roubles)","gloss":"the roubles"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to the listener","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b8-c7-s241","source":"— Рубли-то вот как, пане: пятьсот рублей сию минуту тебе на извозчика и в задаток, а две тысячи пятьсот завтра в городе — честью клянусь, будут, достану из-под земли! — крикнул Митя.","translation":"\"Here is how the rubles stand, sir: five hundred rubles this very minute, into your hand, for the cab and as a deposit, and the other two thousand five hundred tomorrow, in town — on my honor I swear it, they'll be there, I'll dig them up from under the ground!\" Mitya cried.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Рубли-то","title":"The topic-marking «-то»","body":"The clitic «-то» here is not the indefinite suffix but the emphatic topic-marker, singling out «рубли» as the very thing in question: 'as for the rubles…'. It lends Mitya's opening a colloquial, button-holing urgency."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пане","title":"«пане» — addressing a Polish gentleman","body":"«пан» is the Polish title 'sir, gentleman, lord'; «пане» is its vocative ('sir!'). Dostoevsky keeps the Polish form to mark the two Poles as comic outsiders, and Mitya mimics it back at them."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сию минуту","title":"«сию минуту» — 'this very minute'","body":"A fixed phrase 'at once, immediately', built on the archaic demonstrative «сей» ('this') in the accusative «сию». «сей» is bookish-elevated, but survives in frozen idioms like this and «сего числа»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"достану из-под земли","title":"«достать из-под земли» — to get hold of by any means","body":"Literally 'I'll get it from under the ground', an idiom of desperate resolve to find money or a thing no matter what. The perfective «достану» is a simple future ('I will get'), conjugated like a present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рубли","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"topic of the sentence, resumed by то","gloss":"the roubles"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"topic marker attached to Рубли (as for)","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause (this is how)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to the listener","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"пятьсот","lemma":"пятьсот","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"five hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"quantified by пятьсот, topic of the clause","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"сию","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial modifying the elided verb (will be given)","gloss":"very minute"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of the elided verb (given to you)","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking извозчика","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"извозчика","lemma":"извозчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb","gloss":"the cab"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking задаток","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"задаток","lemma":"задаток","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with извозчика","gloss":"a deposit"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head noun of the numeral phrase, modified by две and пятьсот","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"пятьсот","lemma":"пятьсот","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"combines with тысячи (2,500 total)","gloss":"five hundred"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb (will be given tomorrow)","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the elided verb (location)","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"честью","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of клянусь","gloss":"on my honor"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical main verb (I swear)","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb, predicate of the promise (they'll be there)","gloss":"they'll be there"},{"surface":"достану","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause (I'll dig them up)","gloss":"I'll dig up"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земли (из-под = from under)","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земли (из-под = from under)","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of достану","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, introduces the quoted speech","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b8-c7-s242","source":"Поляки переглянулись опять.","translation":"The Poles exchanged glances once more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"переглянулись опять","title":"Reciprocal «-ся»: exchanged glances","body":"«переглянуться» is a reciprocal verb in «-ся»: the Poles glance at each other. The «-ся» here means 'one another', not a true reflexive, and the prefix «пере-» gives the quick mutual exchange."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поляки","lemma":"поляк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of переглянулись","gloss":"The Poles"},{"surface":"переглянулись","lemma":"переглянуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exchanged glances"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переглянулись","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b8-c7-s243","source":"Лицо пана стало изменяться к худшему.","translation":"The gentleman's face began to change for the worse.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стало изменяться к худшему","title":"«стало» + infinitive — began to change","body":"«стать» plus an imperfective infinitive («изменяться») means 'to begin to', framing the face's change as a process now under way. «к худшему» is the dative of the comparative «худший» in the set phrase 'for the worse'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стало","gloss":"The face"},{"surface":"пана","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Лицо","gloss":"of the Pole"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"изменяться","lemma":"изменяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"to change"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking худшему","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"худшему","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изменяться","gloss":"the worse"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b8-c7-s244","source":"— Семьсот, семьсот, а не пятьсот, сейчас, сию минуту в руки! — надбавил Митя, почувствовав нечто нехорошее. — Чего ты, пан? Не веришь? Не все же три тысячи дать тебе сразу. Я дам, а ты и воротишься к ней завтра же… Да теперь и нет у меня всех трех тысяч, у меня в городе дома лежат, — лепетал Митя, труся и падая духом с каждым своим словом, — ей-богу, лежат, спрятаны…","translation":"\"Seven hundred, seven hundred, not five hundred, right now, this very minute, into your hands!\" Mitya raised the offer, sensing something amiss. \"What's wrong, sir? Don't you believe me? I can't very well hand you all three thousand at once. I'll give it, and you'll be back at her side by tomorrow… The thing is, I haven't got all three thousand on me just now — it's lying back in town, at my place,\" Mitya babbled, growing more cowed and losing heart with every word he spoke, \"by God, it's lying there, hidden away…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почувствовав нечто нехорошее","title":"Past gerund «почувствовав» — having sensed","body":"«почувствовав» is a perfective past adverbial participle (деепричастие) in «-в»: 'having sensed something amiss', a completed action just prior to «надбавил». It shares Mitya's subject and compresses a whole clause into one word — a hallmark of Dostoevsky's narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не все же три тысячи дать тебе сразу","title":"The particle «же» and genitive-flavored negation","body":"«же» here insists and reasons with the listener ('I can't very well…'). The whole turn is an impersonal infinitive of inability ('[one can]not give all three thousand at once'), the kind of subjectless construction Russian reaches for constantly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и нет у меня всех трех тысяч","title":"Genitive of negation with «нет»","body":"«нет» ('there is not') forces its subject into the genitive: «всех трёх тысяч» (gen.) rather than nominative. This is the obligatory genitive of an absent thing — Mitya doesn't have the three thousand on him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лепетал","title":"«лепетать» — to babble","body":"«лепетать» is to prattle or babble like a child or a flustered man, imperfective and durative — Mitya is helplessly running on. The imperfective past paints the babbling as ongoing background to the dialogue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"труся и падая духом","title":"Twinned present gerunds «труся и падая»","body":"Two imperfective present gerunds in «-я» express simultaneous attendant states: 'growing cowed and losing heart' as he speaks. «падая духом» is the idiom 'losing one's spirit/heart'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ей-богу","title":"«ей-богу» — 'by God'","body":"A worn-down oath, originally 'to God', used to swear sincerity in colloquial speech. It keeps the old dative «богу» and is exactly the kind of folksy asseveration that floods Mitya's pleading."}],"words":[{"surface":"Семьсот","lemma":"семьсот","morphology":"numeral, cardinal, indeclinable form","role":"exclaimed numeral, head of the phrase","gloss":"Seven hundred"},{"surface":"семьсот","lemma":"семьсот","morphology":"numeral, cardinal, indeclinable form","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with Семьсот","gloss":"seven hundred"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction, contrastive","role":"links Семьсот to the negated пятьсот","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"negates пятьсот","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пятьсот","lemma":"пятьсот","morphology":"numeral, cardinal, indeclinable form","role":"contrasted with Семьсот","gloss":"five hundred"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier, coordinated with сию минуту","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"сию","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal modifier, in apposition to сейчас","gloss":"very minute"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"complement of в, target of the implied giving","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"надбавил","lemma":"надбавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, introduces the exclamation","gloss":"raised the offer"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of надбавил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"почувствовав","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on надбавил","gloss":"sensing"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of почувствовав","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нехорошее","lemma":"нехороший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"amiss"},{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"idiomatic head of the elliptical question (чего = what's wrong)","gloss":"what's wrong"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause with Чего","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing the listener","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"modifies веришь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"веришь","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you believe"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"modifies все","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of тысячи","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies все","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дать, quantified by три","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"дать","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main predicate (infinitive of obligation)","gloss":"to hand over"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of дать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сразу","lemma":"сразу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дать","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дам","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"дам","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will give"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of воротишься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies воротишься","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"воротишься","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дам","gloss":"you'll be back"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротишься","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротишься","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies завтра","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle, transitional","role":"introduces the clause, modifies нет","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies нет","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative, negative existential","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"I haven't got"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"me (on me)"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of трех","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"complement of нет (genitive of negated existence)","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежат","gloss":"me (at my place)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежат","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежат","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"лежат","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate of the clause, subject implied (the money)","gloss":"it's lying"},{"surface":"лепетал","lemma":"лепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"reporting verb, introduces the quotation","gloss":"babbled"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лепетал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"труся","lemma":"трусить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on лепетал, coordinated with падая","gloss":"growing cowed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"падая","lemma":"падать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with труся","gloss":"losing"},{"surface":"духом","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"idiomatic complement of падая (падать духом = lose heart)","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каждым","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of словом","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of словом","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of падая","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"ей-богу","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular (fossilized in the idiom ей-богу)","role":"part of idiom ей-богу, modifies лежат","gloss":"by","note":"«ей-богу» (by God) is a fossilized oath phrase; ей no longer functions as an ordinary pronoun."},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom ей-богу","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"лежат","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"predicate of the clause, subject implied (the money)","gloss":"it's lying there"},{"surface":"спрятаны","lemma":"спрятать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with лежат","gloss":"hidden away"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b8-c7-s245","source":"В один миг чувство необыкновенного собственного достоинства засияло в лице маленького пана:","translation":"In an instant a feeling of extraordinary self-importance lit up the little gentleman's face:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В один миг","title":"Word order: fronted adverbial","body":"The sentence opens with the time-phrase «В один миг» ('in an instant') as topic, holding the new information — the self-importance lighting up his face — for the end. This topic-first, comment-last weighting is the engine of the line's rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"засияло в лице маленького пана","title":"Perfective «засияло» — lit up","body":"The prefix «за-» on «сиять» marks the inceptive perfective: not 'shone' but 'began to shine / lit up', a single completed flaring. It moves the narrative forward against the imperfective background."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"собственного достоинства","title":"«собственное достоинство» — self-worth, dignity","body":"'Self-esteem, one's own dignity'. Dostoevsky pairs the Pole's «необыкновенное собственное достоинство» with his shabby reality for sharp comic irony — the small man swelling with self-regard."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies миг","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of засияло","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of засияло","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"необыкновенного","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies достоинства","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"собственного","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies достоинства","gloss":"self-"},{"surface":"достоинства","lemma":"достоинство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"importance"},{"surface":"засияло","lemma":"засиять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lit up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of засияло","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"маленького","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пана","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"пана","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лице","gloss":"gentleman's"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b8-c7-s246","source":"— Чи не потшебуешь еще чего? — спросил он иронически. — Пфе! А пфе! (стыд, срам!) — И он плюнул.","translation":"\"Will you be wanting anything more?\" he asked ironically. \"Pfui! Pfui to you! (shame, disgrace!)\" — And he spat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Чи не потшебуешь еще чего?","title":"Polish in Cyrillic dress","body":"The Pole's line is Polish ('Czy nie potrzebujesz jeszcze czego?' — 'Don't you need anything more?') spelled phonetically in Cyrillic, and is left unglossed. The parenthetical «(стыд, срам!)» that follows is Dostoevsky's in-text gloss of the disgust interjection «Пфе! А пфе!» ('shame, disgrace!'), not of the Polish question. The macaronic effect mocks the gentleman's pretension."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стыд, срам","title":"«стыд» and «срам» — shame and disgrace","body":"A near-synonymous doublet: «стыд» is shame, «срам» a more visceral disgrace or scandal. The pairing intensifies, a common expressive device."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чи","lemma":"чи","morphology":"particle, interrogative (Polish-accented Russian)","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"do","note":"Chi mimics Polish czy ('whether/do'); marks the Pan's broken Russian."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"modifies потшебуешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"потшебуешь","lemma":"потшебовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective (Polish-accented Russian)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you need","note":"Mock-Polish rendering (cf. Polish potrzebujesz, 'you need')."},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"anything more"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of потшебуешь","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, introduces the quotation","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"иронически","lemma":"иронически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"ironically"},{"surface":"Пфе","lemma":"пфе","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation of disgust","gloss":"Pfui"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пфе","lemma":"пфе","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation of disgust, coordinated with Пфе","gloss":"pfui to you"},{"surface":"стыд","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the parenthetical exclamation","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"срам","lemma":"срам","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with стыд","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of плюнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"плюнул","lemma":"плюнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spat"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b8-c7-s247","source":"Плюнул и пан Врублевский.","translation":"Pan Wróblewski spat as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Плюнул и пан Врублевский","title":"Verb-first inversion for symmetry","body":"The verb «плюнул» ('spat') leads, the subject «пан Врублевский» follows, echoing the first Pole's spit in the previous line. Russian's free word order lets the repeated action sit up front, binding the two spits together."}],"words":[{"surface":"Плюнул","lemma":"плюнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies пан Врублевский (also/too)","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"title, part of subject phrase","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Врублевский","lemma":"Врублевский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Плюнул, depends on пан","gloss":"Wróblewski"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b8-c7-s248","source":"— Это ты оттого плюешься, пане, — проговорил Митя как отчаянный, поняв, что всё кончилось, — оттого, что от Грушеньки думаешь больше тяпнуть. Каплуны вы оба, вот что!","translation":"\"The reason you're spitting, sir,\" said Mitya like a man in despair, having grasped that it was all over, \"is that you think you can wring more out of Grushenka. Capons, the pair of you, that's what!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поняв, что всё кончилось","title":"Past gerund «поняв» — having grasped","body":"«поняв» is a perfective past gerund ('having understood'), a prior completed act framing Mitya's despair. «кончилось» is the reflexive «-ся» of intransitive completion: 'it [all] came to an end' by itself."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тяпнуть","title":"«тяпнуть» — to grab/snatch (slangy)","body":"A coarse colloquial perfective, 'to snatch, grab a chunk of'. Mitya accuses the Poles of holding out to «тяпнуть» more money from Grushenka — the low register marks his contempt."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Каплуны вы оба","title":"«каплун» — a capon","body":"A «каплун» is a castrated, fattened rooster; as an insult it brands the two Poles as plump, emasculated, gelded creatures. The fronted predicate «Каплуны вы оба» ('Capons, the pair of you') throws the slur to the front for full scorn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject with плюешься","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of плюешься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"оттого","lemma":"оттого","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плюешься","gloss":"that's why"},{"surface":"плюешься","lemma":"плеваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you're spitting"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing the listener","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, introduces the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"introduces the comparison отчаянный","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"отчаянный","lemma":"отчаянный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement introduced by как, describes Митя","gloss":"a desperate man"},{"surface":"поняв","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"having grasped"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончилось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кончилось","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"кончилось","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of поняв","gloss":"was over"},{"surface":"оттого","lemma":"оттого","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlate of что-clause, explains плюешься","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of думаешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of думаешь","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"думаешь","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of оттого","gloss":"you think"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on тяпнуть","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"тяпнуть","lemma":"тяпнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitival complement of думаешь","gloss":"to wring out"},{"surface":"Каплуны","lemma":"каплун","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun, describes вы","gloss":"capons"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject, predicate is Каплуны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom вот что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, nominative, singular","role":"part of idiom вот что","gloss":"what"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b8-c7-s249","source":"— Естем до живего доткнентным! (Я оскорблен до последней степени) — раскраснелся вдруг маленький пан как рак и живо, в страшном негодовании, как бы не желая больше ничего слушать, вышел из комнаты.","translation":"\"I am cut to the quick! (I am insulted to the last degree)\" — the little gentleman suddenly flushed red as a crab and briskly, in dreadful indignation, as though refusing to hear another word, walked out of the room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Естем до живего доткнентным!","title":"Polish outburst, glossed","body":"Phonetic Polish ('Jestem do żywego dotknięty' — 'I am cut to the quick'), again glossed by Dostoevsky in parentheses «(Я оскорблен до последней степени)». The Pole reaches for his grandest indignation in his native tongue."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как рак","title":"«покраснеть как рак» — red as a crab","body":"A stock simile: 'to go red as a boiled crayfish/crab' (the creature turns scarlet when cooked). It paints the little Pole's furious flush vividly and comically."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы не желая больше ничего слушать","title":"«как бы» + present gerund, with negative concord","body":"«как бы» ('as though') softens the gerund «не желая» into a seeming motive. Note the negative concord: «не… ничего» — both the negated participle and «ничего» carry negation, one meaning ('not wishing to hear anything')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вышел из комнаты","title":"Prefixed motion verb «выйти»","body":"«вышел» (from «выйти») is the perfective of «выходить», 'to go out, exit'. The prefix «вы-» ('out') both gives the direction and makes it a clean aspect pair, a single completed departure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Естем","lemma":"jestem","morphology":"verb, present, first, singular (Polish 'to be')","role":"copula, Polish 'I am' inserted into broken Russian speech","gloss":"I am","note":"Polish jestem ('I am'); the Pan's Russian is broken."},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking живего","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"живего","lemma":"żywy","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular (Polish form żywego)","role":"object of до, idiom 'to the quick'","gloss":"the quick"},{"surface":"доткнентным","lemma":"dotknięty","morphology":"adjective/participle, instrumental, masculine, singular (Polish-Russian hybrid form)","role":"predicate complement of Естем","gloss":"touched","note":"Garbled Polish dotknięty ('touched/offended'), Russified with an instrumental ending."},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of оскорблен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"оскорблен","lemma":"оскорбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"insulted"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"последней","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оскорблен","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"раскраснелся","lemma":"раскраснеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"flushed red"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раскраснелся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раскраснелся","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"introduces the comparison with рак","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"рак","lemma":"рак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"object of comparison, describes пан","gloss":"a crab"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"живо","lemma":"живо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышел","gloss":"briskly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking негодовании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страшном","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies негодовании","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"негодовании","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom как бы (as though)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of idiom как бы (as though)","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"modifies желая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"желая","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вышел","gloss":"wishing"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"any more"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of слушать","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"слушать","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of желая","gloss":"to hear"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with раскраснелся","gloss":"walked out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"the room"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b8-c7-s250","source":"За ним, раскачиваясь, последовал и Врублевский, а за ними уж и Митя, сконфуженный и опешенный.","translation":"Wróblewski followed after him, swaying, and after the two of them came Mitya, abashed and bewildered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"раскачиваясь","title":"Present gerund «раскачиваясь» — swaying","body":"An imperfective present gerund in «-ясь» (reflexive «-ся» after a vowel): Wróblewski follows 'while swaying'. The «-ся» here is the middle/intransitive 'rocking oneself'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"За ним… последовал и Врублевский, а за ними уж и Митя","title":"Chained inversion and the procession","body":"Each clause fronts its 'after X' phrase («За ним», «за ними»), staging a little procession out of the room. The contrastive «а» shifts to the next mover (Mitya), and «и» before each name means 'also'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сконфуженный и опешенный","title":"«сконфуженный», «опешенный» — abashed, dumbfounded","body":"Two past passive participles used as adjectives: «сконфуженный» 'embarrassed, abashed' and «опешенный» 'taken aback, stunned'. The pairing captures Mitya's deflation as he trails the Poles out."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of последовал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"раскачиваясь","lemma":"раскачиваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on последовал","gloss":"swaying"},{"surface":"последовал","lemma":"последовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies Врублевский","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Врублевский","lemma":"Врублевский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of последовал","gloss":"Wróblewski"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of the implied verb (Митя followed)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Митя","gloss":"by now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies Митя","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the implied verb последовал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"сконфуженный","lemma":"сконфуженный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Митя","gloss":"abashed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опешенный","lemma":"опешенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сконфуженный, modifies Митя","gloss":"bewildered"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b8-c7-s251","source":"Он боялся Грушеньки, он предчувствовал, что пан сейчас раскричится.","translation":"He was afraid of Grushenka; he had a foreboding that the gentleman would start shouting any moment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"боялся Грушеньки","title":"«бояться» + genitive of the feared thing","body":"«бояться» ('to fear') exists only in the «-ся» form and governs the genitive: «Грушеньки» (gen.). One fears 'of' someone in Russian — the object of dread stands in the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пан сейчас раскричится","title":"Inceptive perfective «раскричится»","body":"«раскричаться» ('to burst out shouting') takes «рас-» + «-ся» for an explosive inceptive perfective; conjugated, it is a simple future ('will start shouting'). «сейчас» here means 'any moment now'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was afraid"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive object of боялся","gloss":"of Grushenka"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предчувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"предчувствовал","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with боялся","gloss":"had a foreboding"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of раскричится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раскричится","gloss":"the gentleman"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раскричится","gloss":"any moment"},{"surface":"раскричится","lemma":"раскричаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of предчувствовал","gloss":"would start shouting"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b8-c7-s252","source":"Так и случилось.","translation":"And so it happened.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так и случилось","title":"Emphatic «так и» — 'and so it did'","body":"«так и» before a verb confirms that something happened exactly as expected: 'and so it happened'. «случилось» is the reflexive «-ся» of «случиться», 'to occur' — an event that befalls of itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"part of the phrase Так и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"b8-c7-s253","source":"Пан вошел в залу и театрально встал пред Грушенькой.","translation":"The gentleman walked into the parlor and struck a theatrical pose before Grushenka.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"встал пред Грушенькой","title":"Archaic «пред» + instrumental","body":"«пред» is the bookish, shortened form of «перед» ('before, in front of'), governing the instrumental «Грушенькой». The clipped «пред» lends a touch of elevated, theatrical solemnity — fitting his pose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"the gentleman"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"залу","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"the parlor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"театрально","lemma":"театрально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встал","gloss":"theatrically"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вошел","gloss":"struck a pose"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушенькой","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Грушенькой","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встал","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"b8-c7-s254","source":"— Пани Агриппина, естем до живего доткнентным! — воскликнул было он, но Грушенька как бы вдруг потеряла всякое терпение, точно тронули ее по самому больному месту.","translation":"\"Pani Agrippina, I am cut to the quick!\" he started to exclaim, but Grushenka all at once seemed to lose every shred of patience, as though he had touched her on her sorest spot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"воскликнул было он","title":"The particle «было» — an interrupted action","body":"«было» after a perfective past marks an action begun but cut short or undone: 'he started to exclaim [but…]'. Here Grushenka's outburst breaks across his cry — the perfect signal of a thwarted move."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы вдруг потеряла всякое терпение","title":"«как бы» softening the verb","body":"«как бы» ('as if, seemingly') hedges the narrator's claim about Grushenka's inner state. «потеряла» is perfective ('lost'), and «всякое терпение» means 'every bit of patience'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пани","lemma":"pani","morphology":"noun, vocative, feminine, singular (Polish 'Madam')","role":"vocative, addressing Grushenka","gloss":"Madam"},{"surface":"Агриппина","lemma":"Агриппина","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Пани","gloss":"Agrippina"},{"surface":"естем","lemma":"jestem","morphology":"verb, present, first, singular (Polish 'to be')","role":"copula, Polish 'I am' inserted into broken Russian speech","gloss":"I am"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking живего","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"живего","lemma":"żywy","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular (Polish form żywego)","role":"object of до, idiom 'to the quick'","gloss":"the quick"},{"surface":"доткнентным","lemma":"dotknięty","morphology":"adjective/participle, instrumental, masculine, singular (Polish-Russian hybrid form)","role":"predicate complement of естем","gloss":"touched"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, introduces the quotation","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle, marking an incipient/interrupted action","role":"modifies воскликнул (started to, but was cut off)","gloss":"started to"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of потеряла","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of idiom как бы (all at once seemed to)","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потеряла","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"потеряла","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with воскликнул","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"всякое","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of терпение","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"терпение","lemma":"терпение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of потеряла","gloss":"patience"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"conjunction, comparative","role":"introduces the comparison тронули","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"тронули","lemma":"тронуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"impersonal plural, comparison clause","gloss":"someone had touched"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of тронули","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месту","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"intensifies больному","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"больному","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies месту","gloss":"sorest"},{"surface":"месту","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of тронули","gloss":"spot"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"b8-c7-s255","source":"— По-русски, говори по-русски, чтобы ни одного слова польского не было! — закричала она на него. — Говорил же прежде по-русски, неужели забыл в пять лет! — Она вся покраснела от гнева.","translation":"\"In Russian, speak in Russian, and not one Polish word!\" she shouted at him. \"You used to speak Russian before — don't tell me you've forgotten it in five years!\" — She had gone scarlet all over with anger.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы ни одного слова польского не было","title":"«чтобы» + past, with «ни… не» concord","body":"«чтобы» introduces a willed result and takes the past-form irrealis «не было». «ни одного слова… не было» is negative concord ('not a single Polish word'), the genitive «слова» demanded by the negated existential."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Говорил же прежде по-русски","title":"Particle «же» and the imperfective of habit","body":"«же» insists, appealing to fact ('you DID speak Russian before'). The imperfective «говорил» states a former habitual fact — he used to speak Russian — against which his present Polish posturing is absurd."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неужели","title":"«неужели» — incredulous 'surely not?'","body":"An emphatic interrogative particle of disbelief: 'don't tell me…, surely you haven't…'. Grushenka throws it at the Pole's claimed amnesia — 'surely you haven't forgotten in five years!'."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"по-русски","morphology":"adverb (first part of compound по-русски)","role":"modifies the implied command (speak)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"русски","lemma":"по-русски","morphology":"adverb (second part of compound по-русски)","role":"modifies the implied command (speak)","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-русски","morphology":"adverb (first part of compound по-русски)","role":"modifies говори","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"русски","lemma":"по-русски","morphology":"adverb (second part of compound по-русски)","role":"modifies говори","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies слова","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"польского","lemma":"польский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"Polish"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"закричала","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, introduces the quotation","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of закричала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закричала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you used to speak"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"modifies Говорил","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Говорил","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-русски","morphology":"adverb (first part of compound по-русски)","role":"modifies Говорил","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"русски","lemma":"по-русски","morphology":"adverb (second part of compound по-русски)","role":"modifies Говорил","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"don't tell me"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Говорил","gloss":"you've forgotten"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of забыл","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of покраснела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial intensifier, agrees with Она","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"покраснела","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned scarlet"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гнева","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"гнева","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покраснела","gloss":"anger"}]},{"number":256,"label":"256","id":"b8-c7-s256","source":"— Пани Агриппина…","translation":"\"Pani Agrippina…\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Пани","lemma":"pani","morphology":"noun, vocative, feminine, singular (Polish 'Madam')","role":"vocative, addressing Grushenka","gloss":"Madam"},{"surface":"Агриппина","lemma":"Агриппина","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Пани","gloss":"Agrippina"}]},{"number":257,"label":"257","id":"b8-c7-s257","source":"— Я Аграфена, я Грушенька, говори по-русски, или слушать не хочу! — Пан запыхтел от гонора и, ломая русскую речь, быстро и напыщенно произнес:","translation":"\"I'm Agrafena, I'm Grushenka, speak Russian or I won't listen!\" — The gentleman puffed up with wounded pride and, mangling his Russian, pronounced rapidly and pompously:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"запыхтел от гонора","title":"«гонор» — touchy pride","body":"«гонор» (a Polish borrowing, honor) is swaggering, prickly self-importance — exactly the Polish szlachta vanity Dostoevsky satirizes. «запыхтел» ('began puffing/wheezing') makes the wounded pride physical and ridiculous."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ломая русскую речь","title":"Present gerund «ломая» — mangling","body":"«ломая русскую речь» ('breaking/mangling the Russian tongue') is an imperfective present gerund of attendant manner: he pronounces 'while mangling' his Russian. The image sets up the broken speech that follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject, predicate is Аграфена","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Аграфена","lemma":"Аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, elided copula","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with Я","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, elided copula","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"говори","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-русски","morphology":"adverb (first part of compound по-русски)","role":"modifies говори","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"русски","lemma":"по-русски","morphology":"adverb (second part of compound по-русски)","role":"modifies говори","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"слушать","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to listen"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle, negative","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говори","gloss":"I will"},{"surface":"Пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of запыхтел","gloss":"the gentleman"},{"surface":"запыхтел","lemma":"запыхтеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"puffed up"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гонора","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"гонора","lemma":"гонор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запыхтел","gloss":"wounded pride"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ломая","lemma":"ломать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес","gloss":"mangling"},{"surface":"русскую","lemma":"русский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies речь","gloss":"Russian"},{"surface":"речь","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ломая","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"напыщенно","lemma":"напыщенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with быстро","gloss":"pompously"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with запыхтел","gloss":"pronounced"}]},{"number":258,"label":"258","id":"b8-c7-s258","source":"— Пани Аграфена, я пшиехал забыть старое и простить его, забыть, что было допрежь сегодня…","translation":"\"Pani Agrafena, I have come to forget the old grievances and to forgive them, to forget what happened before today…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пшиехал","title":"Polonized «приехал»","body":"His 'broken Russian' is really Russian bent toward Polish phonetics: «пшиехал» for «приехал» ('I have arrived/come'), Polish 'przyjechał'. Dostoevsky spells the accent into the page."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"допрежь","title":"«допрежь» — archaic/dialectal 'before'","body":"«допрежь» (also «допреж») is an old folk-archaic 'before, prior to', far more rustic than «прежде». In the Pole's mangled speech it adds an incongruous note of antique provincial Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пани","lemma":"пани","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"Pani"},{"surface":"Аграфена","lemma":"аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Пани","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пшиехал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пшиехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have come","note":"Pan Mussyalovich's Russian is Polish-accented; \"пшиехал\" is his rendering of \"приехал\" (arrived)."},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пшиехал","gloss":"to forget"},{"surface":"старое","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of забыть","gloss":"the old"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with забыть","gloss":"to forgive"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of простить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with простить","gloss":"to forget"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"допрежь","lemma":"допрежь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of допрежь","gloss":"today"}]},{"number":259,"label":"259","id":"b8-c7-s259","source":"— Как простить? Это меня-то ты приехал простить? — перебила Грушенька и вскочила с места.","translation":"\"Forgive? You've come to forgive me, of all things?\" Grushenka cut in and sprang up from her place.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это меня-то ты приехал простить?","title":"Emphatic «-то» on the pronoun","body":"«меня-то» throws the stress onto the object pronoun: 'me, of all people, you've come to forgive?'. This «-то» clitic singles out and challenges the topic — Grushenka's outraged incredulity made grammatical."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочила с места","title":"Perfective «вскочить» — sprang up","body":"«вскочила» (perfective, prefix «вс-» 'up') is a single sharp completed leap: she springs up from her seat. The perfective makes it one abrupt narrative jolt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простить","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic marker with меня-то","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of простить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to меня","gloss":"of all people"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приехал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have come"},{"surface":"простить","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of приехал","gloss":"to forgive"},{"surface":"перебила","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cut in"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of перебила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вскочила","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перебила","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочила","gloss":"her place"}]},{"number":260,"label":"260","id":"b8-c7-s260","source":"— Так есть, пани (точно так, пани), я не малодушны, я великодушны. Но я былем здзивёны (был удивлен), когда видел твоих любовников. Пан Митя в том покое давал мне тржи тысёнцы, чтоб я отбыл. Я плюнул пану в физию.","translation":"\"Just so, pani (precisely so, pani), I am not faint-hearted, I am magnanimous. But I was astonished (I was astounded) when I saw your lovers. Pan Mitya in that other room offered me three thousand to clear off. I spat in the gentleman's face.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Так есть, пани","title":"Polish 'tak jest' in disguise","body":"Glossed by Dostoevsky as «(точно так, пани)» — 'just so'. «Так есть» calques Polish 'Tak jest', odd in Russian (which would drop the copula), and marks his speech as foreign."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не малодушны, я великодушны","title":"Short adjectives «малодушны / великодушны»","body":"He reaches for the bookish short-form predicate adjectives «малодушен / великодушен» ('faint-hearted / magnanimous') but botches the gender, using plural-looking «-ы» forms. The short form is the elevated predicative he is aiming at; the error marks his mangled Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тржи тысёнцы","title":"Polish numerals: 'trzy tysiące'","body":"«тржи тысёнцы» is Polish 'trzy tysiące' (three thousand) in Cyrillic — he can't even keep the sum in Russian. The macaronic spelling continues the comedy of his self-betraying tongue."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в физию","title":"«физия» — 'mug' (slangy face)","body":"«физия» (from «физиономия») is a low, contemptuous word for 'face, mug'. 'I spat in the gentleman's mug' — the coarse term deflates his own grand posturing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies есть","gloss":"Just so"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"пани","lemma":"пани","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"pani"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Так (parenthetical restatement)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"пани","lemma":"пани","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"pani"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of малодушны","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies малодушны","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"малодушны","lemma":"малодушный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate complement, subject я","gloss":"faint-hearted"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of великодушны","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"великодушны","lemma":"великодушный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate complement, subject я","gloss":"magnanimous"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of былем","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"былем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to здзивёны","gloss":"was","note":"\"былем\" is the Polish verb form \"byłem\" (I was), used in place of Russian \"был\" as part of Pan Mussyalovich's accented speech."},{"surface":"здзивёны","lemma":"здзивёны","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of былем","gloss":"astonished","note":"Renders Polish \"zdziwiony\" (astonished); the speaker immediately glosses it himself in Russian as \"был удивлен.\""},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to удивлен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"удивлен","lemma":"удивлённый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был, restates здзивёны","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видел","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on былем","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"твоих","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of любовников","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"любовников","lemma":"любовник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"lovers"},{"surface":"Пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of давал","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Пан","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking покое","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of покое","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"покое","lemma":"покой","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of давал","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"давал","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"offered"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of давал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тржи","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies тысёнцы","gloss":"three","note":"Polish-accented rendering of \"три\" (three)."},{"surface":"тысёнцы","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of давал","gloss":"thousand","note":"Polish-accented rendering of \"тысячи\" (thousand)."},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отбыл","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отбыл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отбыл","lemma":"отбыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on давал","gloss":"clear off"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of плюнул","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"плюнул","lemma":"плюнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spat"},{"surface":"пану","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of плюнул","gloss":"the gentleman"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking физию","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"физию","lemma":"физия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of плюнул","gloss":"face"}]},{"number":261,"label":"261","id":"b8-c7-s261","source":"— Как? Он тебе деньги за меня давал? — истерически вскричала Грушенька. — Правда, Митя? Да как ты смел! Разве я продажная?","translation":"\"What? He offered you money for me?\" Grushenka shrieked hysterically. \"Is it true, Mitya? How dared you! Am I something to be sold?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да как ты смел!","title":"«да» as an emotive opener and «как смел!»","body":"Sentence-initial «да» here is not 'yes' but an emphatic intensifier of indignation ('Why, how dared you!'). «смел» is the past of «сметь» 'to dare' — 'how did you dare!'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Разве я продажная?","title":"«продажная» and the particle «разве»","body":"«разве» casts an indignant rhetorical question ('Am I really…?'). «продажная» ('for sale, venal') as a feminine adjective-noun implies 'a woman to be bought' — Grushenka recoils at being priced like a thing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of давал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of давал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of давал","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of давал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"давал","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"offered"},{"surface":"истерически","lemma":"истерически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричала","gloss":"hysterically"},{"surface":"вскричала","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shrieked"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскричала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Is it true"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"смел","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"Разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies продажная","gloss":"surely not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of продажная","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"продажная","lemma":"продажный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"for sale"}]},{"number":262,"label":"262","id":"b8-c7-s262","source":"— Пане, пане, — возопил Митя, — она чиста и сияет, и никогда я не был ее любовником! Это ты соврал…","translation":"\"Sir, sir,\" Mitya wailed, \"she is pure and radiant, and I have never been her lover! That's a lie you've told…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возопил","title":"«возопить» — to cry out (elevated)","body":"«возопить» is a bookish, almost Church-Slavonic-tinged perfective 'to cry aloud, wail out'. Against the brawling scene it lends Mitya's defense of Grushenka a momentary note of pathos."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она чиста и сияет","title":"Short adjective «чиста» vs. finite «сияет»","body":"«чиста» is the short-form predicate adjective ('she is pure'), more absolute and bookish than the long form. It is yoked to the present-tense «сияет» ('she shines'), pairing a state with an action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда я не был ее любовником","title":"Negation + predicate instrumental «любовником»","body":"After «быть» in the past, the predicate noun stands in the instrumental: «любовником» ('I was never her lover'). Note also the concord «никогда… не» — both negative words, one negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"Sir"},{"surface":"пане","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"repeats Пане (vocative)","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"возопил","lemma":"возопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wailed"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возопил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of чиста","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"чиста","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement, subject она","gloss":"pure"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сияет","lemma":"сиять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with чиста","gloss":"is radiant"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies был","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to любовником","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любовником","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"любовником","lemma":"любовник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"lover"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of соврал","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of соврал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"соврал","lemma":"соврать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lied"}]},{"number":263,"label":"263","id":"b8-c7-s263","source":"— Как смеешь ты меня пред ним защищать, — вопила Грушенька, — не из добродетели я чиста была и не потому, что Кузьмы боялась, а чтобы пред ним гордой быть и чтобы право иметь ему подлеца сказать, когда встречу. Да неужто ж он с тебя денег не взял?","translation":"\"How dare you defend me in front of him,\" Grushenka cried out, \"it wasn't out of virtue that I stayed pure, and not because I was afraid of Kuzma, but so that I could stand proud before him and have the right to call him a scoundrel when I met him. And do you mean to say he really didn't take money from you?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как смеешь ты меня пред ним защищать","title":"«пред» + instrumental again","body":"Archaic «пред» governs the instrumental «ним» ('before him'). The bookish preposition gives Grushenka's reproach a heightened, almost stagey weight as she turns on Mitya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не из добродетели… а чтобы пред ним гордой быть","title":"«не… а» + purpose «чтобы»","body":"The contrastive «не X… а Y» ('not out of X but in order to Y') frames Grushenka's real motive. «чтобы… гордой быть» takes the purpose-«чтобы» with predicate instrumental «гордой» — 'so as to be proud before him'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подлеца сказать","title":"«подлец» — scoundrel, the right to name it","body":"«подлец» is a strong word for a base, contemptible man. Grushenka guarded her pride 'to have the right to call him a scoundrel' — the insult is the whole point of her long self-torment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да неужто ж он с тебя денег не взял?","title":"Stacked particles «неужто ж» + genitive of negation","body":"«неужто» (folksier «неужели») plus «ж» (=«же») piles up incredulous emphasis. The negated «не взял» pulls its object into the genitive «денег» ('didn't take [any] money'), the genitive of negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеешь","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"смеешь","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смеешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of защищать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of защищать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"защищать","lemma":"защищать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смеешь","gloss":"defend"},{"surface":"вопила","lemma":"вопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вопила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates из добродетели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking добродетели","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"добродетели","lemma":"добродетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чиста","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of чиста","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"чиста","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была, subject я","gloss":"pure"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to чиста","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of боялась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Кузьмы","lemma":"кузьма","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive object of боялась","gloss":"Kuzma"},{"surface":"боялась","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on потому","gloss":"was afraid"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of быть","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of гордой","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"гордой","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть, subject implied я","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to гордой","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of иметь","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of иметь","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"иметь","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the infinitive clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"подлеца","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"scoundrel"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of иметь","gloss":"to call"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встречу","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"встречу","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause modifying сказать","gloss":"I meet him"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неужто","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"}]},{"number":264,"label":"264","id":"b8-c7-s264","source":"— Да брал же, брал! — воскликнул Митя, — да только все три тысячи разом захотел, а я всего семьсот задатку давал.","translation":"\"He took it, all right, he took it!\" Mitya exclaimed, \"only he wanted the whole three thousand at once, and all I was offering was seven hundred as a deposit.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да брал же, брал!","title":"«да… же» and the repeated imperfective","body":"«да» affirms emphatically, «же» insists, and the doubled imperfective «брал… брал» ('he took, all right, he took') stresses the fact of the taking. The imperfective states it as a fact, not a single event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"семьсот задатку давал","title":"Partitive genitive «задатку»","body":"«задатку» is the old partitive genitive in «-у» ('seven hundred by way of deposit'), a flavor of 'some deposit'. The imperfective «давал» frames it as an attempt — what he 'was offering', not what was completed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies брал","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"брал","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies брал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"брал","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with брал","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захотел","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of три","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of захотел","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"разом","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of захотел","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"захотел","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of давал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies семьсот","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"семьсот","lemma":"семьсот","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies задатку","gloss":"seven hundred"},{"surface":"задатку","lemma":"задаток","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of давал","gloss":"as a deposit"},{"surface":"давал","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"was offering"}]},{"number":265,"label":"265","id":"b8-c7-s265","source":"— Ну и понятно: прослышал, что у меня деньги есть, а потому и приехал венчаться!","translation":"\"Well, that explains it: he caught wind that I have money, and that's why he came to marry me!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прослышал","title":"«прослышать» — to catch wind of","body":"«прослышать» (perfective) is 'to get wind of, hear tell of' — knowledge gathered indirectly, by rumor. Grushenka's bitter inference: he 'caught wind' she had money and came courting for it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у меня деньги есть","title":"Possession with «у меня… есть»","body":"Russian expresses 'to have' as «у + genitive… есть»: «у меня деньги есть» ('I have money', lit. 'by me there is money'). The thing possessed is the grammatical subject in the nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"понятно","lemma":"понятный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that explains it"},{"surface":"прослышал","lemma":"прослышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"caught wind"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of прослышал","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"that's why"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"венчаться","lemma":"венчаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of приехал","gloss":"to marry"}]},{"number":266,"label":"266","id":"b8-c7-s266","source":"— Пани Агриппина, — закричал пан, — я рыцарь, я шляхтич, а не лайдак! Я пшибыл взять тебя в супругу, а вижу нову пани, не ту, что прежде, а упарту и без встыду (своенравную и бесстыдную).","translation":"\"Pani Agrippina,\" the gentleman shouted, \"I am a knight, I am a nobleman, not some scoundrel! I came to take you for my wife, but I find a new pani, not the one of before, but a willful and shameless one (headstrong and brazen).\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лайдак","title":"«лайдак» — Polish for 'scoundrel'","body":"«лайдак» (Polish 'łajdak', rascal/blackguard) is another Polonism in his speech: 'I am a noble, not a łajdak'. The borrowed insult keeps coloring his Russian Polish."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"упарту и без встыду","title":"Polonized scolding, glossed","body":"«упарту» (Polish 'uparta', stubborn) and «без встыду» (Polish 'wstyd', shame) are glossed in the text as «(своенравную и бесстыдную)» — 'headstrong and brazen'. He damns the new Grushenka in half-Polish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не ту, что прежде, а упарту","title":"Correlative «ту, что» and contrastive «а»","body":"«не ту, что прежде» uses the demonstrative «ту» (acc. of «та») as a correlative with the relative «что»: 'not the one [that she was] before'. The contrastive «а» then sets the 'new' against the 'old' pani."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пани","lemma":"пани","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"Pani"},{"surface":"Агриппина","lemma":"агриппина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Пани","gloss":"Agrippina"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закричал","gloss":"the gentleman"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рыцарь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"рыцарь","lemma":"рыцарь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, subject я","gloss":"a knight"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of шляхтич","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"шляхтич","lemma":"шляхтич","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, subject я","gloss":"a nobleman"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лайдак","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"лайдак","lemma":"лайдак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with шляхтич","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пшибыл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пшибыл","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came","note":"Polish-accented rendering of \"прибыл\" (arrived)."},{"surface":"взять","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пшибыл","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of взять","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking супругу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"супругу","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взять","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пшибыл","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"нову","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пани","gloss":"new","note":"Polish-accented rendering of \"новую\" (new)."},{"surface":"пани","lemma":"пани","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вижу","gloss":"pani"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to пани","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces relative clause modifying ту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"упарту","lemma":"упартый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ту, modifies пани","gloss":"willful","note":"Renders Polish \"upartą\" (stubborn, willful)."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking встыду","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"встыду","lemma":"встыд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of без, modifies пани","gloss":"shame","note":"Dialectal/Polish-influenced form of \"стыда\" (shame)."},{"surface":"своенравную","lemma":"своенравный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"restates упарту (parenthetical gloss)","gloss":"headstrong"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бесстыдную","lemma":"бесстыдный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with своенравную","gloss":"brazen"}]},{"number":267,"label":"267","id":"b8-c7-s267","source":"— А и убирайся откуда приехал! Велю тебя сейчас прогнать, и прогонят! — крикнула в исступлении Грушенька. — Дура, дура была я, что пять лет себя мучила! Да и не за него себя мучила вовсе, я со злобы себя мучила! Да и не он это вовсе! Разве он был такой? Это отец его какой-то! Это где ты парик-то себе заказал? Тот был сокол, а это селезень. Тот смеялся и мне песни пел… А я-то, я-то пять лет слезами заливалась, проклятая я дура, низкая я, бесстыжая!","translation":"\"Be off, then, back to wherever you came from! I'll have you driven out this instant, and out you'll go!\" Grushenka cried in a frenzy. \"A fool, a fool I was, to torment myself five years over this! And it wasn't even over him that I tormented myself — I tormented myself out of spite! And this isn't even him at all! Was he ever like this? This is some father of his! Where did you order yourself that wig? The one before was a falcon, and this is a drake. The one before laughed, and sang me songs… And I — I went and drowned myself in tears for five years, cursed fool that I am, low and shameless!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"убирайся откуда приехал","title":"Reflexive imperative «убирайся»","body":"«убирайся» is the imperative of the «-ся» verb «убираться» ('clear off, be gone'), curt and dismissive. «откуда приехал» ('whence you came') tacks on the relative-adverb of place."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Велю тебя сейчас прогнать, и прогонят!","title":"Impersonal third-plural 'they'll drive you out'","body":"«прогонят» is a subjectless third-person plural ('they will drive [you] out'), Russian's standard way of saying 'you'll be driven out' without naming an agent. «Велю… прогнать» = 'I'll order you driven out'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дура, дура была я","title":"Fronted predicate for self-reproach","body":"«Дура… была я» throws the predicate noun «дура» ('fool', fem.) to the front, ahead of «была я» — the emphatic, lamenting word order of self-accusation. The repetition doubles the bitterness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пять лет себя мучила","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя» — tormented myself","body":"«себя» is the full reflexive object pronoun ('myself'), distinct from the verbal «-ся»: she 'tormented herself' for five years. «пять лет» is the accusative of duration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Тот был сокол, а это селезень","title":"«сокол» vs «селезень» — falcon vs drake","body":"She contrasts memory and reality: the man she loved was a «сокол» (falcon — a folk endearment for a dashing young man), this one a mere «селезень» (a waddling drake). The bird imagery is pure Russian folk-song idiom."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А я-то, я-то… слезами заливалась","title":"Emphatic «-то» and «заливаться слезами»","body":"The doubled «я-то» drips with self-pity ('and I, fool that I was…'). «слезами заливалась» ('drowned myself in tears') puts the means in the instrumental «слезами» — a stock expressive idiom for weeping floods."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"проклятая я дура, низкая я, бесстыжая","title":"Piled-up self-curses","body":"«проклятая дура» ('cursed fool'), «низкая» ('base, low'), «бесстыжая» ('shameless' — the folk form of «бесстыдная») stack into a torrent of self-loathing. The colloquial «бесстыжая» is harsher and earthier than the bookish form."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes убирайся","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"убирайся","lemma":"убираться","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, reflexive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"be off"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying убирайся","gloss":"wherever"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by откуда","gloss":"you came from"},{"surface":"Велю","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll have"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"subject of прогнать (accusative + infinitive)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прогнать","gloss":"this instant"},{"surface":"прогнать","lemma":"прогнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of Велю","gloss":"driven out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прогонят","lemma":"прогнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Велю прогнать","gloss":"out you'll go"},{"surface":"крикнула","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"исступлении","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies крикнула","gloss":"a frenzy"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of крикнула","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"Дура","lemma":"дура","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"A fool"},{"surface":"дура","lemma":"дура","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Дура","gloss":"a fool"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb (copula), past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking я to дура","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause explaining Дура","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of мучила","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of мучила","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"мучила","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause (explaining Дура)","gloss":"I tormented"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates мучила (w31)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of мучила","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"мучила","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (subject я understood)","gloss":"I tormented"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не...мучила","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мучила (w37)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобы","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"злобы","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучила","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of мучила","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"мучила","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мучила (w31)","gloss":"I tormented"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Да","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он (predicate)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject (copula elided)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не он","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"Разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies был (rhetorical question)","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb (copula), past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to такой","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of отец (copula elided)","gloss":"this is"},{"surface":"отец","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive","role":"determiner of отец","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отец","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какой-то","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic, resumed by парик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заказал","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заказал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"парик","lemma":"парик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заказал","gloss":"wig"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase парик","gloss":"that","note":"colloquial emphatic particle attached to the noun; not separately translated."},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"indirect object of заказал","gloss":"for yourself"},{"surface":"заказал","lemma":"заказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you order"},{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сокол","gloss":"the one before"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb (copula), past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to сокол","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сокол","lemma":"сокол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a falcon"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of селезень","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"селезень","lemma":"селезень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сокол","gloss":"a drake"},{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смеялся","gloss":"the one before"},{"surface":"смеялся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of пел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"песни","lemma":"песня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пел","gloss":"songs"},{"surface":"пел","lemma":"петь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеялся (subject тот understood)","gloss":"sang"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of заливалась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to я","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with я (w73)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to я","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заливалась","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заливалась","gloss":"in tears"},{"surface":"заливалась","lemma":"заливаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drowned myself"},{"surface":"проклятая","lemma":"проклятый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"cursed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дура","gloss":"I am"},{"surface":"дура","lemma":"дура","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, coordinated with проклятая","gloss":"a fool"},{"surface":"низкая","lemma":"низкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"low"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with я (w82)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бесстыжая","lemma":"бесстыжий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with низкая","gloss":"shameless"}]},{"number":268,"label":"268","id":"b8-c7-s268","source":"Она упала на свое кресло и закрыла лицо ладонями.","translation":"She sank into her armchair and buried her face in her hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"закрыла лицо ладонями","title":"Instrumental of means «ладонями»","body":"«ладонями» ('with her palms', instr. pl.) is the instrumental of the instrument: she covered her face by means of her hands. «упала на свое кресло» uses reflexive «свое» — her own armchair."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of упала","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"упала","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sank"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресло","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of кресло","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"кресло","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of упала","gloss":"armchair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"закрыла","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with упала","gloss":"buried"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of закрыла","gloss":"her face"},{"surface":"ладонями","lemma":"ладонь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of закрыла","gloss":"in her hands"}]},{"number":269,"label":"269","id":"b8-c7-s269","source":"В эту минуту вдруг раздался в соседней комнате слева хор собравшихся наконец мокринских девок — залихватская плясовая песня.","translation":"At that very moment, in the next room to the left, the chorus of Mokroye girls — gathered together at last — suddenly struck up a rollicking dance song.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хор собравшихся наконец мокринских девок","title":"Past active participle «собравшихся»","body":"«собравшихся» is a past active participle (gen. pl.) of «собраться» ('having gathered'), modifying «девок» — 'the girls who had at last gathered'. It packs a whole который-clause into one declined word, very literary."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"залихватская","title":"«залихватский» — dashing, rollicking","body":"«залихватский» is an expressive colloquial adjective: 'devil-may-care, rollicking, full of swagger'. It catches the wild abandon of the girls' striking-up dance tune."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздался","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздался","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"раздался","lemma":"раздаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"соседней","lemma":"соседний","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздался","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"слева","lemma":"слева","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздался","gloss":"to the left"},{"surface":"хор","lemma":"хор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздался","gloss":"chorus"},{"surface":"собравшихся","lemma":"собраться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies девок","gloss":"gathered"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies собравшихся","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"мокринских","lemma":"мокринский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies девок","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"девок","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies хор","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"залихватская","lemma":"залихватский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies песня","gloss":"rollicking"},{"surface":"плясовая","lemma":"плясовой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies песня","gloss":"dance"},{"surface":"песня","lemma":"песня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to хор","gloss":"song"}]},{"number":270,"label":"270","id":"b8-c7-s270","source":"— То есть со́дом! — взревел вдруг пан Врублевский. — Хозяин, прогони бесстыжих!","translation":"\"This is sheer bedlam!\" Pan Wróblewski bellowed all at once. \"Landlord, drive these shameless creatures out!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"содом","title":"«содом» — bedlam, uproar","body":"From the biblical Sodom, «содом» means a scene of riotous disorder, chaos, an unholy din. The marked stress «со́дом» in the text helps the reader hear his outraged, foreign-tinged shout."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прогони бесстыжих!","title":"Imperative «прогони» + animate accusative","body":"«прогони» is the perfective imperative of «прогнать» ('drive out!'). «бесстыжих» ('the shameless ones', acc.=gen. pl.) shows animate accusative — the object borrows the genitive form because these are people."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"This is"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb (copula), present, indicative, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"со́дом","lemma":"содом","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of то есть","gloss":"bedlam"},{"surface":"взревел","lemma":"взреветь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bellowed"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взревел","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"title before Врублевский","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Врублевский","lemma":"Врублевский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взревел","gloss":"Wróblewski"},{"surface":"Хозяин","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Landlord"},{"surface":"прогони","lemma":"прогнать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"drive out"},{"surface":"бесстыжих","lemma":"бесстыжий","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative, plural","role":"direct object of прогони","gloss":"these shameless creatures"}]},{"number":271,"label":"271","id":"b8-c7-s271","source":"Хозяин, который давно уже с любопытством заглядывал в дверь, слыша крик и чуя, что гости перессорились, тотчас явился в комнату.","translation":"The landlord, who had long been peering curiously through the door, hearing the shouting and sensing that his guests had fallen out, at once stepped into the room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"который давно уже с любопытством заглядывал","title":"Relative «который» + imperfective of duration","body":"«который» opens a relative clause agreeing with «хозяин» (masc.) but in its own nominative as the clause's subject. The imperfective «заглядывал» with «давно уже» ('had long been peering') frames a drawn-out ongoing background action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слыша крик и чуя, что гости перессорились","title":"Paired present gerunds «слыша… чуя»","body":"Two imperfective present gerunds ('hearing… and sensing') give the landlord's simultaneous awareness as he steps in. «перессорились» («пере-…-ся») is the reciprocal-perfective 'had fallen out with one another'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хозяин","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of явился","gloss":"The landlord"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заглядывал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заглядывал","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заглядывал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заглядывал","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"заглядывал","lemma":"заглядывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Хозяин","gloss":"had been peering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверь","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заглядывал","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"слыша","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on явился","gloss":"hearing"},{"surface":"крик","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слыша","gloss":"the shouting"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чуя","lemma":"чуять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слыша","gloss":"sensing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перессорились","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"гости","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of перессорились","gloss":"his guests"},{"surface":"перессорились","lemma":"перессориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of чуя","gloss":"had fallen out"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies явился","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"явился","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явился","gloss":"the room"}]},{"number":272,"label":"272","id":"b8-c7-s272","source":"— Ты чего кричишь, глотку рвешь? — обратился он к Врублевскому с какою-то непонятною даже невежливостью.","translation":"\"What are you bawling about, splitting your throat like that?\" he addressed Wróblewski with a rudeness that was somehow even baffling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"глотку рвешь","title":"«рвать глотку» — to bawl one's lungs out","body":"A coarse idiom, lit. 'to tear one's throat', i.e. to shout oneself hoarse. The landlord's crude «Ты чего кричишь, глотку рвешь?» drops all deference toward the Pole."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с какою-то непонятною даже невежливостью","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«какою-то… непонятною… невежливостью» shows the old, bookish feminine instrumental in «-ою/-ею» (modern «-ой/-ей»). The longer ending is a 19th-century literary flavor common throughout Dostoevsky."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of кричишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of кричишь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"кричишь","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are you bawling"},{"surface":"глотку","lemma":"глотка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of рвешь","gloss":"your throat"},{"surface":"рвешь","lemma":"рвать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кричишь","gloss":"splitting"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative frame","gloss":"he addressed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Врублевскому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Врублевскому","lemma":"Врублевский","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"Wróblewski"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking невежливостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"какою","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of невежливостью","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какою","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"непонятною","lemma":"непонятный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies невежливостью","gloss":"baffling"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies непонятною","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"невежливостью","lemma":"невежливость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"a rudeness"}]},{"number":273,"label":"273","id":"b8-c7-s273","source":"— Скотина! — заорал было пан Врублевский.","translation":"\"You brute!\" Pan Wróblewski started to roar.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Скотина!","title":"«скотина» — beast, brute","body":"«скотина» literally means 'livestock, cattle'; hurled at a person it means 'brute, swine'. It is a grade coarser than a mere insult — the Pole flings it at the landlord."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заорал было пан Врублевский","title":"«было» — a roar cut short","body":"Again «было» after the perfective «заорал» ('started to roar') signals an action begun but immediately interrupted — the landlord cuts straight back across him in the next line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скотина","lemma":"скотина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"exclamation, head of the phrase","gloss":"You brute"},{"surface":"заорал","lemma":"заорать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"roared"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks an action begun (and interrupted)","gloss":"started to"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"title before Врублевский","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Врублевский","lemma":"Врублевский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заорал","gloss":"Wróblewski"}]},{"number":274,"label":"274","id":"b8-c7-s274","source":"— Скотина? А ты в какие карты сейчас играл? Я подал тебе колоду, а ты мои спрятал! Ты в поддельные карты играл! Я тебя за поддельные карты в Сибирь могу упрятать, знаешь ты это, потому оно всё одно что бумажки поддельные… — И, подойдя к дивану, он засунул пальцы между спинкой и подушкой дивана и вытащил оттуда нераспечатанную колоду карт.","translation":"\"A brute, am I? And what kind of cards were you playing just now? I handed you a deck, and you hid it away! You were playing with marked cards! I can have you packed off to Siberia for marked cards — do you know that? — because it's all one and the same as forged banknotes…\" — And, stepping over to the sofa, he thrust his fingers in between the back and the cushion of the sofa and pulled out from there an unopened deck of cards.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я подал тебе колоду, а ты мои спрятал!","title":"Dative recipient + contrastive «а»","body":"«тебе» is the dative of the recipient ('I handed you a deck'). The contrastive «а» ('whereas') pivots to the accusation — 'and you hid mine' — the classic «а» of opposed, paired actions."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подойдя к дивану, он засунул пальцы","title":"Past gerund «подойдя» of prefixed motion","body":"«подойдя» is the perfective past gerund of «подойти» ('having come up to'), a prefixed motion verb with «под-» ('approach'). It takes the dative «к дивану» and stages the prior step before he thrusts in his fingers."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нераспечатанную колоду","title":"Negated past passive participle «нераспечатанную»","body":"«нераспечатанную» ('unopened, unsealed') is a past passive participle of «распечатать» with the negative «не-» fused on, declined as an adjective agreeing with «колоду» (acc. fem.) — 'a deck not [yet] broken open'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скотина","lemma":"скотина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"exclamation, head of the phrase","gloss":"A brute"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of играл","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карты","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of карты","gloss":"what kind of"},{"surface":"карты","lemma":"карта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of играл","gloss":"cards"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies играл","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"играл","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were you playing"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"подал","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"handed"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of подал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"колоду","lemma":"колода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подал","gloss":"a deck"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спрятал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of an elided object (карты)","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"спрятал","lemma":"спрятать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подал","gloss":"hid away"},{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of играл","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карты","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"поддельные","lemma":"поддельный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies карты","gloss":"marked"},{"surface":"карты","lemma":"карта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of играл","gloss":"cards"},{"surface":"играл","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were playing"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of упрятать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карты","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"поддельные","lemma":"поддельный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies карты","gloss":"marked"},{"surface":"карты","lemma":"карта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of упрятать","gloss":"cards"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сибирь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Сибирь","lemma":"Сибирь","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упрятать","gloss":"Siberia"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"упрятать","lemma":"упрятать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могу","gloss":"pack off"},{"surface":"знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with могу","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знаешь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with что (w38), introduces the reason clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of одно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"intensifies одно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"одно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of оно","gloss":"one and the same"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison clause (что бумажки поддельные)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бумажки","lemma":"бумажка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of the что-clause","gloss":"banknotes"},{"surface":"поддельные","lemma":"поддельный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement of бумажки","gloss":"forged"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"подойдя","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on засунул","gloss":"stepping over"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дивану","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дивану","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подойдя","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of засунул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"засунул","lemma":"засунуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thrust"},{"surface":"пальцы","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of засунул","gloss":"his fingers"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спинкой","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"спинкой","lemma":"спинка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of засунул","gloss":"the back"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подушкой","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with спинкой","gloss":"the cushion"},{"surface":"дивана","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подушкой","gloss":"of the sofa"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вытащил","lemma":"вытащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with засунул","gloss":"pulled out"},{"surface":"оттуда","lemma":"оттуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вытащил","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"нераспечатанную","lemma":"нераспечатанный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies колоду","gloss":"unopened"},{"surface":"колоду","lemma":"колода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вытащил","gloss":"a deck"},{"surface":"карт","lemma":"карта","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies колоду","gloss":"of cards"}]},{"number":275,"label":"275","id":"b8-c7-s275","source":"— Вот она моя колода, не распечатана! — Он поднял ее и показал всем кругом. — Я ведь видел оттелева, как он мою колоду сунул в щель, а своей подменил — шильник ты этакой, а не пан!","translation":"\"Here it is, my deck, still sealed!\" — He held it up and showed it round to everyone. \"You see, I watched from over there how he stuffed my deck into the crack and swapped in his own — you're a cheat, you are, and no gentleman!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я ведь видел оттелева","title":"Particle «ведь» + dialectal «оттелева»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared evidence ('you see, after all'). «оттелева» is a folk-dialectal 'from over there' (standard «оттуда»), marking the landlord's earthy peasant speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как он мою колоду сунул в щель, а своей подменил","title":"Reflexive possessive «своей» vs «мою»","body":"«мою колоду» ('my deck') versus «своей [колодой] подменил» ('swapped in his own') — «свой» refers back to the Pole as subject of the clause. «подменить» governs the instrumental of the replacement."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шильник ты этакой","title":"«шильник» — a cheat, sharper","body":"«шильник» is an old colloquial word for a swindler, sharper, petty crook. With the dismissive «ты этакой» ('you, the likes of you') it caps the insult: 'a cheat, you are, and no gentleman'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"presentational particle, modifies колода","gloss":"Here it is"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"resumptive subject before колода","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of колода","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"колода","lemma":"колода","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"deck"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies распечатана","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"распечатана","lemma":"распечатать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate complement of колода","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднял","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held up"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поднял","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"показал","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднял","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of показал","gloss":"to everyone"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показал","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"оттелева","lemma":"оттелева","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видел","gloss":"from over there"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сунул","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сунул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of колоду","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"колоду","lemma":"колода","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сунул","gloss":"deck"},{"surface":"сунул","lemma":"сунуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видел","gloss":"stuffed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking щель","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"щель","lemma":"щель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сунул","gloss":"the crack"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подменил","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"подменил","lemma":"подменить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сунул","gloss":"swapped in"},{"surface":"шильник","lemma":"шильник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, exclamation","gloss":"a cheat"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of шильник","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"этакой","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шильник","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, coordinated with шильник (negated)","gloss":"a gentleman"}]},{"number":276,"label":"276","id":"b8-c7-s276","source":"— А я видел, как тот пан два раза передернул, — крикнул Калганов.","translation":"\"And I saw how that gentleman palmed his cards twice,\" Kalganov cried out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"передернул","title":"«передёрнуть» — to palm a card, cheat at cards","body":"«передёрнуть» (perfective) is the specific card-table verb for sleight-of-hand — to slip or switch a card dishonestly. Kalganov's «два раза передернул» ('palmed twice') confirms the cheating in plain sight."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of передернул","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пан","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of передернул","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of передернул","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"передернул","lemma":"передёрнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видел","gloss":"palmed his cards"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Kalganov"}]},{"number":277,"label":"277","id":"b8-c7-s277","source":"— Ах как стыдно, ах как стыдно! — воскликнула Грушенька, всплеснув руками, и воистину покраснела от стыда. — Господи, экой, экой стал человек!","translation":"\"Oh, the shame of it, oh, the shame!\" Grushenka exclaimed, throwing up her hands, and she truly did blush with shame. \"Lord, what — what a man he's become!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всплеснув руками","title":"Past gerund «всплеснув руками»","body":"«всплеснув руками» ('having thrown up her hands') is a perfective past gerund; «руками» is the instrumental of means. It is the stock gesture of dismay, compressed into a single participial phrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воистину","title":"«воистину» — verily, truly","body":"«воистину» is a solemn, Church-Slavonic-flavored 'truly, verily' (familiar from the Easter «Воистину воскресе!»). Dropped into the narration, it lends Grushenka's blush a note of genuine, sincere shame."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Господи, экой, экой стал человек!","title":"«Господи» and folk «экой»","body":"«Господи» is the Church-Slavonic vocative 'O Lord' used as an exclamation of dismay. «экой» (folk variant of «экий», 'what a…!') doubled drives home her astonishment: 'what a man he's become!'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection of distress","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"predicate of the exclamation","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection of distress","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыдно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"parallel clause to стыдно","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"воскликнула","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to стыдно","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнула","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"всплеснув","lemma":"всплеснуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнула","gloss":"flinging up"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of всплеснув","gloss":"her hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воистину","lemma":"воистину","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покраснела","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"покраснела","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with воскликнула","gloss":"blushed"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стыда","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"стыда","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покраснела","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господи","morphology":"interjection, vocative","role":"vocative interjection","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"экой","lemma":"экой","morphology":"pronoun, exclamative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"экой","lemma":"экой","morphology":"pronoun, exclamative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"what a","note":"Repeated for emphasis, mimicking stammered outrage."},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has become"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"a man"}]},{"number":278,"label":"278","id":"b8-c7-s278","source":"— И я это думал, — крикнул Митя.","translation":"\"That's just what I was thinking,\" Mitya cried.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of думал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was thinking"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to думал","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":279,"label":"279","id":"b8-c7-s279","source":"Но не успел он это выговорить, как пан Врублевский, сконфуженный и взбешенный, обратясь ко Грушеньке и грозя ей кулаком, закричал:","translation":"But he had no sooner got the words out than Pan Wróblewski, abashed and infuriated, turned to Grushenka and, shaking his fist at her, shouted:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не успел он это выговорить, как","title":"«не успел… как» — no sooner… than","body":"The frame «не успел [инф.]… как» means 'he had no sooner done X than…', a fixed correlative construction for an action overtaken by the next. «выговорить» is the perfective 'to get the words out'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обратясь ко Грушеньке и грозя ей кулаком","title":"Past gerund «обратясь» + present gerund «грозя»","body":"«обратясь» (perfective past gerund, 'having turned') and «грозя» (imperfective present gerund, 'shaking [his fist]') chain two attendant actions onto «закричал». «грозить» takes the dative «ей» ('threaten at her') and instrumental «кулаком' ('with his fist')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal не...как clause","gloss":"had time to"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выговорить","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"выговорить","lemma":"выговорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"get out"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of закричал","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закричал","gloss":"Pan"},{"surface":"Врублевский","lemma":"врублевский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to пан","gloss":"Wróblewski"},{"surface":"сконфуженный","lemma":"сконфуженный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"abashed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взбешенный","lemma":"взбешенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сконфуженный","gloss":"infuriated"},{"surface":"обратясь","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on закричал","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратясь","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"грозя","lemma":"грозить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обратясь","gloss":"shaking"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of грозя","gloss":"at her"},{"surface":"кулаком","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of грозя","gloss":"his fist"},{"surface":"закричал","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"}]},{"number":280,"label":"280","id":"b8-c7-s280","source":"— Публична шельма! — Но не успел он и воскликнуть, как Митя бросился на него, обхватил его обеими руками, поднял на воздух и в один миг вынес его из залы в комнату направо, в которую сейчас только водил их обоих.","translation":"\"Public hussy!\" — But he had no sooner managed to exclaim it than Mitya flung himself at him, seized him in both arms, lifted him into the air, and in an instant carried him out of the parlor into the room on the right, the very one into which he had just led the two of them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Публична шельма!","title":"«шельма» — rogue, hussy","body":"«шельма» (a German loan, 'scoundrel, knave') is here flung at Grushenka as 'public hussy'. The clipped «публична» (for «публичная») keeps the Pole's mangled Russian — and the slur triggers Mitya's assault."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросился на него, обхватил… поднял… вынес","title":"Perfective chain — rapid action","body":"Four perfectives in a row («бросился», «обхватил», «поднял», «вынес») fire off as a single burst of decisive action, each moving the story one event forward. This is the perfective's narrative engine at full throttle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в которую сейчас только водил их обоих","title":"Relative «которую» + multidirectional «водил»","body":"«в которую» is the relative pronoun in the accusative-of-motion ('into which'). «водил» is the multidirectional motion verb «водить» — used here for the there-and-back 'had just led them both', as he had taken them in and out earlier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Публична","lemma":"публичный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шельма","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"шельма","lemma":"шельма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hussy"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal не...как clause","gloss":"had time to"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies воскликнуть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"воскликнуть","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"exclaim it"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бросился","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flung himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"обхватил","lemma":"обхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросился","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обхватил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"обеими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine","role":"modifies руками","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обхватил","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"поднял","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросился","gloss":"lifted"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воздух","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"воздух","lemma":"воздух","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднял","gloss":"the air"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies миг","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынес","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"вынес","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросился","gloss":"carried out"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вынес","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking залы","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"залы","lemma":"зала","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынес","gloss":"the parlor"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынес","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"направо","lemma":"направо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies комнату","gloss":"on the right"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которую","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, relative, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of водил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies водил","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies водил","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"водил","lemma":"водить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on комнату","gloss":"had led"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of водил","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies их","gloss":"both"}]},{"number":281,"label":"281","id":"b8-c7-s281","source":"— Я его там на пол положил! — возвестил он, тотчас же возвратившись и задыхаясь от волнения, — дерется, каналья, небось не придет оттуда!.. — Он запер одну половинку двери и, держа настежь другую, воскликнул к маленькому пану:","translation":"\"I laid him out flat on the floor in there!\" he announced, returning at once and gasping with agitation, \"he's putting up a fight, the scoundrel, but he won't be coming out of there, never fear!..\" — He shut one half of the door and, holding the other wide open, called out to the little gentleman:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возвестил","title":"«возвестить» — to proclaim, announce","body":"«возвестить» is an elevated, almost biblical 'to herald, proclaim'. Used of Mitya announcing he's 'laid him out flat', the lofty verb against the brawl is wryly comic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тотчас же возвратившись и задыхаясь от волнения","title":"Paired gerunds: perfective + imperfective","body":"«возвратившись» (perfective past, 'having returned') and «задыхаясь» (imperfective present, 'gasping') sit side by side — a completed action plus an ongoing state. Russian freely mixes the two gerund aspects in one breath."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дерется, каналья, небось не придет","title":"«каналья» and the particle «небось»","body":"«каналья» (from Italian via French, 'rascal, scoundrel') is a stock period term of abuse. «небось» is a colloquial particle of confident supposition ('I daresay, never fear') — 'he won't be coming out, I'll wager'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"держа настежь другую","title":"«настежь» — wide open","body":"«настежь» is the fixed adverb 'wide open' (of a door). «держа» is the present gerund 'holding'; he holds one door-leaf flung wide while addressing the Pole."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of положил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of положил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies положил","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пол","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of положил","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"возвестил","lemma":"возвестить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to положил","gloss":"announced"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возвестил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвратившись","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"возвратившись","lemma":"возвратиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with возвестил","gloss":"returning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"задыхаясь","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with возвратившись","gloss":"gasping"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнения","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"волнения","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of задыхаясь","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"дерется","lemma":"драться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to возвестил","gloss":"is fighting"},{"surface":"каналья","lemma":"каналья","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дерется","gloss":"the scoundrel"},{"surface":"небось","lemma":"небось","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дерется","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"оттуда","lemma":"оттуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придет","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of запер","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"запер","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shut"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies половинку","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"половинку","lemma":"половинка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of запер","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies половинку","gloss":"of the door"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"держа","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнул","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"настежь","lemma":"настежь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies держа","gloss":"wide open"},{"surface":"другую","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of держа","gloss":"the other half"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with запер","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пану","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"маленькому","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пану","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"пану","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"the gentleman"}]},{"number":282,"label":"282","id":"b8-c7-s282","source":"— Ясневельможный, не угодно ли туда же? Пшепрашам!","translation":"\"Your Excellency, would you care to join him in there? If you please!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Пшепрашам!","title":"Polish «przepraszam» — 'if you please / excuse me'","body":"«Пшепрашам» is Polish 'przepraszam' (I beg your pardon / excuse me) in Cyrillic. Mitya tosses the Pole's own language back at him as a sarcastic flourish of false politeness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ясневельможный","lemma":"ясневельможный","morphology":"adjective used as vocative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Your Excellency","note":"Polish honorific ('jaśnie wielmożny', illustrious lord) used as a mock-formal address."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies угодно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"would you care"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the question","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies угодно","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies туда","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Пшепрашам","lemma":"пшепрашам","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"if you please","note":"Polish 'przepraszam' — 'excuse me/pardon me.'"}]},{"number":283,"label":"283","id":"b8-c7-s283","source":"— Батюшка, Митрий Федорович, — возгласил Трифон Борисыч, — да отбери ты у них деньги-то, то, что им проиграл! Ведь всё равно что воровством с тебя взяли.","translation":"\"My dear fellow, Dmitri Fyodorovich,\" Trifon Borisych pronounced, \"take back the money you lost to them, the money! After all, it's no different from their having robbed you of it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"да отбери ты у них деньги-то","title":"Urging imperative «да отбери» + «-то»","body":"«да» + the imperative «отбери» ('do take back!') is an urgent exhortation; «ты» reinforces it. The «деньги-то» clitic flags 'the money' as the known, pressing topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь всё равно что воровством с тебя взяли","title":"«ведь» + instrumental «воровством»","body":"«ведь» appeals to common sense ('after all'). «воровством» is the instrumental of manner ('by way of theft') — the money was as good as 'taken from you by robbery'. «с тебя» uses «с» + genitive 'off you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"my dear fellow"},{"surface":"Митрий","lemma":"митрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Батюшка","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Митрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"возгласил","lemma":"возгласить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of возгласил","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисыч","lemma":"борисыч","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифон","gloss":"Borisych"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отбери","gloss":"come now"},{"surface":"отбери","lemma":"отобрать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"take back"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отбери","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of отбери","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of отбери","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, enclitic","role":"emphasizes деньги","gloss":"the","note":"Colloquial intensifying particle attached to a noun ('деньги-то')."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to деньги","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, relative, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of проиграл","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of проиграл","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"проиграл","lemma":"проиграть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"lost gambling"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies взяли","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase равно","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the idiom всё равно что","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"воровством","lemma":"воровство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of взяли","gloss":"theft"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of взяли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"взяли","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"}]},{"number":284,"label":"284","id":"b8-c7-s284","source":"— Я свои пятьдесят рублей не хочу отбирать, — отозвался вдруг Калганов.","translation":"\"I don't want my fifty rubles back,\" Kalganov suddenly spoke up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я свои пятьдесят рублей не хочу отбирать","title":"Reflexive possessive «свои» + numeral case","body":"«свои» ('my own') refers to the subject Kalganov. «пятьдесят рублей» shows numeral government: fifty (5+) takes the genitive plural «рублей». «не хочу отбирать» pairs negation with the imperfective infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of рублей","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"пятьдесят","lemma":"пятьдесят","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"fifty"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of хочу","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"отбирать","lemma":"отбирать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to take back"},{"surface":"отозвался","lemma":"отозваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to хочу","gloss":"spoke up"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отозвался","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отозвался","gloss":"Kalganov"}]},{"number":285,"label":"285","id":"b8-c7-s285","source":"— И я свои двести, и я не хочу! — воскликнул Митя, — ни за что не отберу, пусть ему в утешенье останутся.","translation":"\"And I don't want my two hundred either!\" Mitya exclaimed, \"nothing on earth would make me take it back — let it stay with him for his consolation.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни за что не отберу","title":"«ни за что не» — not for anything","body":"«ни за что» ('not for anything, on no account') reinforces the negation «не отберу» — negative concord again: the «ни»-phrase plus «не» make one emphatic refusal. «отберу» is the perfective simple future."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть ему в утешенье останутся","title":"«пусть» — let it remain (3rd-person imperative)","body":"«пусть» + a third-person verb forms an imperative of concession ('let it stay'). «ему» is the dative ('for him'), «в утешенье» an adverbial 'for consolation' — Mitya magnanimously leaves the Pole his money."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of двести","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"двести","lemma":"двести","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"direct object of хочу","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to хочу","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom ни за что","gloss":"not for"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отберу","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отберу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отберу","lemma":"отобрать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хочу","gloss":"will I take back"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies останутся","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of останутся","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утешенье","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"утешенье","lemma":"утешение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of останутся","gloss":"consolation"},{"surface":"останутся","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with отберу","gloss":"let them stay"}]},{"number":286,"label":"286","id":"b8-c7-s286","source":"— Славно, Митя! Молодец, Митя! — крикнула Грушенька, и страшно злобная нотка прозвенела в ее восклицании.","translation":"\"Bravo, Mitya! Good for you, Mitya!\" Grushenka cried, and a terribly spiteful note rang out in her exclamation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"страшно злобная нотка прозвенела","title":"Perfective «прозвенела» — rang out","body":"«прозвенеть» (perfective, «про-») captures a single sounding 'rang out / sounded through'. «страшно злобная» ('terribly spiteful') uses «страшно» as an intensifying adverb — the ugly note in Grushenka's praise of Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Славно","lemma":"славно","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"bravo"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Молодец","lemma":"молодец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"good for you"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"крикнула","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of крикнула","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies злобная","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"злобная","lemma":"злобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies нотка","gloss":"spiteful"},{"surface":"нотка","lemma":"нотка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прозвенела","gloss":"a note"},{"surface":"прозвенела","lemma":"прозвенеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with крикнула","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восклицании","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of восклицании","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"восклицании","lemma":"восклицание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прозвенела","gloss":"exclamation"}]},{"number":287,"label":"287","id":"b8-c7-s287","source":"Маленький пан, багровый от ярости, но нисколько не потерявший своей сановитости, направился было к двери, но остановился и вдруг проговорил, обращаясь ко Грушеньке:","translation":"The little gentleman, crimson with fury but not in the least having lost his dignified bearing, started toward the door, then stopped and suddenly pronounced, turning to Grushenka:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"багровый от ярости, но нисколько не потерявший своей сановитости","title":"Past active participle «не потерявший»","body":"«потерявший» is a past active participle of «потерять» ('having lost'), negated and modifying the Pole: 'not in the least having lost his dignity'. «нисколько… не» is negative concord, and «своей сановитости' is the genitive of the negated object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сановитости","title":"«сановитость» — stately self-importance","body":"«сановитость» (from «сан», a high rank or dignity) is a grand, dignified bearing — the air of a man of consequence. Of the shabby little Pole it is laden with irony."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"направился было к двери, но остановился","title":"«было» — a start toward the door, reversed","body":"«направился было» ('he started toward [the door]') with «было» marks a move begun then abandoned — «но остановился» ('but stopped'). The pattern keeps undercutting the Pole's grand exits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"пан","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of направился","gloss":"the gentleman"},{"surface":"багровый","lemma":"багровый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пан","gloss":"crimson"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ярости","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ярости","lemma":"ярость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of багровый","gloss":"fury"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"нисколько","lemma":"нисколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потерявший","gloss":"not at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потерявший","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"потерявший","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying пан","gloss":"having lost"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сановитости","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сановитости","lemma":"сановитость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of потерявший","gloss":"dignified bearing"},{"surface":"направился","lemma":"направиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"started"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle, marking an interrupted action","role":"modifies направился","gloss":"started to, but","note":"'было' after a past-tense verb marks an action begun and then abandoned or interrupted."},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двери","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of направился","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with направился","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with направился","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":288,"label":"288","id":"b8-c7-s288","source":"— Пани, ежели хцешь исьць за мною, идзьмы, если не — бывай здрова! (Пани, если хочешь идти за мной — пойдем, а если нет — то прощай!)","translation":"\"Pani, if you wish to come away with me, then let us go; if not — farewell to you! (Pani, if you want to come with me, then come; and if not — then goodbye!)\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ежели хцешь исьць за мною, идзьмы","title":"Polish ultimatum, glossed","body":"His parting line is mostly Polish in Cyrillic ('jeżeli chcesz iść za mną, idźmy… bywaj zdrowa') — 'if you wish to follow me, let us go… fare you well', which Dostoevsky glosses in the parenthesis. «ежели» is a folk-archaic Russian 'if' he blends in."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если хочешь идти за мной — пойдем, а если нет","title":"Conditional «если… а если нет» (the gloss)","body":"Dostoevsky's Russian gloss shows a real conditional: «если хочешь… пойдём» ('if you want… let's go') versus «а если нет» ('and if not'). The contrastive «а» pivots between the two outcomes; «пойдём» is a 1st-pl. exhortative future."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пани","lemma":"пани","morphology":"noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pani","note":"Polish 'Pani' — a respectful address to a woman, 'madam.'"},{"surface":"ежели","lemma":"ежели","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хцешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the ежели-clause","gloss":"you want","note":"Polish-accented Russian ('chcesz') imitating the Pole's speech."},{"surface":"исьць","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хцешь","gloss":"to go","note":"Polish-accented form of 'идти' ('iść')."},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мною","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мною","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of исьць","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"идзьмы","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let's go","note":"Polish 'idźmy' ('let us go')."},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бывай","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"completes the если clause","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бывай","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"farewell"},{"surface":"здрова","lemma":"здоров","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of бывай","gloss":"well","note":"Dialectal/Polish-flavored form of 'здорова' in the idiom 'будь здорова' ('farewell')."},{"surface":"Пани","lemma":"пани","morphology":"noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pani"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочешь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пойдем","gloss":"you want"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочешь","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"пойдем","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let's go"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle, negation","role":"completes the если clause","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прощай","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"прощай","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пойдем","gloss":"goodbye"}]},{"number":289,"label":"289","id":"b8-c7-s289","source":"И важно, пыхтя от негодования и амбиции, прошел в дверь.","translation":"And with an air of importance, puffing with indignation and pretension, he passed through the door.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пыхтя от негодования и амбиции","title":"Present gerund «пыхтя» — puffing","body":"«пыхтя» is an imperfective present gerund ('puffing, snorting') of attendant manner. «от негодования и амбиции» gives the cause in «от» + genitive — 'out of indignation and pretension'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"амбиции","title":"«амбиция» — vanity, touchy pride","body":"In 19th-century Russian «амбиция» carries the negative sense of inflated self-regard or wounded vanity, not the neutral English 'ambition'. A telling false friend — and exactly the Pole's besetting trait."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошел","gloss":"with an air of importance"},{"surface":"пыхтя","lemma":"пыхтеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прошел","gloss":"puffing"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking негодования","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"негодования","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пыхтя","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"амбиции","lemma":"амбиция","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with негодования","gloss":"pretension"},{"surface":"прошел","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passed through"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверь","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прошел","gloss":"the door"}]},{"number":290,"label":"290","id":"b8-c7-s290","source":"Человек был с характером: он еще после всего происшедшего не терял надежды, что пани пойдет за ним, — до того ценил себя.","translation":"The man had character: even after all that had happened, he had not given up hope that the pani would follow him — so high did he rate himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не терял надежды, что пани пойдет за ним","title":"Genitive of negation «надежды»","body":"The negated «не терял» pulls its object into the genitive «надежды» ('did not lose hope'). «пойдёт за ним» ('would follow him') is a perfective simple future inside the «что»-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до того ценил себя","title":"«до того» + reflexive «себя»","body":"«до того» ('to such a degree') intensifies: 'so high did he rate himself'. «себя» is the reflexive object pronoun ('himself'), and the fronted «до того» throws the emphasis onto the measure of his self-regard."}],"words":[{"surface":"Человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking Человек to характером","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking характером","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"характером","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of терял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies после","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking происшедшего","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of происшедшего","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"происшедшего","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"oblique complement of после","gloss":"that had happened"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies терял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"терял","lemma":"терять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was giving up"},{"surface":"надежды","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of терял","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пойдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пани","lemma":"пани","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пойдет","gloss":"the pani"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying надежды","gloss":"would follow"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ценил","gloss":"such a degree"},{"surface":"ценил","lemma":"ценить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with терял","gloss":"did he value"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of ценил","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":291,"label":"291","id":"b8-c7-s291","source":"Митя прихлопнул за ним дверь.","translation":"Mitya slammed the door shut behind him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прихлопнул за ним дверь","title":"Perfective «прихлопнул» — slammed shut","body":"«прихлопнуть» (perfective) is to clap/slam (a door) shut in one decisive motion; the «-ну-» stem and «при-» give a single sharp completed act. «за ним» ('behind him') marks the exit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прихлопнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"прихлопнул","lemma":"прихлопнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slammed shut"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прихлопнул","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прихлопнул","gloss":"the door"}]},{"number":292,"label":"292","id":"b8-c7-s292","source":"— Заприте их на ключ, — сказал Калганов.","translation":"\"Lock them in,\" said Kalganov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Заприте их на ключ","title":"Polite/plural imperative «заприте»","body":"«заприте» is the imperative of «запереть» ('lock'), with the «-те» that makes it plural or polite. «на ключ» ('with a key') is the fixed phrase for locking fast. Kalganov tells them to lock the Poles in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Заприте","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Lock"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Заприте","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ключ","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ключ","lemma":"ключ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Заприте","gloss":"key/lock","note":"\"Запереть на ключ\" is a fixed idiom = \"to lock up (with a key).\""},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Kalganov"}]},{"number":293,"label":"293","id":"b8-c7-s293","source":"Но замок щелкнул с их стороны, они заперлись сами.","translation":"But the lock clicked from their side — they had locked themselves in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"они заперлись сами","title":"Reflexive «заперлись» — locked themselves in","body":"«заперлись» is the «-ся» reflexive of «запереть»: 'they locked themselves in'. «сами» ('themselves, of their own accord') intensifies — the Poles bolted the door from their own side, sparing the others the trouble."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"замок","lemma":"замок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of щелкнул","gloss":"the lock"},{"surface":"щелкнул","lemma":"щёлкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"clicked"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"possessive determiner, invariable","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of щелкнул","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заперлись","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"заперлись","lemma":"запереться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with щелкнул, second clause","gloss":"had locked themselves in"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural, emphatic","role":"modifies они, emphasizing заперлись","gloss":"themselves"}]},{"number":294,"label":"294","id":"b8-c7-s294","source":"— Славно! — злобно и беспощадно крикнула опять Грушенька. — Славно! Туда и дорога!","translation":"\"Splendid!\" Grushenka cried again, spitefully and mercilessly. \"Splendid! Good riddance to them!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Туда и дорога!","title":"«туда и дорога» — good riddance","body":"A fixed idiom, lit. 'and the road [leads] right there', meaning 'good riddance, serves them right'. Grushenka spits it after the locked-in Poles with spiteful finality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"злобно и беспощадно крикнула опять","title":"Adverb-first inversion for tone","body":"The manner adverbs «злобно и беспощадно» ('spitefully and mercilessly') lead, coloring «крикнула» before the verb even arrives. Russian's free order lets the emotional charge land first."}],"words":[{"surface":"Славно","lemma":"славно","morphology":"adverb, exclamatory","role":"exclamation, quoted","gloss":"Splendid!"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнула","gloss":"spitefully"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"беспощадно","lemma":"беспощадно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with злобно","gloss":"mercilessly"},{"surface":"крикнула","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крикнула","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of крикнула","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"Славно","lemma":"славно","morphology":"adverb, exclamatory","role":"second exclamation, parallel to the first Славно","gloss":"Splendid!"},{"surface":"Туда","lemma":"туда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the idiom Туда и дорога","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дорога","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the idiom Туда и дорога","gloss":"good riddance","note":"\"Туда и дорога\" is a fixed idiom, literally \"that's the road for them there,\" meaning \"good riddance.\""}]}]}