{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b8-c8","title":{"source":"VIII. Бред","translated":"Delirium"},"section":"Book VIII — Mitya","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b8-c8","lines":233},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b8-c7","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b9-c1","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b8-c8-s1","source":"Началась почти оргия, пир на весь мир.","translation":"It had become almost an orgy, a feast for the whole world.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Началась","title":"Perfective past, feminine agreement","body":"«Началась» is the perfective «начаться» (to begin, intransitive), past tense agreeing in gender with the feminine «оргия». The perfective marks a single completed onset — the orgy snaps into being — and the verb is fronted ahead of its subject, a vivid scene-opening inversion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пир на весь мир","title":"«пир на весь мир» — a feast for all the world","body":"A set folk phrase, literally \"a feast for the whole world,\" meaning a lavish, unbounded celebration to which everyone is welcome. Its rhyme («пир»/«мир») gives it a proverbial, fairy-tale ring that colors the whole drunken scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Началась","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it had become"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оргия","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"оргия","lemma":"оргия","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Началась","gloss":"an orgy"},{"surface":"пир","lemma":"пир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with оргия","gloss":"a feast"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мир","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мир","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пир (object of на)","gloss":"world"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b8-c8-s2","source":"Грушенька закричала первая, чтоб ей дали вина: «Пить хочу, совсем пьяная хочу напиться, чтобы как прежде, помнишь, Митя, помнишь, как мы здесь тогда спознавались!»","translation":"Grushenka was the first to cry out for wine: \"I want to drink, I want to get good and drunk, the way it was before, remember, Mitya, remember how the two of us first got to know each other here back then!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб ей дали вина","title":"«чтоб» + past for an indirect command","body":"«Чтоб» (a clipped «чтобы») introduces a willed, indirect command and so takes the past-form irrealis «дали» — literally \"that they give her wine.\" The impersonal plural «дали» (\"they\") leaves the giver unnamed, a common Russian way of saying \"that she be given wine.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вина","title":"Partitive genitive «вина»","body":"Not the accusative «вино» but the genitive «вина» — the partitive of \"some wine,\" an indefinite quantity rather than the whole substance. The genitive is the natural case for asking for a measure of a mass noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пьяная хочу напиться","title":"Predicate adjective agreeing with the speaker","body":"«Пьяная» is feminine because Grushenka, the speaker, is feminine — \"I [a woman] want to drink myself drunk.\" The long-form adjective agrees with the implicit «я», a small grammatical fingerprint of who is talking."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"спознавались","title":"«спознаваться» — got acquainted, folk-flavored","body":"A colloquial, slightly archaic-folk verb for \"to get to know one another,\" warmer and more intimate than neutral «знакомиться». It carries an undertone of becoming close, even of a first love-meeting, fitting her nostalgic appeal to Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of закричала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"закричала","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"первая","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicative modifier of Грушенька","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дали","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of дали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"дали","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"purpose clause on закричала","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"вина","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дали (partitive genitive)","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"Пить","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to drink"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause «Пить хочу»","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пьяная","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"пьяная","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicative modifier of the implied subject (я) of хочу","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хочу","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"напиться","lemma":"напиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to get drunk"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical clause чтобы как прежде","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces прежде","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of как in the elliptical clause","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"помнишь","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel main clause, parenthetical address","gloss":"do you remember"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing Mitya","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"помнишь","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with помнишь","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спознавались","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of спознавались","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спознавались","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спознавались","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"спознавались","lemma":"спознаваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of помнишь","gloss":"got to know each other"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b8-c8-s3","source":"Сам же Митя был как в бреду и предчувствовал «свое счастье».","translation":"As for Mitya himself, he was as if in a delirium, sensing \"his happiness\" coming.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сам же Митя","title":"«же» as a contrastive hinge","body":"The particle «же» here pivots the narration back to Mitya by contrast with Grushenka: \"As for Mitya himself…\" Paired with the intensifier «сам» (\"himself\"), it marks a shift of topic rather than adding emphasis to a single word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"предчувствовал","title":"Imperfective of ongoing inner state","body":"«Предчувствовал» (was sensing, had a foreboding of) is imperfective, framing his anticipation as a continuous inner condition running under the scene rather than a single event. Much of Dostoevsky's psychological narration leans on this imperfective background."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular, emphatic","role":"modifies Митя","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Сам","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, singular, imperfective (copula)","role":"copula, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison phrase в бреду","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бреду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бреду","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a delirium"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"предчувствовал","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"sensed coming"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of счастье","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"счастье","lemma":"счастье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предчувствовал","gloss":"happiness"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b8-c8-s4","source":"Грушенька его, впрочем, от себя беспрерывно отгоняла: «Ступай, веселись, скажи им, чтобы плясали, чтобы все веселились, „ходи изба, ходи печь“, как тогда, как тогда!» — продолжала она восклицать.","translation":"Grushenka, however, kept driving him off from her: \"Go on, enjoy yourself, tell them to dance, tell everyone to make merry, „dance, cottage, dance, stove,“ just like that time, just like that time!\" she went on exclaiming.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от себя","title":"Reflexive «себя» as point of reference","body":"«От себя» means \"away from herself\" — the reflexive pronoun «себя» points back to the clause's subject, Grushenka. It has no nominative and takes whatever case a preposition demands; here genitive after «от»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"беспрерывно отгоняла","title":"Imperfective of repeated action","body":"«Отгоняла» (kept driving off) is imperfective, and with «беспрерывно» (incessantly) it paints a repeated, habitual push-and-pull. The perfective «отогнала» would name one decisive shove; the imperfective makes it a recurring rhythm of the night."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отгоняла","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отгоняла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of отгоняла","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of отгоняла","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"беспрерывно","lemma":"беспрерывно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отгоняла","gloss":"continually"},{"surface":"отгоняла","lemma":"отгонять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept driving off"},{"surface":"Ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted imperative clause","gloss":"Go on"},{"surface":"веселись","lemma":"веселиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Ступай","gloss":"enjoy yourself"},{"surface":"скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Ступай","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of скажи","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of плясали","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"плясали","lemma":"плясать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of скажи","gloss":"dance"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of веселились","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of веселились","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"веселились","lemma":"веселиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of скажи, coordinated with плясали","gloss":"make merry"},{"surface":"ходи","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"quoted refrain, parallel clause","gloss":"dance!","note":"«Ходи изба, ходи печь» is a folk-song refrain, literally addressing the cottage and stove as if dancing along — figurative for wild revelry."},{"surface":"изба","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ходи","gloss":"cottage"},{"surface":"ходи","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходи","gloss":"dance!"},{"surface":"печь","lemma":"печь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ходи (second instance)","gloss":"stove"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the exclamatory phrase как тогда","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb in the exclamatory phrase как тогда","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the repeated exclamation, parallel to the preceding как","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with тогда","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"продолжала","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of продолжала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"восклицать","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжала","gloss":"exclaiming"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b8-c8-s5","source":"Была она ужасно возбуждена.","translation":"She was terribly worked up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Была она ужасно возбуждена","title":"Short passive participle as predicate","body":"«Возбуждена» is the short-form past passive participle of «возбудить» (to excite/arouse), feminine, predicating a resulting state: \"she was [in a state of being] worked up.\" Short forms appear only in the predicate and lend the bookish, stative ring typical of this register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Была она","title":"Verb-first inversion for emphasis","body":"Standard order would be «Она была…»; fronting the verb «была» throws weight onto the whole assertion of her state. Free word order lets Russian foreground the comment — here her agitation — without changing the basic sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of возбуждена","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive возбуждена","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возбуждена","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"возбуждена","lemma":"возбудить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"worked up"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b8-c8-s6","source":"И Митя бросался распоряжаться.","translation":"And Mitya threw himself into giving orders.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросался распоряжаться","title":"Reflexive «бросаться» + infinitive","body":"«Бросался» is the -ся verb «бросаться» (to throw oneself, rush) governing the infinitive «распоряжаться» (to give orders). The imperfective shows him repeatedly flinging himself into the bustle; the -ся turns transitive \"throw\" into intransitive \"hurl oneself.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросался","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"бросался","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"threw himself"},{"surface":"распоряжаться","lemma":"распоряжаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бросался","gloss":"giving orders"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b8-c8-s7","source":"Хор собрался в соседней комнате.","translation":"The chorus had gathered in the adjoining room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"собрался","title":"Perfective + reflexive for \"gathered\"","body":"«Собрался» is the perfective «собраться» — the -ся makes it intransitive (\"gathered itself,\" assembled), a completed result. The masculine singular agrees with the collective noun «хор», treated grammatically as one body."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хор","lemma":"хор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of собрался","gloss":"The chorus"},{"surface":"собрался","lemma":"собраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had gathered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"соседней","lemma":"соседний","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"adjoining"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of собрался","gloss":"room"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b8-c8-s8","source":"Та же комната, в которой до сих пор сидели, была к тому же и тесна, разгорожена надвое ситцевою занавеской, за которою опять-таки помещалась огромная кровать с пухлою периной и с такими же ситцевыми подушками горкой.","translation":"The very room they had been sitting in until now was, besides, a cramped one, partitioned in two by a chintz curtain, behind which once again stood an enormous bed with a plump feather mattress and a heap of pillows in the same chintz.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в которой до сих пор сидели","title":"Relative «который» in the prepositional","body":"«В которой» joins a relative clause; «который» agrees with feminine «комната» but takes the prepositional case after «в» to mean \"in which.\" The subjectless «сидели» (\"they had been sitting\") leaves the company implied."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разгорожена надвое","title":"Short passive participle of result","body":"«Разгорожена» — short past passive participle of «разгородить» (to partition off), feminine — states the room's resulting condition: it stood divided in two. The agentless construction describes the setting as a finished fact."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ситцевою занавеской","title":"«ситец» — chintz, the cheap cotton print","body":"«Ситцевый» (chintz, printed cotton) signals humble, common furnishings — the same cheap fabric on the curtain, the pillows, the whole partitioned bed. The instrumental «-ою» ending is the bookish 19th-century variant of modern «-ой»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"периной","title":"«перина» — a feather featherbed","body":"A «перина» is a thick down-stuffed mattress laid atop the bed, a mark of домашний comfort and rustic plenty. Heaped with chintz pillows «горкой» (in a little mound), it evokes the cozy, overstuffed bedchamber of a country inn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of комната","gloss":"That very"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Та","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"комната","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидели","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"until","note":"«До сих пор» is a fixed phrase meaning \"until now.\""},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"сидели","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on комната","gloss":"they had been sitting"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"that","note":"«К тому же» is a fixed idiom meaning \"besides, moreover.\""},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"тесна","lemma":"тесный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular, short form","role":"predicate adjective of была","gloss":"cramped"},{"surface":"разгорожена","lemma":"разгородить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated predicate with тесна, sharing была","gloss":"partitioned"},{"surface":"надвое","lemma":"надвое","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разгорожена","gloss":"in two"},{"surface":"ситцевою","lemma":"ситцевый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies занавеской","gloss":"chintz"},{"surface":"занавеской","lemma":"занавеска","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of разгорожена (means)","gloss":"curtain"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которою","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"которою","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of помещалась","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помещалась","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки","gloss":"(emphatic) again"},{"surface":"помещалась","lemma":"помещаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying занавеской","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"огромная","lemma":"огромный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кровать","gloss":"an enormous"},{"surface":"кровать","lemma":"кровать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of помещалась","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking периной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пухлою","lemma":"пухлый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies периной","gloss":"plump"},{"surface":"периной","lemma":"перина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кровать (via с)","gloss":"featherbed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такими","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of подушками","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такими","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"ситцевыми","lemma":"ситцевый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies подушками","gloss":"chintz"},{"surface":"подушками","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with периной","gloss":"pillows"},{"surface":"горкой","lemma":"горка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies подушками (in a heap)","gloss":"in a heap"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b8-c8-s9","source":"Да и во всех четырех «чистых» комнатах этого дома везде были кровати.","translation":"And indeed all four of the \"clean\" rooms in that house had beds in them everywhere.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да и","title":"«да и» — \"and indeed, what's more\"","body":"«Да и» is a folksy additive connector adding a further point: \"and besides / and indeed.\" The «да» here is the colloquial coordinating \"and,\" not the word for \"yes.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence, part of the idiom Да и","gloss":"And indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom Да и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнатах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of комнатах","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"четырех","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, locative, plural","role":"quantifies комнатах","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"чистых","lemma":"чистый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies комнатах","gloss":"clean"},{"surface":"комнатах","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of были","gloss":"rooms"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дома","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies комнатах","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"везде","lemma":"везде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies были","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential)","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"кровати","lemma":"кровать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"beds"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b8-c8-s10","source":"Грушенька расположилась в самых дверях, Митя ей принес сюда кресло: так же точно сидела она и «тогда», в день их первого здесь кутежа, и смотрела отсюда на хор и на пляску.","translation":"Grushenka settled herself right in the doorway, Mitya carried an armchair over for her there: in just the same way she had sat \"that time\" too, on the day of their first carouse here, and from this spot she watched the chorus and the dancing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ей принес сюда кресло","title":"Dative of the beneficiary «ей»","body":"«Ей» is dative — \"for her\" — marking the person the action benefits: Mitya brought a chair for her. The dative routinely carries this \"to/for whom\" role even without a preposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так же точно сидела она","title":"Imperfective for a remembered habitual scene","body":"«Сидела… и смотрела» are imperfective pasts setting an enduring, recalled tableau — how she used to sit and watch \"that time.\" The aspect holds the picture still rather than advancing the plot."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кутежа","title":"«кутёж» — a wild carouse","body":"«Кутёж» (genitive «кутежа») is a noisy, money-spilling drinking spree, the very thing Mitya is reenacting. The word carries reckless abandon — exactly the headlong squandering that defines his \"first carouse here.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of расположилась","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"расположилась","lemma":"расположиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"settled herself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"modifies дверях","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"дверях","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of расположилась","gloss":"doorway"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принес","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of принес","gloss":"for her"},{"surface":"принес","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with расположилась","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принес","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"кресло","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принес","gloss":"an armchair"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидела","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидела","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"сидела","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to принес","gloss":"had sat"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сидела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with сидела","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидела","gloss":"the day"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"possessive determiner, invariable","role":"determiner of кутежа","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кутежа","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кутежа","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"кутежа","lemma":"кутёж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"carouse"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смотрела","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидела","gloss":"watched"},{"surface":"отсюда","lemma":"отсюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрела","gloss":"from here"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хор","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"хор","lemma":"хор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрела","gloss":"the chorus"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пляску","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"пляску","lemma":"пляска","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with хор","gloss":"the dancing"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b8-c8-s11","source":"Девки собрались все тогдашние же; жидки со скрипками и цитрами тоже прибыли, а наконец-то прибыл и столь ожидаемый воз на тройке с винами и припасами.","translation":"The same girls as before had all gathered; the fiddle-and-zither men, the Jews, had come too, and at last the long-awaited cart had arrived on its troika with the wines and the provisions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Девки","title":"«девки» — the village girls","body":"«Девка» is a plain, rustic word for a peasant girl or wench, lower in register than «девушка» and faintly coarse. It marks the hired chorus-girls' social world and recurs as the keynote of the scene's earthy revelry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Девки","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of собрались","gloss":"The girls"},{"surface":"собрались","lemma":"собраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had gathered"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of тогдашние","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"тогдашние","lemma":"тогдашний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"subject of собрались","gloss":"the same as before"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тогдашние","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"жидки","lemma":"жидок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of прибыли","gloss":"the Jews","note":"An antiquated, ethnically pejorative diminutive term for Jewish musicians, period-typical of Dostoevsky's Russia."},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скрипками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"скрипками","lemma":"скрипка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies жидки","gloss":"fiddles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"цитрами","lemma":"цитра","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with скрипками","gloss":"zithers"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибыли","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"прибыли","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with собрались","gloss":"had arrived"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибыл","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom наконец-то","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"прибыл","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with собрались","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies воз, emphatic (\"even\")","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ожидаемый","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ожидаемый","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies воз","gloss":"long-awaited"},{"surface":"воз","lemma":"воз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибыл","gloss":"the cart"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тройке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тройке","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies воз","gloss":"troika"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking винами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"винами","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of воз","gloss":"wines"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"припасами","lemma":"припас","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with винами","gloss":"provisions"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b8-c8-s12","source":"Митя суетился.","translation":"Mitya bustled about.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"суетился","title":"Reflexive «суетиться» — to bustle","body":"«Суетился» is the -ся verb «суетиться» (to fuss, bustle about), one of many verbs that exist only in the reflexive form. The imperfective gives a continuous, fidgety busyness — a one-line snapshot of Mitya's restless state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of суетился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"суетился","lemma":"суетиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bustled about"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b8-c8-s13","source":"В комнату входили глядеть и посторонние, мужики и бабы, уже спавшие, но пробудившиеся и почуявшие небывалое угощение, как и месяц назад.","translation":"Outsiders kept coming into the room to gawk—peasant men and women, already asleep but roused now and scenting an unheard-of treat, just as a month before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"спавшие, но пробудившиеся и почуявшие","title":"A chain of past active participles","body":"Three past active participles modify «мужики и бабы»: «спавшие» (who had been sleeping), «пробудившиеся» (who had woken), «почуявшие» (who had scented). Each replaces a «который»-clause and compresses a whole backstory into adjectives — the dense participial layering that marks literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мужики и бабы","title":"«мужик» and «баба» — peasant man and woman","body":"The standard rustic pairing for common village folk: «мужик» a peasant man, «баба» a peasant woman (married, often older). Both are earthy, everyday terms placing these onlookers firmly in the peasant world drawn to the gentleman's free liquor."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"небывалое угощение","title":"«небывалый» — unheard-of","body":"«Небывалый» literally \"such as has never been,\" i.e. unprecedented, extraordinary. Applied to «угощение» (a treat, free food and drink offered to guests), it captures the peasants' astonishment at the lavishness on offer."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of входили","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"входили","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept coming"},{"surface":"глядеть","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose infinitive complement of входили","gloss":"to gawk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посторонние, emphatic (\"too\")","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"посторонние","lemma":"посторонний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural, used substantively","role":"subject of входили","gloss":"outsiders"},{"surface":"мужики","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to посторонние","gloss":"peasant men"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бабы","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with мужики, in apposition to посторонние","gloss":"peasant women"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спавшие","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"спавшие","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies мужики и бабы","gloss":"asleep"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пробудившиеся","lemma":"пробудиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with спавшие","gloss":"now roused"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почуявшие","lemma":"почуять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with пробудившиеся","gloss":"scenting"},{"surface":"небывалое","lemma":"небывалый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies угощение","gloss":"unheard-of"},{"surface":"угощение","lemma":"угощение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of почуявшие","gloss":"treat"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison phrase месяц назад","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies месяц назад, emphatic (\"too\")","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase месяц назад, modifying как","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"ago"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b8-c8-s14","source":"Митя здоровался и обнимался со знакомыми, припоминал лица, откупоривал бутылки и наливал всем кому попало.","translation":"Mitya greeted and embraced acquaintances, remembered faces, uncorked bottles and poured for anyone at all who came to hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"здоровался и обнимался","title":"Reciprocal -ся verbs","body":"«Здоровался» (greeted) and «обнимался» (embraced) carry -ся in its reciprocal sense — exchanging greetings and embraces \"with one another.\" The accompanying «с знакомыми» (with acquaintances) confirms the mutual reading."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"здоровался… обнимался… припоминал… откупоривал… наливал","title":"Imperfective string of habitual actions","body":"A run of five imperfective pasts presents Mitya's behavior as ongoing, repeated activity — greeting, embracing, recalling, uncorking, pouring, all at once and again and again. The unbroken imperfective keeps the scene churning without resolving into discrete events."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кому попало","title":"«кому попало» — to whoever came to hand","body":"An idiom from «попало» meaning \"to just anyone, at random, indiscriminately.\" In the dative «кому попало» it stresses Mitya's heedless, undiscriminating generosity — pouring for absolutely anybody."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of здоровался","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"здоровался","lemma":"здороваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exchanged greetings"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обнимался","lemma":"обниматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with здоровался","gloss":"embraced"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знакомыми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"знакомыми","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural, used substantively","role":"oblique complement of обнимался","gloss":"acquaintances"},{"surface":"припоминал","lemma":"припоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with здоровался","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of припоминал","gloss":"faces"},{"surface":"откупоривал","lemma":"откупоривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with здоровался","gloss":"uncorked"},{"surface":"бутылки","lemma":"бутылка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of откупоривал","gloss":"bottles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наливал","lemma":"наливать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with здоровался","gloss":"poured"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of кому","gloss":"for everyone"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of наливал, part of the idiom кому попало","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"попало","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the idiom кому попало, modifies всем","gloss":"came to hand","note":"«Кому попало» is a fixed idiom meaning \"to anybody at all, whoever happened to be there.\""}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b8-c8-s15","source":"На шампанское зарились очень только девки, мужикам же нравился больше ром и коньяк и особенно горячий пунш.","translation":"Only the girls hankered after the champagne; the men preferred rum and cognac, and above all hot punch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мужикам же нравился больше ром","title":"Dative experiencer with «нравиться»","body":"«Нравиться» works backwards from English: the thing liked («ром») is the grammatical subject and the one who likes it stands in the dative — «мужикам» (the men). The «же» contrasts the men's taste with the girls'. So it reads literally \"to the men the rum was more pleasing.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зарились","title":"«зариться» — to covet, hanker after","body":"«Зариться (на что-то)» is a colloquial verb for greedily eyeing or lusting after something — the girls \"had their eyes on\" the champagne. It carries a faint note of envious appetite, fitting the scramble for luxury at the feast."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шампанское","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"шампанское","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of зарились","gloss":"the champagne"},{"surface":"зарились","lemma":"зариться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hankered after"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зарились","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies девки","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"девки","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of зарились","gloss":"the girls"},{"surface":"мужикам","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of нравился","gloss":"the men"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мужикам","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"нравился","lemma":"нравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with зарились","gloss":"preferred"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies нравился","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ром","lemma":"ром","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нравился","gloss":"rum"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коньяк","lemma":"коньяк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ром","gloss":"cognac"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пунш","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"горячий","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пунш","gloss":"hot"},{"surface":"пунш","lemma":"пунш","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ром","gloss":"punch"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b8-c8-s16","source":"Митя распорядился, чтобы был сварен шоколад на всех девок и чтобы не переводились всю ночь и кипели три самовара для чаю и пунша на всякого приходящего: кто хочет, пусть и угощается.","translation":"Mitya gave orders that chocolate be brewed for all the girls, and that three samovars be kept boiling all night long without a break, for tea and punch for everyone who came: let whoever wishes help himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"распорядился, чтобы был сварен шоколад","title":"«чтобы» + past passive for an order","body":"After «распорядился» (gave orders), «чтобы» introduces the willed content with the irrealis past, and «был сварен» is a short passive participle: \"that chocolate be brewed.\" This is the standard pattern for reporting a command — «чтобы» plus past-form/passive, leaving the doer unspecified."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не переводились… и кипели три самовара","title":"Negated «чтобы»-clause: \"so they not run out\"","body":"«Не переводились» (an imperfective -ся verb, \"not be exhausted / never run dry\") and «кипели» (keep boiling) both sit under «чтобы» in the past form. The negation «не» plus imperfective stresses continuous, unbroken supply all night."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто хочет, пусть и угощается","title":"«пусть» + present for a 3rd-person command","body":"«Пусть» plus a present-tense verb forms a third-person imperative: \"let whoever wishes help himself.\" The -ся on «угощается» is the middle voice — to treat/serve oneself. The «и» here is the emphatic particle \"even, just.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of распорядился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"распорядился","lemma":"распорядиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave orders"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сварен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of сварен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"сварен","lemma":"сварить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of распорядился","gloss":"brewed"},{"surface":"шоколад","lemma":"шоколад","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive сварен","gloss":"chocolate"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking девок","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of девок","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"девок","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сварен","gloss":"the girls"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of переводились","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies переводились","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"переводились","lemma":"переводиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сварен","gloss":"run dry"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переводились","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кипели","lemma":"кипеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with переводились","gloss":"boiled"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on самовара","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"самовара","lemma":"самовар","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of переводились and кипели","gloss":"samovars"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чаю","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чаю","lemma":"чай","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies самовара","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пунша","lemma":"пунш","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with чаю","gloss":"punch"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приходящего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всякого","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of приходящего","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"приходящего","lemma":"приходящий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective (substantivized)","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"who came"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to распорядился","gloss":"wishes"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies угощается","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies угощается","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"угощается","lemma":"угощаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the пусть-clause","gloss":"help himself"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b8-c8-s17","source":"Одним словом, началось нечто беспорядочное и нелепое, но Митя был как бы в своем родном элементе, и чем нелепее всё становилось, тем больше он оживлялся духом.","translation":"In a word, something disorderly and absurd had begun, but Mitya was as if in his own native element, and the more absurd it all became, the more his spirit came alive.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем нелепее всё становилось, тем больше он оживлялся","title":"«чем… тем…» — the more… the more","body":"The correlative «чем + comparative … тем + comparative» builds the \"the more X, the more Y\" construction: «чем нелепее… тем больше» — the more absurd it grew, the more he came alive. Both comparatives («нелепее», «больше») are the invariable predicative form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы в своем родном элементе","title":"Reflexive possessive «свой»","body":"«Своём» (свой) means \"his own\" — referring back to the subject Mitya. Using «его» instead would point to someone else's element; «свой» locks the possession onto the clause's own subject. «Как бы» softens it to \"as if in.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оживлялся духом","title":"«оживляться духом» — to revive in spirit","body":"«Оживляться» (to come alive, grow animated) with the instrumental «духом» (\"in spirit\") frames Mitya's exhilaration as a kind of inner kindling. The phrase has an elevated, almost spiritual ring against the squalor of the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom одним словом","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical modifying началось (idiom \"in a word\")","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"началось","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of началось","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"беспорядочное","lemma":"беспорядочный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"disorderly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нелепое","lemma":"нелепый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with беспорядочное","gloss":"absurd"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to элементе","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies был","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking элементе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of элементе","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"родном","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies элементе","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"элементе","lemma":"элемент","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"element"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"correlates with тем, modifies нелепее","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"нелепее","lemma":"нелепый","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"predicate complement of становилось","gloss":"more absurd"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of становилось","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"становилось","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the чем-clause, correlated with оживлялся","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the correlate clause of оживлялся","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оживлялся","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оживлялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"оживлялся","lemma":"оживляться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the тем-clause, correlated with становилось","gloss":"came alive"},{"surface":"духом","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оживлялся","gloss":"in spirit"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b8-c8-s18","source":"Попроси у него какой-нибудь мужик в те минуты денег, он тотчас же вытащил бы всю свою пачку и стал бы раздавать направо и налево без счету.","translation":"Had any peasant asked him for money in those minutes, he would instantly have pulled out his whole wad and started handing it out right and left without counting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Попроси у него какой-нибудь мужик… он… вытащил бы","title":"Imperative form as a conditional protasis","body":"The imperative «попроси» is used not as a command but to state a hypothetical condition: \"had any peasant asked him.\" This idiomatic use of the imperative for \"if X had happened\" pairs with the «бы»-conditional in the main clause («вытащил бы… стал бы»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него… денег","title":"«просить у кого genitive»","body":"To ask someone for something is «просить у кого-то чего-то»: «у него» (genitive after «у», \"from him\") plus «денег», the genitive of the thing requested. Money («деньги») here in the partitive genitive — asking for \"some money.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"какой-нибудь мужик","title":"«-нибудь» — any peasant at all","body":"«Какой-нибудь» with the non-specific suffix «-нибудь» means \"any old, no particular\" peasant — a hypothetical, unspecified one, as opposed to «какой-то» (some specific but unnamed man). The choice fits the purely conditional \"if any peasant had asked.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Попроси","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective (conditional use)","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"had ... asked","note":"Imperative form used idiomatically as an unreal conditional (\"попроси ... он бы\" = \"had he asked, he would\")."},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мужик","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мужик","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Попроси","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of Попроси","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of Попроси","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вытащил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вытащил","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"вытащил","lemma":"вытащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have pulled out"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of вытащил","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of пачку","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of пачку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пачку","lemma":"пачка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вытащил","gloss":"wad"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вытащил","gloss":"started"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of стал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"раздавать","lemma":"раздавать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"handing out"},{"surface":"направо","lemma":"направо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздавать","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"налево","lemma":"налево","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with направо","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счету","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"счету","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of раздавать","gloss":"counting"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b8-c8-s19","source":"Вот почему, вероятно, чтоб уберечь Митю, сновал кругом его почти безотлучно хозяин, Трифон Борисыч, совсем уж, кажется, раздумавший ложиться спать в эту ночь, пивший, однако, мало (всего только выкушал один стаканчик пунша) и зорко наблюдавший по-своему за интересами Мити.","translation":"That, no doubt, is why—to keep watch over Mitya—the innkeeper Trifon Borisych hovered around him almost without leaving his side, having apparently given up the idea of going to bed at all that night, drinking very little, however (he downed only a single small glass of punch), and keeping a sharp eye, in his own fashion, on Mitya's interests.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб уберечь Митю","title":"«чтоб» + infinitive = purpose","body":"When the subject is the same, «чтоб(ы)» takes a bare infinitive to express purpose: «чтоб уберечь Митю» — \"in order to protect Mitya.\" Compare the past-form «чтобы» used for a willed action with a different subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"раздумавший… пивший… наблюдавший","title":"Past active participles describing the innkeeper","body":"Three past active participles in «-вший» pile up around «хозяин»: «раздумавший» (having given up the idea), «пивший» (drinking), «наблюдавший» (keeping watch). Each agrees with «хозяин» and stacks a clause into a single adjective — a hallmark of the dense literary sentence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выкушал один стаканчик","title":"«выкушать» and the diminutive «стаканчик»","body":"«Выкушать» is a politely old-fashioned, deferential verb for \"to drink/partake,\" and «стаканчик» is the diminutive of «стакан» (glass) — \"a little glass.\" Together they gently underscore how abstemiously the canny innkeeper drank."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сновал","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вероятно","lemma":"вероятно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to сновал","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уберечь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"уберечь","lemma":"уберечь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сновал","gloss":"keep watch over"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уберечь","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"сновал","lemma":"сновать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hovered"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking его","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition кругом","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies безотлучно","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"безотлучно","lemma":"безотлучный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сновал","gloss":"without leaving"},{"surface":"хозяин","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сновал","gloss":"innkeeper"},{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to хозяин","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисыч","lemma":"борисович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифон","gloss":"Borisych"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздумавший","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase совсем, modifies раздумавший","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to раздумавший","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"раздумавший","lemma":"раздумать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with сновал","gloss":"having given up"},{"surface":"ложиться","lemma":"ложиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of раздумавший","gloss":"going to bed"},{"surface":"спать","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of ложиться","gloss":"to sleep"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спать","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"пивший","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with раздумавший","gloss":"drinking"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to мало","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пивший","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выкушал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всего","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"выкушал","lemma":"выкушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying мало","gloss":"downed"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies стаканчик","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"стаканчик","lemma":"стаканчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выкушал","gloss":"small glass"},{"surface":"пунша","lemma":"пунш","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стаканчик","gloss":"of punch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"зорко","lemma":"зорко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наблюдавший","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"наблюдавший","lemma":"наблюдать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пивший","gloss":"keeping watch"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-своему","morphology":"preposition (part of compound adverb)","role":"part of the phrase по-своему, modifies наблюдавший","gloss":"in his own"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"по-своему","morphology":"adverb (part of compound)","role":"part of the phrase по-своему, modifies наблюдавший","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking интересами","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"интересами","lemma":"интерес","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of наблюдавший","gloss":"interests"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies интересами","gloss":"Mitya's"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b8-c8-s20","source":"В нужные минуты он ласково и подобострастно останавливал его и уговаривал, не давал ему оделять, как «тогда», мужиков «цигарками и ренским вином» и, боже сохрани, деньгами, и очень негодовал на то, что девки пьют ликер и едят конфеты: «Вшивость лишь одна, Митрий Федорович, — говорил он, — я их коленком всякую напинаю, да еще за честь почитать прикажу — вот они какие!»","translation":"At the necessary moments he would fawningly and obsequiously stop him and talk him out of it, not letting him deal out to the peasants, as \"that time,\" \"cigars and Rhine wine,\" and, God forbid, money, and he was greatly indignant that the girls were drinking liqueur and eating sweets: \"They're nothing but lice, Mitry Fyodorovich,\" he said, \"I'd give every one of them a knee in the backside, and make them count it an honor besides—that's the sort they are!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не давал ему оделять","title":"«не давать» + dative + infinitive — \"not let\"","body":"«Не давать кому-то + infinitive» means \"to not let / prevent someone from doing\": «не давал ему оделять» — wouldn't let him deal out. «Ему» is dative (the one prevented), «оделять» the imperfective infinitive of the action blocked."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подобострастно","title":"«подобострастный» — fawning, obsequious","body":"«Подобострастно» means cringingly servile, toadying. Paired with «ласково» (gently), it pins the innkeeper's manner exactly: he restrains Mitya not by force but by oily, ingratiating deference, all in pursuit of Mitya's money."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"цигарками и ренским вином","title":"«цигарка» and «ренское вино»","body":"«Цигарка» is a hand-rolled cigarette/cheap cigar; «ренское (вино)» is an old term for Rhine wine, from German Rhein. Both are dated, faintly provincial words for the treats Mitya had handed out \"that time.\" They sit in the instrumental as what he \"deals out\" people with."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вшивость лишь одна","title":"«вшивость» — lousiness, riffraff","body":"Literally \"lice-ridden-ness\" (from «вошь», louse), used contemptuously for worthless rabble: \"They're nothing but lice.\" The innkeeper's coarse scorn for the village girls bursts out in this earthy abstract noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за честь почитать прикажу","title":"Bookish «почитать за честь»","body":"«Почитать за честь» is an elevated set phrase, \"to count/deem it an honor,\" with «почитать» in its old sense \"to regard as.\" The innkeeper mixes this lofty idiom with crude threats — \"I'd order them to count it an honor [to be kicked]\" — a comic clash of registers."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нужные","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of останавливал","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of останавливал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ласково","lemma":"ласково","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies останавливал","gloss":"fawningly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подобострастно","lemma":"подобострастно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with ласково","gloss":"obsequiously"},{"surface":"останавливал","lemma":"останавливать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would stop"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of останавливал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уговаривал","lemma":"уговаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with останавливал","gloss":"talk him out of it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"давал","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with останавливал","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of давал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"оделять","lemma":"оделять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of давал","gloss":"deal out"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the idiom «как тогда»","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of оделять","gloss":"that time"},{"surface":"мужиков","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of оделять","gloss":"the peasants"},{"surface":"цигарками","lemma":"цигарка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of оделять","gloss":"cigars"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ренским","lemma":"ренский","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вином","gloss":"Rhine"},{"surface":"вином","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with цигарками","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom боже сохрани (parenthetical)","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"сохрани","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"depends on боже","gloss":"forbid"},{"surface":"деньгами","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with цигарками","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies негодовал","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"негодовал","lemma":"негодовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with останавливал","gloss":"was indignant"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of негодовал","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пьют","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"девки","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of пьют","gloss":"the girls"},{"surface":"пьют","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"were drinking"},{"surface":"ликер","lemma":"ликёр","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пьют","gloss":"liqueur"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"едят","lemma":"есть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пьют","gloss":"eating"},{"surface":"конфеты","lemma":"конфета","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of едят","gloss":"sweets"},{"surface":"Вшивость","lemma":"вшивость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of одна","gloss":"lice"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одна","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement, modifies Вшивость","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"Митрий","lemma":"митрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address (direct speech)","gloss":"Mitry"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Митрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to останавливал","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of напинаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies всякую (partitive)","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"коленком","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of напинаю","gloss":"with a knee"},{"surface":"всякую","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of напинаю","gloss":"each one"},{"surface":"напинаю","lemma":"напинать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with говорил (quoted clause)","gloss":"I'll kick"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прикажу","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking честь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"part of idiom почитать за честь, complement of почитать","gloss":"an honor"},{"surface":"почитать","lemma":"почитать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of прикажу","gloss":"count"},{"surface":"прикажу","lemma":"приказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with напинаю","gloss":"I'll order"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies они","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of какие","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of the exclamation, parallel clause to говорил","gloss":"what sort"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b8-c8-s21","source":"Митя еще раз вспомянул про Андрея и велел послать ему пуншу.","translation":"Mitya remembered Andrei once more and gave orders to send him some punch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"велел послать ему пуншу","title":"«велеть» + infinitive; partitive «пуншу»","body":"«Велел послать» — \"ordered to send\" — pairs «велеть» with a bare infinitive. «Пуншу» is a partitive genitive in the old «-у» ending (some punch), and «ему» dative marks Andrei as recipient. The «-у» partitive is a slightly archaic, folk-flavored form beside modern «-а»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вспомянул","title":"«вспомянуть» — to recall (elevated)","body":"«Вспомянуть» is a bookish, slightly archaic variant of «вспомнить» (to remember), with a faint flavor of \"to call to mind, make mention of.\" It lends Mitya's tender remembering of the coachman Andrei a softly solemn coloring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспомянул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспомянул","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"вспомянул","lemma":"вспомянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Андрея","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Андрея","lemma":"андрей","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспомянул","gloss":"Andrei"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вспомянул","gloss":"gave orders"},{"surface":"послать","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"to send"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of послать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пуншу","lemma":"пунш","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of послать","gloss":"punch"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b8-c8-s22","source":"«Я его давеча обидел», — повторял он ослабевшим и умиленным голосом.","translation":"\"I offended him just now,\" he kept repeating in a weakened, tender voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повторял… голосом","title":"Instrumental of manner","body":"«Ослабевшим и умиленным голосом» is the instrumental of manner — \"in a weakened, tender voice,\" describing how he spoke. The instrumental routinely answers \"by/with what means or manner.\" «Ослабевшим» is itself a past active participle (having grown weak)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — a while ago, just now","body":"«Давеча» is a colloquial, old-fashioned adverb for \"a little while ago, earlier today.\" It belongs to the folk-spoken layer of the dialogue and recurs in Grushenka's speech, anchoring events to the recent past of this very night."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умиленным","title":"«умилённый» — tenderly moved","body":"«Умилённый» denotes a soft, melting tenderness welling up to the point of tears — a key Dostoevskian emotion of contrite, loving softness. Mitya's guilt over having offended Andrei dissolves into exactly this «умиление»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обидел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обидел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обидел","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"обидел","lemma":"обидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"offended"},{"surface":"повторял","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to обидел","gloss":"kept repeating"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ослабевшим","lemma":"ослабевший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"weakened"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"умиленным","lemma":"умилённый","morphology":"adjective (passive participle), instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ослабевшим","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторял","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b8-c8-s23","source":"Калганов не хотел было пить, и хор девок ему сначала не понравился очень, но, выпив еще бокала два шампанского, страшно развеселился, шагал по комнатам, смеялся и всё и всех хвалил, и песни и музыку.","translation":"Kalganov had been reluctant to drink, and at first the chorus of girls had not much pleased him, but after downing two more glasses of champagne he grew terribly merry, strode about the rooms, laughed, and praised everything and everyone, the songs and the music alike.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не хотел было пить","title":"The particle «было» of the interrupted intention","body":"«Было» after a past verb marks an action begun or intended but then reversed — \"was about to / at first didn't.\" «Не хотел было пить» = \"had been disinclined to drink [but then did].\" This «было» is a distinctive narrative particle for a checked or undone action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выпив… развеселился","title":"Perfective gerund «выпив»","body":"«Выпив» is a perfective past gerund (деепричастие) from «выпить» — \"having drunk.\" It names a prior, completed action by the same subject before the main verb «развеселился» (grew merry): having downed two glasses, he then cheered up."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бокала два","title":"Inverted numeral = approximation","body":"Reversing noun and numeral, «бокала два» instead of «два бокала», signals approximation: \"a couple of glasses, two or so.\" The numeral «два» still pulls «бокала» into the genitive singular."}],"words":[{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had wanted"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел (unrealized-intention particle)","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"пить","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to drink"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хор","lemma":"хор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понравился","gloss":"the chorus"},{"surface":"девок","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies хор","gloss":"of girls"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of понравился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понравился","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понравился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понравился","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понравился","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"выпив","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on развеселился","gloss":"having drunk"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies два","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"бокала","lemma":"бокал","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выпив, quantified by два","gloss":"glasses"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter","role":"quantifies бокала","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"шампанского","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies бокала","gloss":"of champagne"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies развеселился","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"развеселился","lemma":"развеселиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"grew merry"},{"surface":"шагал","lemma":"шагать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"strode"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнатам","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"комнатам","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of шагал","gloss":"the rooms"},{"surface":"смеялся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of хвалил","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of хвалил","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"хвалил","lemma":"хвалить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"praised"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"песни","lemma":"песня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to всё и всех, object of хвалил","gloss":"the songs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"музыку","lemma":"музыка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with песни","gloss":"the music"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b8-c8-s24","source":"Максимов, блаженный и пьяненький, не покидал его.","translation":"Maximov, blissful and a little drunk, would not leave his side.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не покидал его","title":"Imperfective negation of a continuing state","body":"«Не покидал» (imperfective \"was not leaving / would not leave\") with the accusative object «его» describes a sustained refusal to budge from Kalganov's side. The imperfective stretches the non-action across the whole scene."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пьяненький","title":"«пьяненький» — sweetly, harmlessly tipsy","body":"The diminutive «-еньк-» softens «пьяный» (drunk) into «пьяненький» — \"a little drunk\" in an endearing, pitiable way. Paired with «блаженный» (blissful), it paints the old buffoon Maximov as gently, contentedly soused rather than menacing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of покидал","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"блаженный","lemma":"блаженный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Максимов","gloss":"blissful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пьяненький","lemma":"пьяненький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Максимов","gloss":"tipsy"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покидал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"покидал","lemma":"покидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would leave"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of покидал","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b8-c8-s25","source":"Грушенька, тоже начинавшая хмелеть, указывала на Калганова Мите: «Какой он миленький, какой чудесный мальчик!»","translation":"Grushenka, beginning to grow tipsy herself, pointed out Kalganov to Mitya: \"What a darling he is, what a marvelous boy!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начинавшая хмелеть","title":"Present active participle + infinitive","body":"«Начинавшая» is a past active participle of «начинать» agreeing with feminine Grushenka, governing the infinitive «хмелеть» (to grow tipsy): \"who was beginning to get tipsy.\" The participle folds a whole circumstantial clause into the subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какой он миленький","title":"Exclamatory «какой»","body":"«Какой» in an exclamation means \"what a…!\": «Какой он миленький!» = \"What a darling he is!\" As an adjective it agrees with what it modifies; the predicate «миленький» carries the affectionate diminutive «-еньк-»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of указывала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинавшая","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"начинавшая","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Грушенька","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"хмелеть","lemma":"хмелеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинавшая","gloss":"to grow tipsy"},{"surface":"указывала","lemma":"указывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pointed out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Калганова","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Калганова","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of указывала","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of указывала","gloss":"to Mitya"},{"surface":"Какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of он","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of миленький","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"миленький","lemma":"миленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, exclamation","gloss":"darling"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчик","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"чудесный","lemma":"чудесный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"marvelous"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, parallel exclamation to миленький","gloss":"boy"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b8-c8-s26","source":"И Митя с восторгом бежал целоваться с Калгановым и Максимовым.","translation":"And Mitya ran off in rapture to kiss Kalganov and Maximov.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бежал целоваться","title":"Motion verb + reciprocal infinitive","body":"«Бежал» is the unidirectional motion verb «бежать» (running in one direction), here imperfective for the repeated rushing; «целоваться» is the reciprocal -ся verb \"to kiss [each other].\" \"Ran to kiss\" — purpose expressed by a bare infinitive of motion's goal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с восторгом","title":"Instrumental of manner with «с»","body":"«С восторгом» — \"with rapture\" — uses «с» + instrumental to express the emotional manner of the action. Such «с + instrumental» phrases (с радостью, с восторгом, с гневом) are the standard way to color how something is done."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бежал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторгом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"восторгом","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бежал","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"бежал","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"целоваться","lemma":"целоваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бежал","gloss":"to kiss"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Калгановым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Калгановым","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of целоваться","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Максимовым","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Калгановым","gloss":"Maximov"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b8-c8-s27","source":"О, он многое предчувствовал; ничего еще она ему не сказала такого и даже видимо нарочно задерживала сказать, изредка только поглядывая на него ласковым, но горячим глазком.","translation":"Oh, he had a foreboding of much; she had told him nothing of the kind as yet, and even seemed to be deliberately holding back from saying it, only now and then glancing at him with a tender but ardent little eye.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего еще она ему не сказала такого","title":"Genitive of negation + negative concord","body":"«Ничего… не сказала» shows both negative concord (the ни-word «ничего» still requires «не» on the verb) and the genitive of negation — the negated object stands in the genitive «ничего такого» (\"nothing of the kind\"). «Ему» is the dative recipient."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поглядывая на него","title":"Imperfective gerund «поглядывая»","body":"«Поглядывая» is an imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) — \"[while] glancing now and then.\" It expresses an action simultaneous with the main clause, sharing its subject (she), and the «по-» prefix adds the sense of intermittent, occasional looking."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"глазком","title":"«глазок» — a little eye, tender diminutive","body":"«Глазком» is the instrumental of «глазок», the diminutive of «глаз» (eye). \"Glancing with a tender little eye\" — the diminutive bathes her sidelong looks in coy, caressing intimacy, the emotional charge English can barely carry."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to предчувствовал","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предчувствовал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"многое","lemma":"многое","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предчувствовал","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"предчувствовал","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had a foreboding of"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of сказала","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказала","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сказала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with предчувствовал","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ничего","gloss":"of that kind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видимо","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задерживала","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задерживала","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"задерживала","lemma":"задерживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сказала","gloss":"was holding back"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of задерживала","gloss":"from saying"},{"surface":"изредка","lemma":"изредка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поглядывая","gloss":"now and then"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поглядывая","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"поглядывая","lemma":"поглядывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on задерживала","gloss":"glancing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядывая","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ласковым","lemma":"ласковый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глазком","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"горячим","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ласковым","gloss":"ardent"},{"surface":"глазком","lemma":"глазок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поглядывая","gloss":"little eye"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b8-c8-s28","source":"Наконец она вдруг схватила его крепко за руку и с силой притянула к себе.","translation":"At last she suddenly seized him firmly by the hand and pulled him forcibly toward her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватила… притянула","title":"Two perfectives for sudden, decisive acts","body":"«Схватила» (seized) and «притянула» (pulled toward) are both perfective pasts — single, completed, abrupt actions that snap the narrative forward, reinforced by «вдруг» (suddenly) and «с силой» (forcibly). The perfective is the aspect of decisive event against the scene's imperfective drift."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к себе","title":"Reflexive «себя» after «к»","body":"«К себе» — \"toward herself\" — again the reflexive «себя», here dative after the preposition «к», pointing back to the subject Grushenka. She pulled him toward her own self."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватила","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of схватила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"схватила","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватила","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватила","gloss":"the hand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of притянула","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"притянула","lemma":"притянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with схватила","gloss":"pulled"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of притянула","gloss":"herself"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b8-c8-s29","source":"Сама она сидела тогда в креслах у дверей.","translation":"She was sitting at the time in the armchair by the door.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сама она сидела тогда","title":"Intensifier «сама»","body":"«Сама» (feminine of «сам») intensifies the subject — \"she herself.\" Set first for emphasis, it underscores that it was Grushenka, in person, who was sitting there, against the free Russian word order that lets the comment fall where the writer wishes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphasizes она","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сидела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сидела","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was sitting"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидела","gloss":"at the time"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking креслах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"креслах","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидела","gloss":"the armchair"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверей","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"дверей","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидела","gloss":"the door"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b8-c8-s30","source":"— Как это ты давеча вошел-то, а? Как ты вошел-то!.. я так испугалась. Как же ты меня ему уступить-то хотел, а? Неужто хотел?","translation":"—How was it you came in just now, eh? How you came in!.. I was so frightened. How could you have meant to give me up to him, eh? Did you really mean to?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вошел-то","title":"The emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «вошёл-то» is the emphatic topic particle (not the indefinite suffix): it presses on the known topic, roughly \"the way you came in.\" It threads through her excited speech here («вошел-то», «уступить-то») lending an insistent, colloquial pressure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же ты меня ему уступить-то хотел","title":"«же» + «уступить» + dative","body":"«Же» here heightens the astonished question. «Уступить кого-то кому-то» (to yield/give someone up to someone) takes accusative «меня» and dative «ему» — \"give me up to him.\" The whole reproachful question hangs on these case roles."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Неужто","title":"«неужто» — \"surely not?\"","body":"«Неужто» is a folk variant of «неужели», an incredulous particle: \"can it really be?, surely you didn't?\" It marks emotional disbelief and belongs to Grushenka's earthy, agitated register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вошел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase как это","gloss":"was it"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вошел","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вошел","gloss":"emphatic","note":"colloquial emphatic particle -то, adds emphasis and is not separately translated."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вошел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вошел","gloss":"emphatic","note":"colloquial emphatic particle -то, adds emphasis and is not separately translated."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of испугалась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испугалась","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"испугалась","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was frightened"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of уступить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of уступить","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"уступить","lemma":"уступить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"give up"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уступить","gloss":"emphatic","note":"colloquial emphatic particle -то, adds emphasis and is not separately translated."},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did mean"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"Неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"did you really"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mean to"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b8-c8-s31","source":"— Счастья твоего губить не хотел! — в блаженстве лепетал ей Митя. — Но ей и не надо было его ответа.","translation":"—I didn't want to ruin your happiness!—Mitya babbled to her in bliss.—But she had no need of his answer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Счастья твоего губить не хотел","title":"Genitive object under negation","body":"Fronted «счастья твоего» is genitive, the genitive of negation governed by «не хотел губить» — \"I didn't want to ruin your happiness.\" Placing the object first throws emotional weight onto it, the topic-comment freedom Russian's cases allow."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ей и не надо было его ответа","title":"Impersonal «надо» + dative + genitive","body":"«Ей не надо было его ответа» is a subjectless construction: the experiencer «ей» stands in the dative, «надо» is the invariable predicate, and the negated thing needed, «его ответа», takes the genitive of negation. \"She had no need of his answer.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лепетал","title":"«лепетать» — to babble","body":"«Лепетать» is to babble or prattle, the speech of a child, a lover, or the drink-loosened tongue. Recurring through this scene («лепетал ей Митя»), it reduces Mitya's blissful words to a tender, half-coherent murmur."}],"words":[{"surface":"Счастья","lemma":"счастье","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of губить","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Счастья","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"губить","lemma":"губить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"ruin"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking блаженстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"блаженстве","lemma":"блаженство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лепетал","gloss":"bliss"},{"surface":"лепетал","lemma":"лепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"babbled"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of лепетал","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лепетал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative complement of надо","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ответа","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ответа","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of надо","gloss":"answer"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b8-c8-s32","source":"— Ну, ступай… веселись, — отгоняла она его опять, — да не плачь, опять позову.","translation":"—Well, go on… enjoy yourself,—she drove him off again,—and don't cry, I'll call you back again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ступай… не плачь","title":"Imperatives, one folk-archaic","body":"«Ступай» (go on) is a slightly old-fashioned, folksy imperative of «ступать», and «не плачь» a negated imperative \"don't cry.\" The imperfective negated imperative «не плачь» is the normal form for telling someone to stop / not do something."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"опять позову","title":"Perfective future «позову»","body":"«Позову» is the perfective «позвать» conjugated with present endings to mean the future — \"I'll call [you back].\" A perfective verb in present-form endings always reads as a single completed future action, with no auxiliary needed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"веселись","lemma":"веселиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ступай","gloss":"enjoy yourself"},{"surface":"отгоняла","lemma":"отгонять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drove off"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отгоняла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отгоняла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отгоняла","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плачь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"плачь","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позову","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"позову","lemma":"позвать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to плачь","gloss":"I'll call"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b8-c8-s33","source":"И он убегал, а она принималась опять слушать песни и глядеть на пляску, следя за ним взглядом, где бы он ни был, но через четверть часа опять подзывала его, и он опять прибегал.","translation":"And he would run off, and she would set herself again to listening to the songs and watching the dancing, following him with her gaze wherever he might be, but a quarter of an hour later she would summon him again, and again he would come running.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"убегал… принималась… подзывала… прибегал","title":"Iterative imperfectives of a recurring routine","body":"A chain of imperfective pasts — «убегал», «принималась слушать», «подзывала», «прибегал» — renders a repeated cycle: he'd run off, she'd listen, then summon him, and he'd come running again. The imperfective is precisely the aspect for this loop of habitual action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"следя за ним взглядом","title":"Imperfective gerund «следя»","body":"«Следя» is the present gerund of «следить» (to follow/track), expressing a simultaneous attendant action: \"following him with her gaze.\" «За ним» is instrumental-governing «за», and «взглядом» the instrumental of means."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где бы он ни был","title":"«где бы… ни» — wherever","body":"The frame «где бы … ни был» builds a concessive \"wherever he might be.\" The «бы» supplies the hypothetical sweep and «ни» the universal concession — a fixed construction (кто бы ни, что бы ни, где бы ни) for \"no matter where/who/what.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убегал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убегал","lemma":"убегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would run off"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of принималась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"принималась","lemma":"приниматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with убегал","gloss":"would set about"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушать","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"слушать","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принималась","gloss":"listening to"},{"surface":"песни","lemma":"песня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of слушать","gloss":"the songs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"глядеть","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слушать","gloss":"watching"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пляску","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"пляску","lemma":"пляска","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядеть","gloss":"the dancing"},{"surface":"следя","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on глядеть","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of следя","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of следя","gloss":"with her gaze"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был","gloss":"wherever"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of был","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies был","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on следя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking четверть","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"четверть","lemma":"четверть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подзывала","gloss":"a quarter"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies четверть","gloss":"of an hour"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подзывала","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"подзывала","lemma":"подзывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by но","gloss":"she would call"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подзывала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибегал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибегал","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"прибегал","lemma":"прибегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подзывала","gloss":"would come running"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b8-c8-s34","source":"— Ну, садись теперь подле, рассказывай, как ты вчера обо мне услышал, что я сюда поехала; от кого от первого узнал?","translation":"—Well, sit down beside me now, tell me how you heard about me yesterday, that I'd set off here; from whom did you first learn it?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"садись… рассказывай","title":"Imperfective imperatives of invitation","body":"«Садись» and «рассказывай» are imperfective imperatives. The imperfective imperative typically invites or urges an action's onset and continuation — \"do sit down, do tell\" — warmer and more inviting than the brisk perfective «сядь, расскажи»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от кого от первого узнал","title":"«от кого» — interrogative in the genitive","body":"«Узнать от кого» — to learn from whom — puts the interrogative «кто» in the genitive after «от». The doubled «от… от первого» means \"from whom, from the first person,\" i.e. who first told you. Such case-marked question words are how Russian frames \"from/to/about whom.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"садись","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies садись","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies садись","gloss":"beside me"},{"surface":"рассказывай","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with садись","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies услышал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of услышал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies услышал","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of услышал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"услышал","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рассказывай","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поехала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поехала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поехала","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"поехала","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of услышал","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking первого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"первого","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you learn"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b8-c8-s35","source":"И Митя начинал всё рассказывать, бессвязно, беспорядочно, горячо, но странно, однако же, рассказывал, часто вдруг хмурил брови и обрывался.","translation":"And Mitya would begin telling it all, incoherently, in no order, fervently, but he told it strangely, all the same, often suddenly knitting his brows and breaking off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начинал… рассказывал… хмурил… обрывался","title":"Imperfective string of an iterative scene","body":"The imperfective pasts «начинал», «рассказывал», «хмурил», «обрывался» present a recurring habit — each time he would begin, tell, knit his brows, break off. «Обрывался» is the -ся middle of «обрывать» (to break off, intransitive)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бессвязно, беспорядочно, горячо","title":"Adverbs of manner heaped in apposition","body":"Three manner adverbs pile up to characterize the telling — \"incoherently, disorderly, fervently.\" «Горячо» is the adverb from «горячий» (hot), here \"ardently.\" The rhythmic triple, then the hinge «но странно, однако же», is pure Dostoevskian breathless syntax."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начинал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"начинал","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would begin"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассказывать","gloss":"it all"},{"surface":"рассказывать","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинал","gloss":"telling"},{"surface":"бессвязно","lemma":"бессвязно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывать","gloss":"incoherently"},{"surface":"беспорядочно","lemma":"беспорядочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывать","gloss":"in no order"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывать","gloss":"fervently"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начинал","gloss":"he told it"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хмурил","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хмурил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"хмурил","lemma":"хмурить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начинал","gloss":"knitting"},{"surface":"брови","lemma":"бровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of хмурил","gloss":"his brows"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обрывался","lemma":"обрываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хмурил","gloss":"breaking off"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b8-c8-s36","source":"— Чего ты хмуришься-то? — спрашивала она.","translation":"—What are you frowning about?—she would ask.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего ты хмуришься-то?","title":"«хмуриться» reflexive + emphatic «-то»","body":"«Хмуриться» is the -ся verb \"to frown,\" intransitive. «Чего» is a colloquial genitive of «что» used for \"what/why,\" and the clitic «-то» presses the topic — \"what are you frowning about, then?\" The whole question lives in the spoken, folk register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies хмуришься","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хмуришься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хмуришься","lemma":"хмуриться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are you frowning"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хмуришься","gloss":"emphatic","note":"colloquial emphatic particle -то, adds emphasis and is not separately translated."},{"surface":"спрашивала","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would ask"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of спрашивала","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b8-c8-s37","source":"— Ничего… одного больного там оставил. Кабы выздоровел, кабы знал, что выздоровеет, десять бы лет сейчас моих отдал!","translation":"—Nothing… I left a sick man back there. If only he'd recover, if only I knew he would recover, I'd give ten years of my life right now!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кабы выздоровел, кабы знал… десять бы лет… отдал","title":"The folk conditional «кабы» + «бы»","body":"«Кабы» is a colloquial, folk-flavored «если бы» (\"if only\"), introducing an unreal wished-for condition with past-form verbs. The main clause answers in the «бы»-conditional — «десять бы лет… отдал» (\"I'd give ten years\") — with the mobile «бы» leaning on the stressed «десять»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"десять… лет моих","title":"Genitive plural after a numeral","body":"After «десять» (and all numbers from five up), the counted noun goes into the genitive plural: «десять лет» — ten years. «Лет» is the suppletive genitive plural that «год» borrows from «лето». «Моих» agrees in that genitive plural."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies больного","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"больного","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставил","gloss":"sick man"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставил","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"оставил","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I left"},{"surface":"Кабы","lemma":"кабы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выздоровел","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"выздоровел","lemma":"выздороветь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he'd recover"},{"surface":"кабы","lemma":"кабы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знал","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to выздоровел","gloss":"I knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выздоровеет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"выздоровеет","lemma":"выздороветь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"he would recover"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of отдал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of отдал","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдал","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"отдал","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'd give"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b8-c8-s38","source":"— Ну, бог с ним, коли больной. Так неужто ты хотел завтра застрелить себя, экой глупый, да из-за чего? Я вот этаких, как ты, безрассудных, люблю, — лепетала она ему немного отяжелевшим языком. — Так ты для меня на всё пойдешь? А? И неужто ж ты, дурачок, вправду хотел завтра застрелиться! Нет, погоди пока, завтра я тебе, может, одно словечко скажу… не сегодня скажу, а завтра. А ты бы хотел сегодня? Нет, я сегодня не хочу… Ну ступай, ступай теперь, веселись.","translation":"—Well, God be with him, if he's sick. So you really did mean to shoot yourself tomorrow, you silly thing—and over what? It's just men like you, the reckless ones, that I love,—she babbled to him with a tongue grown a little heavy.—So you'd do anything for me? Eh? And did you really, you little fool, truly mean to shoot yourself tomorrow! No, wait a while; tomorrow I'll perhaps say one little word to you… I'll say it not today, but tomorrow. And you'd like it today? No, today I don't want to… Well, go on, go on now, enjoy yourself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бог с ним, коли больной","title":"Folk conditional «коли»","body":"«Коли» is a folksy, archaic equivalent of «если» (if): \"God be with him, if he's sick.\" «Больной» here is a short-style predicate adjective \"sick.\" Both belong to the peasant-spoken layer Grushenka slips into."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"неужто ты хотел завтра застрелить себя","title":"«себя» as object of «застрелить»","body":"«Застрелить себя» — to shoot oneself — uses the full reflexive pronoun «себя» as the direct object (contrast the -ся verb «застрелиться» she uses moments later, same meaning). Russian offers both routes to reflexivity, and Grushenka swings between them."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А ты бы хотел сегодня?","title":"Softening «бы» — \"would you like\"","body":"«Ты бы хотел» uses «бы» with a past-form verb not for a condition but to soften the question into the polite/tentative \"would you like?\" The same particle that builds conditionals also files down the edge of a direct request."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дурачок","title":"«дурачок» — silly little fool, affectionate","body":"«Дурачок» is the diminutive of «дурак» (fool), but the «-чок» softens the insult into fondness — \"you little fool,\" said tenderly. Like «безрассудных» and «глупый» around it, it scolds Mitya with unmistakable affection."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"бог","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the idiom бог с ним","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"be with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бог","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of больной","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"he's sick"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"did you really"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies застрелить","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"застрелить","lemma":"застрелить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"shoot"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of застрелить","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"экой","lemma":"экой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глупый","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"глупый","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ты","gloss":"silly thing"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотел","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этаких","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"этаких","lemma":"этакий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"men like this"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking ты","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"oblique complement of этаких","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"безрассудных","lemma":"безрассудный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with этаких","gloss":"the reckless"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"лепетала","lemma":"лепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she babbled"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лепетала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of лепетала","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отяжелевшим","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"отяжелевшим","lemma":"отяжелеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"clause modifying языком","gloss":"grown heavy"},{"surface":"языком","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лепетала","gloss":"tongue"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдешь","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойдешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всё","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдешь","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"пойдешь","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would you go"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неужто","lemma":"неужто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"did you really"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неужто","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дурачок","lemma":"дурачок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ты","gloss":"you little fool"},{"surface":"вправду","lemma":"вправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies застрелиться","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"застрелиться","lemma":"застрелиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to shoot yourself"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"погоди","lemma":"погодить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies погоди","gloss":"a while"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical modifying скажу","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies словечко","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"словечко","lemma":"словечко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"little word"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with погоди","gloss":"I'll say"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll say"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with сегодня","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of хотел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ступай","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ступай","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"веселись","lemma":"веселиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ступай","gloss":"enjoy yourself"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b8-c8-s39","source":"Раз, однако, она подозвала его как бы в недоумении и озабоченно.","translation":"Once, however, she beckoned him over as if in bewilderment and concern.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы в недоумении","title":"«как бы» — \"as if, as it were\"","body":"«Как бы» (with the irrealis «бы») softens an assertion to \"as if, sort of\": \"as if in bewilderment.\" It hedges the narrator's reading of Grushenka's manner, a favorite Dostoevskian qualifier for half-grasped inner states."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подозвала","title":"Perfective «подозвать» — beckoned over","body":"«Подозвала» is perfective — one completed summoning. The prefix «подо-» adds the directional sense of calling someone over to oneself, and the perfective marks it as a single punctual act breaking the scene's flow («Раз, однако…»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подозвала","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подозвала","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подозвала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"подозвала","lemma":"подозвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beckoned"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подозвала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies недоумении","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недоумении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"недоумении","lemma":"недоумение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подозвала","gloss":"bewilderment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"озабоченно","lemma":"озабоченно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with недоумении","gloss":"concern"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b8-c8-s40","source":"— Чего тебе грустно? Я вижу, тебе грустно… Нет, уж я вижу, — прибавила она, зорко вглядываясь в его глаза. — Хоть ты там и целуешься с мужиками и кричишь, а я что-то вижу. Нет, ты веселись, я весела и ты веселись… Я кого-то здесь люблю, угадай кого?.. Ай, посмотри: мальчик-то мой заснул, охмелел, сердечный.","translation":"—Why are you so sad? I can see you're sad… No, I see it now,—she added, peering keenly into his eyes.—Even though you go kissing the peasants over there and shouting, still I can see something. No, you enjoy yourself, I'm merry and you be merry too… There's someone here I love, guess who?.. Ah, look: my boy's fallen asleep, the dear thing got tipsy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего тебе грустно?","title":"Dative experiencer with an emotion","body":"«Тебе грустно» is a classic subjectless dative construction: the experiencer «тебе» in the dative, «грустно» an invariable predicative — \"you feel sad\" (lit. \"to you it is sad\"). This dative-of-feeling pattern is the very grammar of inner life in Dostoevsky."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вглядываясь в его глаза","title":"Imperfective gerund «вглядываясь»","body":"«Вглядываясь» is a present gerund of the -ся verb «вглядываться» (to peer intently into), expressing an action simultaneous with «прибавила». The «в-» prefix and «в его глаза» (accusative of direction) give the sense of looking searchingly into his eyes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"угадай кого?","title":"Perfective imperative + objective «кого»","body":"«Угадай» is the perfective imperative \"guess!\", and «кого» is the accusative/genitive of «кто» — \"guess whom.\" The case-marked question word shows the one to be guessed is the object of loving, not the lover."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сердечный","title":"«сердечный» — the dear, poor soul","body":"From «сердце» (heart), «сердечный» as a term of endearment means \"the dear, poor thing\" — affectionate pity for the tipsy, sleeping Kalganov. It is the warm folk-tender register Grushenka keeps slipping into."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular, used adverbially","role":"adverbial (why), modifies грустно","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of грустно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"грустно","lemma":"грустный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the clause","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of грустно","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"грустно","lemma":"грустный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the clausal object of вижу","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see it"},{"surface":"прибавила","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical main verb (she added)","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прибавила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"зорко","lemma":"зорко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вглядываясь","gloss":"keenly"},{"surface":"вглядываясь","lemma":"вглядываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прибавила","gloss":"peering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of глаза","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вглядываясь","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"Хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause (Хоть ты ... кричишь)","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of целуешься","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целуешься","gloss":"over there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle before целуешься","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"целуешься","lemma":"целоваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the concessive clause, coordinated with кричишь","gloss":"kissing"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мужиками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мужиками","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of целуешься","gloss":"the peasants"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кричишь","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with целуешься","gloss":"shouting"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, part 1 of что-то","role":"direct object of вижу","gloss":"some-","note":"что-то ('something') is split across two tokens by the tokenizer at the hyphen."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle, part 2 of что-то","role":"direct object of вижу (with что)","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of веселись","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"веселись","lemma":"веселиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"enjoy yourself"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of весела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"весела","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate over я, coordinated with веселись","gloss":"am merry"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of веселись","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"веселись","lemma":"веселиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with весела","gloss":"be merry"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, part 1 of кого-то","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"some-","note":"кого-то ('someone') is split across two tokens by the tokenizer at the hyphen."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"кто-то","morphology":"particle, part 2 of кого-то","role":"direct object of люблю (with кого)","gloss":"-one"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"угадай","lemma":"угадать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"guess"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of угадай","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"Ай","lemma":"ай","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection before посмотри","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"посмотри","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заснул","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle, emphatic","role":"emphatic particle attached to мальчик","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"заснул","lemma":"заснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"fell asleep"},{"surface":"охмелел","lemma":"охмелеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заснул","gloss":"got tipsy"},{"surface":"сердечный","lemma":"сердечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive modifying мальчик","gloss":"the dear thing"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b8-c8-s41","source":"Она говорила про Калганова: тот действительно охмелел и заснул на мгновение, сидя на диване.","translation":"She was speaking of Kalganov: he really had grown tipsy and had dropped off for a moment, sitting on the sofa.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"охмелел и заснул","title":"Two perfectives: completed onsets of state","body":"«Охмелел» (grew tipsy) and «заснул» (fell asleep) are perfective pasts marking the completed entry into a new state. The prefixes «о-» and «за-» are \"ingressive,\" turning the process into a finished crossing-over into drunkenness and sleep."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидя на диване","title":"Imperfective gerund «сидя»","body":"«Сидя» is the present gerund of «сидеть» (to sit), expressing the attendant circumstance — \"while sitting on the sofa\" — concurrent with falling asleep. It shares the subject (Kalganov) of the main clause, as a деепричастие must."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of говорила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was speaking"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Калганова","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Калганова","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорила","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of охмелел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies охмелел","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"охмелел","lemma":"охмелеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to говорила","gloss":"had grown tipsy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заснул","lemma":"заснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with охмелел","gloss":"had dropped off"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заснул","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"сидя","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заснул","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидя","gloss":"the sofa"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b8-c8-s42","source":"И не от одного хмеля заснул, ему стало вдруг отчего-то грустно, или, как он говорил, «скучно».","translation":"And it was not from drink alone that he had fallen asleep; he had suddenly felt sad about something, or, as he put it, \"bored.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему стало вдруг… грустно","title":"Dative + «стало» — a feeling came over him","body":"«Ему стало грустно» is the impersonal dative pattern in its inchoative form: «стало» (perfective \"became\") plus the predicative «грустно», with the experiencer «ему» in the dative — \"he suddenly felt sad.\" «Стало» marks the onset of the mood."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скучно","title":"«скучно» — bored / dreary, more than \"bored\"","body":"Kalganov's word «скучно», flagged in quotes, spans \"bored,\" \"dreary,\" and a vague spiritual ennui — the untranslatable Russian «скука». The narrator notes that his sadness was \"not from drink alone,\" hinting at this deeper, characteristically Russian listlessness."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates от одного хмеля","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хмеля","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies хмеля","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"хмеля","lemma":"хмель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заснул","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"заснул","lemma":"заснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he had fallen asleep"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of стало","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заснул","gloss":"had felt"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"отчего","lemma":"отчего-то","morphology":"adverb, part 1 of отчего-то","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"about some-","note":"отчего-то ('for some reason') is split across two tokens by the tokenizer at the hyphen."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"отчего-то","morphology":"particle, part 2 of отчего-то","role":"modifies стало (with отчего)","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"грустно","lemma":"грустный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of говорил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (как он говорил)","gloss":"put it"},{"surface":"скучно","lemma":"скучный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement, coordinated with грустно","gloss":"bored"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b8-c8-s43","source":"Сильно обескуражили его под конец и песни девок, начинавшие переходить, постепенно с попойкой, в нечто слишком уже скоромное и разнузданное.","translation":"And toward the end the girls' songs greatly disheartened him as well, beginning gradually, as the drinking went on, to turn into something altogether too coarse and unbridled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сильно обескуражили его… и песни","title":"Verb-first inversion, delayed subject","body":"The sentence opens with the verb «обескуражили» (disheartened) and its object «его», holding back the subject «песни девок» to the end for weight. Russian's free order lets the new, heavy information — the girls' songs — land last, as the comment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"начинавшие переходить… в нечто","title":"Participle + «переходить в» + accusative","body":"«Начинавшие» (past active participle, agreeing with «песни») governs «переходить в нечто» — \"beginning to turn into something.\" «Переходить в» takes the accusative of the resulting state; «нечто» is the indeclinable \"something.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скоромное","title":"«скоромный» — from fast-day food to \"risqué\"","body":"«Скоромный» originally means non-Lenten food (meat, dairy) forbidden during fasts; by extension it came to mean \"ribald, off-color, indecent.\" Here the songs turn «слишком скоромное» — too coarse — a vivid example of religious vocabulary darkening into the carnal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обескуражили","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"обескуражили","lemma":"обескуражить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"disheartened"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обескуражили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обескуражили","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies песни (also/too)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"песни","lemma":"песня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of обескуражили","gloss":"songs"},{"surface":"девок","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies песни","gloss":"the girls'"},{"surface":"начинавшие","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"participle clause modifying песни","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"переходить","lemma":"переходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинавшие","gloss":"to turn"},{"surface":"постепенно","lemma":"постепенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переходить","gloss":"gradually"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking попойкой","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"попойкой","lemma":"попойка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переходить","gloss":"the drinking"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нечто","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of переходить","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скоромное","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"скоромное","lemma":"скоромный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечто","gloss":"coarse"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разнузданное","lemma":"разнузданный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with скоромное","gloss":"unbridled"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b8-c8-s44","source":"Да и пляски их тоже: две девки переоделись в медведей, а Степанида, бойкая девка с палкой в руке, представляя вожака, стала их «показывать».","translation":"And their dances too: two of the girls dressed themselves up as bears, and Stepanida, a brisk girl with a stick in her hand, playing the keeper, set about \"putting them through their paces.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"переоделись в медведей","title":"«переодеться в» + accusative animate","body":"«Переоделись в медведей» — \"dressed up as bears\" — uses the -ся verb «переодеться» (to change one's clothes / disguise oneself) with «в» + accusative. «Медведей» is animate-accusative (= genitive plural), so the bears \"into which\" they dress show the animacy rule at work."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"представляя вожака","title":"Imperfective gerund «представляя»","body":"«Представляя вожака» is a present gerund — \"playing/representing the keeper\" — a simultaneous action attending «стала их показывать». The subject of the gerund is Stepanida, who also governs the main verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Да и","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"пляски","lemma":"пляска","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the topic phrase","gloss":"dances"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"determiner","role":"possessive determiner of пляски","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пляски","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on девки","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"девки","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of переоделись","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"переоделись","lemma":"переодеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the elaboration clause","gloss":"dressed themselves up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking медведей","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"медведей","lemma":"медведь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of переоделись","gloss":"bears"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Степанида","lemma":"Степанида","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стала","gloss":"Stepanida"},{"surface":"бойкая","lemma":"бойкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девка","gloss":"brisk"},{"surface":"девка","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"appositive to Степанида","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking палкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"палкой","lemma":"палка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девка","gloss":"a stick"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руке","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies палкой","gloss":"her hand"},{"surface":"представляя","lemma":"представлять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on стала","gloss":"playing"},{"surface":"вожака","lemma":"вожак","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of представляя","gloss":"the keeper"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with переоделись","gloss":"set about"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of показывать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"показывать","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стала","gloss":"putting through their paces","note":"«показывать» here is a keeper's term for making trained bears perform, not literal 'showing'."}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b8-c8-s45","source":"«Веселей, Марья, — кричала она, — не то палкой!»","translation":"\"Livelier, Marya,\" she shouted, \"or it's the stick!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то палкой","title":"Elliptical threat «не то» + instrumental","body":"«Не то» means \"or else,\" and «палкой» is the instrumental of «палка» (stick) — the means of the implied beating: \"or else [I'll use] the stick!\" The verb is dropped, leaving only the instrument, a curt, menacing ellipsis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Веселей","title":"Comparative as a command","body":"«Веселей» is the predicative comparative of «весёлый» (merry) — \"livelier!\" — used here as an urging: do it more merrily. The comparative's invariable -ей form doubles neatly as an exhortation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Веселей","lemma":"веселей","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"livelier"},{"surface":"Марья","lemma":"Марья","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, feminine, singular","role":"addressee, vocative","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"кричала","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of кричала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не то","morphology":"particle, part 1 of idiom не то","role":"part of idiom не то (or else)","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"не то","morphology":"particle, part 2 of idiom не то","role":"part of idiom не то (or else)","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"палкой","lemma":"палка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement in the elliptical clause (не то палкой = or else, the stick)","gloss":"the stick"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b8-c8-s46","source":"Медведи наконец повалились на пол как-то совсем уж неприлично, при громком хохоте набравшейся не в прорез всякой публики баб и мужиков.","translation":"The bears at last tumbled to the floor in a way that was altogether too indecent, amid the loud guffaws of the crowd of men and women that had packed in past all measure.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"набравшейся… публики баб и мужиков","title":"Past active participle of a -ся verb in the genitive","body":"«Набравшейся» is a past active participle of «набраться» (to crowd in, accumulate), genitive feminine to agree with «публики» after «хохоте… публики». It compresses \"of the crowd that had packed in\" into one dense modifier — and «баб и мужиков» stands in apposition, genitive plural."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не в прорез","title":"«не в прорез» — past all measure","body":"A rare colloquial idiom meaning \"beyond bounds, more than fits\" — the crowd had packed in «не в прорез», past all room. The phrase, like much of this scene's diction, draws on earthy folk speech now opaque even to many Russians."}],"words":[{"surface":"Медведи","lemma":"медведь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of повалились","gloss":"the bears"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повалились","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"повалились","lemma":"повалиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tumbled"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пол","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повалились","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"adverb, part 1 of как-то","role":"modifies неприлично","gloss":"in a way that was"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"как-то","morphology":"particle, part 2 of как-то","role":"modifies неприлично (with как)","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уж","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неприлично","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"неприлично","lemma":"неприличный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повалились","gloss":"indecent"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хохоте","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"громком","lemma":"громкий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хохоте","gloss":"loud"},{"surface":"хохоте","lemma":"хохот","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повалились (marked by при)","gloss":"guffaws"},{"surface":"набравшейся","lemma":"набраться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"participle clause modifying публики","gloss":"that had packed in"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не в прорез","morphology":"particle, part of idiom не в прорез","role":"part of idiom не в прорез (past all measure)","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"не в прорез","morphology":"preposition, part of idiom не в прорез","role":"part of idiom не в прорез","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"прорез","lemma":"прорез","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of набравшейся, part of idiom не в прорез","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"всякой","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies публики","gloss":"all sorts of"},{"surface":"публики","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive dependent of хохоте, modified by набравшейся","gloss":"the crowd"},{"surface":"баб","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to публики (specifying: men and women)","gloss":"of women"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мужиков","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with баб","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b8-c8-s47","source":"«Ну и пусть их, ну и пусть их, — говорила сентенциозно Грушенька с блаженным видом в лице, — кой-то денек выйдет им повеселиться, так и не радоваться людям?»","translation":"\"Let them be, then, let them be,\" Grushenka said sententiously, with a blissful look on her face, \"if a day comes their way to make merry, why shouldn't people be glad of it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть их","title":"«пусть их» — \"let them be\"","body":"«Пусть» forms a third-person permission/dismissal, and the bare «их» (\"them,\" object of an implied verb) gives the colloquial \"let them be, never mind them.\" The doubled «ну и пусть их» heightens Grushenka's indulgent, expansive mood."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так и не радоваться людям?","title":"Dative subject of «не радоваться»","body":"«Не радоваться людям» — \"are people not to rejoice, then?\" — is a dative-subject rhetorical question: the experiencers «людям» in the dative, the verb in the negated infinitive expressing \"should they not?\" The -ся verb «радоваться» (to rejoice) takes its cause in the dative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сентенциозно","title":"«сентенциозно» — sententiously","body":"A bookish adverb meaning \"in the manner of pronouncing a maxim,\" gently ironic here: tipsy Grushenka delivers her folk wisdom about letting people enjoy themselves with mock-solemn gravity. The Latinate word winks at her homespun philosophizing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies пусть","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces let-clause, head of the phrase","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of пусть-clause","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies пусть","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces let-clause","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with их (repetition)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"сентенциозно","lemma":"сентенциозный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорила","gloss":"sententiously"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of говорила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"блаженным","lemma":"блаженный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"blissful"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорила","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"her face"},{"surface":"кой","lemma":"кой-то","morphology":"determiner, part 1 of кой-то","role":"part of the word кой-то (some)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"кой-то","morphology":"particle, part 2 of кой-то","role":"part of the word кой-то (with кой)","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"денек","lemma":"денёк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выйдет","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"выйдет","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of выйдет","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"повеселиться","lemma":"повеселиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of выйдет","gloss":"to make merry"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так и не","morphology":"adverb, part 1 of idiom так и не","role":"part of idiom так и не (why shouldn't)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"так и не","morphology":"particle, part 2 of idiom так и не","role":"part of idiom так и не","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates радоваться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"радоваться","lemma":"радоваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with повеселиться","gloss":"be glad"},{"surface":"людям","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of радоваться","gloss":"people"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b8-c8-s48","source":"Калганов же смотрел так, как будто чем запачкался.","translation":"Kalganov, for his part, looked as though he had got himself smeared with something.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто чем запачкался","title":"«как будто» + the indefinite «чем»","body":"«Как будто» means \"as though.\" «Чем» here is the instrumental of «что» used indefinitely — \"with something\": «запачкался чем» = got himself smeared with something. The -ся verb «запачкаться» (to get oneself dirty) is the perfective middle of «запачкать»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Калганов же","title":"Contrastive «же» marking a topic switch","body":"«Же» after «Калганов» pivots from the merry crowd to the fastidious Kalganov by contrast — \"Kalganov, for his part…\" It does not stress a single word but signals the narrative's turn to a new figure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Калганов","gloss":"for his part"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так как будто","morphology":"adverb, part 1 of idiom так, как будто","role":"part of idiom так, как будто (as though)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, part 2 of idiom как будто","role":"part of idiom как будто","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle, part 3 of idiom как будто","role":"part of idiom как будто","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of запачкался","gloss":"with something"},{"surface":"запачкался","lemma":"запачкаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the как будто clause","gloss":"had gotten smeared"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b8-c8-s49","source":"«Свинство это всё, эта вся народность, — заметил он, отходя, — это у них весенние игры, когда они солнце берегут во всю летнюю ночь».","translation":"\"It's all swinishness, this whole „folk spirit,“\" he remarked, walking off, \"this is their springtime games, when they keep watch over the sun the whole summer night through.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отходя","title":"Imperfective gerund «отходя»","body":"«Отходя» is the present gerund of «отходить» (to step away), naming the simultaneous action — \"walking off\" — as Kalganov makes his remark. The prefixed motion verb «отходить» is the imperfective member of the pair «отходить/отойти»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Свинство… народность","title":"«свинство» vs «народность»","body":"Kalganov sneers \"свинство\" (swinishness, from «свинья», pig) at what others would solemnly call «народность» — \"folk spirit, national character,\" a loaded term of 19th-century debate over the Russian people's soul. His clash of the two words is an ideological jab at romanticized peasant culture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Свинство","lemma":"свинство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate nominal, head of the phrase","gloss":"swinishness"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject/topic of всё-clause","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Свинство (predicate: it's all swinishness)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of народность","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of народность","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"народность","lemma":"народность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Свинство","gloss":"folk spirit"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical main verb (he remarked)","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отходя","lemma":"отходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заметил","gloss":"walking off"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject/topic of the clause (это ... игры)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них, idiom у них (their)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of у, possessive (their)","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"весенние","lemma":"весенний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies игры","gloss":"springtime"},{"surface":"игры","lemma":"игра","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate nominal (это ... игры)","gloss":"games"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of берегут","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of берегут","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"солнце","lemma":"солнце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of берегут","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"берегут","lemma":"беречь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause modifying игры","gloss":"keep watch over"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"летнюю","lemma":"летний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"summer"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of берегут","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b8-c8-s50","source":"Но особенно не понравилась ему одна «новая» песенка с бойким плясовым напевом, пропетая о том, как ехал барин и девушек пытал:","translation":"But he was particularly displeased by one \"new\" little song with a brisk dance tune, sung about how a squire rode along and put the question to the girls:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не понравилась ему одна «новая» песенка","title":"Dative experiencer with «понравиться»","body":"Again the \"liking\" verb inverts: the song «песенка» is the subject, the displeased Kalganov «ему» the dative experiencer, negated — \"one song did not please him.\" «Песенка» is the diminutive of «песня» (a little song / ditty)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пропетая о том, как ехал барин","title":"Past passive participle «пропетая»","body":"«Пропетая» is a past passive participle of «пропеть» (to sing through), feminine, agreeing with «песенка»: \"a song sung about how…\" «Ехал» is the unidirectional motion verb «ехать» (riding/driving one way), imperfective for the ongoing journey of the folk tale."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пытал","title":"«пытать» — to put to the test, sound out","body":"In this song «пытать» means to test or question the girls — \"sounded them out\" on whether they'd love him. The verb also carries the heavier modern sense \"to torture,\" and the older \"to try,\" lending the playful refrain a faint shadow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понравилась","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates понравилась","gloss":"dis-"},{"surface":"понравилась","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of понравилась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies песенка","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"новая","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies песенка","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"песенка","lemma":"песенка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of понравилась","gloss":"little song"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking напевом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"бойким","lemma":"бойкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies напевом","gloss":"brisk"},{"surface":"плясовым","lemma":"плясовой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies напевом","gloss":"dance"},{"surface":"напевом","lemma":"напев","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies песенка","gloss":"tune"},{"surface":"пропетая","lemma":"пропеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying песенка","gloss":"sung"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пропетая","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause elaborating том","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ехал","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"rode along"},{"surface":"барин","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ехал","gloss":"a squire"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"девушек","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пытал","gloss":"the girls"},{"surface":"пытал","lemma":"пытать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause coordinated with ехал, modifying том","gloss":"put the question to"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b8-c8-s51","source":"Барин девушек пытал, Девки любят али нет?","translation":"The squire put the girls to the test, / Do the lasses love him, yes or no?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Девки любят али нет?","title":"Folk «али» = «или»","body":"«Али» is a folk-poetic variant of «или» (or): \"do the girls love [him] or not?\" It is a marker of song and peasant speech, helping the refrain ring with traditional чаstушка flavor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Барин","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пытал","gloss":"the squire"},{"surface":"девушек","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пытал","gloss":"the girls"},{"surface":"пытал","lemma":"пытать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put to the test"},{"surface":"Девки","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of любят","gloss":"the lasses"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пытал","gloss":"love him"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links alternative question (or not)","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with любят (alternative: or not)","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b8-c8-s52","source":"Но девкам показалось, что нельзя любить барина:","translation":"But it seemed to the lasses that one mustn't love a squire:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"девкам показалось, что нельзя любить","title":"Dative + «показалось» + «нельзя»","body":"Two impersonal constructions nest here: «девкам показалось» (it seemed to the girls — dative experiencer) and «нельзя любить» (one mustn't love — invariable «нельзя» plus infinitive). Both run without a nominative subject, the hallmark dative-experiencer grammar."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"девкам","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"dative experiencer of показалось","gloss":"the lasses"},{"surface":"показалось","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нельзя","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of показалось","gloss":"one mustn't"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"a squire"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b8-c8-s53","source":"Барин будет больно бить, А я его не любить.","translation":"The squire will beat me sore, / And so I'll love him no more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А я его не любить","title":"Infinitive for a resolved future in song","body":"«Я его не любить» uses a bare infinitive where standard grammar wants a finite verb — a folk-song idiom for firm resolve: \"and so I'll [choose] not to love him.\" The negation «не» plus infinitive carries the girl's flat refusal. «Любить» governs the accusative «его»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"больно бить","title":"«больно» — sorely, painfully (adverb)","body":"«Больно» as an adverb means \"painfully, sorely\" — \"will beat me sore.\" Colloquially «больно» can also mean \"very, awfully,\" but here, paired with «бить» (to beat), it is the literal pain the squire would inflict."}],"words":[{"surface":"Барин","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бить","gloss":"the squire"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of бить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"больно","lemma":"больно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бить","gloss":"sore"},{"surface":"бить","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любить","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates любить","gloss":"no more"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бить","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b8-c8-s54","source":"Ехал потом цыган (произносилось цы́ган), и этот тоже:","translation":"Then a Gypsy rode by (pronounced Gýpsy), and he too:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ехал потом цыган","title":"Imperfective motion verb «ехал»","body":"«Ехал» (the unidirectional «ехать», imperfective) continues the song's procession — \"then a Gypsy rode by.\" Each verse repeats this «ехал… пытал» frame, the imperfective holding each suitor in mid-journey."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ехал","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rode by"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ехал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"цыган","lemma":"цыган","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Ехал","gloss":"a Gypsy"},{"surface":"произносилось","lemma":"произноситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"was pronounced"},{"surface":"цы́ган","lemma":"цыган","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of произносилось","gloss":"Gýpsy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with цыган","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elliptical verb (this one too)","gloss":"too"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b8-c8-s55","source":"Цы́ган девушек пытал, Девки любят али нет?","translation":"The Gýpsy put the girls to the test, / Do the lasses love him, yes or no?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Цы́ган девушек пытал","title":"Free order: object before verb","body":"«Девушек пытал» places the object «девушек» (animate accusative = genitive plural) before the verb, the song's fixed refrain pattern. The animacy rule makes «девушек» look genitive, and word order serves the meter rather than grammar."}],"words":[{"surface":"Цы́ган","lemma":"цыган","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пытал","gloss":"the Gýpsy"},{"surface":"девушек","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пытал","gloss":"the girls"},{"surface":"пытал","lemma":"пытать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put to the test"},{"surface":"Девки","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of любят","gloss":"the lasses"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пытал","gloss":"love him"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links alternative question (or not)","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with любят (alternative: or not)","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b8-c8-s56","source":"Но и цыгана нельзя любить:","translation":"But one mustn't love a Gypsy either:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"цыгана нельзя любить","title":"«нельзя» + infinitive + animate object","body":"«Нельзя любить» — \"one mustn't love\" — is the impersonal «нельзя» plus infinitive, here with the animate-accusative object «цыгана» (= genitive singular for an animate masculine noun). No subject; the prohibition floats over everyone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Но и","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"цыгана","lemma":"цыган","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"a Gypsy"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one mustn't"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b8-c8-s57","source":"Цы́ган будет воровать, А я буду горевать.","translation":"The Gýpsy will go thieving, / And I'll be left grieving.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Цы́ган будет воровать, А я буду горевать","title":"Compound imperfective future with «буду»","body":"Both lines use the compound (imperfective) future: «будет воровать» (will go thieving) and «буду горевать» (will grieve) — the conjugated future of «быть» plus an imperfective infinitive. The aspect frames these as ongoing, habitual outcomes, perfect for the song's general truths."}],"words":[{"surface":"Цы́ган","lemma":"цыган","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воровать","gloss":"the Gýpsy"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of воровать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"воровать","lemma":"воровать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go thieving"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of горевать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of горевать","gloss":"'ll be"},{"surface":"горевать","lemma":"горевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with воровать","gloss":"grieving"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b8-c8-s58","source":"И много проехало так людей, которые пытали девушек, даже солдат:","translation":"And many men rode by in this way, putting the question to the girls, even a soldier:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"много проехало так людей","title":"«много» + genitive plural; neuter agreement","body":"After the quantity word «много» the counted noun goes genitive plural — «людей» (of people). The verb takes the impersonal neuter singular «проехало», the regular agreement with «много + genitive». «Проехало» is the perfective «проехать» — many had ridden past in all."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые пытали девушек","title":"Relative «которые» in the nominative plural","body":"«Которые» joins the relative clause, agreeing with «людей» in number (plural) but taking the nominative as subject of «пытали» within its own clause. \"Many people rode by who put the question to the girls.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проехало","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"проехало","lemma":"проехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rode by"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проехало","gloss":"in this way"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"genitive complement of много (quantified subject)","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пытали","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"пытали","lemma":"пытать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on людей","gloss":"put the question to"},{"surface":"девушек","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пытали","gloss":"the girls"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies солдат","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"солдат","lemma":"солдат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to людей","gloss":"a soldier"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b8-c8-s59","source":"Солдат девушек пытал, Девки любят али нет?","translation":"The soldier put the girls to the test, / Do the lasses love him, yes or no?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Девки любят али нет?","title":"The fixed refrain returns","body":"The identical refrain «Девки любят али нет?» recurs verse by verse, each time with a new rider — the song's structure is incremental repetition, the spine of the чаstушка/folk genre. Only the suitor's name changes against the unvarying question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Солдат","lemma":"солдат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пытал","gloss":"the soldier"},{"surface":"девушек","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пытал","gloss":"the girls"},{"surface":"пытал","lemma":"пытать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put to the test"},{"surface":"Девки","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of любят","gloss":"the lasses"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"love him"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links любят and нет as alternatives","gloss":"or","note":"Folk/dialectal form of или (\"or\"), common in this soldiers'-song register."},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated alternative to любят","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b8-c8-s60","source":"Но солдата с презрением отвергли:","translation":"But the soldier they spurned with scorn:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"солдата с презрением отвергли","title":"Impersonal plural + instrumental of manner","body":"The subjectless plural «отвергли» (\"they spurned\") leaves the rejecters generic — the girls of the song. «Солдата» is the animate accusative (= genitive singular), and «с презрением» is «с» + instrumental of manner: \"spurned with scorn.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"солдата","lemma":"солдат","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отвергли","gloss":"the soldier"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking презрением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"презрением","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвергли","gloss":"scorn"},{"surface":"отвергли","lemma":"отвергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spurned"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b8-c8-s61","source":"Солдат будет ранец несть, А я за ним...","translation":"The soldier will carry his pack, / And I behind his back…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"несть","title":"«несть» — folk infinitive of «нести»","body":"«несть» is a colloquial, song-register variant of the infinitive «нести» (to carry), shortened to fit the folk-verse metre. The whole couplet imitates a soldiers' street ditty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будет ранец несть","title":"Compound future «будет несть»","body":"«будет несть» is the imperfective compound future — «будет» (future of «быть») plus an imperfective infinitive — naming an ongoing future action: \"will be carrying.\" The pack «ранец» sits in the accusative as direct object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ранец","title":"«ранец» — a soldier's knapsack","body":"«ранец», a loanword (German Ranzen), is the military pack carried on the back. The image fixes the song in the world of conscript soldiers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Солдат","lemma":"солдат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of несть","gloss":"the soldier"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of несть","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ранец","lemma":"ранец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of несть","gloss":"his pack"},{"surface":"несть","lemma":"нести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of будет","gloss":"carry","note":"Archaic/folk infinitive form of нести (\"to carry\"), preserved for the song's meter."},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (за ним)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of за","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b8-c8-s62","source":"Тут следовал самый нецензурный стишок, пропетый совершенно откровенно и произведший фурор в слушавшей публике.","translation":"Here followed the most unprintable little verse, sung quite frankly and producing a furor among the listening crowd.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пропетый… и произведший фурор","title":"Chain of participles modifying «стишок»","body":"Two participles pile onto «стишок»: the past passive «пропетый» (sung) and the past active «произведший» (which produced). Stacking participles to compress two relative clauses into one noun phrase is a hallmark of Dostoevsky's bookish narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нецензурный стишок","title":"«нецензурный» and the diminutive «стишок»","body":"«нецензурный» means literally \"un-censorable,\" i.e. unprintable, obscene. The diminutive «стишок» (from «стих», a verse) is dismissive-affectionate — a \"little ditty\" — softening the crudeness with a knowing wink."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в слушавшей публике","title":"Past active participle «слушавшей»","body":"«слушавшей» (listening / who was listening) is the past active participle of imperfective «слушать», agreeing with «публике» in the prepositional. It replaces a «которая слушала» clause, condensed to a single modifier."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"произвести фурор","title":"«произвести фурор» — to cause a sensation","body":"A fixed idiom borrowed from French (faire fureur): «фурор» is a public stir, a sensation. The phrasing is mildly ironic given that what produced the \"furor\" was an obscene verse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies следовал","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"следовал","lemma":"следовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies нецензурный","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"нецензурный","lemma":"нецензурный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стишок","gloss":"unprintable"},{"surface":"стишок","lemma":"стишок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of следовал","gloss":"little verse"},{"surface":"пропетый","lemma":"пропеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying стишок","gloss":"sung"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies откровенно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"откровенно","lemma":"откровенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пропетый","gloss":"frankly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"произведший","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with пропетый","gloss":"producing"},{"surface":"фурор","lemma":"фурор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of произведший","gloss":"a furor"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking публике","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"слушавшей","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, locative, imperfective","role":"modifies публике","gloss":"listening"},{"surface":"публике","lemma":"публика","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произведший","gloss":"the crowd"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b8-c8-s63","source":"Кончилось наконец дело на купце:","translation":"The matter ended at last on a merchant:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кончилось… дело","title":"Reflexive «кончилось» and inverted order","body":"«кончилось» is the reflexive (-ся) intransitive \"came to an end\" — the verb takes no object, the matter ends of itself. The subject «дело» follows its verb, and the adverb «наконец» is wedged inside, a loose spoken rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на купце","title":"Prepositional «на купце»","body":"«на купце» is the prepositional case after «на», here marking the point the sequence of verses settled on — \"ended on a merchant.\" Animate «купец» declines to «купце»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кончилось","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ended"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Кончилось","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Кончилось","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking купце","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"купце","lemma":"купец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Кончилось","gloss":"a merchant"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b8-c8-s64","source":"Купчик девушек пытал, Девки любят али нет?","translation":"The merchant put the girls to the test, / Do the lasses love him, yes or no?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Купчик… девки","title":"Folk-song diminutives: «купчик», «девки»","body":"«купчик» is a familiar diminutive of «купец» (a little merchant-fellow); «девки» is the plain folk word for young women, earthier than «девушки». Both pin the verse to peasant song register."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"али","title":"«али» — folk «или»","body":"«али» is a rustic, dialectal variant of «или» (or), used in song and peasant speech: \"do they love him or not?\" It signals the folk-poetic voice as clearly as a banjo."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"девушек пытал","title":"Animate accusative «девушек»","body":"«девушек» is the genitive-shaped accusative of animacy: animate plural objects borrow the genitive ending, so \"tested the girls\" looks like the genitive «девушек». «пытал» here is the older sense \"put to the test, questioned.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Купчик","lemma":"купчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пытал","gloss":"the merchant"},{"surface":"девушек","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пытал","gloss":"the girls"},{"surface":"пытал","lemma":"пытать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put to the test"},{"surface":"Девки","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of любят","gloss":"the lasses"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"love him"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links любят and нет as alternatives","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated alternative to любят","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b8-c8-s65","source":"И оказалось, что очень любят, потому, дескать, что","translation":"And it turned out that they loved him very much indeed, for, so they say,","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оказалось, что","title":"Impersonal «оказалось, что…»","body":"«оказалось» is an impersonal neuter past — \"it turned out\" — with no nominative subject, introducing a «что»-clause of reported fact. The pattern frames the whole revelation as something that simply emerged."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — reported-speech marker","body":"«дескать» is a particle flagging that the words are someone else's claim, not the narrator's — \"so they say,\" \"supposedly,\" often with a hint of irony. It distances the speaker from the assertion that follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it turned out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любят","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"любят","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of оказалось","gloss":"they love him"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlates with что (forms потому...что, \"because\")","gloss":"for the reason"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical particle within the потому...что clause","gloss":"so they say","note":"Descať flags reported/hearsay speech, like inserting \"they say\" mid-sentence."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause (continues beyond this segment)","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b8-c8-s66","source":"Купчик будет торговать, А я буду царевать.","translation":"The merchant will be trading, / And I'll be queening it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будет торговать, А я буду царевать","title":"Parallel compound futures","body":"Both lines use the imperfective compound future «будет/буду» plus infinitive, naming ongoing future states: \"will be trading\" / \"will be reigning.\" The parallel structure carries the song's sing-song logic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"царевать","title":"«царевать» — to live like a queen","body":"From «царь» (tsar), «царевать» means to reign, but in this song it is the girl's daydream of lording it in ease — \"queening it,\" living grandly while the merchant works."}],"words":[{"surface":"Купчик","lemma":"купчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of торговать","gloss":"the merchant"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of торговать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"торговать","lemma":"торговать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be trading"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of царевать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of царевать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"царевать","lemma":"царевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with торговать","gloss":"play the queen"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b8-c8-s67","source":"Калганов даже озлился:","translation":"Kalganov even grew cross:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"озлился","title":"Reflexive of emotion «озлился»","body":"«озлился» is a perfective reflexive (-ся) verb of entering a state — \"grew angry, got cross\" — from «зло» (malice). The -ся here marks a change of inner state in the subject himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of озлился","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies озлился","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"озлился","lemma":"озлиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew cross"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b8-c8-s68","source":"— Это совсем вчерашняя песня, — заметил он вслух, — и кто это им сочиняет! Недостает, чтобы железнодорожник аль жид проехали и девушек пытали: эти всех бы победили. — И, почти обидевшись, он тут же и объявил, что ему скучно, сел на диван и вдруг задремал.","translation":"—That's a completely outdated song,—he remarked aloud,—and who is it that composes such things for them! All it lacks is for a railwayman or a Jew to ride by and put the question to the girls: those two would carry the day over all the rest.—And, almost taking offense, he there and then announced that he was bored, sat down on the sofa, and suddenly dozed off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аль жид","title":"«аль» and the slur «жид»","body":"«аль» is, like «али», folk for «или» (or). «жид» is a now-offensive ethnic slur for a Jew, neutral-to-pejorative in 19th-c. usage; Kalganov tosses it off casually, a period detail of class and prejudice the translation keeps as \"a Jew.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"эти всех бы победили","title":"Conditional «бы победили»","body":"«всех бы победили» is the conditional: past-form verb plus the particle «бы», \"would beat everyone.\" The «бы» leans on «всех» rather than the verb, its usual mobile habit; «всех» is the animate-genitive accusative \"everyone.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обидевшись","title":"Perfective gerund «обидевшись»","body":"«обидевшись» (having taken offense) is a perfective past gerund «деепричастие» of the reflexive «обидеться», naming a completed circumstance accompanying the main verbs. It must share their subject — Kalganov."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему скучно","title":"Dative-subject «ему скучно»","body":"«ему скучно» is the classic impersonal experiencer construction: the dative «ему» names who feels, and the neuter predicate «скучно» the state — \"he was bored,\" literally \"to-him [it-is] boring.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Недостает, чтобы","title":"«недостаёт, чтобы…» — \"all that's missing is…\"","body":"«недостаёт» (impersonal: \"there is lacking\") plus a «чтобы»-clause means \"the only thing missing is that…\" — Kalganov's sarcastic way of saying the song could hardly get more vulgar."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject; предикат = песня","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вчерашняя","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"вчерашняя","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies песня","gloss":"outdated"},{"surface":"песня","lemma":"песня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Это","gloss":"song"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical reporting clause","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вслух","lemma":"вслух","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of сочиняет","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сочиняет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сочиняет","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"сочиняет","lemma":"сочинять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamatory clause","gloss":"composes"},{"surface":"Недостает","lemma":"недоставать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"all that's missing is"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of проехали","gloss":"for...to"},{"surface":"железнодорожник","lemma":"железнодорожник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проехали","gloss":"a railwayman"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links железнодорожник and жид as alternatives","gloss":"or","note":"Dialectal form of или (\"or\"), matching the folk-song register just quoted."},{"surface":"жид","lemma":"жид","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with железнодорожник","gloss":"a Jew","note":"A period slur for a Jewish person; kept as the historical text has it, not endorsed."},{"surface":"проехали","lemma":"проехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Недостает","gloss":"ride by"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"девушек","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пытали","gloss":"the girls"},{"surface":"пытали","lemma":"пытать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with проехали","gloss":"put to the test"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of победили","gloss":"these two"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of победили","gloss":"everyone else"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of победили","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"победили","lemma":"победить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause (эти... победили)","gloss":"would have won out"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обидевшись","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"обидевшись","lemma":"обидеться","morphology":"verb, past, reflexive, converb, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on объявил","gloss":"taking offense"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объявил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявил","gloss":"right then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies тут","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"announced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скучно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"experiencer subject of скучно","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"скучно","lemma":"скучно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"clausal complement of объявил","gloss":"bored"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with объявил","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диван","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диван","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задремал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"задремал","lemma":"задремать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сел","gloss":"dozed off"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b8-c8-s69","source":"Хорошенькое личико его несколько побледнело и откинулось на подушку дивана.","translation":"His pretty little face had paled somewhat and had sunk back onto the sofa cushion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Хорошенькое личико","title":"Double diminutive: «хорошенькое личико»","body":"Both words are diminutive-affectionate: «хорошенький» (pretty, dear) softens «хороший», and «личико» is the tender diminutive of «лицо» (face). Together they tint Kalganov's boyish prettiness with warmth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"побледнело и откинулось","title":"Perfective verbs; reflexive «откинулось»","body":"Both verbs are perfective past, marking single completed events against the scene's flow. «откинулось» is reflexive-intransitive — the face \"sank back\" of itself — agreeing as neuter with «личико»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хорошенькое","lemma":"хорошенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies личико","gloss":"pretty little"},{"surface":"личико","lemma":"личико","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of побледнело","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies личико","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побледнело","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"побледнело","lemma":"побледнеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had paled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"откинулось","lemma":"откинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with побледнело","gloss":"sank back"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушку","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"подушку","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of откинулось","gloss":"the cushion"},{"surface":"дивана","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подушку","gloss":"of the sofa"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b8-c8-s70","source":"— Посмотри, какой он хорошенький, — говорила Грушенька, подводя к нему Митю, — я ему давеча головку расчесывала; волоски точно лен и густые…","translation":"—Look how pretty he is,—Grushenka was saying, leading Mitya over to him,—I combed his little head just now; his hair is just like flax, and thick…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подводя к нему Митю","title":"Imperfective gerund «подводя»","body":"«подводя» (leading over) is a present imperfective gerund «деепричастие» expressing an action simultaneous with «говорила» — she speaks while leading Mitya up. Its subject is Grushenka, the main-clause subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — \"a little while ago\"","body":"«давеча» is a homely, slightly archaic adverb meaning \"earlier today, just now.\" It recurs in this chapter (see «давеча» in s105) and gives Grushenka's speech its colloquial colour."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"головку… волоски","title":"Tender diminutives «головку», «волоски»","body":"«головку» (little head, from «голова») and «волоски» (little hairs, from «волосы») are caressing diminutives. Grushenka is mothering the sleeping Kalganov, and the suffixes carry all the tenderness of the gesture."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"точно лен","title":"«точно» as \"just like\"; «лен» (flax)","body":"Here «точно» is not \"exactly\" but the comparative particle \"just like, as if\": his hair is fair and fine «точно лен» — like flax. Flax for blond hair is a stock Russian folk simile."}],"words":[{"surface":"Посмотри","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хорошенький (exclamatory)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хорошенький","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хорошенький","lemma":"хорошенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the clausal complement of Посмотри","gloss":"pretty"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical reporting clause","gloss":"was saying"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of говорила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"подводя","lemma":"подводить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорила","gloss":"leading"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подводя","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подводя","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of расчесывала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of расчесывала","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расчесывала","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"головку","lemma":"головка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of расчесывала","gloss":"little head"},{"surface":"расчесывала","lemma":"расчёсывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (я...расчесывала)","gloss":"combed"},{"surface":"волоски","lemma":"волосок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of the clause (волоски точно лен)","gloss":"his hair"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the comparison to лен","gloss":"just like"},{"surface":"лен","lemma":"лён","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of волоски (comparison)","gloss":"flax"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"густые","lemma":"густой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated predicate of волоски","gloss":"thick"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b8-c8-s71","source":"И, нагнувшись над ним в умилении, она поцеловала его лоб.","translation":"And, bending over him in tenderness, she kissed his forehead.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нагнувшись над ним","title":"Perfective gerund «нагнувшись»","body":"«нагнувшись» (having bent over) is a perfective past gerund: the bending is completed just before — and frames — the main act «поцеловала» (she kissed). Both share Grushenka as subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в умилении","title":"«умиление» — tender emotion","body":"«умиление» names a soft, melting tenderness moved almost to tears — a key Dostoevskian feeling, the heart suddenly overflowing with affection. \"In tenderness\" only partly catches its near-religious warmth."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this sentence to the previous one","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нагнувшись","lemma":"нагнуться","morphology":"verb, past, reflexive, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поцеловала","gloss":"bending over"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нагнувшись","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking умилении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"умилении","lemma":"умиление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нагнувшись","gloss":"tenderness"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поцеловала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"поцеловала","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of лоб","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"лоб","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловала","gloss":"forehead"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b8-c8-s72","source":"Калганов в один миг открыл глаза, взглянул на нее, привстал и с самым озабоченным видом спросил: где Максимов?","translation":"In an instant Kalganov opened his eyes, glanced at her, half rose, and with the most anxious air asked: where was Maximov?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"открыл… взглянул… привстал… спросил","title":"String of perfective verbs","body":"A rapid chain of perfective past verbs — opened, glanced, half-rose, asked — each a single completed event, driving the narrative forward beat by beat. «привстал» carries the prefix «при-», \"a little, partway up.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где Максимов?","title":"Zero copula in the embedded question","body":"«где Максимов?» has no verb \"to be\": the present-tense copula is simply absent, as always in Russian — \"where [is] Maximov?\" It is an embedded question after «спросил»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of открыл","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies миг","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of открыл","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"открыл","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of открыл","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"взглянул","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with открыл","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взглянул","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"привстал","lemma":"привстать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with открыл","gloss":"half rose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies озабоченным","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"озабоченным","lemma":"озабоченный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"anxious"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросил","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with открыл","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the embedded question","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the embedded question (где Максимов)","gloss":"Maximov"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b8-c8-s73","source":"— Вот ему кого надо, — засмеялась Грушенька, — да посиди со мной минутку. Митя, сбегай за его Максимовым.","translation":"—So it's him he wants,—Grushenka laughed,—but do sit with me a little minute. Mitya, run and fetch his Maximov for him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот ему кого надо","title":"Dative + «надо»; «кого» as object","body":"«ему… надо» is a dative-experiencer construction — \"to him [it] is needed\" = \"what he wants.\" «кого» is the animate-genitive accusative of «кто», the person he needs, fronted for emphasis: \"so it's HIM he wants.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"посиди… сбегай","title":"Imperatives «посиди», «сбегай»","body":"Two perfective imperatives: «посиди» (sit a while — prefix «по-» limits the duration) and «сбегай» (run and fetch — \"there-and-back\"). Both are warm, brisk commands typical of Grushenka's bossing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"минутку","title":"«минутку» — \"a little minute\"","body":"«минутку», diminutive of «минута», is the coaxing \"just a tiny minute\" — affectionate, wheedling, the suffix doing emotional rather than literal work."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of надо","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"засмеялась","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical reporting clause","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялась","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"посиди","lemma":"посидеть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of посиди","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial of duration modifying посиди","gloss":"a little minute"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"сбегай","lemma":"сбегать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"run and fetch"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Максимовым","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Максимовым","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Максимовым","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сбегай","gloss":"Maximov"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b8-c8-s74","source":"Оказалось, что Максимов уж и не отходил от девок, изредка только отбегал налить себе ликерчику, шоколаду же выпил две чашки.","translation":"It turned out that Maximov had not in fact left the girls' side at all, only now and then darting off to pour himself a drop of liqueur, and as for chocolate he had drunk two cupfuls.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж и не отходил… изредка только отбегал","title":"Imperfective for repeated background action","body":"«не отходил» (kept not leaving) and «отбегал» (would dart off) are imperfective pasts naming habitual, repeated behaviour over the evening — the standing background against which events happen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"шоколаду же выпил","title":"Partitive genitive «шоколаду»; topic-fronting «же»","body":"«шоколаду» is an old partitive genitive in -у (\"some chocolate\"), surviving in mass nouns. «же» here is not emphatic but a soft topic-shift particle — \"and as for chocolate\" — fronting the new topic «шоколаду»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ликерчику","title":"Diminutive partitive «ликерчику»","body":"«ликерчику» combines the affectionate diminutive «ликерчик» (a nice little liqueur) with the partitive genitive -у — \"a drop of liqueur.\" The suffix conveys cosy self-indulgence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it turned out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отходил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отходил","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отходил","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отходил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отходил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отходил","lemma":"отходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Оказалось","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking девок","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"девок","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отходил","gloss":"the girls"},{"surface":"изредка","lemma":"изредка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отбегал","gloss":"now and then"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отбегал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"отбегал","lemma":"отбегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отходил","gloss":"darted off"},{"surface":"налить","lemma":"налить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of отбегал","gloss":"to pour"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of налить","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ликерчику","lemma":"ликерчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of налить (partitive)","gloss":"some liqueur"},{"surface":"шоколаду","lemma":"шоколад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выпил (topicalized)","gloss":"chocolate"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"marks шоколаду as contrastive topic","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"выпил","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отходил","gloss":"had drunk"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on чашки","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"чашки","lemma":"чашка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выпил","gloss":"cupfuls"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b8-c8-s75","source":"Личико его раскраснелось, а нос побагровел, глаза стали влажные, сладостные.","translation":"His little face had flushed red, and his nose had turned purple, his eyes had grown moist and rapturous.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Личико… раскраснелось, а нос побагровел","title":"Contrastive «а» linking parallel clauses","body":"«а» here is the mild contrastive-and that hinges two parallel observations — face flushed pink, but nose turned purple — without real opposition. It is the untranslatable connective of Russian description."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"глаза стали влажные, сладостные","title":"«стать» + nominative predicate adjectives","body":"«стали влажные, сладостные» — \"grew moist, sweet.\" With «стать» plus an adjective the predicate stays nominative (agreeing with «глаза»), unlike a predicate noun, which would take the instrumental."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сладостные","title":"«сладостный» — bookish \"sweet, blissful\"","body":"«сладостный», an elevated literary doublet of «сладкий» (sweet), means rapturous, voluptuously sweet. Applied to a tipsy old man's moist eyes it is gently mock-poetic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Личико","lemma":"личико","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of раскраснелось","gloss":"his little face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Личико","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"раскраснелось","lemma":"раскраснеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had flushed red"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нос","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побагровел","gloss":"his nose"},{"surface":"побагровел","lemma":"побагроветь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with раскраснелось","gloss":"had turned purple"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with раскраснелось","gloss":"had grown"},{"surface":"влажные","lemma":"влажный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"moist"},{"surface":"сладостные","lemma":"сладостный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with влажные","gloss":"rapturous"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b8-c8-s76","source":"Он подбежал и объявил, что сейчас «под один мотивчик» хочет протанцевать танец саботьеру.","translation":"He came trotting up and announced that he wished, right now, \"to a certain little tune,\" to dance the sabotière.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"под один мотивчик","title":"«под мотивчик» — \"to a tune\"; diminutive","body":"«под» + accusative here means \"to (the accompaniment of)\" a tune, as in «танцевать под музыку». «мотивчик» is a coy diminutive of «мотив» (melody) — \"a certain little tune,\" set in quotes as Maximov's own affected phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подбежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"подбежал","lemma":"подбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came trotting up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подбежал","gloss":"announced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочет","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мотивчик","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies мотивчик","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"мотивчик","lemma":"мотивчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of протанцевать","gloss":"little tune"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объявил","gloss":"wishes"},{"surface":"протанцевать","lemma":"протанцевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to dance"},{"surface":"танец","lemma":"танец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of протанцевать","gloss":"the dance"},{"surface":"саботьеру","lemma":"саботьера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to танец","gloss":"the sabotière"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b8-c8-s77","source":"— Меня ведь маленького всем этим благовоспитанным светским танцам обучали-с…","translation":"—You see, as a little boy I was taught all these well-bred, fashionable dances, sir…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обучали-с","title":"The servile particle «-с»","body":"The clitic «-с» (from «сударь», \"sir\") tacked onto words is the deferential, self-abasing speech-tic of the period's petty gentry and servants. Maximov sprinkles it everywhere — «обучали-с», «папиросочку-с» — marking his cringing, ingratiating manner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Меня… обучали","title":"Indefinite-personal «обучали»","body":"«обучали» is a third-person-plural verb with no stated subject — the indefinite-personal construction, \"they taught me\" = \"I was taught.\" «Меня» is the accusative object fronted for emphasis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благовоспитанным светским танцам","title":"«благовоспитанный», «светский» — genteel society","body":"«благовоспитанный» is a stately compound, \"well-brought-up, of good breeding\"; «светский» means \"of high society, fashionable\" (from «свет», the social world). Both in the dative plural after «обучали» (\"taught… to dances\"), they paint the gentility Maximov pretends to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of обучали","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle modifying the clause","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"маленького","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Меня (predicative, \"as a little boy\")","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of танцам","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of танцам","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"благовоспитанным","lemma":"благовоспитанный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies танцам","gloss":"well-bred"},{"surface":"светским","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies танцам","gloss":"fashionable"},{"surface":"танцам","lemma":"танец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of обучали","gloss":"dances"},{"surface":"обучали","lemma":"обучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"taught"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to обучали","gloss":"sir","note":"The clitic -с is an old deferential tag (from сударь, \"sir\"), attached to the previous word, not a separate word."}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b8-c8-s78","source":"— Ну ступай, ступай с ним, Митя, а я отсюда посмотрю, как он там танцевать будет.","translation":"—Well, go on, go along with him, Mitya, and I'll watch from here how he dances over there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ну ступай, ступай","title":"«ступай» — archaic-folk \"go\"","body":"«ступай(те)» is an old, homely imperative \"go, go along,\" warmer and more rustic than «иди». Its doubling — «ступай, ступай» — is the affectionate, shooing repetition of everyday speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как он там танцевать будет","title":"Compound future in an embedded question","body":"«танцевать будет» is again the imperfective compound future — \"how he will [be] dancing\" — here with the auxiliary «будет» after the infinitive, the order shuffled freely as Russian allows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ступай","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ступай","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of посмотрю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отсюда","lemma":"отсюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрю","gloss":"from here"},{"surface":"посмотрю","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ступай","gloss":"will watch"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the manner clause modifying танцевать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of танцевать","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies танцевать","gloss":"over there"},{"surface":"танцевать","lemma":"танцевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of посмотрю","gloss":"dances"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of танцевать","gloss":"will"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b8-c8-s79","source":"— Нет, и я, и я пойду смотреть, — воскликнул Калганов, самым наивным образом отвергая предложение Грушеньки посидеть с ним.","translation":"—No, I'll go too, I'll go and watch as well,—cried Kalganov, in the most naive way declining Grushenka's offer to sit with her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и я, и я пойду","title":"Emphatic repetition «и я, и я»","body":"«и… и» here is not \"both… and\" but emphatic insistence — \"me too, me too I'll go.\" The doubling captures Kalganov's childish eagerness; «пойду» is the perfective future, a single decided act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отвергая предложение","title":"Imperfective gerund «отвергая»","body":"«отвергая» (declining, rejecting) is a present imperfective gerund describing the manner accompanying «воскликнул» — he cries out, in so doing rejecting Grushenka's offer. «предложение… посидеть» governs an infinitive complement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject (repeated for emphasis) of пойду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Нет","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пойду","gloss":"to watch"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical reporting clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies наивным","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"наивным","lemma":"наивный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образом","gloss":"naive"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвергая","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"отвергая","lemma":"отвергать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on воскликнул","gloss":"declining"},{"surface":"предложение","lemma":"предложение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отвергая","gloss":"the offer"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies предложение","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"посидеть","lemma":"посидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies предложение","gloss":"to sit"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посидеть","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b8-c8-s80","source":"И все направились смотреть.","translation":"And everyone set off to watch.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"направились смотреть","title":"Reflexive «направились» + infinitive of purpose","body":"«направились» is the perfective reflexive \"set off, headed,\" the -ся marking the subjects' own motion. The bare infinitive «смотреть» states the purpose — \"set off to watch.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of направились","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"направились","lemma":"направиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of направились","gloss":"to watch"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b8-c8-s81","source":"Максимов действительно свой танец протанцевал, но, кроме Мити, почти ни в ком не произвел особенного восхищения.","translation":"Maximov did in fact dance his dance, but apart from Mitya he aroused no particular admiration in almost anyone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"действительно","title":"«действительно» — \"indeed, in fact\"","body":"«действительно» (from «действие», action) is the confirming adverb \"really, in fact, sure enough\" — the narrator wryly granting that Maximov did go through with his dance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни в ком не произвел","title":"Negative concord «ни в ком… не»","body":"«ни в ком… не произвел» stacks the negatives required by Russian concord: the ни-word «ни в ком» (in nobody) demands «не» on the verb too — two negatives, one meaning, \"aroused in no one.\" «кроме Мити» (genitive after «кроме») carves out the exception."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"свой танец протанцевал","title":"Reflexive-possessive «свой»","body":"«свой» refers the dance back to the clause's own subject, Maximov — \"his own dance.\" Using «его» instead would mean someone else's. The perfective «протанцевал» (with «про-») means danced it right through, start to finish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of протанцевал","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протанцевал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of танец","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"танец","lemma":"танец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of протанцевал","gloss":"dance"},{"surface":"протанцевал","lemma":"протанцевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"danced"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"apart from"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кроме","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ком","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"negative polarity marker with ком","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ком","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ком","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of произвел","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies произвел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"произвел","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with протанцевал","gloss":"aroused"},{"surface":"особенного","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies восхищения","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"восхищения","lemma":"восхищение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвел","gloss":"admiration"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b8-c8-s82","source":"Весь танец состоял в каких-то подпрыгиваниях с вывертыванием в стороны ног, подошвами кверху, и с каждым прыжком Максимов ударял ладонью по подошве.","translation":"The whole dance consisted of a sort of little hops with the legs twisted out to the sides, soles upward, and with each hop Maximov struck the sole with the flat of his hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"состоял в… подпрыгиваниях","title":"«состоять в» + prepositional","body":"«состоять в чём-то» (\"to consist of/in\") governs the prepositional: «в… подпрыгиваниях» — \"consisted in some hops.\" The verbal noun «подпрыгивания» (little jumps up), with the indefinite «каких-то», keeps the dance vague and ridiculous."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ударял ладонью по подошве","title":"Instrumental «ладонью» of means; «по» + dative","body":"«ладонью» is the instrumental of the means — he struck with the flat of his hand. «по подошве» uses «по» with the dative for the surface struck, the repeated-blow sense suiting imperfective «ударял»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вывертыванием… подошвами кверху","title":"Vivid dance vocabulary","body":"«вывёртывание» is the twisting-out of the legs; «подошвами кверху» (instrumental) means \"soles upward\"; «кверху» is the adverb \"toward the top.\" The packed nouns make the absurd clog-dance almost diagrammatic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of танец","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"танец","lemma":"танец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of состоял","gloss":"dance"},{"surface":"состоял","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consisted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подпрыгиваниях","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"indefinite determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of подпрыгиваниях","gloss":"some sort of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite каких-то","gloss":"sort of"},{"surface":"подпрыгиваниях","lemma":"подпрыгивание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of состоял","gloss":"hops"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вывертыванием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вывертыванием","lemma":"вывёртывание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подпрыгиваниях","gloss":"twisting out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"object of the preposition в","gloss":"sides"},{"surface":"ног","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies стороны","gloss":"of the legs"},{"surface":"подошвами","lemma":"подошва","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with вывертыванием","gloss":"soles"},{"surface":"кверху","lemma":"кверху","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подошвами","gloss":"upward"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прыжком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каждым","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of прыжком","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"прыжком","lemma":"прыжок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударял","gloss":"hop"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ударял","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"ударял","lemma":"ударять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with состоял","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"ладонью","lemma":"ладонь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of ударял","gloss":"with his palm"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подошве","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"подошве","lemma":"подошва","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ударял","gloss":"the sole"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b8-c8-s83","source":"Калганову совсем не понравилось, а Митя даже облобызал танцора.","translation":"Kalganov did not like it at all, but Mitya even gave the dancer a kiss.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Калганову совсем не понравилось","title":"Dative experiencer with «нравиться»","body":"«нравиться» works backwards from English: the thing pleases, the person stands in the dative — «Калганову… не понравилось», \"to-Kalganov it did not please\" = \"Kalganov did not like it.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"облобызал","title":"«облобызать» — to kiss (mock-solemn)","body":"«облобызать», from the Church-Slavonic-flavoured «лобзать» (to kiss), is a high, archaic word for kissing. The narrator uses it ironically for Mitya's drunken, effusive smacker on the dancer — solemn diction over a comic act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Калганову","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of понравилось","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понравилось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понравилось","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did like"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of облобызал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies облобызал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"облобызал","lemma":"облобызать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with понравилось","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"танцора","lemma":"танцор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of облобызал","gloss":"the dancer"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b8-c8-s84","source":"— Ну, спасибо, устал, может, что глядишь сюда: конфетку хочешь, а? Цигарочку, может, хочешь?","translation":"—Well, thank you, you're tired; maybe you're looking over here because you'd like a sweet, eh? A cigar, maybe, would you like one?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"конфетку… цигарочку","title":"Cosy diminutives «конфетку», «цигарочку»","body":"Mitya plies the old man with diminutives: «конфетка» (a sweet) and «цигарочка» (a little cigar, folk «цигарка»). The suffixes are coaxing and hospitable — the warm, expansive register of a drunk being kind."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"конфетку хочешь, а?","title":"Tag particle «а?»","body":"The trailing «а?» is a soft tag inviting agreement, like English \"…eh?\" / \"…right?\". It belongs to the texture of coaxing spoken Russian, hovering between a question and an offer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"спасибо","lemma":"спасибо","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"thank you"},{"surface":"устал","lemma":"устать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to спасибо","gloss":"you're tired"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"modifies глядишь","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of глядишь","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"глядишь","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of может","gloss":"you look"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядишь","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"конфетку","lemma":"конфетка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of хочешь","gloss":"a sweet"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"interjection","role":"question tag","gloss":"eh"},{"surface":"Цигарочку","lemma":"цигарочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of хочешь","gloss":"a cigar"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"modifies хочешь","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b8-c8-s85","source":"— Папиросочку-с.","translation":"—A little cigarette, sir.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Папиросочку-с","title":"«папиросочка» — double-diminutive cigarette, with «-с»","body":"«папироска» is already a familiar form of «папироса» (a Russian cigarette with a cardboard tube); «папиросочку» adds a second affectionate layer, and the servile «-с» completes Maximov's mincing politeness. The bare accusative answers \"which would you like?\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Папиросочку","lemma":"папиросочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a little cigarette"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"politeness particle attached to Папиросочку","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b8-c8-s86","source":"— Выпить не хочешь ли?","translation":"—Wouldn't you like a drink?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выпить не хочешь ли?","title":"Interrogative «ли» with negation","body":"«не хочешь ли?» uses the enclitic «ли» to form a polite yes/no question, the negative making it a soft, hospitable offer — \"wouldn't you like…?\". The fronted infinitive «выпить» (have a drink) is the focus."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выпить","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to drink"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"complement of Выпить","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочешь","gloss":"question particle"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b8-c8-s87","source":"— Я тут ликерцу-с… А шоколатных конфеточек у вас нет-с?","translation":"—A little liqueur for me, sir… And wouldn't you have any chocolate sweets, sir?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ликерцу-с","title":"Partitive diminutive «ликерцу»","body":"«ликерцу» is the diminutive «ликерец» in the partitive genitive -у — \"a drop of liqueur, sir.\" Maximov uses the cosy form even of his tipple, every word shrunken and ingratiating."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"шоколатных конфеточек… нет","title":"Genitive of negation «нет конфеточек»","body":"After «нет» the absent thing must stand in the genitive: «конфеточек у вас нет» — \"you have no sweets.\" «конфеточек» is the genitive plural of the diminutive «конфеточка»; «шоколатных» is a dialectal-childish spelling of «шоколадных»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ликерцу","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ликерцу","lemma":"ликерец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a little liqueur"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"politeness particle attached to ликерцу","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"шоколатных","lemma":"шоколадный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies конфеточек","gloss":"chocolate"},{"surface":"конфеточек","lemma":"конфеточка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"complement of нет","gloss":"sweets"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"politeness particle attached to нет","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b8-c8-s88","source":"— Да вот на столе целый воз, выбирай любую, голубиная ты душа!","translation":"—Why, there's a whole cartload on the table, take any you like, you dove-soul!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"целый воз","title":"«целый воз» — \"a whole cartload\"","body":"«воз» is a cart's load; «целый воз» is the hyperbolic \"a whole wagonful,\" Mitya's expansive, drunken generosity — sweets by the cartload on the table."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубиная ты душа","title":"«голубиная душа» — \"you dove-soul\"","body":"An endearment built on «голубь» (dove), bird of meekness and purity — \"you gentle, dove-like soul.\" The interposed «ты» («голубиная ты душа») is the affectionate Russian way of slotting \"you\" inside a vocative phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause","gloss":"there's"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"столе","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"целый","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воз","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"воз","lemma":"воз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical есть","gloss":"cartload"},{"surface":"выбирай","lemma":"выбирать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"любую","lemma":"любой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выбирай","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"голубиная","lemma":"голубиный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душа","gloss":"dove-like"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"part of the vocative phrase ты душа","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the vocative phrase","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b8-c8-s89","source":"— Нет-с, я такую-с, чтобы с ванилью… для старичков-с… Хи-хи!","translation":"—No, sir, I'd like one, sir, the kind with vanilla… for old men, sir… He-he!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я такую-с, чтобы с ванилью","title":"«чтобы» of desired specification","body":"Maximov elides the verb (\"I'd [like] one\") and uses «чтобы… с ванилью» to specify the wished-for kind — \"such a one that [it be] with vanilla.\" «ванилью» is the instrumental after «с» (with). The «-с» clings to «такую» mid-phrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"для старичков-с","title":"«старичок» — affectionate \"little old man\"","body":"«старичок», the warm diminutive of «старик», is \"a dear little old man.\" Maximov gently classes himself among the «старички» (genitive plural after «для») who like vanilla sweets — self-deprecating and arch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"politeness particle attached to Нет","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"такую","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of the elliptical хочу","gloss":"that kind"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"politeness particle attached to такую","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ванилью","gloss":"the kind that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ванилью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ванилью","lemma":"ваниль","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чтобы-clause","gloss":"vanilla"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старичков","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"старичков","lemma":"старичок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"old men"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"politeness particle attached to старичков","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Хи","lemma":"хи","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"he-he"},{"surface":"хи","lemma":"хи","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with Хи","gloss":"he-he"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b8-c8-s90","source":"— Нет, брат, таких особенных нет.","translation":"—No, brother, there's none of that special kind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"таких особенных нет","title":"Genitive of negation in the plural","body":"«таких особенных нет» — \"there are none of that special kind\" — with «нет» forcing the genitive plural «таких особенных». The noun «конфет» is left understood from the previous lines."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"брат","title":"«брат» as familiar address","body":"«брат» (brother) here is not literal kinship but the warm, levelling form of address among men — \"old chap, friend.\" Mitya, expansive in his cups, calls everyone «брат»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of особенных","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"особенных","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"special kind"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is none"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b8-c8-s91","source":"— Послушайте! — нагнулся вдруг старичок к самому уху Мити, — эта вот девочка-с, Марьюшка-с, хи-хи, как бы мне, если бы можно, с нею познакомиться, по доброте вашей…","translation":"—Listen!—the old fellow suddenly bent right down to Mitya's very ear,—that girl there, sir, Maryushka, sir, he-he, how might I, if it were possible, get acquainted with her, out of your kindness, sir…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы мне… с нею познакомиться","title":"Dative + «бы» + infinitive of wishful possibility","body":"«как бы мне… познакомиться» is a dative-experiencer wish softened by «бы» — \"how might I (somehow) get acquainted.\" The dative «мне» names the would-be agent of the infinitive; «бы» tints it hypothetical and timid."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы можно","title":"Conditional «если бы можно»","body":"«если бы можно» is the irrealis conditional — \"if it were possible\" — the impersonal «можно» (one may) softened by «если бы». It hedges his cheeky request in layers of subjunctive timidity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Марьюшка-с","title":"«Марьюшка» — caressing diminutive of Marya","body":"«Марьюшка» is a tender, folk-affectionate diminutive of the name «Марья» (Marya), via the suffix -юшка. Maximov dignifies even the serving-girl with a sweet name, again capped by the servile «-с»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Послушайте","lemma":"послушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"нагнулся","lemma":"нагнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Послушайте","gloss":"bent down"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нагнулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"старичок","lemma":"старичок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нагнулся","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уху","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уху","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"уху","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нагнулся","gloss":"ear"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of уху","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of девочка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies эта","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"девочка","lemma":"девочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"topic of the quoted clause","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"politeness particle attached to девочка","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Марьюшка","lemma":"Марьюшка","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to девочка","gloss":"Maryushka"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"politeness particle attached to Марьюшка","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"хи","lemma":"хи","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"he-he"},{"surface":"хи","lemma":"хи","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with хи","gloss":"he-he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of познакомиться","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"auxiliary of можно","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on познакомиться","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of познакомиться","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"познакомиться","lemma":"познакомиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"get acquainted"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доброте","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"доброте","lemma":"доброта","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of познакомиться","gloss":"kindness"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доброте","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b8-c8-s92","source":"— Ишь ты чего захотел! Нет, брат, врешь.","translation":"—Look what you're after! No, brother, you're lying.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ишь ты чего захотел!","title":"«ишь ты» — mock-indignant exclamation","body":"«ишь (ты)» is a folksy interjection of mocking surprise — \"look at you!, well, well!\". «чего захотел» (genitive object «чего») = \"the nerve, what he's after!\" The whole phrase is good-humoured ribbing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"врешь","title":"«врёшь» — \"you're lying / no chance\"","body":"Literally \"you lie,\" «врёшь!» is a stock colloquial brush-off meaning \"nonsense, not a chance, you won't.\" Mitya isn't accusing Maximov of a lie so much as flatly denying his request."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ишь","lemma":"ишь","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of захотел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of захотел","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"захотел","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"врешь","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you're lying"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b8-c8-s93","source":"— Я никому ведь зла не делаю-с, — уныло прошептал Максимов.","translation":"—I do no one any harm, you see, sir,—Maximov whispered mournfully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никому… зла не делаю","title":"Double negative concord «никому… не»","body":"«никому… не делаю» again shows obligatory negative concord — the ни-word «никому» (dative, \"to nobody\") still needs «не» on the verb. «зла» is genitive of negation: \"I do no harm to anyone.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь","title":"Appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared knowledge and pleads for sympathy — \"after all, you see, surely.\" Maximov's «я никому ведь зла не делаю» is a small plaintive defence: \"I don't do anyone any harm, you know.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уныло прошептал","title":"«уныло» — \"mournfully, despondently\"","body":"«уныло», from «уныние» (dejection, a spiritual gloom close to the sin of despair), tints his whisper with hangdog sadness. Dostoevsky's narration loves such single-word emotional cues."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of делаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of делаю","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies делаю","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"зла","lemma":"зло","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делаю","gloss":"harm"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies делаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"делаю","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"politeness particle attached to делаю","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"уныло","lemma":"уныло","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошептал","gloss":"mournfully"},{"surface":"прошептал","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to делаю","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прошептал","gloss":"Maximov"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b8-c8-s94","source":"— Ну хорошо, хорошо. Здесь, брат, только поют и пляшут, а впрочем, черт! подожди… Кушай пока, ешь, пей, веселись. Денег не надо ли?","translation":"—Well, all right, all right. Here, brother, they only sing and dance, but—ah, the devil! wait a bit… Eat for now, eat, drink, enjoy yourself. Do you need any money?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кушай… ешь, пей, веселись","title":"Cluster of imperatives","body":"A burst of imperfective imperatives urging continued action: «кушай» (the polite-folksy \"eat\"), then plain «ешь, пей, веселись» (eat, drink, make merry). «веселись» is reflexive — \"enjoy yourself.\" The imperfective fits open-ended indulgence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Денег не надо ли?","title":"Genitive of negation + «ли» offer","body":"«денег не надо ли?» pairs the genitive of negation «денег» (after «не надо») with the polite question particle «ли» — \"don't you need any money?\". «надо» governs the genitive of what is wanted/needed under negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"all right"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with хорошо","gloss":"all right"},{"surface":"Здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поют","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поют","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"поют","lemma":"петь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пляшут","lemma":"плясать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поют","gloss":"dance"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"ah well"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"подожди","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"Кушай","lemma":"кушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"eat"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Кушай","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"ешь","lemma":"есть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Кушай","gloss":"eat"},{"surface":"пей","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ешь","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"веселись","lemma":"веселиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пей","gloss":"enjoy yourself"},{"surface":"Денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of надо","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"main verb-equivalent of the sentence","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"question particle"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b8-c8-s95","source":"— Потом бы разве-с, — улыбнулся Максимов.","translation":"—Later, perhaps, sir,—Maximov smiled.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Потом бы разве-с","title":"«бы» wish + «разве»","body":"«потом бы разве» is an elliptical, hedged wish — \"perhaps later, maybe.\" The bare «бы» (without a verb) carries the conditional softening, and «разве» adds tentative \"perhaps\"; «-с» rounds off the servility."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разве","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"part of the phrase разве бы","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle","role":"politeness particle attached to разве","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"улыбнулся","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of улыбнулся","gloss":"Maximov"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b8-c8-s96","source":"— Хорошо, хорошо…","translation":"—All right, all right…","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"all right"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Хорошо","gloss":"all right"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b8-c8-s97","source":"Голова горела у Мити.","translation":"Mitya's head was burning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Голова горела у Мити","title":"«у Мити» possessor; topic-comment order","body":"Russian states bodily sensations with «у» + genitive for the possessor: «у Мити» — \"at Mitya's [was] a burning head.\" Putting «голова» first and «у Мити» last makes the head the topic and Mitya the new, weighted information."}],"words":[{"surface":"Голова","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of горела","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"горела","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was burning"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of горела","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b8-c8-s98","source":"Он вышел в сени на деревянную верхнюю галерейку, обходившую изнутри, со двора, часть всего строения.","translation":"He went out into the passage onto the wooden upper gallery that ran along the inside, on the courtyard side, around part of the whole building.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сени… галерейку","title":"«сени» and «галерейка» — the house's layout","body":"«сени» is the cold entrance passage of a traditional Russian house, between door and living rooms. «галерейка» is the diminutive of «галерея» — a little open wooden gallery/balcony running round the courtyard side, typical of provincial inns."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обходившую изнутри… часть всего строения","title":"Past active participle «обходившую»","body":"«обходившую» (running around, encircling) is a past imperfective active participle agreeing with «галерейку» in the accusative feminine. It packs a whole «которая обходила» relative clause into one modifier — pure literary syntax."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сени","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сени","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"the passage"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking галерейку","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"деревянную","lemma":"деревянный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies галерейку","gloss":"wooden"},{"surface":"верхнюю","lemma":"верхний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies галерейку","gloss":"upper"},{"surface":"галерейку","lemma":"галерейка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"gallery"},{"surface":"обходившую","lemma":"обходить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying галерейку","gloss":"that ran around"},{"surface":"изнутри","lemma":"изнутри","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обходившую","gloss":"on the inside"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двора","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"двора","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обходившую","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"часть","lemma":"часть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обходившую","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of строения","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"строения","lemma":"строение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies часть","gloss":"building"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b8-c8-s99","source":"Свежий воздух оживил его.","translation":"The fresh air revived him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Свежий воздух оживил его","title":"Perfective «оживил» of a single result","body":"«оживил» is perfective (prefix «о-» on «живить») — a single completed event with a result: the fresh air \"revived him\" all at once. «его» is the accusative object. A spare, decisive sentence amid the delirium."}],"words":[{"surface":"Свежий","lemma":"свежий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воздух","gloss":"fresh"},{"surface":"воздух","lemma":"воздух","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оживил","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"оживил","lemma":"оживить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"revived"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оживил","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b8-c8-s100","source":"Он стоял один, в темноте, в углу и вдруг схватил себя обеими руками за голову.","translation":"He stood alone, in the dark, in a corner, and suddenly clutched his head with both hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватил себя… за голову","title":"Reflexive pronoun «себя» + «за» + accusative","body":"«схватил себя за голову» uses the reflexive object pronoun «себя» (himself) with the idiom «схватить за» + accusative (to seize by) — \"clutched himself by the head.\" Note «себя» as a full object, distinct from the verbal clitic -ся."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обеими руками","title":"Instrumental of means «обеими руками»","body":"«обеими руками» (with both hands) is the instrumental of the means. «обеими» is the feminine form of the dual-derived numeral «оба/обе» (both), which still distinguishes gender."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate modifier of Он","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"темноте","lemma":"темнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the dark"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with темноте","gloss":"a corner"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стоял","gloss":"clutched"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"обеими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine","role":"modifies руками","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of схватил","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голову","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"the head"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b8-c8-s101","source":"Разбросанные мысли его вдруг соединились, ощущения слились воедино, и всё дало свет.","translation":"His scattered thoughts suddenly joined together, his sensations fused into one, and everything threw off a light.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"соединились… слились… дало","title":"Perfective verbs of sudden convergence","body":"Three perfectives mark the abrupt mental event: «соединились» (joined), «слились» (fused — both reflexive-intransitive), «дало свет» (gave/threw off light). The aspect makes each a single, decisive flash, mirroring the sudden clarity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слились воедино","title":"«воедино» — \"into one\"","body":"«воедино», a bookish fused adverb (в + единое), means \"together into a single whole.\" Paired with reflexive «слились» (merged) it intensifies the image of scattered feelings fusing — elevated, almost mystical diction for the moment of revelation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разбросанные","lemma":"разбросать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies мысли","gloss":"scattered"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of соединились","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of мысли","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соединились","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"соединились","lemma":"соединиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"joined together"},{"surface":"ощущения","lemma":"ощущение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of слились","gloss":"sensations"},{"surface":"слились","lemma":"слиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with соединились","gloss":"fused"},{"surface":"воедино","lemma":"воедино","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слились","gloss":"into one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дало","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"дало","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with соединились","gloss":"threw off"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дало","gloss":"a light"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b8-c8-s102","source":"Страшный, ужасный свет!","translation":"A fearful, a terrible light!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Страшный, ужасный свет!","title":"Verbless exclamation; doubled epithet","body":"A nominal, copula-less exclamation — just \"[A] fearful, terrible light!\" The paired near-synonyms «страшный, ужасный» intensify by accumulation, a Dostoevskian rhythm of mounting dread."}],"words":[{"surface":"Страшный","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свет","gloss":"a fearful"},{"surface":"ужасный","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Страшный","gloss":"a terrible"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"light"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b8-c8-s103","source":"«Вот если застрелиться, так когда же как не теперь? — пронеслось в уме его. — Сходить за пистолетом, принести его сюда и вот в этом самом, грязном и темном углу и покончить».","translation":"\"If I'm to shoot myself, then when, if not now?\" flashed through his mind. \"Go for the pistol, bring it here, and right here, in this very corner, dirty and dark, make an end of it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда же как не теперь?","title":"Emphatic «же» + «как не»","body":"«когда же… как не теперь?» = \"when then, if not now?\". «же» drives home the rhetorical urgency; «как не» (\"if not, how if not\") sets up the only possible answer. The particle is the texture of Mitya's frantic inner voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"застрелиться… покончить","title":"Reflexive «застрелиться»; bare infinitives of resolve","body":"«застрелиться» is the reflexive — to shoot oneself, the -ся turning the act inward. The clipped infinitives «сходить… принести… покончить» (go for, bring, make an end) read as a bare to-do list of suicide, terrible in its flatness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пронеслось в уме его","title":"Reflexive «пронеслось»; possessive after the noun","body":"«пронеслось» (flashed, rushed through — reflexive-intransitive) is impersonal-neuter, its subject the quoted thought. «в уме его» places the possessive «его» after «уме», a bookish word order weighting \"in his mind.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies если-clause","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of застрелиться","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"застрелиться","lemma":"застрелиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пронеслось","gloss":"I'm to shoot myself"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"pronoun","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies когда","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces как не теперь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on когда","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пронеслось","lemma":"пронестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пронеслось","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of уме","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Сходить","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пистолетом","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"пистолетом","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Сходить","gloss":"the pistol"},{"surface":"принести","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with Сходить","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принести","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принести","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies углу","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of углу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies углу","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"грязном","lemma":"грязный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with самом","gloss":"dirty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"темном","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with самом","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покончить","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"покончить","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with принести","gloss":"end it"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b8-c8-s104","source":"Почти с минуту он стоял в нерешимости.","translation":"For nearly a minute he stood in indecision.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в нерешимости","title":"«нерешимость» — irresolution","body":"«нерешимость» (from «решить», to decide) is the state of being unable to decide — indecision, wavering. The prepositional «в нерешимости» fixes Mitya frozen between life and the pistol."}],"words":[{"surface":"Почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нерешимости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нерешимости","lemma":"нерешимость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"indecision"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b8-c8-s105","source":"Давеча, как летел сюда, сзади него стоял позор, совершенное, содеянное уже им воровство и эта кровь, кровь!..","translation":"Earlier, as he was flying here, behind him stood disgrace, the theft already perfected, already committed by him, and that blood, blood!..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как летел сюда","title":"«как» = \"as / when\"; imperfective «летел»","body":"Here «как» means \"as, when\" (temporal), not \"how.\" «летел» is the unidirectional motion verb «лететь» in the imperfective past — \"as he was flying [here]\" — its single-trajectory sense fitting his headlong rush."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"совершенное, содеянное уже им воровство","title":"Stacked passive participles; instrumental agent «им»","body":"«совершённое, содеянное… воровство» — two past passive participles modifying «воровство» (theft): \"perpetrated, already committed.\" The agent is in the instrumental «им» (by him), the standard way a passive names its doer. «содеянное» is markedly bookish-archaic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"позор… кровь, кровь!","title":"«позор» (disgrace) and the hammering repetition","body":"«позор» is public shame, dishonour — the key word of Mitya's torment. The repeated «эта кровь, кровь!..» (that blood, blood!) with trailing dots enacts his obsessive horror — Dostoevsky's syntax breaking down under feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies летел","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of летел","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"летел","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying стоял","gloss":"was flying"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies летел","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сзади","lemma":"сзади","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сзади","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"совершенное","lemma":"совершённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воровство","gloss":"perfected"},{"surface":"содеянное","lemma":"содеянный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with совершенное","gloss":"perpetrated"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies содеянное","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent complement of содеянное","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"воровство","lemma":"воровство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with позор","gloss":"theft"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кровь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with воровство","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with кровь","gloss":"blood"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b8-c8-s106","source":"Но тогда было легче, о, легче!","translation":"But then it had been easier, oh, easier!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"было легче","title":"Impersonal «было легче» — comparative predicate","body":"«легче» is the invariable comparative of «лёгкий/легко» (easier), used impersonally with «было»: \"it had been easier.\" No subject — the state alone is predicated, the dative experiencer left implicit."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легче","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to легче","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"легче","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"easier"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"легче","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with легче","gloss":"easier"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b8-c8-s107","source":"Ведь уж всё тогда было покончено: ее он потерял, уступил, она погибла для него, исчезла — о, приговор тогда был легче ему, по крайней мере казался неминуемым, необходимым, ибо для чего же было оставаться на свете?","translation":"For everything had then already been over and done with: he had lost her, given her up, she was lost to him, gone—oh, the sentence had then been easier for him, at least it had seemed inescapable, inevitable, for what was the point of staying on in the world?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё… было покончено","title":"Periphrastic passive «было покончено»","body":"«было покончено» is the short-form past passive participle «покончено» plus «было» — \"it had all been finished/done with.\" The short neuter form joins «быть» to state a completed result, the core periphrastic passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приговор… казался неминуемым, необходимым","title":"Instrumental predicate after «казаться»","body":"«казаться» (to seem) takes its predicate in the instrumental: «казался неминуемым, необходимым» — \"seemed inescapable, inevitable.\" The instrumental frames a perceived, attributed quality rather than an inherent one."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ибо","title":"«ибо» — archaic-bookish \"for, because\"","body":"«ибо» is the elevated, scriptural conjunction \"for, because,\" loftier than «потому что». Its use — «ибо для чего же было оставаться на свете?» — raises Mitya's despair to almost biblical pitch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для чего же было оставаться","title":"Impersonal «было оставаться» + «же»","body":"«для чего… было оставаться?» is an impersonal rhetorical question with «было» plus infinitive — \"what was the point of staying?\". «же» adds insistent emphasis; the construction has no subject, the existential weight carried by the bare infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покончено","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive покончено","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покончено","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of покончено","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"покончено","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"over and done with"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of потерял","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of потерял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"потерял","lemma":"потерять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with покончено","gloss":"had lost"},{"surface":"уступил","lemma":"уступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with потерял","gloss":"given her up"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of погибла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"погибла","lemma":"погибнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with потерял","gloss":"was lost"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of погибла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"исчезла","lemma":"исчезнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with потерял","gloss":"gone"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to легче","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"приговор","lemma":"приговор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of легче","gloss":"the sentence"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies легче","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to легче","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"легче","lemma":"лёгкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"easier"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of легче","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"at","note":"по крайней мере is a fixed idiom meaning 'at least'."},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"казался","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with потерял","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"неминуемым","lemma":"неминуемый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of казался","gloss":"inescapable"},{"surface":"необходимым","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with неминуемым","gloss":"inevitable"},{"surface":"ибо","lemma":"ибо","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оставаться","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставаться","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чего","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of оставаться","gloss":"was there"},{"surface":"оставаться","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of было, depends on для чего же","gloss":"to remain"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставаться","gloss":"the world"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b8-c8-s108","source":"А теперь!","translation":"But now!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А теперь!","title":"Contrastive «а» pivoting the thought","body":"A single «А теперь!» (\"But now!\") swivels the whole reflection: «а» marks the sharp turn from the past's easier despair to the unbearable present. The verbless exclamation lets the contrast hang."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b8-c8-s109","source":"Теперь разве то, что тогда?","translation":"Is it now as it was then?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Теперь разве то, что тогда?","title":"«разве» rhetorical question; «то… что» correlative","body":"«разве» opens a rhetorical question expecting \"no\" — \"is it really…?\". The correlative «то… что» (\"that which / the same as\") compares now and then: \"Is now the same as then?\". The copula is, as always, absent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies то","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"is it"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b8-c8-s110","source":"Теперь с одним по крайней мере привидением, страшилищем, покончено: этот ее «прежний», ее бесспорный, фатальный человек этот исчез, не оставив следа.","translation":"Now at least one of them is done with, one phantom, one specter: this \"former\" man of hers, her indisputable, fatal man—this one had vanished without leaving a trace.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с одним… привидением… покончено","title":"Impersonal passive «покончено с»","body":"«с одним… покончено» — \"with one [phantom] it is done\" — the short passive «покончено» used impersonally with «с» + instrumental. «привидением, страшилищем» stand in the instrumental governed by «с»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"привидением, страшилищем","title":"«привидение» and «страшилище»","body":"«привидение» is a ghost or apparition; «страшилище» (from «страшный») is a monster, a fearful spectre. Mitya casts his rival, the Pole, as a haunting phantom — words of dread for what proved comically small."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ее «прежний»… фатальный человек","title":"«прежний» and «фатальный»","body":"«прежний» means \"former, previous\" — her old, first love. «фатальный» (a French/Latin borrowing) means fateful, fatal, destined; the quotation marks around «прежний» mark it as the household phrase for this looming figure from Grushenka's past."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покончено","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking одним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies привидением","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"привидением","lemma":"привидение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of покончено","gloss":"phantom"},{"surface":"страшилищем","lemma":"страшилище","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to привидением","gloss":"specter"},{"surface":"покончено","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"done with"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of прежний","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of прежний","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"прежний","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the noun phrase, subject of исчез","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of человек","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"бесспорный","lemma":"бесспорный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"indisputable"},{"surface":"фатальный","lemma":"фатальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бесспорный","gloss":"fatal"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to прежний, subject of исчез","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человек","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"исчез","lemma":"исчезнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had vanished"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставив","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"оставив","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on исчез","gloss":"leaving"},{"surface":"следа","lemma":"след","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставив","gloss":"a trace"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b8-c8-s111","source":"Страшное привидение обратилось вдруг во что-то такое маленькое, такое комическое; его снесли руками в спальню и заперли на ключ.","translation":"The terrible phantom had suddenly turned into something so small, so comical; they had carried him off bodily into the bedroom and locked him in with a key.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обратилось… во что-то такое маленькое","title":"Reflexive «обратиться во» + accusative","body":"«обратиться во что-то» (reflexive) means \"to turn into something\"; «во» + accusative marks the result of transformation. The indefinite «что-то такое маленькое, такое комическое» (-то marking a specific-but-vague thing) shrinks the dreaded phantom to a comic trifle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его снесли… и заперли","title":"Indefinite-personal «снесли», «заперли»","body":"Two subjectless third-plural perfectives — \"they carried him off and locked him in\" — the indefinite-personal construction where \"they\" is no one in particular. «снесли руками» (carried bodily) and «заперли на ключ» (locked with a key) are crisp, complete acts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Страшное","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies привидение","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"привидение","lemma":"привидение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обратилось","gloss":"phantom"},{"surface":"обратилось","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had turned"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратилось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что-то","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the phrase что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of маленькое","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"маленькое","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратилось","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of комическое","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"комическое","lemma":"комический","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with маленькое","gloss":"comical"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of снесли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"снесли","lemma":"снести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with обратилось","gloss":"carried off"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of снесли","gloss":"bodily"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спальню","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"спальню","lemma":"спальня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of снесли","gloss":"the bedroom"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заперли","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with обратилось","gloss":"locked him in"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ключ","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ключ","lemma":"ключ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заперли","gloss":"a key"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b8-c8-s112","source":"Оно никогда не воротится.","translation":"It will never come back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Оно никогда не воротится","title":"Negative concord; archaic «воротиться»","body":"«никогда не воротится» again pairs the ни-word «никогда» (never) with «не» — obligatory concord. «воротится» is the folk-archaic reflexive variant of «возвратится / вернётся» (will return), perfective future."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of воротится","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротится","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies воротится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"воротится","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come back"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b8-c8-s113","source":"Ей стыдно, и из глаз ее он уже видит теперь ясно, кого она любит.","translation":"She is ashamed, and from her eyes he can now see clearly whom it is she loves.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ей стыдно","title":"Dative-subject «ей стыдно»","body":"«ей стыдно» is the impersonal experiencer pattern: dative «ей» (to her) plus the predicative «стыдно» — \"she is ashamed,\" literally \"to-her [it-is] shameful.\" The feeling has no nominative subject, only the one who feels it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"видит… кого она любит","title":"Embedded question «кого она любит»","body":"«кого она любит» is an indirect question, object of «видит» — \"sees whom she loves.\" «кого» is the animate accusative of «кто», governed by «любит» inside the subordinate clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"experiencer of стыдно","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is ashamed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаз","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of видит","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of глаз","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видит","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"видит","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стыдно","gloss":"can see"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies видит","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"object clause of видит","gloss":"loves"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b8-c8-s114","source":"Ну вот теперь бы только и жить и… и нельзя жить, нельзя, о, проклятие!","translation":"Well, so now, if only one could live, and… and one cannot live, one cannot, oh, a curse on it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"теперь бы только и жить","title":"«бы… жить» — the unattainable wish","body":"«теперь бы только и жить» is a bare «бы» plus infinitive expressing a yearning, unreachable wish — \"if only one could just live now.\" The «и» («только и жить») intensifies: \"to do nothing but live.\" No subject — a pure impersonal longing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нельзя жить","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + infinitive","body":"«нельзя жить» — \"one cannot live\" — is the impersonal modal «нельзя» (it is not possible / not allowed) plus infinitive, with no subject. Its repetition («нельзя, нельзя») hammers the verdict against the preceding wish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жить","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of жить","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жить","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies жить","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with жить","gloss":"one cannot"},{"surface":"жить","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with жить","gloss":"one cannot"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to проклятие","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"проклятие","lemma":"проклятие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"a curse"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b8-c8-s115","source":"«Боже, оживи поверженного у забора! Пронеси эту страшную чашу мимо меня! Ведь делал же ты чудеса, господи, для таких же грешников, как и я! Ну что, ну что, если старик жив? О, тогда срам остального позора я уничтожу, я ворочу украденные деньги, я отдам их, достану из-под земли… Следов позора не останется, кроме как в сердце моем навеки! Но нет, нет, о, невозможные малодушные мечты! О, проклятие!»","translation":"\"God, bring back to life the man struck down by the fence! Let this terrible cup pass from me! You have worked miracles, Lord, for sinners just like me! Well, what if, what if the old man is alive? Oh, then I will wipe out the shame of all the rest of the disgrace, I will give back the stolen money, I will return it, I'll dig it up from under the earth… No trace of the disgrace will remain, except in my heart forever! But no, no, oh, impossible, faint-hearted dreams! Oh, a curse on it!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Боже… господи","title":"Church-Slavonic vocatives «Боже», «господи»","body":"«Боже» and «господи» are old vocative forms — \"O God,\" \"O Lord\" — surviving only in prayer and exclamation, where modern Russian otherwise lost the vocative case. Mitya's drunken cry slips straight into liturgical address."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оживи… пронеси… ворочу… достану","title":"Imperatives of prayer; perfective futures of vow","body":"The prayer opens with perfective imperatives — «оживи» (bring to life), «пронеси» (carry past) — the verbs of supplication. Then come perfective futures of resolve: «уничтожу, ворочу, отдам, достану» (I will wipe out, return, give back, dig up), each a vowed single act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"малодушные мечты","title":"«малодушный» — faint-hearted","body":"«малодушный» literally \"small-souled\" (мало + душа) means cowardly, faint-hearted, lacking spirit. Mitya brands his hope of reprieve as a craven dream — self-lacerating moral vocabulary characteristic of him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"addresses оживи","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"оживи","lemma":"оживить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bring back to life"},{"surface":"поверженного","lemma":"поверженный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"direct object of оживи","gloss":"the man struck down"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забора","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"забора","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поверженного","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"Пронеси","lemma":"пронести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let pass"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of чашу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"страшную","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чашу","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"чашу","lemma":"чаша","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Пронеси","gloss":"cup"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of Пронеси","gloss":"me","note":"Echoes Christ's Gethsemane prayer, \"let this cup pass from me.\""},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies делал","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"делал","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have worked"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies делал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of делал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"чудеса","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of делал","gloss":"miracles"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to ты","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грешников","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of грешников","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таких","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"грешников","lemma":"грешник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of делал","gloss":"sinners"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison я","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"complement of как","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"repeats the exclamation что","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жив","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жив","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"жив","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of the если-clause modifying что","gloss":"is alive"},{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to уничтожу","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уничтожу","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"срам","lemma":"срам","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уничтожу","gloss":"the shame"},{"surface":"остального","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies позора","gloss":"remaining"},{"surface":"позора","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies срам","gloss":"of the disgrace"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уничтожу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уничтожу","lemma":"уничтожить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will wipe out"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ворочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ворочу","lemma":"воротить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уничтожу","gloss":"will give back"},{"surface":"украденные","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies деньги","gloss":"stolen"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ворочу","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отдам","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отдам","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уничтожу","gloss":"will give it back"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of отдам","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"достану","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уничтожу","gloss":"I'll dig it up"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земли","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земли","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"земли","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of достану","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"Следов","lemma":"след","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of останется","gloss":"no trace"},{"surface":"позора","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Следов","gloss":"of the disgrace"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies останется","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"останется","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will remain"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase кроме как","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase кроме как","gloss":"except","note":"кроме как is a fixed idiom meaning 'except.'"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of останется","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"my","note":"моем agrees with the neuter noun сердце (в сердце моем = 'in my heart'); the stated gender masculine is wrong even though the surface form моем is spelled identically for masculine and neuter locative singular."},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies останется","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces мечты","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"невозможные","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мечты","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"малодушные","lemma":"малодушный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мечты","gloss":"faint-hearted"},{"surface":"мечты","lemma":"мечта","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"dreams"},{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to проклятие","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"проклятие","lemma":"проклятие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a curse"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b8-c8-s116","source":"Но всё же как бы луч какой-то светлой надежды блеснул ему во тьме.","translation":"Yet all the same a kind of ray of bright hope seemed to gleam to him in the darkness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы луч… блеснул ему","title":"«как бы» (\"as if\") + dative «ему»","body":"«как бы» here means \"as it were, as if\" — softening the image to a seeming. «блеснул ему» uses the dative «ему» for the one to whom the ray gleamed (a dative of the affected person). «луч какой-то светлой надежды»: \"some ray of bright hope.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"во тьме","title":"Archaic «во тьме»","body":"«во тьме» (in the darkness) keeps the older «во» (vs «в») before the consonant cluster, and «тьма» is the elevated/poetic word for darkness over plain «темнота». The phrasing lifts the line toward the symbolic — light in the dark."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"всё же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё же","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"как бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if","note":"как бы softens the statement, roughly 'a kind of' or 'as if.'"},{"surface":"луч","lemma":"луч","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of блеснул","gloss":"a ray"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase какой-то, determiner of надежды","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase какой-то, determiner of надежды","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"светлой","lemma":"светлый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies надежды","gloss":"bright"},{"surface":"надежды","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies луч","gloss":"of hope"},{"surface":"блеснул","lemma":"блеснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed to gleam"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of блеснул","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тьме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тьме","lemma":"тьма","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of блеснул","gloss":"the darkness"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b8-c8-s117","source":"Он сорвался с места и бросился в комнаты — к ней, к ней опять, к царице его навеки!","translation":"He tore himself from the spot and rushed into the rooms—to her, to her again, to the queen of his heart forever!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сорвался с места и бросился","title":"Reflexive perfectives of sudden motion","body":"«сорвался» (tore himself away) and «бросился» (flung himself, rushed) are both perfective reflexive verbs of abrupt, self-propelled motion. The -ся renders the violence inward and total — he hurls his whole self forward."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"к царице его навеки","title":"«царица» — \"queen,\" exalting Grushenka","body":"«царица» (empress, queen) crowns Grushenka as the sovereign of his heart, echoing the song's «царевать» earlier. «навеки» (forever, for the ages) is bookish and absolute — the lover's hyperbole at full pitch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сорвался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сорвался","lemma":"сорваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tore himself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking места","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"места","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сорвался","gloss":"the spot"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сорвался","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"the rooms"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"repeats к ней","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the repeated к ней","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking царице","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"царице","lemma":"царица","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to ней","gloss":"the queen"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of царице","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies царице","gloss":"forever"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b8-c8-s118","source":"«Да неужели один час, одна минута ее любви не стоят всей остальной жизни, хотя бы и в муках позора?»","translation":"\"Can it be that one hour, one minute of her love is not worth all the rest of life, even in the torments of disgrace?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да неужели… не стоят","title":"«да неужели» — incredulous rhetorical question","body":"«да неужели?» voices astonished disbelief — \"can it really be that…?\". With the negated verb «не стоят» (are not worth) it forms a rhetorical question whose unspoken answer is \"surely they are worth it.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя бы и в муках позора","title":"Concessive «хотя бы» with «бы»","body":"«хотя бы и…» means \"even if, even though it be…\" — a concession carrying the subjunctive «бы»: \"even in the torments of disgrace.\" «в муках позора»: prepositional «в муках» + genitive «позора» (the torments of shame)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да неужели","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"неужели","lemma":"неужели","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да неужели","gloss":"can it be that"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies час","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоят","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies минута","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"минута","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with час, subject of стоят","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of любви","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минута","gloss":"of love"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стоят","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is worth"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"остальной","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"the rest of"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of стоят","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"хотя бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies муках","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking муках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"муках","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies стоят","gloss":"the torments"},{"surface":"позора","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies муках","gloss":"of disgrace"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b8-c8-s119","source":"Этот дикий вопрос захватил его сердце.","translation":"This wild question gripped his heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Этот дикий вопрос захватил его сердце","title":"Perfective «захватил»; demonstrative «этот»","body":"«захватил» is perfective — a single seizing act, \"gripped, seized.\" The demonstrative «этот» (this) ties the sentence back to the question just quoted, the topic-tracking that lets Russian reorder so freely. «его сердце»: accusative object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дикий","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захватил","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"захватил","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gripped"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of захватил","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b8-c8-s120","source":"«К ней, к ней одной, ее видеть, слушать и ни о чем не думать, обо всем забыть, хотя бы только на эту ночь, на час, на мгновение!»","translation":"\"To her, to her alone, to see her, to hear her, and to think of nothing, to forget everything, if only for this one night, for an hour, for a single moment!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни о чем не думать","title":"Negative concord «ни о чём… не»","body":"«ни о чём не думать» — \"to think of nothing\" — splits the negative pronoun around its preposition («ни о чём»), as Russian requires, and still keeps «не» on the verb. Three negatives, one meaning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"видеть, слушать… забыть","title":"Chain of bare infinitives of longing","body":"The whole outburst is a string of infinitives — «видеть, слушать, не думать, забыть» (to see, to hear, not to think, to forget) — with no finite verb at all, voicing pure desire as unanchored yearning. «хотя бы только на эту ночь»: \"if only for this one night.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of одной","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ней","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"слушать","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видеть","gloss":"to hear"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase ни о чем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of думать","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видеть","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"обо","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыть","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with видеть","gloss":"to forget"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы, modifies ночь","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"хотя бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ночь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забыть","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ночь","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with ночь","gloss":"a moment"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b8-c8-s121","source":"Пред самым входом в сени, еще на галерейке, он столкнулся с хозяином Трифоном Борисычем.","translation":"Right at the threshold of the entryway, still out on the little gallery, he ran into the innkeeper, Trifon Borisych.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сени","title":"«сени» — the cold entry-passage","body":"«Сени» (plural only) is the unheated vestibule or passage between the outer door and the living rooms of a Russian peasant house or inn — a buffer against the cold. The diminutive «галерейка» (little gallery) just before it is an open exterior walkway. This same «сени» becomes the subject of the folk dance-song the chorus later sings («Ах вы сени, мои сени»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он столкнулся с хозяином","title":"Reflexive «столкнуться» + instrumental of «с»","body":"«Столкнуться» (to collide / run into) is a reflexive verb in «-ся»; here the reciprocal sense — two people meeting head-on. The person met stands in the instrumental after «с» («с хозяином»), the case the preposition «с» (with) always governs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking входом","gloss":"right at"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies входом","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"входом","lemma":"вход","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition Пред, modifies столкнулся","gloss":"the entrance"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сени","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сени","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"modifies входом","gloss":"the entryway"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies галерейке","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking галерейке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"галерейке","lemma":"галерейка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies столкнулся","gloss":"the little gallery"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of столкнулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"столкнулся","lemma":"столкнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran into"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хозяином","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"хозяином","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of столкнулся","gloss":"the innkeeper"},{"surface":"Трифоном","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to хозяином","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисычем","lemma":"Борисыч","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифоном","gloss":"Borisych"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b8-c8-s122","source":"Тот что-то показался ему мрачным и озабоченным и, кажется, шел его разыскивать.","translation":"The man struck him as somehow gloomy and preoccupied, and seemed to have been looking for him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тот","title":"«Тот» tracking the topic","body":"The demonstrative «тот» (lit. 'that one') here resumes the innkeeper from the previous sentence — a typical way Russian keeps track of who is meant when shifting subjects. We render it 'the man'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"показался ему мрачным","title":"Instrumental predicate after «показаться»","body":"After «показаться» (to seem) the predicate adjectives «мрачным и озабоченным» take the instrumental case — the same construction as after «быть» and «стать», framing a quality as how someone struck the observer. «Ему» is a dative experiencer: it seemed to him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of показался","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of показался (part of что-то, 'somehow')","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of показался (part of что-то, 'somehow')","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"показался","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показался","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мрачным","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of показался","gloss":"gloomy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"озабоченным","lemma":"озабоченный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мрачным","gloss":"preoccupied"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies шел","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with показался","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разыскивать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"разыскивать","lemma":"разыскивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of шел","gloss":"looking for"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b8-c8-s123","source":"— Что ты, Борисыч, не меня ли искал?","translation":"\"What is it, Borisych — were you by any chance looking for me?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не меня ли искал?","title":"«ли» making a tentative question","body":"The enclitic «ли» follows the focused word «меня» (me) to form a softened yes/no question — 'was it perhaps me you were looking for?' Combined with the negative «не», it produces the tentative, hopeful 'you weren't by any chance...?' so common in Dostoevsky's dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory phrase Что ты","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the phrase","gloss":"is it with you"},{"surface":"Борисыч","lemma":"Борисыч","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Borisych"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не... ли","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of искал","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не... ли","gloss":"by any chance"},{"surface":"искал","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were looking for"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b8-c8-s124","source":"— Нет-с, не вас, — как бы опешил вдруг хозяин, — зачем мне вас разыскивать? А вы… где были-с?","translation":"\"No, sir, not for you,\" the innkeeper answered, suddenly seeming taken aback. \"Why would I be looking for you? And you... where have you been, sir?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы опешил","title":"Perfective past «опешил» for a sudden turn","body":"«Опешил» (was taken aback) is a perfective past — a single, completed change of state that punctuates the narrative, against the imperfective background. «Как бы» ('as if, sort of') hedges it: he seemed to be taken aback."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зачем мне вас разыскивать?","title":"Dative + infinitive: 'why should I'","body":"A subjectless construction: dative «мне» (to/for me) plus the infinitive «разыскивать» asks 'why is there any reason for me to hunt you down?' Russian frames such rhetorical 'why should I...?' questions impersonally, with the person in the dative rather than as a nominative subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic polite address suffix","role":"polite suffix attached to Нет","gloss":"sir","note":"'-с' is a shortened, deferential 'сударь' tacked onto words in old-fashioned servile speech."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вас","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural (formal 'you')","role":"object of the elided verb after не","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb, part of the idiom как бы","role":"modifies опешил","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, subjunctive marker","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"опешил","lemma":"опешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"seemed taken aback"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опешил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"хозяин","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опешил","gloss":"the innkeeper"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разыскивать","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative subject of разыскивать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural (formal 'you')","role":"direct object of разыскивать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"разыскивать","lemma":"разыскивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question (impersonal construction with мне)","gloss":"be looking for"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural (formal 'you')","role":"subject of были","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies были","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic polite address suffix","role":"polite suffix attached to были","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b8-c8-s125","source":"— Что ты такой скучный? Не сердишься ли? Погоди, скоро спать пойдешь… Который час-то?","translation":"\"Why are you so glum? Surely you're not cross? Hold on, you'll be off to bed soon enough... What time is it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не сердишься ли?","title":"«ли» again — 'you're not cross, are you?'","body":"Another «ли» question, now on the verb «сердишься» (you're angry), with «не». The pattern «Не …  ли?» seeks reassurance against a feared answer — 'surely you're not angry?' It is markedly more literary and probing than a bare question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Который час-то?","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"«Который час?» is the ordinary 'what time is it?' The appended clitic «-то» here is not the indefinite suffix but the emphatic topic-marker, lending the question a casual, insistent, almost impatient colouring — 'so what time is it, anyway?'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спать пойдешь","title":"Perfective future «пойдёшь»","body":"«Пойдёшь» is the perfective verb «пойти» conjugated with present-tense endings to yield a future meaning — 'you'll go (off) to sleep'. There is no auxiliary; the future sits entirely in the ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"introduces the question (idiomatic 'why')","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скучный","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of скучный","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"скучный","lemma":"скучный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of ты","gloss":"glum"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердишься","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сердишься","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are cross"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle, yes/no question marker","role":"modifies сердишься","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"Погоди","lemma":"погодить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hold on"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдешь","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"спать","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пойдешь","gloss":"to sleep"},{"surface":"пойдешь","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you'll go"},{"surface":"Который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, modified by Который","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle, emphatic enclitic","role":"attached to час","gloss":"(emphasis)"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b8-c8-s126","source":"— Да уж три часа будет. Надо быть, даже четвертый.","translation":"\"It'll be a good three o'clock by now. Must be — going on four, even.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Надо быть","title":"«Надо быть» — 'must be, probably'","body":"A colloquial parenthetical, «надо быть» functions as a hedge meaning 'it must be / I should think', estimating rather than asserting. The innkeeper uses it to revise his guess upward — 'three o'clock... must be going on four'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"четвертый","title":"Ordinal for the hour: 'going on four'","body":"«Даже четвёртый» — literally 'even the fourth [hour]' — uses the ordinal numeral to mean the clock is into the fourth hour, i.e. past three and heading toward four. Russian counts the hour in progress, so 'the fourth' means somewhere between three and four."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle, discourse marker","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle, intensifier","role":"modifies три часа","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies часа","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (paucal after три)","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, impersonal predicate","role":"main predicate, governs быть","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies четвертый","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"четвертый","lemma":"четвёртый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular (elliptical for четвёртый час)","role":"parallel to три часа, elliptical predicate","gloss":"going on four"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b8-c8-s127","source":"— Кончим, кончим.","translation":"\"We'll finish up, we'll finish up.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кончим, кончим.","title":"Perfective future, doubled for emphasis","body":"«Кончим» is the perfective «кончить» (to finish) in the 1st-person plural future — 'we'll finish (and be done)'. The repetition is a colloquial reassurance. The perfective stresses completion: the festivities will be brought to a close."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кончим","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll finish"},{"surface":"кончим","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with Кончим","gloss":"we'll finish"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b8-c8-s128","source":"— Помилуйте, ничего-с. Даже сколько угодно-с…","translation":"\"Heaven forbid, it's nothing, sir. Carry on as long as you please, sir...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Помилуйте","title":"«Помилуйте» — 'good heavens, not at all'","body":"Literally an imperative 'have mercy', «помилуйте» (polite plural) is a fixed exclamation of polite protest — 'goodness, don't mention it / heaven forbid'. It deflects an imagined imposition; here the innkeeper insists the late hour is no trouble at all."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сколько угодно-с","title":"«сколько угодно» — 'as much as you please'","body":"«Сколько угодно» means 'as much as one likes, any amount', with «угодно» ('pleasing, desired') governing a dative of the person. Again capped with the servile «-с», it tells Mitya he may carry on as long as he wishes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помилуйте","lemma":"помиловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (idiomatic 'heaven forbid')","gloss":"heaven forbid"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter (elliptical predicate)","role":"head of the phrase (это ничего implied)","gloss":"it's nothing"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic polite address suffix","role":"polite suffix attached to ничего","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сколько","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative/relative","role":"correlates with угодно in the idiom сколько угодно","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"head of the idiom сколько угодно","gloss":"you please"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle, archaic polite address suffix","role":"polite suffix attached to угодно","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b8-c8-s129","source":"«Что с ним?» — мельком подумал Митя и вбежал в комнату, где плясали девки.","translation":"\"What's the matter with him?\" Mitya wondered in passing, and he rushed into the room where the girls were dancing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вбежал в комнату, где плясали девки","title":"Perfective entrance against imperfective background","body":"«Вбежал» (ran in) is a perfective prefixed motion verb — the prefix «в-» adds the direction 'into' and makes the verb a completed event. Against it the imperfective «плясали» (were dancing) supplies the ongoing background scene."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"девки","title":"«девки» — peasant girls of the chorus","body":"«Девка» means a young peasant or common woman, here the hired song-and-dance chorus; it lacks the genteel tone of «девушка» and would be coarse applied to a lady. Dostoevsky uses it neutrally for the village girls performing at the revel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the quoted question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"мельком","lemma":"мельком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"in passing"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wondered"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вбежал","lemma":"вбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подумал","gloss":"rushed in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вбежал","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плясали","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"плясали","lemma":"плясать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on комнату","gloss":"were dancing"},{"surface":"девки","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of плясали","gloss":"the girls"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b8-c8-s130","source":"Но ее там не было.","translation":"But she was not there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ее там не было","title":"Genitive of negation in 'she was not there'","body":"A negated existential: «не было» (there was not) forces its subject into the genitive — hence «её» (genitive of «она»), not the nominative «она». Russian says, literally, 'of her there was not there'. The verb «было» stays in the fixed neuter singular."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the contrast","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of было (negated existence)","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b8-c8-s131","source":"В голубой комнате тоже не было; один лишь Калганов дремал на диване.","translation":"She was not in the blue room either; only Kalganov was there, dozing on the sofa.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"один лишь Калганов дремал","title":"«один лишь» — 'only, alone'","body":"«Один лишь» pairs the numeral/adjective «один» with the restrictive particle «лишь» (only) to mean 'one sole, only': Kalganov alone was there. «Лишь» is a slightly bookish synonym of «только»."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голубой","lemma":"голубой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies Калганов (idiom один лишь)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Калганов","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дремал","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"дремал","lemma":"дремать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"was dozing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дремал","gloss":"the sofa"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b8-c8-s132","source":"Митя глянул за занавесы — она была там.","translation":"Mitya glanced behind the curtains — she was there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"глянул за занавесы","title":"«за» + accusative for motion behind","body":"After the perfective «глянул» (glanced), «за занавесы» takes the accusative because «за» here expresses motion/direction 'behind' the curtains (the gaze goes behind them). With location alone, «за» would take the instrumental («за занавесами»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глянул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"глянул","lemma":"глянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glanced"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking занавесы","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"занавесы","lemma":"занавес","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of глянул","gloss":"the curtains"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb (locative predicate была там)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"there"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b8-c8-s133","source":"Она сидела в углу, на сундуке, и, склонившись с руками и с головой на подле стоявшую кровать, горько плакала, изо всех сил крепясь и скрадывая голос, чтобы не услышали.","translation":"She was sitting in the corner, on a trunk, having bowed down with her arms and her head onto the bed that stood beside it, and she was weeping bitterly, holding herself in with all her strength and muffling her voice so that no one would hear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"склонившись","title":"Perfective past gerund «склонившись»","body":"«Склонившись» (having bowed/bent down) is a perfective past деепричастие in «-вшись» — an indeclinable verb-adverb naming a prior, completed action that sets the scene for the main verb «плакала». It shares the subject 'she', and packs a whole clause into one word, a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"крепясь и скрадывая голос","title":"Imperfective gerunds for simultaneous action","body":"«Крепясь» (steeling herself) and «скрадывая» (muffling) are imperfective present gerunds in «-ясь/-я», expressing actions going on at the same time as «плакала» (was weeping). Note the reflexive «-сь» on «крепясь». A chain of gerunds layers the simultaneous effort of her self-restraint."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не услышали","title":"Purpose clause «чтобы» + past form","body":"«Чтобы» (so that, in order that) opens a purpose clause and, fusing «что» with the irrealis «бы», requires the verb in the past form «услышали» — 'so that [people] would not hear'. The subjectless plural is the impersonal 'one / they', i.e. no one would overhear."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скрадывая","title":"«скрадывать» — to muffle, conceal","body":"«Скрадывать» is a bookish, somewhat archaic verb meaning to soften, dampen, or steal away a sound or impression so it goes unnoticed — here she stifles her sobs. It shares a root with «красть» (to steal): she 'steals away' her own voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сидела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сидела","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was sitting"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking углу","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"углу","lemma":"угол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидела","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сундуке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сундуке","lemma":"сундук","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with углу","gloss":"a trunk"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"склонившись","lemma":"склониться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on плакала","gloss":"having bowed down"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of склонившись","gloss":"her arms"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking головой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with руками","gloss":"her head"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровать","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоявшую","gloss":"nearby"},{"surface":"стоявшую","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"modifies кровать","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"кровать","lemma":"кровать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"горько","lemma":"горько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies плакала","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"плакала","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидела","gloss":"was weeping"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сил","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of крепясь","gloss":"her strength"},{"surface":"крепясь","lemma":"крепиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on плакала","gloss":"holding herself in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скрадывая","lemma":"скрадывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with крепясь","gloss":"muffling"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of скрадывая","gloss":"her voice"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of услышали","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies услышали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"услышали","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying скрадывая and крепясь","gloss":"would hear"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b8-c8-s134","source":"Увидав Митю, она поманила его к себе и, когда тот подбежал, крепко схватила его за руку.","translation":"Catching sight of Mitya, she beckoned him to her, and when he had run up, she gripped him hard by the hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Увидав Митю","title":"Perfective gerund «увидав»","body":"«Увидав» (catching sight of / having seen) is a perfective past gerund, the older variant in «-в» of «увидев». It marks the prior trigger — once she saw him — that launches the main perfective verbs «поманила» and «схватила»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда тот подбежал","title":"«тот» as 'he' in the subordinate clause","body":"The demonstrative «тот» again stands in for a person — 'when he (the latter) ran up'. Using «тот» rather than «он» helps disambiguate who acts when two males are in play (Mitya runs up to her)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"схватила его за руку","title":"«схватить за руку» — grab by the hand","body":"The idiom «схватить кого за руку» grips a person 'by the hand': the body part takes «за» + accusative («за руку») while the person is the direct object «его». Russian routinely codes the seized body part this way rather than as a possessive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Увидав","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поманила","gloss":"catching sight of"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Увидав","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поманила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"поманила","lemma":"поманить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beckoned"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поманила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of поманила","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подбежал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подбежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"подбежал","lemma":"подбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on схватила","gloss":"had run up"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватила","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"схватила","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поманила","gloss":"gripped"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватила","gloss":"the hand"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b8-c8-s135","source":"— Митя, Митя, я ведь любила его! — начала она ему шепотом, — так любила его, все пять лет, всё, всё это время! Его ли любила али только злобу мою? Нет, его! Ох, его! Я ведь лгу, что любила только злобу мою, а не его! Митя, ведь я была всего семнадцати лет тогда, он тогда был такой со мной ласковый, такой развеселый, мне песни пел… Или уж показался тогда таким дуре мне, девчонке… А теперь, господи, да это не тот, совсем и не он. Да и лицом не он, не он вовсе. Я и с лица его не узнала. Ехала я сюда с Тимофеем и всё-то думала, всю дорогу думала: «Как встречу его, что-то скажу, как глядеть-то мы друг на друга будем?..» Вся душа замирала, и вот он меня тут точно из шайки помоями окатил. Точно учитель говорит: всё такое ученое, важное, встретил так важно, так я и стала в тупик. Слова некуда ввернуть. Я сначала думала, что он этого своего длинного поляка-то стыдится. Сижу смотрю на них и думаю: почему это я так ничего с ним говорить теперь не умею? Знаешь, это его жена испортила, вот на которой он бросил меня тогда да женился… Это она его там переделала. Митя, стыд-то какой! Ох, стыдно мне, Митя, стыдно, ох, за всю жизнь мою стыдно! Прокляты, прокляты пусть будут эти пять лет, прокляты! — И она опять залилась слезами, но Митину руку не выпускала, крепко держалась за нее.","translation":"\"Mitya, Mitya, but I did love him!\" she began to him in a whisper. \"I loved him so, all five years, the whole, the whole of that time! Was it him I loved, or only my own spite? No, it was him! Oh, it was him! I'm lying, you see, when I say I loved only my own spite and not him! Mitya, you know, I was only seventeen years old back then, and he was so tender with me then, so full of fun, he used to sing me songs... Or did he only seem that way then to me, a fool, a little girl... And now, Lord, why, this isn't the same man, it isn't him at all. His very face isn't him, not him in the least. I didn't even know him by his face. I rode out here with Timofey and kept thinking all the way, the whole road I thought: 'How shall I meet him, what shall I say to him, how shall we look at each other?..' My whole soul stood still, and then he doused me on the spot, as if from a slop-bucket. He talks like a schoolmaster: everything so learned, so weighty, he met me so grandly that I just came to a dead stop. There was nowhere to slip in a word. At first I thought he was ashamed of that long Pole of his. I sit there looking at them and thinking: why is it that I can't say a thing to him now? You know, it was his wife who spoiled him, the one he threw me over for back then and married... It was she who made him over there. Mitya, the shame of it! Oh, I'm ashamed, Mitya, ashamed, oh, I'm ashamed of my whole life! Cursed, let them be cursed, those five years, cursed!\" And again she dissolved into tears, but she did not let go of Mitya's hand; she clung to it tightly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ведь любила его","title":"The particle «ведь» — 'but you see, after all'","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared knowledge and pleads for understanding — 'but I did love him, you know'. It recurs all through Grushenka's outpouring («Я ведь лгу», «ведь я была»), each time tugging at Mitya to see the truth she insists on. English carries it only with stress or 'you see / after all'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его ли любила али только злобу мою?","title":"«ли» dilemma and folk «али»","body":"The «ли» on the fronted «его» poses a wrenching either/or: was it him I loved, or only my own spite? «Али» is a folk/archaic variant of «или» (or), coloring her speech with peasant intimacy. The objects «его» (animate accusative) and «злобу» are what she weighs."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я была всего семнадцати лет","title":"Genitive of age: «семнадцати лет»","body":"'I was seventeen' is rendered with the genitive «семнадцати лет» (lit. 'of seventeen years') — the construction «быть … лет» puts the age in the genitive after the numeral, and «лет» itself is the suppletive genitive plural of «год». «Всего» ('only, in all') stresses how young she was."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"развеселый","title":"Intensive prefix «раз-»: «развесёлый»","body":"The prefix «раз-» on an adjective intensifies it: «развесёлый» is not merely 'merry' but 'thoroughly, riotously gay'. Compare «прекрасный». It evokes the carefree gaiety of the man who once courted her."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дуре мне, девчонке","title":"«дура», «девчонка» — self-mockery in the dative","body":"She heaps disparaging nouns on herself in the dative («такой дуре мне, девчонке» — 'to such a fool as I, a chit of a girl'), the case of the experiencer to whom he 'seemed' that way. «Девчонка» is the pejorative-affectionate diminutive of «девка/девушка», a silly young slip of a girl."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да это не тот, совсем и не он","title":"«тот» vs «он»: 'not the same man'","body":"«Это не тот» means 'this isn't that (same) one' — «тот» pointing to the remembered man — while «не он» is 'not him'. The contrast of demonstrative and pronoun dramatizes her shock: the real man no longer matches the figure she had carried for five years."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как встречу его, что-то скажу, как глядеть-то мы друг на друга будем?","title":"Future perfectives and «друг на друга»","body":"«Встречу» and «скажу» are perfective futures (single completed acts) inside her remembered anxiety, while «глядеть будем» is the imperfective compound future (ongoing 'how will we be looking at each other'). «Друг на друга» is the reciprocal 'at one another', built from a frozen «друг … друга» that takes whatever case/preposition the verb needs."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из шайки помоями окатил","title":"«помои» / «шайка» — doused from a slop-bucket","body":"A vivid bathhouse image: «окатить помоями из шайки» is to slosh someone with dishwater/slops from a wooden wash-tub («шайка»). «Помои» (slops, dirty water; plural only) conveys utter contempt — he drenched her with cold humiliation the moment she arrived."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стала в тупик","title":"Idiom «стать в тупик» — to be stumped","body":"«Стать (or встать) в тупик» literally 'to come to a dead end' is an idiom for being utterly at a loss, baffled into silence. A «тупик» is a blind alley. She was so cowed by his grand manner that she could not find a word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поляка-то","title":"Dismissive «-то» on «поляк»","body":"«Поляк» is 'a Pole'; the clitic «-то» here adds a dismissive, topic-pointing flavour — 'that Pole (of his)'. The whole novel's quarrel with the two Poles next door colours her scorn; the diminutive contempt builds toward the «лайдак» insults to come."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на которой он бросил меня тогда да женился","title":"Relative «которой» in its own case","body":"«На которой … женился» — 'whom he married'. The relative «который» agrees with its feminine antecedent (the wife) in gender, but takes the case its own clause demands: «жениться на ком» governs «на» + prepositional, hence «на которой». «Да» here is the folksy 'and'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прокляты, прокляты пусть будут эти пять лет","title":"Short passive participle «прокляты» + «пусть»","body":"«Прокляты» is the short-form past passive participle of «проклясть» (to curse) — predicative, agreeing in number with «пять лет» — joined to the optative «пусть будут» ('let them be'): 'cursed, let them be cursed'. «Пусть» + future expresses a third-person command or imprecation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пять лет","title":"Genitive plural after 'five'","body":"'Five years' is «пять лет»: numerals from five upward govern the genitive plural, and «лет» is the suppletive genitive plural standing in for «годов». Compare «два года» (gen. sg. after 2–4) with «пять лет» (gen. pl. after 5+)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"repeated vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любила","gloss":"but","note":"Untranslatable emphatic particle; rendered here as \"but... did\"."},{"surface":"любила","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did love"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"matrix verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of начала","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"шепотом","lemma":"шёпот","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"manner complement of начала","gloss":"in a whisper"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любила","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"любила","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"repeated main verb, echoing the previous любила","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of лет","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"duration complement of любила","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"appositive to лет, restating the duration","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"appositive to лет, restating the duration","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"fronted direct object of любила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the alternative question, modifies любила","gloss":"whether","note":"Interrogative particle marking a polar/alternative question; no direct English word."},{"surface":"любила","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did I love"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (alternative)","gloss":"or","note":"Dialectal/folk variant of или (\"or\")."},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies злобу","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"злобу","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of the elided любила","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of злобу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"stands alone as the answer","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of the elided любила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Ох","lemma":"ох","morphology":"interjection","role":"stands alone as an interjection","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of the elided любила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of лгу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лгу","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"лгу","lemma":"лгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am lying"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"любила","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of лгу","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies злобу","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"злобу","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любила","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of злобу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (contrast)","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies его","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with злобу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies была","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula, main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies семнадцати","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"семнадцати","lemma":"семнадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"seventeen"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of была (age)","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ласковый","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"copula verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ласковый","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ласковый","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of ласковый","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ласковый","lemma":"ласковый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of был, coordinated with развеселый","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of развеселый","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"развеселый","lemma":"развесёлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ласковый, second predicate of был","gloss":"full of fun"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of пел","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"песни","lemma":"песня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of пел","gloss":"songs"},{"surface":"пел","lemma":"петь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of a new coordinated clause","gloss":"used to sing"},{"surface":"Или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показался","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"показался","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did he seem"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показался","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дуре","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"дуре","lemma":"дура","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of показался, in apposition to мне","gloss":"a fool"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of показался","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"девчонке","lemma":"девчонка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with дуре","gloss":"a girl"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, stands alone","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic filler before это","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of тот","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"the same one"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies он","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes не он","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with тот","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes лицом не он","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies он (respect: \"by face\")","gloss":"by face"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal, head of the clause","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with он","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies он","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of узнала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes не узнала","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лица","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнала","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of узнала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"узнала","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recognized"},{"surface":"Ехала","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I rode"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Ехала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ехала","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Тимофеем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Тимофеем","lemma":"Тимофей","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Ехала","gloss":"Timofey"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думала (continuously)","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes всё","gloss":"indeed","note":"Colloquial emphatic suffix-particle (всё-то), not independently translatable."},{"surface":"думала","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Ехала","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дорогу","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial of extent modifying думала","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"думала","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Ехала","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встречу (interrogative)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"встречу","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"shall I meet"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встречу","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes что","gloss":"indeed","note":"Colloquial emphatic suffix-particle (что-то), not independently translatable here."},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"shall I say"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядеть (interrogative)","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"глядеть","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb (with будем) of the quoted clause","gloss":"shall we look"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes глядеть","gloss":"indeed","note":"Colloquial emphatic suffix-particle (глядеть-то)."},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of глядеть","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the reciprocal idiom друг на друга","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the reciprocal idiom друг на друга","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the reciprocal idiom друг на друга","gloss":"other","note":"друг на друга = \"each other\" (reciprocal idiom)."},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"future auxiliary of глядеть","gloss":"shall (we)"},{"surface":"Вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душа","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of замирала","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"замирала","lemma":"замирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood still"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies он (\"and then\")","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of окатил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of окатил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окатил","gloss":"right there"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the simile (as if)","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шайки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"шайки","lemma":"шайка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of окатил","gloss":"a tub"},{"surface":"помоями","lemma":"помои","morphology":"noun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of окатил","gloss":"slop water","note":"помои (plural-only) = dirty dishwater/slops."},{"surface":"окатил","lemma":"окатить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"doused"},{"surface":"Точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорит (simile)","gloss":"just like"},{"surface":"учитель","lemma":"учитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"a schoolmaster"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (simile)","gloss":"talks"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the exclamation ученое, важное","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of ученое","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ученое","lemma":"учёный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective of всё","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"важное","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with ученое","gloss":"weighty"},{"surface":"встретил","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"greeted me"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретил","gloss":"gravely"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стала","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes стала (resultative \"just\")","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to a stop"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тупик","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"тупик","lemma":"тупик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стала","gloss":"a loss","note":"стать в тупик is an idiom: \"to be at a loss/nonplussed.\""},{"surface":"Слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ввернуть","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"некуда","lemma":"некуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the existential clause","gloss":"nowhere"},{"surface":"ввернуть","lemma":"ввернуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on некуда","gloss":"to slip in"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думала","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"думала","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стыдится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стыдится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поляка","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поляка","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"длинного","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поляка","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"поляка","lemma":"поляк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of стыдится","gloss":"Pole","note":"стыдиться (\"to be ashamed of\") governs the genitive case."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes поляка","gloss":"indeed","note":"Colloquial emphatic suffix-particle (поляка-то)."},{"surface":"стыдится","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of думала","gloss":"is ashamed"},{"surface":"Сижу","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I sit"},{"surface":"смотрю","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Сижу","gloss":"and look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрю","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Сижу","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause, modifies умею","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes почему","gloss":"is it that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of говорить","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умею","gloss":"to talk"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умею","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умею","gloss":"can't"},{"surface":"умею","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"am able"},{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse marker, stands alone","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject of the cleft with испортила","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies жена","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"жена","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of испортила","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"испортила","lemma":"испортить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoiled"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies которой (\"the very one\")","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой, complement of женился","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of женился (жениться на)","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бросил","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause verb modifying жена","gloss":"threw over"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of бросил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"женился","lemma":"жениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросил","gloss":"married her"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject of the cleft with переделала","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of переделала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of переделала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переделала","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"переделала","lemma":"переделать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remade"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"стыд","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the exclamation, modified by какой","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes стыд","gloss":"indeed","note":"Colloquial emphatic suffix-particle (стыд-то)."},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стыд (exclamative)","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"Ох","lemma":"ох","morphology":"interjection","role":"stands alone as an interjection","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the predicate clause","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer complement of стыдно","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"coordinated with стыдно","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"ох","lemma":"ох","morphology":"interjection","role":"stands alone as an interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стыдно","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"coordinated with стыдно","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"Прокляты","lemma":"проклясть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb (predicate) of the sentence","gloss":"cursed"},{"surface":"прокляты","lemma":"проклясть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Прокляты","gloss":"cursed"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прокляты","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary linking to прокляты","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of лет","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of прокляты (with пять)","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"прокляты","lemma":"проклясть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with прокляты","gloss":"cursed"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of залилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies залилась","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"залилась","lemma":"залиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of a new sentence","gloss":"dissolved"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of залилась","gloss":"into tears"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Митину","lemma":"Митин","morphology":"possessive adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of руку","gloss":"Mitya's","note":"Possessive adjective formed from Митя (Mitya's)."},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выпускала","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выпускала","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"выпускала","lemma":"выпускать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with залилась","gloss":"let go of"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies держалась","gloss":"tightly"},{"surface":"держалась","lemma":"держаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выпускала","gloss":"held on"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of держалась","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b8-c8-s136","source":"— Митя, голубчик, постой, не уходи, я тебе одно словечко хочу сказать, — прошептала она и вдруг подняла к нему лицо. — Слушай, скажи ты мне, кого я люблю? Я здесь одного человека люблю. Который это человек? вот что скажи ты мне. — На распухшем от слез лице ее засветилась улыбка, глаза сияли в полутьме. — Вошел давеча один сокол, так сердце и упало во мне. «Дура ты, вот ведь кого ты любишь», — так сразу и шепнуло сердце. Вошел ты и всё осветил. «Да чего он боится?» — думаю. А ведь ты забоялся, совсем забоялся, говорить не умел. Не их же, думаю, он боится — разве ты кого испугаться можешь? Это меня он боится, думаю, только меня. Так ведь рассказала же тебе, дурачку, Феня, как я Алеше в окно прокричала, что любила часочек Митеньку, а теперь еду любить… другого. Митя, Митя, как это я могла, дура, подумать, что люблю другого после тебя! Прощаешь, Митя? Прощаешь меня или нет? Любишь? Любишь?","translation":"\"Mitya, my darling, wait, don't go, I want to tell you just one little word,\" she whispered, and suddenly raised her face to him. \"Listen, tell me — whom do I love? There is one man here whom I love. Who is that man? There, tell me that.\" On her face, swollen with weeping, a smile broke out; her eyes shone in the half-dark. \"A falcon flew in just now, and my heart sank within me. 'You fool, that's the one you love,' my heart whispered to me at once. You came in, and everything lit up. 'But what is he afraid of?' I think. And you really were afraid, completely afraid, you couldn't get a word out. It isn't them he's afraid of, I think — could anyone ever frighten you? It's me he's afraid of, I think, only me. So Fenya did tell you, you silly thing, how I shouted out the window to Alyosha that I'd loved my Mitenka for a little hour, and now I was going off to love... another. Mitya, Mitya, how could I, fool that I am, ever have thought I loved another after you! Do you forgive me, Mitya? Do you forgive me or not? Do you love me? Do you love me?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубчик","title":"«голубчик» — 'my dear little dove'","body":"«Голубчик», the diminutive of «голубь» (dove/pigeon), is one of Russian's warmest terms of endearment — 'dear one, darling'. It pairs naturally with «словечко» (a wee word) just after, the whole sentence saturated with affectionate diminutives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"словечко","title":"Diminutive «словечко»","body":"«Словечко» is the affectionate diminutive of «слово» (word) — 'a little word, just a word'. The suffix «-ечко» minimizes and endears, softening her urgent plea into something coaxing and tender."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — 'a little while ago'","body":"«Давеча» is a rustic, old-fashioned adverb meaning 'just now, a short while back'. It recurs throughout the chapter (carried over from the existing note on «сокол») and marks the folksy, colloquial register of the speakers."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так сердце и упало во мне","title":"Emphatic «так … и» + perfective «упало»","body":"The frame «так … и» wraps the verb for vivid emphasis — 'my heart just sank'. «Упало» is perfective past (a single completed drop), and the construction conveys an action's sudden, total occurrence. Compare «так сразу и шепнуло», «так и стала» nearby."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разве ты кого испугаться можешь?","title":"«разве» — incredulous question","body":"«Разве» introduces a rhetorical question expecting the answer 'no' — 'as if you could ever be frightened of anyone!' Note «кого», the animate genitive/accusative of «кто», governed by «испугаться» (to take fright at someone), which demands the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассказала же тебе, дурачку, Феня","title":"Particle «же» and the dative «дурачку»","body":"The emphatic «же» insists — 'so Fenya did tell you, after all'. «Дурачку» is an affectionate diminutive of «дурак» (fool → 'silly thing') in the dative, in apposition to «тебе»: Fenya told you, you silly dear."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митеньку","title":"«Митенька» — the tenderest form of the name","body":"Mitya's name climbs an affectionate ladder: Дмитрий → Митя → Митенька. The «-енька» suffix is the most intimate, caressing diminutive; she uses it precisely when confessing she loved him 'for a little hour' («часочек», itself a diminutive of 'hour')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как это я могла, дура, подумать","title":"Conditional-of-disbelief with «как»","body":"«Как это я могла подумать» — 'how could I ever have thought' — uses past «могла» (she, feminine) plus the perfective infinitive «подумать» in an exclamation of self-reproach. «Это» here is an emphatic filler ('how on earth'), and «дура» is again her self-directed 'fool'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Митя","gloss":"my darling"},{"surface":"постой","lemma":"постоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to уходи","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уходи","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"уходи","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to постой","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of хочу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies словечко","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"словечко","lemma":"словечко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"little word"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"прошептала","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прошептала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подняла","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"подняла","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошептала","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подняла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of подняла","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Слушай","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажи","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on кого","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies человека","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"Который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"copula linking Который and человек","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажи","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажи","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of скажи","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"распухшем","lemma":"распухнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, locative, perfective","role":"clause modifying лице","gloss":"swollen"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слез","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"слез","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of распухшем","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of засветилась","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лице","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"засветилась","lemma":"засветиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke out"},{"surface":"улыбка","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of засветилась","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сияли","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"сияли","lemma":"сиять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with засветилась","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полутьме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"полутьме","lemma":"полутьма","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сияли","gloss":"the half-dark"},{"surface":"Вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flew in"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Вошел","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies сокол","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"сокол","lemma":"сокол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Вошел","gloss":"falcon"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упало","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of упало","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies упало","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"упало","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"sank"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, locative, singular","role":"oblique complement of упало","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Дура","lemma":"дура","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, vocative in force","gloss":"fool"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject in apposition to Дура","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ведь","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любишь","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of любишь","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любишь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"любишь","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Дура","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шепнуло","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сразу","lemma":"сразу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шепнуло","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies шепнуло","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"шепнуло","lemma":"шепнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Дура","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of шепнуло","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"Вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Вошел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of осветил","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"осветил","lemma":"осветить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Вошел","gloss":"lit up"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боится","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of боится","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is afraid"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забоялся","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забоялся","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"забоялся","lemma":"забояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were afraid"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забоялся","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"забоялся","lemma":"забояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with забоялся","gloss":"afraid"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умел","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умел","gloss":"couldn't"},{"surface":"умел","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with забоялся","gloss":"know how"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies их","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"genitive complement of боится","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies их","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is afraid"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можешь","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of можешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"genitive complement of испугаться","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"испугаться","lemma":"испугаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можешь","gloss":"be frightened"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"emphatic pronoun introducing меня","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"genitive complement of боится","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is afraid of"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"genitive complement of боится","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказала","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассказала","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"рассказала","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рассказала","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of рассказала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дурачку","lemma":"дурачок","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to тебе","gloss":"silly thing"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of рассказала","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прокричала","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прокричала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Алеше","lemma":"алеша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прокричала","gloss":"to Alyosha"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окно","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокричала","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"прокричала","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"любила","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of прокричала","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"часочек","lemma":"часочек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration on любила","gloss":"a little hour"},{"surface":"Митеньку","lemma":"митенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любила","gloss":"Mitenka"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies еду","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"еду","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любила","gloss":"was going"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of еду","gloss":"to love"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective (substantive), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любить","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"repeated vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могла","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiomatic как это construction modifying могла","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"дура","lemma":"дура","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to я","gloss":"fool"},{"surface":"подумать","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of люблю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of подумать","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective (substantive), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of люблю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Прощаешь","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Прощаешь","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Прощаешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Прощаешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Любишь","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"Любишь","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b8-c8-s137","source":"Она вскочила и схватила его обеими руками за плечи.","translation":"She sprang up and seized him by the shoulders with both hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"схватила его обеими руками за плечи","title":"Instrumental of means + «за плечи»","body":"«Обеими руками» (with both hands) is the instrumental of means — the tool of the action — while the seized body part takes «за» + accusative («за плечи»). «Обеими» is the feminine form of the collective numeral «оба/обе» (both)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскочила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вскочила","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"схватила","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочила","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"обеими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine","role":"modifies руками","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of схватила","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечи","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"плечи","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of схватила","gloss":"shoulders"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b8-c8-s138","source":"Митя, немой от восторга, глядел ей в глаза, в лицо, на улыбку ее, и вдруг, крепко обняв ее, бросился ее целовать.","translation":"Mitya, mute with rapture, gazed into her eyes, at her face, at her smile, and suddenly, clasping her tightly, he flung himself into kissing her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"немой от восторга","title":"Short adjective «немой» + «от» of cause","body":"«Немой от восторга» — 'mute from rapture'. The preposition «от» + genitive («восторга») names the cause of a state, a frequent way Russian links an emotion to its physical effect (mute, pale, trembling 'from' something)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"крепко обняв ее, бросился ее целовать","title":"Perfective gerund + «броситься» + infinitive","body":"«Обняв» (having embraced) is a perfective past gerund marking the prior act; «бросился целовать» pairs the reflexive «броситься» (to fling oneself) with the imperfective infinitive «целовать» to mean 'fell to kissing her'. The gerund + main-verb structure compresses the rush of feeling into one breath."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"немой","lemma":"немой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying Митя","gloss":"mute"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторга","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"восторга","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of немой","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of глядел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глаза","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with глаза","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"улыбку","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"smile"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбку","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обняв","gloss":"tightly"},{"surface":"обняв","lemma":"обнять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросился","gloss":"clasping"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обняв","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with глядел","gloss":"flung himself"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of целовать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"целовать","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бросился","gloss":"kissing"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b8-c8-s139","source":"— А простишь, что мучила? Я ведь со злобы всех вас измучила. Я ведь старикашку того нарочно со злобы с ума свела… Помнишь, как ты раз у меня пил и бокал разбил? Запомнила я это и сегодня тоже разбила бокал, за «подлое сердце мое» пила. Митя, сокол, что ж ты меня не целуешь? Раз поцеловал и оторвался, глядит, слушает… Что меня слушать! Целуй меня, целуй крепче, вот так. Любить, так уж любить! Раба твоя теперь буду, раба на всю жизнь! Сладко рабой быть!.. Целуй! Прибей меня, мучай меня, сделай что надо мной… Ох, да и впрямь меня надо мучить… Стой! Подожди, потом, не хочу так… — оттолкнула она его вдруг. — Ступай прочь, Митька, пойду теперь вина напьюсь, пьяна хочу быть, сейчас пьяная плясать пойду, хочу, хочу!","translation":"\"And will you forgive me for tormenting you? It was out of spite that I tortured the lot of you. Why, it was out of spite that I deliberately drove that old fellow out of his wits... Do you remember the time you drank at my place and smashed a glass? I remembered that, and today I smashed a glass too — I drank to 'my own base heart.' Mitya, my falcon, why aren't you kissing me? You kissed me once and then broke off, you look, you listen... What's there to listen to about me! Kiss me, kiss me harder, like that. If you're going to love, then love! I'll be your slave now, your slave for life! How sweet it is to be a slave!.. Kiss me! Beat me, torment me, do what you like with me... Oh, yes, I really ought to be tormented... Stop! Wait, later, I don't want it like this...\" She suddenly pushed him away. \"Go off now, Mitka, I'm going to go and drink some wine, I want to be drunk, I'm going to dance drunk right now, I want to, I want to!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А простишь, что мучила?","title":"Perfective future «простишь» + reported «что»","body":"«Простишь?» is 'will you forgive?' — perfective future of «простить». «Что мучила» is a «что»-clause naming the deed forgiven ('for that I tormented [you]'), with imperfective «мучила» for the drawn-out, repeated cruelty. «А» opens with the contrastive 'and/but'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старикашку","title":"Pejorative diminutive «старикашка»","body":"«Старикашка» belittles «старик» (old man) with the contemptuous suffix «-ашк-» — a 'wretched little old man'. Here she means old Fyodor Pavlovich Karamazov, whom she led on out of spite; the same scornful word later becomes her nickname for Maximov (at s155), balanced against the endearing «старичок» elsewhere."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с ума свела","title":"Idiom «свести с ума» — drive out of one's wits","body":"«Свести с ума» (lit. 'to lead down from the mind') means to drive someone mad — here, to madden/infatuate him deliberately. «Со злобы» ('out of spite') gives the motive, «от/с» + genitive naming the inner cause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Раба твоя теперь буду, раба на всю жизнь!","title":"Compound future «буду» with a noun predicate","body":"«Буду» (1st sg. future of «быть») here governs the predicate noun «раба» (female slave). Note the zero copula is impossible in the future, so «быть» surfaces; the predicate noun is in the nominative «раба» (not instrumental) for vehement, identifying emphasis — 'your slave I shall be'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сладко рабой быть!","title":"Impersonal «сладко» + instrumental predicate","body":"A subjectless evaluative construction: the neuter predicative «сладко» ('it is sweet') plus infinitive «быть», whose predicate noun «рабой» now stands in the instrumental — the usual case for the complement of an infinitival «быть». Contrast the nominative «раба» just above, chosen there for pathos."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прибей меня, мучай меня, сделай что надо","title":"Imperatives in «-и» and «-й»","body":"A cascade of commands: «прибей» (beat) and «сделай» (do) form imperatives in «-й» after a vowel-stem, while «мучай» likewise; «сделай» is perfective (one act), «мучай» imperfective (sustained). The string enacts her masochistic abandon."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митька","title":"Rough diminutive «Митька»","body":"After the tender «Митенька» she now snaps «Митька» — the «-ка» form is brusque, familiar, even dismissive ('Mitka, off with you'). Dostoevsky uses the swing across the name's diminutives to track her volatile mood within a single speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пьяна хочу быть","title":"Short adjective «пьяна» as predicate","body":"«Пьяна» is the short (predicative) feminine form of «пьяный» (drunk), used here as the complement of «быть»: 'I want to be drunk'. The short form is the bookish/predicative one, marking a state rather than attributing a quality before a noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"простишь","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you forgive"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мучила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мучила","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of простишь","gloss":"I tormented you"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of измучила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies измучила","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобы","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"злобы","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of измучила","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of вас","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of измучила","gloss":"you all"},{"surface":"измучила","lemma":"измучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of свела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies свела","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"старикашку","lemma":"старикашка","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of свела","gloss":"that old man","note":"Diminutive/pejorative for an old man; grammatically feminine-pattern declension but masculine agreement since it refers to a man."},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative (animate), masculine, singular","role":"modifies старикашку","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свела","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобы","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"злобы","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свела","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума, idiom 'свести с ума'","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свела (idiom: свести с ума = drive out of one's mind)","gloss":"his mind"},{"surface":"свела","lemma":"свести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drove"},{"surface":"Помнишь","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you remember"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пил","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пил","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of пил (idiom: у меня = at my place)","gloss":"my place"},{"surface":"пил","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Помнишь","gloss":"drank"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бокал","lemma":"бокал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разбил","gloss":"a glass"},{"surface":"разбил","lemma":"разбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пил","gloss":"broke"},{"surface":"Запомнила","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I remembered"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Запомнила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Запомнила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разбила","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разбила","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"разбила","lemma":"разбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Запомнила","gloss":"broke"},{"surface":"бокал","lemma":"бокал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разбила","gloss":"a glass"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"подлое","lemma":"подлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердце","gloss":"base"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пила (object of за)","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"пила","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Запомнила","gloss":"drank"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"сокол","lemma":"сокол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Митя","gloss":"my falcon","note":"Term of endearment, 'falcon,' common in folk speech."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies целуешь (idiom: что ж = why)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of целуешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of целуешь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies целуешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"целуешь","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kissing"},{"surface":"Раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поцеловал","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"поцеловал","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оторвался","lemma":"оторваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поцеловал","gloss":"pulled away"},{"surface":"глядит","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поцеловал","gloss":"looks"},{"surface":"слушает","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поцеловал","gloss":"listens"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слушать (idiom: что + infinitive = what for)","gloss":"what for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of слушать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"слушать","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"listen to"},{"surface":"Целуй","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Целуй","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"целуй","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Целуй","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"крепче","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies целуй","gloss":"harder"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целуй (idiom: вот так = like that)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"head of the emphatic construction 'X, так уж X'","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любить (2nd)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"correlate of Любить in the construction 'X, так уж X'","gloss":"love properly"},{"surface":"Раба","lemma":"раба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of буду","gloss":"a slave"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Раба","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies буду","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will be"},{"surface":"раба","lemma":"раба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Раба","gloss":"a slave"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement modifying раба (idiom: на всю жизнь = for life)","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"Сладко","lemma":"сладко","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"predicate governing быть","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"рабой","lemma":"раба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of быть","gloss":"a slave"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive subject of Сладко","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"Целуй","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"Прибей","lemma":"прибить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Прибей","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"мучай","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Прибей","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of мучай","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сделай","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Прибей","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделай","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition (variant of над used before мной)","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделай (object of надо)","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Ох","lemma":"ох","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links да и впрямь","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да, intensifies впрямь","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"впрямь","lemma":"впрямь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of мучить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the clause, governs мучить","gloss":"need to"},{"surface":"мучить","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"Стой","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the exclamation","gloss":"stop"},{"surface":"Подожди","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Стой","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"оттолкнула","lemma":"оттолкнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pushed away"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оттолкнула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оттолкнула","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оттолкнула","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Ступай","lemma":"ступать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"прочь","lemma":"прочь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ступай","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"Митька","lemma":"Митька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitka","note":"Dismissive/informal diminutive of Mitya's name, used here as she pushes him off."},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll go"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойду","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вина","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of напьюсь","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"напьюсь","lemma":"напиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойду (purpose)","gloss":"get drunk"},{"surface":"пьяна","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of быть","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойду","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"пьяная","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of пойду (describes subject's state)","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"плясать","lemma":"плясать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose complement of пойду","gloss":"dance"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll go"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"independent exclamation","gloss":"I want to"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"independent exclamation","gloss":"I want to"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b8-c8-s140","source":"Она вырвалась от него из-за занавесок.","translation":"She tore herself away from him out from behind the curtains.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она вырвалась от него из-за занавесок","title":"Reflexive «вырваться» + compound preposition «из-за»","body":"«Вырвалась» (tore herself free) is reflexive «-ся», a middle/change-of-state sense. «Из-за занавесок» uses the compound preposition «из-за» ('out from behind') + genitive, neatly tracing her motion from behind the curtains."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вырвалась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вырвалась","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tore herself away"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part of compound из-за)","role":"part of compound preposition из-за marking занавесок","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition (part of compound из-за)","role":"part of compound preposition из-за marking занавесок","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"занавесок","lemma":"занавеска","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вырвалась (object of из-за)","gloss":"the curtains"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b8-c8-s141","source":"Митя вышел за ней как пьяный.","translation":"Mitya followed her out like a drunken man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вышел за ней как пьяный","title":"«за» + instrumental: 'after her'","body":"With «вышел» (went out) the preposition «за» + instrumental «ней» means 'after, in pursuit of' — he followed out after her. (Contrast «за» + accusative for going to fetch something.) «Как пьяный» — 'like a drunk man' — foreshadows the delirium to come."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"followed out"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison пьяный","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"пьяный","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on вышел (comparison)","gloss":"a drunk man"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b8-c8-s142","source":"«Да пусть же, пусть, что бы теперь ни случилось — за минуту одну весь мир отдам», — промелькнуло в его голове.","translation":"\"Let it be, then, let it be — whatever may happen now, for a single minute I would give up the whole world,\" flashed through his head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да пусть же, пусть","title":"Optative «пусть» with intensifying «да … же»","body":"«Пусть» ('let it be') forms a third-person/abstract command — here a fatalistic 'so be it'. The framing «да … же» piles on emphasis, «да» as an emphatic opener and «же» insisting. Together they voice Mitya's reckless surrender to whatever comes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что бы теперь ни случилось","title":"Concessive «что бы ни» — 'whatever may happen'","body":"The frame «что бы ни + past» means 'no matter what (happens)'. The «бы» is the irrealis particle, «ни» the concessive 'whatever/however', and «случилось» the past form required after «бы». Note negative concord is suspended: this «ни» concedes rather than negates."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь мир отдам","title":"Perfective future + topicalized object","body":"«Отдам» is the perfective future of «отдать» (to give up/away). The object «весь мир» (the whole world) is fronted for weight before the verb — 'the whole world I'd give up' — a stress-bearing word order typical of impassioned speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies пусть","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"independent particle: 'let it be'","gloss":"let it be"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пусть","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with the first пусть","gloss":"let it be"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of concessive construction что бы ни","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of concessive construction что бы ни","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause 'что бы теперь ни случилось'","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдам","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мир","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"мир","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отдам","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"отдам","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"I would give up"},{"surface":"промелькнуло","lemma":"промелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голове","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of промелькнуло","gloss":"head"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b8-c8-s143","source":"Грушенька в самом деле выпила залпом еще стакан шампанского и очень вдруг охмелела.","translation":"Grushenka did in fact drain another glass of champagne in one gulp, and suddenly grew very tipsy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"залпом","title":"«залпом» — 'in one gulp / at a draught'","body":"«Залпом» is the instrumental of «залп» (a volley/salvo) frozen into an adverb: to drink 'at one go, in a single draught', as a gun fires a volley. The military metaphor underlines the suddenness of her drinking down the champagne."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"охмелела","title":"«охмелеть» — to grow tipsy","body":"«Охмелеть» (perfective, from «хмель», intoxication/hops) means to become tipsy, the prefix «о-» marking the onset of the state. It recurs as the chapter's keynote of mounting drunkenness, alongside «опьянеть»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выпила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле (idiom: в самом деле)","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of выпила (idiom: в самом деле = indeed)","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"выпила","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drank"},{"surface":"залпом","lemma":"залпом","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular (adverbial)","role":"adverbial modifier of выпила (idiom: залпом = in one gulp)","gloss":"in one gulp"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стакан","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"стакан","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выпила","gloss":"a glass"},{"surface":"шампанского","lemma":"шампанское","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies стакан","gloss":"of champagne"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies охмелела","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"охмелела","lemma":"охмелеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выпила","gloss":"grew tipsy"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b8-c8-s144","source":"Она уселась в кресле, на прежнем месте, с блаженною улыбкой.","translation":"She settled into the armchair, in her former place, with a blissful smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уселась в кресле, на прежнем месте","title":"Reflexive «усесться» + prepositional of place","body":"«Уселась» (settled herself down) is reflexive «-ся», the prefix «у-» adding a settled, comfortable nuance. «В кресле» and «на прежнем месте» are both prepositional of location after «в»/«на»; «прежнем» ('former') agrees with «месте» in the prepositional."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с блаженною улыбкой","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«С блаженною улыбкой» — 'with a blissful smile', instrumental after «с». The adjective ending «-ою» (for modern «-ой») is the longer, bookish/poetic variant of the feminine instrumental, common in 19th-century prose and lending a literary cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of уселась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"уселась","lemma":"усесться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кресле","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"кресле","lemma":"кресло","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уселась","gloss":"the armchair"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"прежнем","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"second oblique complement of уселась, parallel to кресле","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"блаженною","lemma":"блаженный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"blissful"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уселась","gloss":"smile"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b8-c8-s145","source":"Щеки ее запылали, губы разгорелись, сверкавшие глаза посоловели, страстный взгляд манил.","translation":"Her cheeks flushed, her lips glowed, her sparkling eyes grew languid, her passionate gaze beckoned.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Щеки ее запылали, губы разгорелись","title":"Inchoative perfectives in a parallel chain","body":"Three perfective past verbs followed by one imperfective — «запылали» (flared up), «разгорелись» (kindled), «посоловели» (grew bleary), and the imperfective «манил» ('kept beckoning') — paint her transformation. The prefixes «за-»/«раз-» mark the inchoative onset of a state; the chain of completed changes builds the rush of her arousal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сверкавшие глаза посоловели","title":"Past active participle «сверкавшие»","body":"«Сверкавшие» (sparkling, that had been sparkling) is a past active participle from imperfective «сверкать», declined as a plural attributive adjective agreeing with «глаза». It compresses 'eyes that were sparkling' into one modifier — bookish and economical."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"посоловели","title":"«посоловеть» — eyes grown bleary with drink","body":"«Посоловеть» is an expressive, colloquial verb for eyes turning dull, glazed, languid — specifically the heavy-lidded look of drunkenness or drowsiness. It captures the precise shift from her sparkling to a swimming gaze as the wine takes hold."}],"words":[{"surface":"Щеки","lemma":"щека","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of запылали","gloss":"cheeks"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Щеки","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"запылали","lemma":"запылать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flushed"},{"surface":"губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of разгорелись","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"разгорелись","lemma":"разгореться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with запылали","gloss":"glowed"},{"surface":"сверкавшие","lemma":"сверкать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies глаза","gloss":"sparkling"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of посоловели","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"посоловели","lemma":"посоловеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with запылали","gloss":"grew languid"},{"surface":"страстный","lemma":"страстный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взгляд","gloss":"passionate"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of манил","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"манил","lemma":"манить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with запылали","gloss":"beckoned"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b8-c8-s146","source":"Даже Калганова как будто укусило что-то за сердце, и он подошел к ней.","translation":"Even Kalganov felt something bite at his heart, as it were, and he went up to her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Калганова как будто укусило что-то за сердце","title":"Impersonal 'something bit at his heart'","body":"A vivid impersonal: the neuter «что-то» (something) is the vague subject, «Калганова» the accusative object, and «за сердце» ('at the heart', «за» + accusative) the spot struck — 'something seemed to bite Kalganov at the heart'. «Как будто» ('as if') hedges the figure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Калганова","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Калганова","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of укусило","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"укусило","lemma":"укусить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal)","gloss":"bit"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular (part of что-то)","role":"subject of укусило","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite suffix, part of что-то)","role":"part of the phrase что, forms indefinite pronoun что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце (idiom: укусить за сердце)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of укусило","gloss":"the heart"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with укусило","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b8-c8-s147","source":"— А ты слышал, как я тебя давеча поцеловала, когда ты спал? — пролепетала она ему. — Опьянела я теперь, вот что… А ты не опьянел? А Митя чего не пьет? Что ж ты не пьешь, Митя, я выпила, а ты не пьешь…","translation":"\"And did you hear how I kissed you just now, while you were asleep?\" she babbled at him. \"I'm tipsy now, that's what... And aren't you tipsy? And why isn't Mitya drinking? Why aren't you drinking, Mitya? I've had a drink, and you aren't drinking...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пролепетала","title":"«пролепетать» — to babble, prattle","body":"«Пролепетать»/«лепетать» is to babble like a child or a tipsy person — soft, half-coherent murmuring. Dostoevsky chooses it (and «лепетала» later) to render Grushenka's drunken, tender, run-on speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А Митя чего не пьет?","title":"Genitive-of-negation echo in «чего»","body":"«Чего не пьёт?» — 'why doesn't he drink?'. Here «чего» (genitive of «что») works as a colloquial 'why / what for', and the negated «не пьёт» fits the broader pull of negation toward the genitive. The «а» openers chain her tipsy questions one after another."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you hear"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поцеловала","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поцеловала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поцеловала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поцеловала","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"поцеловала","lemma":"поцеловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of слышал","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спал","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спал","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on поцеловала","gloss":"were sleeping"},{"surface":"пролепетала","lemma":"пролепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to слышал","gloss":"she babbled"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пролепетала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of пролепетала","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"Опьянела","lemma":"опьянеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got tipsy"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Опьянела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Опьянела","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Опьянела (idiom: вот что)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of опьянел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies опьянел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"опьянел","lemma":"опьянеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got tipsy"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пьет","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular (colloquial adverbial: why)","role":"adverbial modifier of пьет","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пьет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пьет","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is drinking"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular (colloquial adverbial: why)","role":"adverbial modifier of пьешь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пьешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пьешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пьешь","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are drinking"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выпила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"выпила","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пьешь","gloss":"have had a drink"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пьешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пьешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"пьешь","lemma":"пить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the earlier пьешь","gloss":"are drinking"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b8-c8-s148","source":"— Пьян! И так пьян… от тебе пьян, а теперь и от вина хочу. — Он выпил еще стакан и — странно это ему показалось самому — только от этого последнего стакана и охмелел, вдруг охмелел, а до тех пор всё был трезв, сам помнил это.","translation":"\"I'm drunk! Drunk as it is... drunk on you, and now I want to be drunk on wine too.\" He drank off another glass, and — strangely enough, as it seemed to him afterward — it was only from this last glass that he grew tipsy, suddenly tipsy, whereas until then he had been perfectly sober, as he himself remembered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от тебе пьян","title":"Non-standard «от тебе» in tipsy speech","body":"«От» governs the genitive, so standard Russian needs «от тебя» ('drunk on you'). Mitya's slurred «от тебе» (using the dative/prepositional «тебе») is a deliberate solecism — Dostoevsky letting grammar slip to show the wine taking hold."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только от этого последнего стакана и охмелел","title":"Focusing «только … и»","body":"The frame «только … и» pins the focus: 'it was only from this last glass that he got tipsy'. «От … стакана» is «от» + genitive of cause. The construction isolates the single, paradoxical trigger of his sudden intoxication after a sober night."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"до тех пор всё был трезв","title":"Short adjective «трезв» + «до тех пор»","body":"«Трезв» is the short predicative form of «трезвый» (sober), stating a temporary condition — he had been sober. «До тех пор» ('until then', «до» + genitive of «тот») sets the time boundary; «всё» here is the adverbial 'all the while, still'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the exclamation","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пьян","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, repeated","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular (dialectal, non-standard for тебя)","role":"oblique complement of пьян","gloss":"you","note":"Non-standard peasant-dialect form; the expected literary case after 'от' is genitive (тебя)."},{"surface":"пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, repeated","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вина","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вина","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вина","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хочу","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выпил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"выпил","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drank"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стакан","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"стакан","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выпил","gloss":"a glass"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"странно","lemma":"странно","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"modifies показалось","gloss":"strangely"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of показалось","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показалось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"показалось","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выпил","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ему (emphatic: himself)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стакана","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стакана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of стакана","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стакана","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"стакана","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of охмелел","gloss":"glass"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies охмелел (idiom: только... и = only then)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"охмелел","lemma":"охмелеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, contrasted with был трезв","gloss":"got drunk"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the repeated охмелел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"охмелел","lemma":"охмелеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with the previous охмелел","gloss":"got drunk"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination (contrast)","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор (idiom: до тех пор = until then)","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до тех пор","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до тех пор","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был (idiom: всё был = had been all along)","gloss":"the whole time"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking (implied он) to трезв","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"трезв","lemma":"трезвый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"sober"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies (implied он), emphatic subject of помнил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"помнил","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был трезв","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помнил","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b8-c8-s149","source":"С этой минуты всё завертелось кругом него, как в бреду.","translation":"From that minute on, everything began to spin around him, as if in a delirium.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё завертелось кругом него, как в бреду","title":"Reflexive «завертеться» + «бред»","body":"«Завертелось» is reflexive «-ся» (intransitive 'began to spin'), with the inchoative prefix «за-» marking onset. «Как в бреду» ('as in a delirium', «в» + prepositional) names the chapter — «Бред», Delirium — and signals the dreamlike unreliability of what Mitya is about to experience."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завертелось","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of завертелось","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"завертелось","lemma":"завертеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began to spin"},{"surface":"кругом","lemma":"кругом","morphology":"preposition, governs genitive","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of кругом","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison, modifies завертелось","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бреду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бреду","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"object of в, within the как-comparison","gloss":"delirium"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b8-c8-s150","source":"Он ходил, смеялся, заговаривал со всеми, и всё это как бы уж не помня себя.","translation":"He walked about, laughed, struck up conversation with everyone, and all of it as though he were already not himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы уж не помня себя","title":"Gerund «не помня себя» + reflexive «себя»","body":"«Не помня себя» is an imperfective gerund (negated) — 'not remembering himself', i.e. beside himself, out of his senses. «Себя» is the reflexive pronoun (no nominative) pointing back to the subject. «Как бы уж» softens and intensifies: 'as though already not himself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ходил","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"walked about"},{"surface":"смеялся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходил","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"заговаривал","lemma":"заговаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ходил","gloss":"struck up talk"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всеми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of заговаривал","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic summarizing the preceding actions, loosely attached to помня","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы (as though), modifies помня","gloss":"as though","note":"«как бы» together mean \"as though\"."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помня","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates помня","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помня","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"converb clause modifying the subject of ходил","gloss":"remembering"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of помня","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b8-c8-s151","source":"Одно лишь неподвижное и жгучее чувство сказывалось в нем поминутно, «точно горячий уголь в душе», — вспоминал он потом.","translation":"One single, fixed, burning feeling alone made itself felt in him every moment, \"like a hot coal in the soul,\" as he recalled it afterward.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Одно лишь … чувство сказывалось в нем поминутно","title":"Reflexive «сказываться» — 'made itself felt'","body":"«Сказывалось» is the reflexive/middle of «сказать» — 'made itself felt, told upon him'. Imperfective for the constant, recurring sensation; «поминутно» ('every minute') reinforces the repetition. The subject «одно … чувство» is fronted and split by its modifiers for weight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"точно горячий уголь в душе","title":"«точно» — 'just like, as if'","body":"«Точно» (lit. 'exactly') is used here as a comparative 'as if, just like', introducing the quoted image 'like a hot coal in the soul'. This «точно» of simile recurs throughout the chapter («точно из шайки», «точно учитель») and is a favourite Dostoevskian connective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies чувство","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Одно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"неподвижное","lemma":"неподвижный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"жгучее","lemma":"жгучий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with неподвижное","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сказывалось","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"сказывалось","lemma":"сказываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made itself felt"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказывалось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"поминутно","lemma":"поминутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказывалось","gloss":"every moment"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the comparison уголь, elliptical predicate of чувство","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"горячий","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уголь","gloss":"hot"},{"surface":"уголь","lemma":"уголь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"comparison predicate, parallel to сказывалось","gloss":"coal"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies уголь","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"вспоминал","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"reporting clause, parallel to сказывалось","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспоминал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспоминал","gloss":"afterward"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b8-c8-s152","source":"Он подходил к ней, садился подле нее, глядел на нее, слушал ее…","translation":"He kept going up to her, sitting down beside her, gazing at her, listening to her...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подходил … садился … глядел … слушал","title":"Imperfectives for repeated action","body":"Four imperfective past verbs in a row, all naming habitual, repeated acts — he kept going up, kept sitting, kept gazing, kept listening. The imperfective (against the perfectives that move the plot) freezes the scene into a recurring loop, mirrored by the trailing ellipsis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"подходил","lemma":"подходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept going up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подходил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"садился","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подходил","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition, governs genitive","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of подле","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"глядел","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подходил","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подходил","gloss":"listened to"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of слушал","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b8-c8-s153","source":"Она же стала ужасно как словоохотлива, всех к себе подзывала, манила вдруг к себе какую-нибудь девку из хора, та подходила, а она или целовала ее и отпускала, или иногда крестила ее рукой.","translation":"She, for her part, had grown terribly talkative; she called everyone over to her, would suddenly beckon to herself some girl from the chorus, and when she came up, would either kiss her and let her go, or sometimes make the sign of the cross over her with her hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она же стала ужасно как словоохотлива","title":"Contrastive «же» + short adjective","body":"Here «же» is not emphatic but lightly contrastive — 'she, for her part'. «Стала … словоохотлива» uses «стать» with the short predicative adjective «словоохотлива» (talkative), the bookish predicate form. «Ужасно как» ('terribly, awfully') is colloquial intensification."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"та подходила, а она или целовала … или … крестила","title":"Iterative imperfectives with «или … или»","body":"The whole sentence runs in iterative imperfectives — «подзывала», «манила», «подходила», «целовала», «крестила» — to describe what habitually happened each time. «Или … или» ('either … or') offers the alternating outcomes; «та» tracks 'the girl (who came up)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Она","gloss":"for her part"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms intensifying phrase with как, modifies словоохотлива","gloss":"terribly","note":"«ужасно как» is a colloquial intensifier meaning \"terribly\"."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the intensifying phrase ужасно как","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"словоохотлива","lemma":"словоохотливый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of стала","gloss":"talkative"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of подзывала","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of подзывала","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"подзывала","lemma":"подзывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стала","gloss":"called over"},{"surface":"манила","lemma":"манить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стала","gloss":"beckoned"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies манила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of манила","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of девку","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"какой-нибудь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of девку, part of какую-нибудь","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"девку","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of манила","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хора","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"хора","lemma":"хор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies девку","gloss":"chorus"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подходила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"подходила","lemma":"подходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"temporal clause, parallel to стала","gloss":"came up"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of целовала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"целовала","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стала","gloss":"would kiss"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of целовала","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отпускала","lemma":"отпускать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стала","gloss":"let go"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крестила","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"крестила","lemma":"крестить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стала","gloss":"crossed"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of крестила","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of крестила","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b8-c8-s154","source":"Еще минутку, и она могла заплакать.","translation":"Another moment, and she might have burst into tears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Еще минутку, и она могла заплакать","title":"Accusative of duration «минутку» + 'could weep'","body":"«Ещё минутку» is the accusative «минутку» (diminutive of «минута») used for a short span of time — 'one more little minute'. The terse 'X more, and Y' frame implies a conditional; «могла заплакать» pairs «мочь» with the inchoative perfective «заплакать» (to burst out crying)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies минутку","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the elliptical first clause","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with минутку","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"заплакать","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"burst into tears"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b8-c8-s155","source":"Развеселял ее очень и «старикашка», как называла она Максимова.","translation":"The \"old fellow,\" as she called Maximov, amused her greatly too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Развеселял ее очень и «старикашка»","title":"Verb-first word order for focus","body":"The clause opens with the verb «развеселял» (kept amusing, imperfective), pushing the real subject — «старикашка», the comic Maximov — to the stressed end position. This inversion makes him the 'new' information: who, besides Mitya, was cheering her up."}],"words":[{"surface":"Развеселял","lemma":"развеселять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"amused"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Развеселял","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Развеселял","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"старикашка","lemma":"старикашка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Развеселял","gloss":"old fellow"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of называла","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"называла","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Развеселял","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of называла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"Максимова","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of называла","gloss":"Maximov"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b8-c8-s156","source":"Он поминутно подбегал целовать у нее ручки «и всякий пальчик», а под конец проплясал еще один танец под одну старую песенку, которую сам же и пропел.","translation":"Every minute he came running up to kiss her little hands \"and every little finger,\" and toward the end he danced one more dance to an old little song, which he himself sang.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ручки «и всякий пальчик»","title":"Diminutives «ручки», «пальчик», «песенка»","body":"Maximov's gallantry drips with diminutives — «ручки» (little hands), «пальчик» (little finger), «песенка/песенку» (little song). The suffixes «-к-/-ик-» make the gestures dainty and faintly absurd, matching his obsequious clowning."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которую сам же и пропел","title":"Relative «которую» + emphatic «сам же и»","body":"«Которую» (whom/which, feminine accusative) introduces the relative clause modifying «песенку», taking the accusative as the object of «пропел». «Сам же и» triple-stacks emphasis — 'which he himself, no less, sang' — «сам» (himself), «же» and «и» all underscoring that he both danced and sang it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подбегал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поминутно","lemma":"поминутно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подбегал","gloss":"every minute"},{"surface":"подбегал","lemma":"подбегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran up"},{"surface":"целовать","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of подбегал","gloss":"to kiss"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее, forms possessive construction","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessor of ручки","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ручки","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of целовать","gloss":"little hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пальчик, coordinated direct object of целовать","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"пальчик","lemma":"пальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of целовать, coordinated with ручки","gloss":"little finger"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проплясал","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"проплясал","lemma":"проплясать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подбегал","gloss":"danced"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies один","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies танец","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"танец","lemma":"танец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of проплясал","gloss":"dance"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking песенку","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies песенку","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"старую","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies песенку","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"песенку","lemma":"песенка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проплясал","gloss":"little song"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пропел","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the implicit subject of пропел","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes пропел","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пропел","lemma":"пропеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on песенку","gloss":"sang"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b8-c8-s157","source":"В особенности с жаром подплясывал за припевом:","translation":"He danced with particular ardor to the refrain:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"припев","title":"«припев» — the refrain","body":"«Припев» is the recurring refrain or chorus of a song (from «припевать», to sing along). «Подплясывал … за припевом» — he capered 'to the refrain'. The folk-song that follows is built on exactly such a repeating animal-sound припев."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking особенности, forms idiom «в особенности»","gloss":"in","note":"«в особенности» together is an idiom meaning \"especially, in particular\"."},{"surface":"особенности","lemma":"особенность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase в особенности, modifies подплясывал","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жаром","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"жаром","lemma":"жар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подплясывал","gloss":"ardor"},{"surface":"подплясывал","lemma":"подплясывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"danced"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking припевом","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"припевом","lemma":"припев","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подплясывал","gloss":"refrain"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b8-c8-s158","source":"Свинушка хрю-хрю, хрю-хрю, Телочка му-му, му-му, Уточка ква-ква, ква-ква, Гусынька га-га, га-га. Курочка по сенюшкам похаживала, Тюрю-рю, рю-рю, выговаривала, Ай, ай, выговаривала!","translation":"Little piggy goes oink-oink, oink-oink, / Little heifer goes moo-moo, moo-moo, / Little duck goes quack-quack, quack-quack, / Little goose goes honk-honk, honk-honk. / The little hen went strutting through the passage, / Tyuru-ryu, ryu-ryu, she'd cluck it out, / Aye, aye, she'd cluck it out!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Свинушка … Телочка … Уточка … Гусынька … Курочка","title":"A barnyard of diminutives","body":"The nonsense ditty strings affectionate animal diminutives — «свинушка» (piggy), «тёлочка» (little heifer), «уточка» (ducky), «гусынька» (little goose), «курочка» (little hen) — each with the caressing «-ушк-/-очк-/-еньк-» suffixes that give Russian folk song its tender, sing-song charm."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по сенюшкам похаживала","title":"«похаживала» + folk diminutive «сенюшки»","body":"«Похаживала» is an iterative-diminutive verb (from «ходить» via «-ива-» plus «по-») meaning 'kept strutting/sauntering about' — a leisurely, repeated strolling. «Сенюшки» is the doubly-endeared folk diminutive of «сени» (the entry-passage), the same word that opened the chapter and that names the next song."}],"words":[{"surface":"Свинушка","lemma":"свинушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, subject of the implied sound","gloss":"little pig"},{"surface":"хрю","lemma":"хрю","morphology":"interjection","role":"imitates the sound made by Свинушка","gloss":"oink"},{"surface":"хрю","lemma":"хрю","morphology":"interjection","role":"imitates the sound made by Свинушка","gloss":"oink"},{"surface":"хрю","lemma":"хрю","morphology":"interjection","role":"imitates the sound made by Свинушка","gloss":"oink"},{"surface":"хрю","lemma":"хрю","morphology":"interjection","role":"imitates the sound made by Свинушка","gloss":"oink"},{"surface":"Телочка","lemma":"тёлочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, subject of the implied sound","gloss":"little heifer"},{"surface":"му","lemma":"му","morphology":"interjection","role":"imitates the sound made by Телочка","gloss":"moo"},{"surface":"му","lemma":"му","morphology":"interjection","role":"imitates the sound made by Телочка","gloss":"moo"},{"surface":"му","lemma":"му","morphology":"interjection","role":"imitates the sound made by Телочка","gloss":"moo"},{"surface":"му","lemma":"му","morphology":"interjection","role":"imitates the sound made by Телочка","gloss":"moo"},{"surface":"Уточка","lemma":"уточка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, subject of the implied sound","gloss":"little duck"},{"surface":"ква","lemma":"ква","morphology":"interjection","role":"imitates the sound made by Уточка","gloss":"quack"},{"surface":"ква","lemma":"ква","morphology":"interjection","role":"imitates the sound made by Уточка","gloss":"quack"},{"surface":"ква","lemma":"ква","morphology":"interjection","role":"imitates the sound made by Уточка","gloss":"quack"},{"surface":"ква","lemma":"ква","morphology":"interjection","role":"imitates the sound made by Уточка","gloss":"quack"},{"surface":"Гусынька","lemma":"гусынька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase, subject of the implied sound","gloss":"little goose"},{"surface":"га","lemma":"га","morphology":"interjection","role":"imitates the sound made by Гусынька","gloss":"honk"},{"surface":"га","lemma":"га","morphology":"interjection","role":"imitates the sound made by Гусынька","gloss":"honk"},{"surface":"га","lemma":"га","morphology":"interjection","role":"imitates the sound made by Гусынька","gloss":"honk"},{"surface":"га","lemma":"га","morphology":"interjection","role":"imitates the sound made by Гусынька","gloss":"honk"},{"surface":"Курочка","lemma":"курочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of похаживала","gloss":"little hen"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сенюшкам","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"сенюшкам","lemma":"сенюшки","morphology":"noun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of похаживала","gloss":"passageway"},{"surface":"похаживала","lemma":"похаживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went strutting"},{"surface":"Тюрю","lemma":"тюрю","morphology":"interjection","role":"onomatopoeic object of выговаривала","gloss":"tyuru"},{"surface":"рю","lemma":"рю","morphology":"interjection","role":"onomatopoeic object of выговаривала","gloss":"ryu"},{"surface":"рю","lemma":"рю","morphology":"interjection","role":"onomatopoeic object of выговаривала","gloss":"ryu"},{"surface":"рю","lemma":"рю","morphology":"interjection","role":"onomatopoeic object of выговаривала","gloss":"ryu"},{"surface":"выговаривала","lemma":"выговаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, implicit subject Курочка","gloss":"clucked out"},{"surface":"Ай","lemma":"ай","morphology":"interjection","role":"onomatopoeic object of the second выговаривала","gloss":"aye"},{"surface":"ай","lemma":"ай","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with Ай, onomatopoeic object of the second выговаривала","gloss":"aye"},{"surface":"выговаривала","lemma":"выговаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"repeats выговаривала, main verb of the clause","gloss":"clucked out"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b8-c8-s159","source":"— Дай ему что-нибудь, Митя, — говорила Грушенька, — подари ему, ведь он бедный. Ах, бедные, обиженные!.. Знаешь, Митя, я в монастырь пойду. Нет, вправду, когда-нибудь пойду. Мне Алеша сегодня на всю жизнь слова сказал… Да… А сегодня уж пусть попляшем. Завтра в монастырь, а сегодня попляшем. Я шалить хочу, добрые люди, ну и что ж такое, бог простит. Кабы богом была, всех бы людей простила: «Милые мои грешнички, с этого дня прощаю всех». А я пойду прощения просить: «Простите, добрые люди, бабу глупую, вот что». Зверь я, вот что. А молиться хочу. Я луковку подала. Злодейке такой, как я, молиться хочется! Митя, пусть пляшут, не мешай. Все люди на свете хороши, все до единого. Хорошо на свете. Хоть и скверные мы, а хорошо на свете. Скверные мы и хорошие, и скверные и хорошие… Нет, скажите, я вас спрошу, все подойдите, и я спрошу; скажите мне все вот что: почему я такая хорошая? Я ведь хорошая, я очень хорошая… Ну так вот: почему я такая хорошая? — Так лепетала Грушенька, хмелея всё больше и больше, и наконец прямо объявила, что сейчас сама хочет плясать. Встала с кресел и пошатнулась. — Митя, не давай мне больше вина, просить буду — не давай. Вино спокойствия не дает. И всё кружится, и печка, и всё кружится. Плясать хочу. Пусть все смотрят, как я пляшу… как я хорошо и прекрасно пляшу…","translation":"\"Give him something, Mitya,\" Grushenka kept saying. \"Make him a present, he's poor, after all. Ah, the poor, the wronged ones!.. You know, Mitya, I'm going to go into a convent. No, truly, one day I'll go. Alyosha said words to me today that will last my whole life... Yes... But for today, let's dance, then. Tomorrow the convent, but today let's dance. I want to be naughty, good people — and what of it, God will forgive. If I were God, I'd forgive everyone: 'My dear little sinners, from this day on I forgive you all.' And I'll go and beg forgiveness: 'Forgive a foolish woman, good people, that's all.' A beast is what I am. But I want to pray. I gave away an onion. A wicked woman like me wants to pray! Mitya, let them dance, don't get in the way. All the people in the world are good, every last one. It's good in the world. Even if we're vile, still it's good in the world. We're vile and good, both vile and good... No, tell me, I'll ask you, all of you come over, and I'll ask; tell me this, all of you: why am I so good? For I am good, I am very good... Well, then: why am I so good?\" So Grushenka prattled on, growing more and more tipsy, and at last announced point-blank that she now wanted to dance herself. She rose from the armchair and swayed. \"Mitya, don't give me any more wine, even if I beg for it — don't give it me. Wine gives no peace. And everything is spinning, the stove too, everything is spinning. I want to dance. Let them all watch how I dance... how beautifully and finely I dance...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подари ему","title":"Perfective imperative + dative recipient","body":"«Подари» is the perfective imperative of «подарить» (to make a gift of) — a single, completed act — with the recipient in the dative «ему». Contrast the more general «дай ему что-нибудь» just before; «что-нибудь» is the non-specific 'anything at all'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кабы богом была, всех бы людей простила","title":"Folk conditional «кабы» + «бы»","body":"«Кабы» is a folk/archaic conditional conjunction equal to «если бы» ('if only'). The irrealis is built with past-tense forms plus «бы»: «была … простила» — 'were I God, I would forgive everyone'. «Богом» is the instrumental predicate after «быть»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"грешнички … бабу глупую … Зверь я","title":"Self-naming: «грешнички», «баба», «зверь»","body":"Grushenka's vocabulary of moral self-reckoning: «грешнички» (dear little sinners, an affectionate diminutive of «грешник») whom God-as-she would pardon; «баба» (a coarse word for a peasant woman, here self-deprecating 'foolish woman'); «зверь» ('a beast'). The diminutive tenderness toward sinners contrasts the harsh nouns she flings at herself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хмелея всё больше и больше","title":"Gerund «хмелея» + intensifying comparative","body":"«Хмелея» is the imperfective gerund of «хмелеть» (growing tipsy), naming the state that accompanies her prattling. «Всё больше и больше» ('more and more') uses the comparative «больше» doubled with «всё» to express steady increase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не давай мне больше вина … не давай","title":"Imperfective imperative «не давай» under negation","body":"A negative command takes the imperfective imperative: «не давай» (don't give), not the perfective «не дай». «Вина» is the partitive/genitive of negation ('any wine'). Russian regularly switches to the imperfective for prohibitions — 'don't be giving me wine'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дай","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Дай","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of Дай (with нибудь)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"indefinite particle attached to что","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address (name)","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"говорила","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the speech tag","gloss":"kept saying"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of говорила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"подари","lemma":"подарить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Дай","gloss":"give (a gift)"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подари","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes бедный (\"after all\")","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бедный","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бедный","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of он","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"бедные","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"exclamatory apposition to Ах","gloss":"the poor"},{"surface":"обиженные","lemma":"обиженный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with бедные","gloss":"the wronged"},{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse verb addressing Mitya","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address (name)","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастырь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"монастырь","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойду","gloss":"the convent"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll go"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to вправду","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"вправду","lemma":"вправду","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies пойду (\"truly\")","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойду (with нибудь, \"someday\")","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle, indefinite marker","role":"indefinite particle attached to когда","gloss":"-day"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вправду","gloss":"I'll go"},{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"алеша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the 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coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кружится","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"кружится","lemma":"кружиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with кружится","gloss":"is spinning"},{"surface":"Плясать","lemma":"плясать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"To dance"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I want"},{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смотрят","gloss":"Let"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смотрят","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"смотрят","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пляшу","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пляшу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пляшу","lemma":"плясать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"oblique complement of смотрят","gloss":"dance"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хорошо","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хорошо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пляшу","gloss":"beautifully"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прекрасно","lemma":"прекрасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with хорошо","gloss":"finely"},{"surface":"пляшу","lemma":"плясать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dance"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b8-c8-s160","source":"Намерение было серьезное: она вынула из кармана беленький батистовый платочек и взяла его за кончик, в правую ручку, чтобы махать им в пляске.","translation":"Her intention was a serious one: she drew from her pocket a little white cambric handkerchief and took it by one corner in her right hand, the better to wave it in the dance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беленький батистовый платочек","title":"Diminutives + «батист» (cambric)","body":"«Беленький» (nice and white, diminutive-expressive of «белый»), «платочек» (little handkerchief). «Батистовый» derives from «батист», fine cambric/lawn linen — a dainty, ladylike cloth. The pile of diminutives marks the handkerchief as a precious, feminine prop for the dance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы махать им в пляске","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + instrumental of means","body":"«Чтобы махать им» — 'in order to wave it'. Here «чтобы» governs an infinitive (same subject), no «бы»-past needed. «Им» is the instrumental: «махать» (to wave) takes its object in the instrumental, the case of the thing wielded."}],"words":[{"surface":"Намерение","lemma":"намерение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of серьезное","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to серьезное","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"серьезное","lemma":"серьёзный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вынула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вынула","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to серьезное","gloss":"took out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кармана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кармана","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынула","gloss":"her pocket"},{"surface":"беленький","lemma":"беленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies платочек","gloss":"little white"},{"surface":"батистовый","lemma":"батистовый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies платочек","gloss":"cambric"},{"surface":"платочек","lemma":"платочек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вынула","gloss":"handkerchief"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"взяла","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вынула","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взяла","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кончик","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"кончик","lemma":"кончик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взяла","gloss":"the corner"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ручку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"правую","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ручку","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ручку","lemma":"ручка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взяла","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of махать","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"махать","lemma":"махать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on взяла","gloss":"wave"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"им","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of махать (\"wave it\")","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пляске","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пляске","lemma":"пляска","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of махать","gloss":"the dance"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b8-c8-s161","source":"Митя захлопотал, девки затихли, приготовясь грянуть хором плясовую по первому мановению.","translation":"Mitya bustled about; the girls fell silent, ready to strike up a dance-tune in chorus at the first signal.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"приготовясь грянуть хором плясовую","title":"Reflexive gerund «приготовясь» + instrumental «хором»","body":"«Приготовясь» is a perfective gerund of reflexive «приготовиться» (having made ready). «Хором» is the instrumental of «хор» used adverbially — 'in chorus, all together'. «Грянуть» (to strike up, burst out) is a vivid perfective for the sudden onset of the song."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по первому мановению","title":"«мановение» — a bookish 'wave, beck'","body":"«Мановение» (a wave or nod of command, as in «по мановению руки») is an elevated, literary word — 'at the first signal/beck'. Its solemn register sits with mock-grandeur over the homely scene of village girls waiting to start a dance-tune."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захлопотал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"захлопотал","lemma":"захлопотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bustled about"},{"surface":"девки","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of затихли","gloss":"the girls"},{"surface":"затихли","lemma":"затихнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with захлопотал","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"приготовясь","lemma":"приготовиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on затихли","gloss":"having got ready"},{"surface":"грянуть","lemma":"грянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of приготовясь","gloss":"to strike up"},{"surface":"хором","lemma":"хор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of грянуть","gloss":"in chorus"},{"surface":"плясовую","lemma":"плясовой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of грянуть","gloss":"a dance-tune"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мановению","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"первому","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies мановению","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"мановению","lemma":"мановение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of грянуть","gloss":"signal"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b8-c8-s162","source":"Максимов, узнав, что Грушенька хочет сама плясать, завизжал от восторга и пошел было пред ней подпрыгивать, припевая:","translation":"Maximov, on learning that Grushenka wanted to dance herself, squealed with delight and set off to prance about before her, singing:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"узнав, что Грушенька хочет сама плясать","title":"Perfective gerund «узнав» + reported «что»","body":"«Узнав» (on learning, having learned) is a perfective past gerund giving the prior cause of his squealing. «Что Грушенька хочет … плясать» is a reported-fact clause with «что»; «сама» ('herself') stresses that she means to dance in person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пошел было пред ней подпрыгивать","title":"The frustrative particle «было»","body":"«Было» (here unstressed, after a perfective past) marks an action begun but not carried through — the 'frustrative': he set off to prance, but (as the next sentence shows) was driven off. «Пред» is the bookish/archaic form of «перед» (before, in front of) + instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"узнав","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"depends on Максимов","gloss":"on learning"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хочет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of узнав","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сама","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying плясать","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"плясать","lemma":"плясать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to dance"},{"surface":"завизжал","lemma":"завизжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хочет","gloss":"squealed"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторга","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"восторга","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завизжал","gloss":"delight"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хочет","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle (marks an action begun)","role":"copula linking to пошел","gloss":"started to"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"ней","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пред","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"подпрыгивать","lemma":"подпрыгивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пошел","gloss":"to prance about"},{"surface":"припевая","lemma":"припевать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on подпрыгивать","gloss":"singing"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b8-c8-s163","source":"Ножки тонки, бока звонки, Хвостик закорючкой.","translation":"Slender of leg, ringing of flank, / A little curled-up tail.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ножки тонки, бока звонки, Хвостик закорючкой","title":"Short adjectives + diminutives in the ditty","body":"Folk-song economy: «тонки», «звонки» are short predicative adjectives ('legs [are] slender, flanks [are] ringing'), and «ножки», «хвостик» are diminutives. «Закорючкой» is the instrumental of «закорючка» (a little hook/squiggle) used adverbially — 'the tail [curled up] in a little hook'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ножки","lemma":"ножка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of тонки","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"тонки","lemma":"тонкий","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"slender"},{"surface":"бока","lemma":"бок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of звонки","gloss":"flanks"},{"surface":"звонки","lemma":"звонкий","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"predicate of бока","gloss":"ringing"},{"surface":"Хвостик","lemma":"хвостик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase (subject)","gloss":"little tail"},{"surface":"закорючкой","lemma":"закорючка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of Хвостик","gloss":"curled like a hook"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b8-c8-s164","source":"Но Грушенька махнула на него платочком и отогнала его:","translation":"But Grushenka waved her handkerchief at him and drove him off:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"махнула на него платочком и отогнала его","title":"Perfectives «махнула»/«отогнала» + instrumental","body":"«Махнула» is the semelfactive perfective of «махать» (one wave of the hand), governing the instrumental «платочком» (with the handkerchief); «на него» ('at him', «на» + accusative) directs the gesture. «Отогнала» (drove off) is a second perfective completing the action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of махнула","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"махнула","lemma":"махнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waved"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of махнула","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"платочком","lemma":"платочек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of махнула","gloss":"her handkerchief"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отогнала","lemma":"отогнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with махнула","gloss":"drove off"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отогнала","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b8-c8-s165","source":"— Ш-шь! Митя, что ж нейдут? Пусть все придут… смотреть. Позови и тех, запертых… За что ты их запер? Скажи им, что я пляшу, пусть и они смотрят, как я пляшу…","translation":"\"Sh-sh! Mitya, why don't they come? Let everyone come... to watch. Call those others too, the locked-up ones... What did you lock them in for? Tell them I'm dancing, let them watch too, how I dance...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ж нейдут?","title":"Archaic «нейдут» (= не идут) + «ж»","body":"«Нейдут» is the older fused negative of «идти» — «не идут» ('they don't come'), with «не» written together with the verb, a 19th-century colloquial-archaic form. «Что ж» ('so why', «же» reduced to «ж») gives the impatient prod."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Позови и тех, запертых","title":"Imperative «позови» + past passive participle «запертых»","body":"«Позови» is the perfective imperative ('call'). «Запертых» is the past passive participle of «запереть» (to lock up), declined here as a substantivized animate-accusative plural — 'the locked-up ones'. «И тех» — 'those others too', the demonstrative pointing to the Poles behind the locked door."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ш","lemma":"ш","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sh"},{"surface":"шь","lemma":"шь","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with Ш","gloss":"sh"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"adverb, interrogative","role":"modifies нейдут","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"нейдут","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective, negated","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"aren't coming","note":"нейдут = archaic/colloquial не идут, negated present tense of идти, not future."},{"surface":"Пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придут","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of придут","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"придут","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"смотреть","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of придут","gloss":"to watch"},{"surface":"Позови","lemma":"позвать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тех","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Позови","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"запертых","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies тех","gloss":"the locked-up ones"},{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of запер","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of запер","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"их","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of запер","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"запер","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"locked up"},{"surface":"Скажи","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of Скажи","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пляшу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пляшу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пляшу","lemma":"плясать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Скажи","gloss":"am dancing"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смотрят","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смотрят","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смотрят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"смотрят","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by пусть","gloss":"watch"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пляшу","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пляшу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пляшу","lemma":"плясать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"oblique complement of смотрят","gloss":"dance"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b8-c8-s166","source":"Митя с пьяным размахом подошел к запертой двери и начал стучать к панам кулаком.","translation":"Mitya, with a drunken sweep, went up to the locked door and began to pound on it at the Poles with his fist.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начал стучать к панам кулаком","title":"«начать» + imperfective infinitive; instrumental «кулаком»","body":"Phase verbs like «начать» (to begin) require an imperfective infinitive — «стучать» (to knock), an ongoing activity. «Кулаком» is the instrumental of means ('with his fist'); «к панам» ('at the Poles', «к» + dative) marks the addressees of the pounding."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подошел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking размахом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пьяным","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies размахом","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"размахом","lemma":"размах","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"sweep"},{"surface":"подошел","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двери","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"запертой","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"modifies двери","gloss":"locked"},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошел","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошел","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"стучать","lemma":"стучать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to pound"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking панам","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"панам","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стучать","gloss":"the Poles"},{"surface":"кулаком","lemma":"кулак","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of стучать","gloss":"with his fist"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b8-c8-s167","source":"— Эй вы… Подвысоцкие! Выходите, она плясать хочет, вас зовет.","translation":"\"Hey, you... Podvysotskys! Come out, she wants to dance, she's calling for you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выходите, она плясать хочет, вас зовет","title":"Imperative «выходите» + dropped pronouns","body":"«Выходите» is the polite/plural imperative 'come out'. The two following clauses drop the subject pronoun 'she' — recoverable from the verb endings «хочет», «зовёт» (3rd sg.) — a routine economy. «Вас зовёт»: 'is calling you' (accusative «вас»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эй","lemma":"эй","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hey"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Подвысоцкие","lemma":"подвысоцкий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"Podvysotskys"},{"surface":"Выходите","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come out"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"плясать","lemma":"плясать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to dance"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Выходите","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of зовет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"зовет","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Выходите","gloss":"is calling"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b8-c8-s168","source":"— Лайдак! — прокричал в ответ который-то из панов.","translation":"\"Łajdak!\" one of the Poles shouted back in reply.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"который-то из панов","title":"Indefinite «который-то»","body":"«Который-то из панов» — 'one or other of the Poles', a specific but unidentified one. The clitic «-то» on «который» (which) marks a known-to-exist but unnamed referent; «из панов» ('of the Poles') is the partitive genitive after «из»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лайдак","lemma":"лайдак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"scoundrel!"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответ","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокричал","gloss":"reply"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который-то","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms который-то with который","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking панов","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"панов","lemma":"пан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прокричал","gloss":"the Poles"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b8-c8-s169","source":"— А ты по́длайдак! Мелкий ты подлечоночек; вот ты кто.","translation":"\"And you're an arch-łajdak! A petty little scoundrel of a thing, that's what you are.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по́длайдак … подлечоночек","title":"Mitya's coinages: «подлайдак», «подлечоночек»","body":"Mitya throws the Pole's «лайдак» back with comic prefixes and suffixes: «по́длайдак» (intensive «под-» or a blend with «подлый», 'arch-scoundrel') and «подлечоночек», a nonce diminutive piling «подлец» (villain) with caressing-belittling «-ёночек» — 'a wretched little baby-villain'. The wordplay mocks the Poles' pretensions."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of по́длайдак","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"по́длайдак","lemma":"по́длайдак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"arch-scoundrel"},{"surface":"Мелкий","lemma":"мелкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, modifies ты","gloss":"petty"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подлечоночек","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подлечоночек","lemma":"подлечоночек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"little scoundrel"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ты","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of кто","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"who"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b8-c8-s170","source":"— Перестали бы вы над Польшей-то насмехаться, — сентенциозно заметил Калганов, тоже не под силу себе охмелевший.","translation":"\"You really ought to stop jeering at Poland,\" Kalganov remarked sententiously, himself tipsy beyond his measure.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Перестали бы вы над Польшей-то насмехаться","title":"Softening conditional «бы» as polite urging","body":"«Перестали бы вы … насмехаться» — past form «перестали» + «бы» used not as a real conditional but to soften an admonition into 'you really ought to stop...'. «Насмехаться над» (to mock) governs «над» + instrumental («над Польшей»); «-то» topicalizes Poland."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не под силу себе охмелевший","title":"Past active participle «охмелевший» + idiom «не под силу»","body":"«Охмелевший» is the past active participle of «охмелеть» (grown tipsy), agreeing with Kalganov — 'who had got tipsy'. «Не под силу себе» ('beyond his own strength', «под силу» + dative «себе») means more than he could handle: tipsier than he could carry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Перестали","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"should stop"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of Перестали","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Перестали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Польшей","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Польшей","lemma":"польша","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of насмехаться","gloss":"Poland"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle on Польшей","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"насмехаться","lemma":"насмехаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Перестали","gloss":"jeering"},{"surface":"сентенциозно","lemma":"сентенциозный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"sententiously"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies охмелевший","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies силу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силу","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"силу","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of охмелевший","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of охмелевший","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"охмелевший","lemma":"охмелеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies Калганов","gloss":"grown tipsy"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b8-c8-s171","source":"— Молчи, мальчик! Если я ему сказал подлеца, не значит, что я всей Польше сказал подлеца. Не составляет один лайдак Польши. Молчи, хорошенький мальчик, конфетку кушай.","translation":"\"Quiet, boy! If I called him a scoundrel, that doesn't mean I called all Poland a scoundrel. One łajdak doesn't make up Poland. Quiet, pretty boy, suck on a sweet.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если я ему сказал подлеца, не значит, что я всей Польше сказал подлеца","title":"Conditional «если» + dative addressee","body":"A real (indicative) conditional with «если» — no «бы», a factual 'if I called him...'. Note the idiom «сказать кому подлеца» 'to call someone a scoundrel', with the person in the dative («ему», «всей Польше») and the epithet «подлеца» in the animate accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"конфетку кушай","title":"Imperfective imperative «кушай» + diminutive","body":"«Кушай» is the imperfective imperative of «кушать» (to eat, a polite/folksy synonym of «есть») — 'have a sweet, suck on a candy'. «Конфетку» is the diminutive of «конфета». The condescending 'pretty boy, suck a sweet' belittles young Kalganov."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hush"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the if-clause","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"подлеца","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies значит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Польше","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Польше","lemma":"польша","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"Poland"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of значит","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"подлеца","lemma":"подлец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"a scoundrel"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies составляет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"составляет","lemma":"составлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"makes up"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"quantifies лайдак","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"лайдак","lemma":"лайдак","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of составляет","gloss":"scoundrel"},{"surface":"Польши","lemma":"польша","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of составляет","gloss":"Poland"},{"surface":"Молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hush"},{"surface":"хорошенький","lemma":"хорошенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"pretty"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"конфетку","lemma":"конфетка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of кушай","gloss":"a sweet"},{"surface":"кушай","lemma":"кушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Молчи","gloss":"eat"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b8-c8-s172","source":"— Ах какие! Точно они не люди. Чего они не хотят мириться? — сказала Грушенька и вышла плясать.","translation":"\"Oh, what people! As if they weren't human. Why won't they make it up?\" said Grushenka, and stepped out to dance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чего они не хотят мириться?","title":"Colloquial «чего» for 'why' + reflexive «мириться»","body":"«Чего» (genitive of «что») serves colloquially as 'why, what for'. «Мириться» (to make peace, be reconciled) is a reflexive «-ся» verb of reciprocal/middle sense — 'why won't they make it up?' «Точно они не люди» — «точно» again as 'as if'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"modifies какие","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"what (people)"},{"surface":"Точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of люди","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"Чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies хотят","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хотят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотят","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"мириться","lemma":"мириться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотят","gloss":"to make peace"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сказала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вышла","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сказала","gloss":"stepped out"},{"surface":"плясать","lemma":"плясать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of вышла","gloss":"to dance"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b8-c8-s173","source":"Хор грянул: «Ах вы сени, мои сени».","translation":"The chorus struck up: \"Ah, my passage, my passage of mine.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Хор","lemma":"хор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of грянул","gloss":"chorus"},{"surface":"грянул","lemma":"грянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck up"},{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection introducing the quote","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"addresses сени","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сени","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"quoted material, object of грянул","gloss":"hallway"},{"surface":"мои","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of сени","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сени","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with сени","gloss":"hallway"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b8-c8-s174","source":"Грушенька закинула было головку, полуоткрыла губки, улыбнулась, махнула было платочком и вдруг, сильно покачнувшись на месте, стала посреди комнаты в недоумении.","translation":"Grushenka started to throw her little head back, to half-part her lips, smiled, started to wave the handkerchief — and suddenly, swaying hard where she stood, she stopped in the middle of the room, bewildered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"закинула было головку … махнула было платочком","title":"Frustrative «было» twice; diminutives","body":"Twice the frustrative «было» marks an action started but cut short — she began to throw back her head and to wave the kerchief, then froze. «Головку», «губки», «платочком» are diminutives. The structure builds the abortive gesture that her dizziness interrupts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сильно покачнувшись на месте, стала … в недоумении","title":"Perfective gerund «покачнувшись» + «стать»","body":"«Покачнувшись» (having swayed) is a perfective gerund giving the immediate prior motion; «стала посреди комнаты» uses «стать» in its literal 'came to a stand' sense. «В недоумении» ('in bewilderment', «в» + prepositional) describes her dazed halt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of закинула","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"закинула","lemma":"закинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"threw back"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies закинула (unrealized action)","gloss":"started to"},{"surface":"головку","lemma":"головка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of закинула","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"полуоткрыла","lemma":"полуоткрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with закинула","gloss":"half-opened"},{"surface":"губки","lemma":"губка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of полуоткрыла","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"улыбнулась","lemma":"улыбнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with закинула","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"махнула","lemma":"махнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with закинула","gloss":"waved"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies махнула (unrealized action)","gloss":"started to"},{"surface":"платочком","lemma":"платочек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of махнула","gloss":"handkerchief"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покачнувшись","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"покачнувшись","lemma":"покачнуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стала","gloss":"swaying"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of покачнувшись","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with закинула","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"посреди","lemma":"посреди","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"in the middle of"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стала","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недоумении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"недоумении","lemma":"недоумение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стала","gloss":"bewilderment"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b8-c8-s175","source":"— Слаба… — проговорила она измученным каким-то голосом, — простите, слаба, не могу… Виновата…","translation":"\"I'm weak...\" she said in some exhausted voice. \"Forgive me, I'm weak, I can't... I'm to blame...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Слаба … простите, слаба, не могу","title":"Short adjective «слаба» as a predicate","body":"«Слаба» is the short feminine form of «слабый» (weak), predicative — 'I'm weak'. The short form here states a momentary condition (faint, overcome), exactly the nuance the bookish predicative form carries. «Виновата» in the same breath is likewise short ('[I'm] to blame')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слаба","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"измученным","lemma":"измученный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"exhausted"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голосом","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite suffix on каким","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорила","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive me"},{"surface":"слаба","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with простите","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могу","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"Виновата","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"I'm to blame"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b8-c8-s176","source":"Она поклонилась хору, затем принялась кланяться на все четыре стороны поочередно:","translation":"She bowed to the chorus, then began bowing to all four sides in turn:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"принялась кланяться на все четыре стороны","title":"«приняться» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Принялась» (set about, from reflexive «приняться») is a phase verb taking the imperfective infinitive «кланяться» (to bow, itself «-ся»). «На все четыре стороны» — 'to all four sides', «на» + accusative for direction — is a fixed expression for bowing all around."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поклонилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"поклонилась","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"хору","lemma":"хор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поклонилась","gloss":"the chorus"},{"surface":"затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принялась","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"принялась","lemma":"приняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поклонилась","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"кланяться","lemma":"кланяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принялась","gloss":"to bow"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of четыре","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on стороны","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of кланяться","gloss":"sides"},{"surface":"поочередно","lemma":"поочередно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кланяться","gloss":"in turn"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b8-c8-s177","source":"— Виновата… Простите…","translation":"\"I'm to blame... Forgive me...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Виновата… Простите…","title":"«виновата» / «простите» — guilt and pardon","body":"«Виновата» (short adj., f.) is 'I'm guilty / to blame / I'm sorry', and «простите» the polite imperative 'forgive [me]'. This paired refrain of guilt and plea for pardon is a deep keynote of the novel's moral world — sounded here through a tipsy girl's bows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Виновата","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, short form, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"I'm to blame"},{"surface":"Простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive me"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b8-c8-s178","source":"— Подпила, барынька, подпила, хорошенькая барынька, — раздавались голоса.","translation":"\"She's had a drop, the little mistress, had a drop, the pretty little mistress,\" voices rang out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Подпила, барынька","title":"«подпить» + diminutive «барынька»","body":"«Подпила» (from «подпить») means 'has had a drop too many, is a bit drunk' — the prefix «под-» softens it to 'tipsy' rather than dead drunk. «Барынька» is the affectionate diminutive of «барыня» (mistress/lady), the chorus-girls' fond name for Grushenka."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подпила","lemma":"подпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she's tipsy"},{"surface":"барынька","lemma":"барынька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"little lady"},{"surface":"подпила","lemma":"подпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Подпила","gloss":"tipsy"},{"surface":"хорошенькая","lemma":"хорошенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies барынька","gloss":"pretty"},{"surface":"барынька","lemma":"барынька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"little lady"},{"surface":"раздавались","lemma":"раздаваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rang out"},{"surface":"голоса","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of раздавались","gloss":"voices"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b8-c8-s179","source":"— Они напились-с, — разъяснил, хихикая, девушкам Максимов.","translation":"\"They've had a drink, sir,\" Maximov explained to the girls with a giggle.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Они напились-с","title":"Reflexive «напиться» + servile «-с»","body":"«Напились» is the perfective reflexive «напиться» (to drink one's fill, get drunk), the prefix «на-» marking 'to satiety'. The plural «они» with the deferential «-с» is Maximov's mock-polite way of explaining to the girls that 'they've had a drink, sir'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разъяснил, хихикая, девушкам","title":"Gerund «хихикая» + dative addressees","body":"«Хихикая» (giggling) is an imperfective gerund of simultaneous action — he explained 'while giggling'. «Девушкам» is the dative of the addressees (to the girls), and «разъяснил» a perfective ('made clear, explained')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of напились","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"напились","lemma":"напиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"got drunk"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, polite enclitic","role":"polite enclitic on напились","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"разъяснил","lemma":"разъяснить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"хихикая","lemma":"хихикать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on разъяснил","gloss":"giggling"},{"surface":"девушкам","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of разъяснил","gloss":"the girls"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разъяснил","gloss":"Maximov"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b8-c8-s180","source":"— Митя, отведи меня… возьми меня, Митя, — в бессилии проговорила Грушенька.","translation":"\"Mitya, take me away... carry me, Mitya,\" Grushenka said feebly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отведи меня… возьми меня","title":"Perfective imperatives of plea","body":"«Отведи» (lead me away) and «возьми» (take me) are perfective imperatives — single, decisive acts she begs of him. «Отведи» is a prefixed motion verb ('lead off'). The bare commands, with «меня», convey her helpless reliance on Mitya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в бессилии проговорила","title":"«в бессилии» — prepositional of state","body":"«В бессилии» ('in [her] powerlessness/faintness', «в» + prepositional of «бессилие») describes the manner of her speaking — feebly, drained of strength. The abstract noun in «-ие» is itself a slightly bookish, Church-Slavonic-flavored formation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"отведи","lemma":"отвести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take away"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of отведи","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"возьми","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carry"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of возьми","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бессилии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бессилии","lemma":"бессилие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорила","gloss":"feebleness"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b8-c8-s181","source":"Митя кинулся к ней, схватил ее на руки и побежал со своею драгоценною добычей за занавески.","translation":"Mitya rushed to her, caught her up in his arms, and ran off with his precious prize behind the curtains.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кинулся… схватил… побежал","title":"Three perfectives in a rush","body":"The sentence is a chain of perfective past verbs — «кинулся» (threw himself), «схватил» (snatched up), «побежал» (set off running) — each a single completed event clicking forward. Perfectives are how Russian narrates an action that unfolds blow by blow."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"со своею драгоценною добычей","title":"Instrumental after «с», with old long endings","body":"«С» (with) governs the instrumental: «со свое́ю драгоце́нною добы́чей». The endings «-ою/-ою» are the older, fuller bookish variants of modern «-ой», common in 19th-century prose and giving the phrase a slightly heightened, ironic-mock-heroic ring."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"драгоценною добычей","title":"“His precious prize”","body":"«добы́ча» is properly a hunter's catch or spoils of war; applied to Grushenka, whom Mitya carries off in his arms, it casts him half as a conquering predator. The mock-elevated tone is deliberately Dostoevskian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кинулся","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"кинулся","lemma":"кинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кинулся","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with кинулся","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"his arms"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with кинулся","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking своею","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"своею","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of добычей","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"драгоценною","lemma":"драгоценный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies добычей","gloss":"precious"},{"surface":"добычей","lemma":"добыча","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежал","gloss":"prize"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking занавески","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"занавески","lemma":"занавеска","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of побежал","gloss":"the curtains"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b8-c8-s182","source":"«Ну уж я теперь уйду», — подумал Калганов и, выйдя из голубой комнаты, притворил за собою обе половинки дверей.","translation":"\"Well, now I'll be off,\" thought Kalganov, and going out of the blue room, he pulled both halves of the door shut behind him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выйдя из голубой комнаты","title":"Perfective gerund «выйдя»","body":"«вы́йдя» is the perfective past gerund («деепричастие») of «выйти» — 'having gone out'. It names a completed action prior to the main verb «притворил», all sharing Kalganov as subject: having left the room, he pulled the doors to."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"притворил за собою обе половинки","title":"Reflexive «собою» and the double doors","body":"«за собо́ю» — 'behind himself' — uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» (instrumental «собой/собою»), pointing back to the clause's subject. «обе полови́нки» are the two leaves of a double door, an «-инк-» diminutive that simply names the door-halves."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уйду","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уйду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уйду","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уйду","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will leave"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выйдя","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on притворил","gloss":"going out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"голубой","lemma":"голубой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнаты","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйдя","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"притворил","lemma":"притворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подумал","gloss":"pulled shut"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of притворил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on половинки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"половинки","lemma":"половинка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of притворил","gloss":"halves"},{"surface":"дверей","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies половинки","gloss":"of the door"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b8-c8-s183","source":"Но пир в зале гремел и продолжался, загремел еще пуще.","translation":"But the revelry in the hall thundered on and went on, breaking out louder than ever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"гремел… продолжался… загремел","title":"Imperfective duration, then a perfective surge","body":"«греме́л» and «продолжа́лся» are imperfective pasts holding the revelry as ongoing noise; then «загреме́л» — perfective with the inceptive prefix «за-» — marks the sudden flare-up ('broke out roaring'). Russian routinely lets «за-» turn a verb into 'began to do' as a single event."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пуще","title":"“Worse / harder / louder”","body":"«пу́ще» is an archaic-folksy comparative meaning 'all the more, even harder'. It survives in fixed phrases («пуще прежнего», 'worse than ever') and lends the line a fairy-tale, oral colour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пир","lemma":"пир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of гремел","gloss":"revelry"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зале","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"зале","lemma":"зал","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пир","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"гремел","lemma":"греметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thundered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"продолжался","lemma":"продолжаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with гремел","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"загремел","lemma":"загреметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with гремел","gloss":"broke out"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пуще","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies загремел","gloss":"louder"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b8-c8-s184","source":"Митя положил Грушеньку на кровать и впился в ее губы поцелуем.","translation":"Mitya laid Grushenka on the bed and pressed a kiss to her lips.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"впился в ее губы поцелуем","title":"Instrumental of manner: “with a kiss”","body":"«впи́лся» (fastened onto, dug into) takes «в её гу́бы» (accusative of motion-toward after «в»), while «поцелу́ем» is a bare instrumental of means — 'by/with a kiss'. The naked instrumental, with no preposition, is the case's pure 'instrument' use."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"впился","title":"“Fastened onto”","body":"«впи́ться» (perf.) is to bite, sting, or dig in — used of teeth, claws, or a clinging stare. Of a kiss it is fierce and consuming, far stronger than a neutral «поцеловал»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of положил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of положил","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровать","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"кровать","lemma":"кровать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of положил","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"впился","lemma":"впиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with положил","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of губы","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"губы","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of впился","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"поцелуем","lemma":"поцелуй","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of впился","gloss":"with a kiss"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b8-c8-s185","source":"— Не трогай меня… — молящим голосом пролепетала она ему, — не трогай, пока не твоя… Сказала, что твоя, а ты не трогай… пощади… При тех, подле тех нельзя. Он тут. Гнусно здесь…","translation":"\"Don't touch me...\" she said to him in a pleading voice. \"Don't touch me until I'm yours... I said I'd be yours, but don't you touch me... spare me... With them here, beside them, it can't be done. He's here. It's vile here...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не трогай меня","title":"Negated imperfective imperative","body":"«не тро́гай» is the imperfective imperative of «трогать». Russian strongly prefers the imperfective under «не» for prohibitions — 'don't (ever) touch', a standing ban — where a perfective imperative would warn against a single feared event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пока не твоя","title":"«пока не» — “until”","body":"«пока́ не» introduces a 'not until' clause: 'don't touch me until (I'm) yours'. Here the verb is gapped to a bare predicate «твоя» — 'until [I'm] yours' — with the zero copula typical of the present tense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пролепетала","title":"“She faltered out”","body":"«пролепета́ть» is to babble, lisp, or murmur brokenly, as a child or someone overcome. It marks Grushenka's plea as half-incoherent, pressed out under emotion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"При тех, подле тех нельзя","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» with «при»/«подле»","body":"«нельзя́» is an impersonal predicative — 'it can't be / it's not allowed' — with no subject. «при тех» ('in the presence of those [people]', prepositional after «при») and «по́дле тех» ('beside those', archaic preposition + genitive) stack two ways of saying 'with them right here'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Гнусно","title":"“It's vile / loathsome here”","body":"«гну́сный/гну́сно» is a strong moral word — base, foul, vile — not mere distaste. Grushenka's «гнусно здесь» registers spiritual revulsion at consummating their love amid the drunken Poles and her former keeper."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трогай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"трогай","lemma":"трогать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"touch"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of трогай","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"молящим","lemma":"молящий","morphology":"adjective (participle), instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"pleading"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пролепетала","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"пролепетала","lemma":"пролепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"faltered out"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пролепетала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of пролепетала","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трогай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"трогай","lemma":"трогать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"touch"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of твоя","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies твоя","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner (predicate), nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of the пока-clause","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"Сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of твоя","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner (predicate), nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of что-clause","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of трогай","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трогай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"трогай","lemma":"трогать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"touch"},{"surface":"пощади","lemma":"пощадить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spare me"},{"surface":"При","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тех","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner (pronoun), locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of При","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тех","gloss":"beside","note":"Governs the genitive: 'подле тех' = 'beside them.'"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner (pronoun), genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of подле","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it can't be done"},{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of тут","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is here"},{"surface":"Гнусно","lemma":"гнусный","morphology":"adjective (predicate), neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Гнусно","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b8-c8-s186","source":"— Послушен! Не мыслю… благоговею!.. — бормотал Митя. — Да, гнусно здесь, о, презренно. — И, не выпуская ее из объятий, он опустился подле кровати на пол, на колена.","translation":"\"I obey! I would not dream of it... I worship you!..\" Mitya muttered. \"Yes, it's vile here — oh, it's contemptible.\" And without releasing her from his embrace, he sank down beside the bed onto the floor, onto his knees.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Послушен","title":"Short adjective as predicate","body":"«послу́шен» is the short (predicative) form of «послушный» (obedient): 'I am obedient / I obey'. The short adjective can only stand as a predicate and here gives Mitya's submission a clipped, absolute, vow-like force."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благоговею","title":"“I revere / worship”","body":"«благогове́ть» is to feel reverent awe, the word for veneration before the holy. Lifting it from the altar to Grushenka, Mitya makes her an object of worship — the religious vocabulary Dostoevsky pours over earthly passion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не выпуская ее из объятий","title":"Imperfective gerund of simultaneity","body":"«не выпуска́я» is the imperfective present gerund of «выпускать» — 'while not letting (her) go'. Negated, it frames the main action «опустился» as happening without his releasing her: he sank down still holding her."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на колена","title":"“Onto his knees” — old plural","body":"«на колена» is the archaic accusative plural of «колено»; modern Russian says «на колени». The dropped «-и» is a 19th-century / Church-Slavonic-flavoured form fitting Mitya's gesture of kneeling as if in prayer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Послушен","lemma":"послушный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate (I am obedient)","gloss":"I obey"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мыслю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мыслю","lemma":"мыслить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I wouldn't dream of it"},{"surface":"благоговею","lemma":"благоговеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I revere you"},{"surface":"бормотал","lemma":"бормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бормотал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to гнусно","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"гнусно","lemma":"гнусный","morphology":"adjective (predicate), neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гнусно","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to презренно","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"презренно","lemma":"презренный","morphology":"adjective (predicate), neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with гнусно","gloss":"contemptible"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выпуская","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выпуская","lemma":"выпускать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on опустился","gloss":"releasing"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of выпуская","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking объятий","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"объятий","lemma":"объятие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of выпуская","gloss":"his embrace"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опустился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опустился","lemma":"опуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sank down"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровати","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"кровати","lemma":"кровать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подле","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пол","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опустился","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колена","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"колена","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with пол","gloss":"his knees"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b8-c8-s187","source":"— Я знаю, ты хоть и зверь, а ты благородный, — тяжело выговорила Грушенька, — надо, чтоб это честно… впредь будет честно… и чтоб и мы были честные, чтоб и мы были добрые, не звери, а добрые… Увези меня, увези далеко, слышишь… Я здесь не хочу, а чтобы далеко, далеко…","translation":"\"I know you're a beast, but you're a noble one,\" Grushenka brought out heavily. \"It has to be honest... from now on it will be honest... and we must be honest too, we must be good, not beasts but good... Take me away, take me far off, do you hear... I don't want to be here, I want it far, far away...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты хоть и зверь, а ты благородный","title":"Concessive «хоть и… а» and the contrastive «а»","body":"«хоть и… а…» is a concessive frame: 'though (you're) X, yet Y'. The pivot «а» is the mild contrastive conjunction marking a turn — 'beast, and yet noble'. Note the zero copula: «ты… зверь», «ты благородный», no 'are'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо, чтоб это честно… чтоб и мы были честные","title":"«чтобы» with the irrealis past","body":"After «надо» ('it must be that…') Grushenka uses «чтоб(ы)» + past-form verbs — «чтоб и мы были честные» — the willed/hypothetical mood. «чтобы» always pairs with a past-tense verb (or, gapped, a bare predicate) to express a desired outcome, not a stated fact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Увези меня, увези далеко","title":"Perfective imperative «увези»","body":"«увези́» is the perfective imperative of «увезти» (to carry off, by vehicle) — a single, decisive command, 'take me away (for good)'. The doubling «увези… увези» is pure pleading repetition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выговорила","title":"“She brought out (with effort)”","body":"«вы́говорить» here means to utter, get words out — and «тяжело́ выговорила» stresses the labour of it: she forces the words out heavily, exhausted by drink and feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of зверь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зверь","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зверь","gloss":"even","note":"'хоть и' is a fixed 'even though' construction; и is emphatic here, not 'and.'"},{"surface":"зверь","lemma":"зверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of ты, object clause of знаю","gloss":"a beast"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of благородный","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"благородный","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with зверь","gloss":"a noble one"},{"surface":"тяжело","lemma":"тяжело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выговорила","gloss":"heavily"},{"surface":"выговорила","lemma":"выговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought out"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выговорила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"head of the phrase, governs чтоб-clause","gloss":"it has to be"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of честно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of честно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"честно","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective (predicate), neuter, singular","role":"predicate of это, clausal complement of надо","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"впредь","lemma":"впредь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies честно","gloss":"from now on"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to честно","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"честно","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective (predicate), neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of честные","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of честные","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to честные","gloss":"must be"},{"surface":"честные","lemma":"честной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of мы","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of добрые","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of добрые","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to добрые","gloss":"must be"},{"surface":"добрые","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of мы, coordinated with честные-clause","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies звери","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"звери","lemma":"зверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate, coordinated with добрые","gloss":"beasts"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"добрые","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with звери","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"Увези","lemma":"увезти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take me away"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Увези","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"увези","lemma":"увезти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Увези","gloss":"take (me)"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увези","gloss":"far off"},{"surface":"слышишь","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Увези","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хочу","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of далеко","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with хочу","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with далеко","gloss":"far away"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b8-c8-s188","source":"— О да, да, непременно! — сжимал ее в объятиях Митя, — увезу тебя, улетим… О, всю жизнь за один год отдам сейчас, чтобы только знать про эту кровь!","translation":"\"Oh yes, yes, without fail!\" Mitya pressed her in his arms. \"I'll carry you off, we'll fly away... Oh, I'd give up my whole life for a single year right now, only to know about this blood!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"увезу тебя, улетим","title":"Perfective simple future = vow","body":"«увезу́» and «улети́м» are perfective verbs conjugated like a present, which gives future meaning: 'I'll carry you off', 'we'll fly away'. No auxiliary 'will' — the future lives in the ending, and the perfective makes each a promised single event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всю жизнь за один год отдам","title":"«за» + accusative: “in exchange for”","body":"«за один год» — 'for/in exchange for a single year' — uses «за» + accusative in its 'trade' sense. Mitya would barter «всю жизнь» (his whole life, accusative direct object) against one year, only to know the truth about the blood."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to непременно","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to непременно","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to непременно","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to сжимал","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"сжимал","lemma":"сжимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сжимал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking объятиях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"объятиях","lemma":"объятие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of сжимал","gloss":"his arms"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сжимал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"увезу","lemma":"увезти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сжимал","gloss":"I'll carry you off"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of увезу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"улетим","lemma":"улететь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with сжимал","gloss":"we'll fly away"},{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to отдам","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отдам","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking год","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies год","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдам","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"отдам","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'd give up"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдам","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знать","gloss":"only to"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знать","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отдам","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровь","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кровь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знать","gloss":"blood"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b8-c8-s189","source":"— Какая кровь? — в недоумении переговорила Грушенька.","translation":"\"What blood?\" Grushenka repeated in bewilderment.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в недоумении","title":"“In bewilderment”","body":"«недоуме́ние» is puzzlement, the state of not understanding — literally 'non-comprehension'. The prepositional phrase «в недоумении» is a stock way to name the manner of an utterance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"переговорила","title":"Prefix «пере-» as “again”","body":"Here «переговори́ла» carries the «пере-» sense of repetition/echo — she 'said back, repeated' his word «кровь» as a question. The same prefix elsewhere means 'across' or 'redo'; context fixes which."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кровь","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недоумении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"недоумении","lemma":"недоумение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of переговорила","gloss":"bewilderment"},{"surface":"переговорила","lemma":"переговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of переговорила","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b8-c8-s190","source":"— Ничего! — проскрежетал Митя. — Груша, ты хочешь, чтобы честно, а я вор. Я у Катьки деньги украл… Позор, позор!","translation":"\"Never mind!\" Mitya ground out. \"Grusha, you want it to be honest, and I'm a thief. I stole money from Katka... The disgrace, the disgrace!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"проскрежетал","title":"“He ground out (through his teeth)”","body":"«проскрежета́ть» is to grate, gnash, grind — «скрежет зубо́в» is the 'gnashing of teeth'. Of speech it means words forced out through clenched teeth, in anguish or fury."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Груша… у Катьки","title":"Diminutives of intimacy and contempt","body":"«Груша» is the bare affectionate diminutive of Grushenka (Agrafena); «Ка́тька», from Katerina Ivanovna, carries the rougher, slightly demeaning «-ка» suffix. The two names mark Mitya's gulf of feeling between the two women in a single breath."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вор","title":"Zero-copula identification","body":"«я вор» — 'I [am] a thief' — has no verb 'to be': the Russian present simply juxtaposes subject and a nominative predicate noun. The bare equation gives Mitya's self-accusation its blunt finality."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of проскрежетал","gloss":"never mind"},{"surface":"проскрежетал","lemma":"проскрежетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ground out"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проскрежетал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Груша","lemma":"Груша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative, addressing Grusha","gloss":"Grusha"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of честно","gloss":"it to be"},{"surface":"честно","lemma":"честно","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of хочешь","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вор","gloss":"I'm"},{"surface":"вор","lemma":"вор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"a thief"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of украл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катьки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Катьки","lemma":"Катька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of украл","gloss":"Katka"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of украл","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"украл","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stole"},{"surface":"Позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the disgrace"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Позор","gloss":"the disgrace"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b8-c8-s191","source":"— У Катьки? Это у барышни? Нет, ты не украл. Отдай ей, у, меня возьми… Что кричишь? Теперь всё мое — твое. Что нам деньги? Мы их и без того прокутим… Таковские чтобы не прокутили. А мы пойдем с тобою лучше землю пахать. Я землю вот этими руками скрести хочу. Трудиться надо, слышишь? Алеша приказал. Я не любовница тебе буду, я тебе верная буду, раба твоя буду, работать на тебя буду. Мы к барышне сходим и поклонимся оба, чтобы простила, и уедем. А не простит, мы и так уедем. А ты деньги ей снеси, а меня люби… А ее не люби. Больше ее не люби. А полюбишь, я ее задушу… Я ей оба глаза иголкой выколю…","translation":"\"From Katka? From the young lady? No, you didn't steal. Give it back to her — and as for me, take me... Why are you shouting? Now everything of mine is yours. What's money to us? We'd squander it anyway... People like us could never help squandering it. Better that you and I go off and plow the land. I want to scratch at the earth with these very hands. One has to toil, do you hear? Alyosha told me so. I'll not be your mistress, I'll be faithful to you, I'll be your slave, I'll work for you. We'll go to the young lady and bow to her, the two of us, so she'll forgive us, and then we'll leave. And if she won't forgive, we'll leave all the same. And you, carry the money to her — but love me... And don't love her. Don't love her anymore. And if you do, I'll strangle her... I'll put both her eyes out with a needle...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ты не украл","title":"Perfective past under negation","body":"«ты не укра́л» negates a perfective past — 'you did not (in fact) steal', denying the completed act outright. Contrast the imperfective «не воровал», which would deny the activity or habit of stealing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё мое — твое","title":"Topic-comment with zero copula","body":"«Тепе́рь всё моё — твоё» — 'now everything (that is) mine [is] yours' — links two pronoun-adjectives with no verb. The dash marks the missing copula; the order topicalises «всё моё» and lands the new point, «твоё», last."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прокутим… Таковские","title":"“Squander it” and “the likes of us”","body":"«прокути́ть» is to blow money in riotous carousing (a «кутёж» is a binge). «Таковские», a folksy-derisive form of «таковский», means 'people of that sort, the likes of us' — Grushenka's tipsy self-mockery about wastrels."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"землю пахать… скрести… Трудиться надо","title":"Plowing the land — the dream of penitent labour","body":"«паха́ть зе́млю» (to plow the earth) and «скрести́» (to scrape/scratch at) voice a longing for honest peasant toil as redemption. «Труди́ться надо» — 'one must labour' — echoes a moral commonplace of the age, here traced to Alyosha."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"раба твоя буду, работать на тебя буду","title":"Compound imperfective future","body":"«работать… буду» is the imperfective future: «буду» (future of «быть») + imperfective infinitive, naming ongoing future action — 'I will be working / will keep working for you'. Note the Russian ear hears «раба́ твоя́ бу́ду» (I'll be your slave) on the same быть, with the noun supplied."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А не простит, мы и так уедем","title":"Conditional without «если»","body":"«А не прости́т, …уе́дем» drops «если»: a bare 'and (if she) won't forgive, we'll leave anyway' — common in lively speech, where the future-perfective verb alone carries the condition. «и так» = 'all the same, anyway'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ее задушу… глаза иголкой выколю","title":"Instrument in the instrumental","body":"«иго́лкой» is a bare instrumental of means — 'with a needle' — modifying «вы́колю» ('I'll put out'). Both verbs are perfective futures: jealous, decisive threats. The case alone, no preposition, names the instrument."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катьки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Катьки","lemma":"Катька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of У","gloss":"Katka"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барышни","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"барышни","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of у","gloss":"the young lady"},{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"stand-alone answer","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of украл","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies украл","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"украл","lemma":"украсть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stole"},{"surface":"Отдай","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give it back"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of Отдай","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical filler","gloss":"um"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of возьми","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"возьми","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Отдай","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of кричишь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"кричишь","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are you shouting"},{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies твое","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of твое","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of всё","gloss":"of mine"},{"surface":"твое","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner (predicate), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is yours"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative complement of the clause","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Что","gloss":"is money"},{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of прокутим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of прокутим","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of и без того idiom, modifies прокутим","gloss":"anyway"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of без","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"прокутим","lemma":"прокутить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll squander"},{"surface":"Таковские","lemma":"таковский","morphology":"pronoun (colloquial), nominative, plural","role":"subject of прокутили","gloss":"people like us"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прокутили","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прокутили","gloss":"never help"},{"surface":"прокутили","lemma":"прокутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"squandering it"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пойдем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"пойдем","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдем","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пахать","gloss":"the land"},{"surface":"пахать","lemma":"пахать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пойдем","gloss":"to plow"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of скрести","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этими","gloss":"these very"},{"surface":"этими","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of руками","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of скрести","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"скрести","lemma":"скрести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to scratch at"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"Трудиться","lemma":"трудиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to toil"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"one has to"},{"surface":"слышишь","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, addressed to Grusha","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"Алеша","lemma":"Алёша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приказал","gloss":"Alyosha"},{"surface":"приказал","lemma":"приказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told me so"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of любовница","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любовница","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любовница","lemma":"любовница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of Я","gloss":"a mistress"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"complement of любовница","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to любовница","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верная","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"complement of верная","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"верная","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with любовница","gloss":"faithful"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to верная","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"раба","lemma":"раб","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with любовница","gloss":"a slave"},{"surface":"твоя","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of раба","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to раба","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"работать","lemma":"работать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любовница","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of работать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of работать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сходим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барышне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"барышне","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сходим","gloss":"the young lady"},{"surface":"сходим","lemma":"сходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поклонимся","lemma":"поклониться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with сходим","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on поклонимся","gloss":"the two of us"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of простила","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"простила","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сходим","gloss":"she'll forgive us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уедем","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with сходим","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies простит","gloss":"doesn't"},{"surface":"простит","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of уедем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уедем","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"уедем","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of снеси","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of снеси","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of снеси","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"снеси","lemma":"снести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carry"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of люби","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"люби","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with снеси","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of люби","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люби","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"люби","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"Больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies люби","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of люби","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies люби","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"люби","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"полюбишь","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause","gloss":"if you do"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of задушу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of задушу","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"задушу","lemma":"задушить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll strangle"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of выколю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of выколю","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies глаза","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of выколю","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"иголкой","lemma":"иголка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies выколю","gloss":"with a needle"},{"surface":"выколю","lemma":"выколоть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll put out"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b8-c8-s192","source":"— Тебя люблю, тебя одну, в Сибири буду любить…","translation":"\"It's you I love, you alone — even in Siberia I'll love you...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тебя люблю, тебя одну","title":"Fronted accusative object","body":"Word order puts the object «тебя́» first for emphasis — 'It's you I love, you alone'. Free case-marking lets Russian move the object ahead of the verb to stress it; «одну́» (accusative fem.) agrees with «тебя»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I love"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"coordinated with люблю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies тебя","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сибири","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Сибири","lemma":"Сибирь","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любить","gloss":"Siberia"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of любить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"любить","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with люблю","gloss":"love"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b8-c8-s193","source":"— Зачем в Сибирь? А что ж, и в Сибирь, коли хочешь, всё равно… работать будем… в Сибири снег… Я по снегу люблю ехать… и чтобы колокольчик был… Слышишь, звенит колокольчик… Где это звенит колокольчик? Едут какие-то… вот и перестал звенеть.","translation":"\"Why Siberia? Well, what of it — Siberia too, if you like, it's all the same... we'll work... in Siberia there's snow... I love riding over the snow... and let there be little sleigh-bells... Listen, a bell is ringing... Where is that bell ringing? Somebody's driving up... there, it's stopped ringing.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и в Сибирь, коли хочешь","title":"Archaic «коли» = “if”","body":"«ко́ли» is a folksy/archaic conjunction for «если» (if): 'Siberia too, if you like'. It belongs to colloquial-rustic and 19th-century speech and suits Grushenka's drowsy, peasant-tinged murmuring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы колокольчик был","title":"«чтобы» of wish + past «был»","body":"«и чтобы колоко́льчик был» — 'and let there be a little bell' — is a free-standing «чтобы» + past form expressing a wish/desideratum, no main verb needed. The irrealis «был» is obligatory after «чтобы»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"колокольчик","title":"The little sleigh-bell","body":"«колоко́льчик» is the diminutive of «ко́локол» (bell) — here the small harness-bell of a Russian troika or sleigh, whose ringing announces an approaching traveller. Its sound threads the whole delirium scene and, ironically, signals the arriving police."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Едут какие-то","title":"Indefinite «какие-то»","body":"«каки́е-то» — 'some (people), I don't know who' — uses the «-то» particle for a specific-but-unidentified referent. With the imperfective «е́дут» (are driving/riding) it conjures vague figures approaching out of the snow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сибирь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Сибирь","lemma":"сибирь","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Зачем","gloss":"Siberia"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom что ж","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom что ж, modifies А","gloss":"then","note":"\"что ж\" is a colloquial filler meaning roughly \"well, so what.\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сибирь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Сибирь","lemma":"сибирь","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ж","gloss":"Siberia"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of хочешь","gloss":"if","note":"Colloquial/archaic conjunction \"коли\" = \"if,\" not the verb колоть."},{"surface":"хочешь","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the коли clause","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всё равно","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, short form","role":"part of the idiom всё равно","gloss":"the same","note":"\"всё равно\" = \"it's all the same.\""},{"surface":"работать","lemma":"работать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of будем","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of работать","gloss":"we'll"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Сибири","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Сибири","lemma":"сибирь","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of снег","gloss":"Siberia"},{"surface":"снег","lemma":"снег","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the clause (elided \"есть\")","gloss":"snow"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking снегу","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"снегу","lemma":"снег","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ехать","gloss":"the snow"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"ехать","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of люблю","gloss":"riding"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"let there be"},{"surface":"колокольчик","lemma":"колокольчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"a little bell"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the чтобы clause","gloss":"there be"},{"surface":"Слышишь","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"звенит","lemma":"звенеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Слышишь","gloss":"is ringing"},{"surface":"колокольчик","lemma":"колокольчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of звенит","gloss":"a bell"},{"surface":"Где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies звенит","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic modifier of звенит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"звенит","lemma":"звенеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ringing"},{"surface":"колокольчик","lemma":"колокольчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of звенит","gloss":"that bell"},{"surface":"Едут","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"someone's driving up"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"part of the indefinite subject какие-то, subject of Едут","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite marker completing какие-то","gloss":"(some)","note":"\"какие-то\" is one indefinite pronoun, \"some (people).\""},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies перестал","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies перестал","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"перестал","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it stopped"},{"surface":"звенеть","lemma":"звенеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестал","gloss":"ringing"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b8-c8-s194","source":"Она в бессилии закрыла глаза и вдруг как бы заснула на одну минуту.","translation":"Feebly she closed her eyes, and suddenly seemed to fall asleep for a single minute.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в бессилии закрыла глаза","title":"«в бессилии» — prepositional of state","body":"«в бесси́лии» (in helplessness/weakness) is the prepositional after «в», naming the state in which she acts. «бесси́лие» is 'powerlessness' — the «без-» privative + «сила» (strength)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы заснула","title":"Hedging «как бы»","body":"«как бы» ('as if, sort of') softens the verb to a seeming: she 'seemed to / as it were fell asleep'. This hedging particle, sprinkled through the passage, keeps the whole scene at the edge of the dreamlike."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of закрыла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бессилии","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бессилии","lemma":"бессилие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of закрыла","gloss":"feebleness"},{"surface":"закрыла","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"closed"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of закрыла","gloss":"her eyes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заснула","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как бы, modifies заснула","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"(as if)"},{"surface":"заснула","lemma":"заснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with закрыла","gloss":"seemed to fall asleep"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies минуту","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заснула","gloss":"minute"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b8-c8-s195","source":"Колокольчик в самом деле звенел где-то в отдалении и вдруг перестал звенеть.","translation":"A bell was in fact ringing somewhere in the distance, and suddenly it stopped ringing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в самом деле звенел","title":"“In actual fact” — «в самом деле»","body":"«в са́мом де́ле» means 'really, in actual fact' — the narrator confirms the bell was no dream. The imperfective «звене́л» holds the ringing as ongoing background until the perfective «переста́л» cuts it off."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где-то в отдалении","title":"Indefinite place «где-то»","body":"«где́-то» ('somewhere', specific but unknown) pairs the «-то» particle with the interrogative «где». «в отдале́нии» — 'in the distance' — is a bookish noun built on «даль/далеко»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Колокольчик","lemma":"колокольчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of звенел","gloss":"a bell"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom в самом деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom в самом деле, oblique complement of звенел","gloss":"fact","note":"\"в самом деле\" = \"in fact, indeed.\""},{"surface":"звенел","lemma":"звенеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was ringing"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the indefinite где-то, modifies звенел","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite marker completing где-то","gloss":"-where"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отдалении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отдалении","lemma":"отдаление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of звенел","gloss":"the distance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перестал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"перестал","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with звенел","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"звенеть","lemma":"звенеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестал","gloss":"ringing"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b8-c8-s196","source":"Митя склонился головою к ней на грудь.","translation":"Mitya bowed his head onto her breast.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"склонился головою к ней на грудь","title":"Instrumental of the body part","body":"«склони́лся голово́ю» — 'bowed down with his head' — names the body part doing the bending in the instrumental (older «-ою» for «-ой»). Russian regularly puts the relevant body part in the instrumental: «кивнуть головой», «пожать плечами»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"склонился","title":"Middle «-ся»: a change of posture","body":"«склони́ться» (with reflexive «-ся») is intransitive 'to bend/bow down', the middle counterpart of transitive «склонить». The «-ся» turns the action inward onto the subject's own body."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of склонился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"склонился","lemma":"склониться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"головою","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of склонился","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of склонился","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грудь","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"грудь","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of склонился","gloss":"breast"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b8-c8-s197","source":"Он не заметил, как перестал звенеть колокольчик, но не заметил и того, как вдруг перестали и песни, и на место песен и пьяного гама во всем доме воцарилась как бы внезапно мертвая тишина.","translation":"He did not notice when the bell stopped ringing, but neither did he notice how the songs, too, suddenly broke off, and how, in place of song and drunken uproar, a kind of sudden, dead silence settled over the whole house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он не заметил, как… но не заметил и того, как","title":"Parallel «как»-clauses after «не заметил»","body":"Both halves hang 'he didn't notice how…' on «как»-clauses; the second adds the correlative «и того́, как» ('also that…'), where «того» is the genitive of «то» governed by the negated verb, anticipating the clause. The parallel «не заметил… но не заметил и» builds the sentence's slow, hypnotic accumulation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"воцарилась… мертвая тишина","title":"Inceptive «-ся» perfective","body":"«воцари́ться» — literally 'to enthrone itself', from «царь» — means a silence 'reigned / settled in'. The «-ся» makes it intransitive and the «во-…-ся» frame inceptive: a sudden dead stillness took the throne over the whole house."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пьяного гама","title":"“Drunken uproar”","body":"«гам» is a din of many voices, a babel of shouting. «пья́ного га́ма» (genitive) sets the carousers' noise against the «мёртвая тишина» (dead silence) that replaces it — the hush that announces the law."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"notice"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перестал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"перестал","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of заметил","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"звенеть","lemma":"звенеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестал","gloss":"ringing"},{"surface":"колокольчик","lemma":"колокольчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перестал","gloss":"the bell"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"neither did"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заметил (w3)","gloss":"notice"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перестали","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перестали","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"перестали","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"broke off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies песни","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"песни","lemma":"песня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of перестали","gloss":"the songs"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воцарилась","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"песен","lemma":"песня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies место","gloss":"of song"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пьяного","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гама","gloss":"drunken"},{"surface":"гама","lemma":"гам","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with песен","gloss":"uproar"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of доме","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воцарилась","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"воцарилась","lemma":"воцариться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with перестали","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы, modifies тишина","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"(as it were)"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тишина","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"мертвая","lemma":"мёртвый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тишина","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"тишина","lemma":"тишина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воцарилась","gloss":"silence"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b8-c8-s198","source":"Грушенька открыла глаза.","translation":"Grushenka opened her eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"открыла глаза","title":"Perfective: a single completed act","body":"«откры́ла» (perfective past) reports one finished event — 'opened (her) eyes'. After the long imperfective stillness of the previous sentences, this clipped perfective snaps the narrative back to motion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of открыла","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"открыла","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of открыла","gloss":"her eyes"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b8-c8-s199","source":"— Что это, я спала? Да… колокольчик… Я спала и сон видела: будто я еду, по снегу… колокольчик звенит, а я дремлю. С милым человеком, с тобою еду будто. И далеко-далеко… Обнимала-целовала тебя, прижималась к тебе, холодно будто мне, а снег-то блестит… Знаешь, коли ночью снег блестит, а месяц глядит, и точно я где не на земле… Проснулась, а милый-то подле, как хорошо…","translation":"\"What's this — was I asleep? Yes... the little bell... I was asleep and dreamed a dream: that I was driving along, over the snow... a bell ringing, and I dozing. With a dear man, with you I was driving, it seemed. And far, far away... I was embracing you, kissing you, pressing close to you, I felt cold, it seemed, and the snow glittered... You know, when the snow glitters at night and the moon looks down, it's as if I were somewhere not of this earth... I woke up, and my dear one was beside me — how good it was...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я спала и сон видела: будто я еду","title":"«будто» introducing a dream","body":"«бу́дто» ('as if / as though') opens the content of the dream: 'I dreamed that I was driving…'. The imperfective «е́ду» (am driving) and «дремлю́» (am dozing) hold the dream as a flowing, durative present-in-the-past."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Обнимала-целовала… прижималась","title":"Imperfective verbs of caress","body":"«обнима́ла», «целова́ла», «прижима́лась» are all imperfective pasts — repeated, continuous actions of embracing, kissing, pressing close. «прижима́лась» carries reflexive «-ся» ('pressed myself against you'). The string paints the dream as ongoing, not finished."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"холодно будто мне… а снег-то блестит","title":"Dative «мне холодно» + the «-то» on «снег»","body":"«хо́лодно мне» is the impersonal dative-experiencer pattern — 'I (felt) cold', no nominative subject. The clitic «-то» on «снег-то» topicalises the snow ('but the snow, now, it glitters'), a warm colloquial highlighting."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли ночью снег блестит, а месяц глядит","title":"«коли»-conditional, «месяц» = moon","body":"Again «коли» = 'when/if'. «ме́сяц» here means the moon (its older, folk-poetic sense, beside its meaning 'month'); «гляди́т» personifies it as 'looking down', deepening the unearthly note of 'as if I were not on this earth'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"милый-то подле","title":"“My dear one, right beside”","body":"«ми́лый» as a noun is 'dear one, sweetheart'; with topicalising «-то» it is tender and intimate. «по́дле» ('beside, close by') is a slightly archaic preposition/adverb that recurs through the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the idiom Что это","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom Что это","gloss":"is this","note":"\"Что это\" together = \"what's this.\""},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"спала","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was asleep"},{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"колокольчик","lemma":"колокольчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the little bell"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"спала","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was asleep"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of видела","gloss":"a dream"},{"surface":"видела","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спала","gloss":"dreamed"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of еду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of еду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еду","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видела","gloss":"was driving"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking снегу","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"снегу","lemma":"снег","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of еду","gloss":"the snow"},{"surface":"колокольчик","lemma":"колокольчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of звенит","gloss":"a bell"},{"surface":"звенит","lemma":"звенеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with еду","gloss":"ringing"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дремлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"дремлю","lemma":"дремать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with звенит","gloss":"dozing"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"милым","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of еду","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"in apposition to человеком, clarifying: with you","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"еду","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (repeats w14)","gloss":"I was driving"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еду","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прижималась","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies далеко (w30), reduplication for emphasis","gloss":"far away"},{"surface":"Обнимала","lemma":"обнимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with целовала and прижималась","gloss":"was embracing"},{"surface":"целовала","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Обнимала","gloss":"kissing"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Обнимала and целовала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прижималась","lemma":"прижиматься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pressing close"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of прижималась","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"холодно","lemma":"холодно","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"predicate of the impersonal clause (мне холодно)","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies холодно","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer of холодно","gloss":"I felt"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"снег","lemma":"снег","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of блестит (w44)","gloss":"the snow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic marker attached to снег","gloss":"(emph.)"},{"surface":"блестит","lemma":"блестеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прижималась","gloss":"glittered"},{"surface":"Знаешь","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of блестит (w49)","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of блестит (w49)","gloss":"at night"},{"surface":"снег","lemma":"снег","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of блестит (w49)","gloss":"the snow"},{"surface":"блестит","lemma":"блестеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the coли clause","gloss":"glitters"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of глядит","gloss":"the moon"},{"surface":"глядит","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with блестит","gloss":"looks down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the comparative clause (я где не на земле)","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elliptical clause","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies на земле","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking земле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"земле","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of the elliptical clause","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"Проснулась","lemma":"проснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I woke up"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular, substantivized","role":"subject of подле","gloss":"my dear one"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic marker attached to милый","gloss":"(emph.)"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the elliptical clause (милый-то was beside me)","gloss":"was beside me"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the exclamatory clause","gloss":"good it was"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b8-c8-s200","source":"— Подле, — бормотал Митя, целуя ее платье, грудь, руки.","translation":"\"Beside you,\" Mitya muttered, kissing her dress, her breast, her hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"целуя ее платье, грудь, руки","title":"Imperfective gerund «целуя»","body":"«целу́я» is the imperfective present gerund of «целовать» — 'kissing', a continuous action accompanying «бормотал». The piled-up accusative objects «платье, грудь, руки» trace the path of his kisses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"beside you"},{"surface":"бормотал","lemma":"бормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бормотал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"целуя","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, adverbial participle, imperfective","role":"adverbial participle modifying бормотал","gloss":"kissing"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of платье","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"платье","lemma":"платье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of целуя","gloss":"dress"},{"surface":"грудь","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with платье","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with платье","gloss":"hands"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b8-c8-s201","source":"И вдруг ему показалось что-то странное: показалось ему, что она глядит прямо пред собой, но не на него, не в лицо ему, а поверх его головы, пристально и до странности неподвижно.","translation":"And suddenly something strange seemed to come over him: it seemed to him that she was gazing straight ahead of her, but not at him, not at his face, but over the top of his head, fixedly and with a strange stillness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему показалось… показалось ему, что","title":"Dative-subject «показалось»","body":"«показа́лось ему́» — 'it seemed to him' — is impersonal: the experiencer «ему» stands in the dative, the verb is fixed neuter, and a «что»-clause supplies the content. This dative-of-the-experiencer is the very grammar of Dostoevsky's inner life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не на него, не в лицо ему, а поверх его головы","title":"Negative parallelism resolved by «а»","body":"A chain of denials «не на него, не в лицо… а поверх…» ('not at him, not in the face, but over his head') is closed by the contrastive «а», which corrects to what is actually so. «по́верх» ('over the top of', + genitive) is a bookish compound preposition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пристально и до странности неподвижно","title":"“Fixedly and uncannily still”","body":"«при́стально» is to gaze fixed and intent; «до стра́нности неподви́жно» — 'to the point of strangeness motionless'. The «до + genitive» frame ('to the degree of…') intensifies the eerie stillness foreshadowing the watchers behind the curtain."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показалось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показалось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"показалось","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the indefinite subject что-то","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite marker completing что-то, subject of показалось","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"странное","lemma":"странный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies что-то","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"показалось","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the expanding clause","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показалось","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of глядит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of глядит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"глядит","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of показалось","gloss":"was gazing"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пред","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"ahead of"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of глядит","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies него","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with собой","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицо","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядит","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"possessor of лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"поверх","lemma":"поверх","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking головы","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of головы","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"головы","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядит","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядит","gloss":"fixedly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking странности","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"странности","lemma":"странность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of до, intensifies неподвижно","gloss":"a strange degree"},{"surface":"неподвижно","lemma":"неподвижно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядит","gloss":"stillness"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b8-c8-s202","source":"Удивление вдруг выразилось в ее лице, почти испуг.","translation":"Astonishment suddenly showed in her face, almost fright.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Удивление вдруг выразилось в ее лице","title":"Abstract noun as subject; «-ся» middle","body":"The abstract «удивле́ние» (astonishment) is the grammatical subject, and «вы́разилось» (perfective, reflexive «-ся») means 'expressed itself, showed'. Russian readily lets an emotion be the actor — astonishment 'showed itself' in her face."}],"words":[{"surface":"Удивление","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выразилось","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразилось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"выразилось","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лице","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выразилось","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испуг","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"испуг","lemma":"испуг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Удивление, elliptical restatement","gloss":"fright"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b8-c8-s203","source":"— Митя, кто это оттуда глядит сюда к нам? — прошептала она вдруг.","translation":"\"Mitya, who is that, looking over here at us from there?\" she suddenly whispered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто это оттуда глядит сюда к нам","title":"«оттуда»/«сюда»: there-to-here directionals","body":"The directional adverbs pair up: «отту́да» ('from there', source) and «сюда́» ('to here', goal), with «кто это» fronting the question. Russian distinguishes location («там/здесь») from motion-from («оттуда») and motion-to («сюда»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прошептала… вдруг","title":"Perfective «прошептала»","body":"«прошепта́ть» (perf.) — 'to whisper out, say in a whisper' — the «про-» giving a single completed utterance. With «вдруг» ('suddenly') it marks the abrupt break of her dreamy mood into alarm."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of глядит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic modifier of кто","gloss":"is that"},{"surface":"оттуда","lemma":"оттуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядит","gloss":"from over there"},{"surface":"глядит","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on кто","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies глядит","gloss":"over here"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of глядит","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"прошептала","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прошептала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошептала","gloss":"suddenly"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b8-c8-s204","source":"Митя обернулся и увидел, что в самом деле кто-то раздвинул занавеску и их как бы высматривает.","translation":"Mitya turned and saw that someone had indeed drawn back the curtain and was, as it were, peering at them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто-то раздвинул занавеску и их как бы высматривает","title":"Indefinite «кто-то» + tense shift","body":"«кто́-то» ('someone', specific-unknown, «-то») does two things: the perfective «раздви́нул» (had drawn the curtain apart, a finished act) then the imperfective present «высма́тривает» ('is peering at them'), shifting into the live, ongoing now of the menace."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы высматривает","title":"Hedging «как бы» again","body":"The recurring «как бы» ('as it were, sort of') keeps even this sharp observation tentative, filtered through Mitya's stunned perception — they were, 'as it were', spying on him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обернулся","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"обернулся","lemma":"обернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"увидел","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обернулся","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of раздвинул","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom в самом деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom в самом деле","gloss":"fact","note":"\"в самом деле\" = \"indeed.\""},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the indefinite subject кто-то","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite marker completing кто-то, subject of раздвинул","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"раздвинул","lemma":"раздвинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of увидел","gloss":"had drawn back"},{"surface":"занавеску","lemma":"занавеска","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of раздвинул","gloss":"the curtain"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of высматривает","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы, modifies высматривает","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom как бы","gloss":"(as it were)"},{"surface":"высматривает","lemma":"высматривать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with раздвинул","gloss":"peering"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b8-c8-s205","source":"Да и не один как будто.","translation":"And not just one person, it seemed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да и не один как будто","title":"«да и» + negated «не один»","body":"«Да и» links and adds emphasis — 'and what's more'. «не оди́н» literally 'not one (alone)' = 'more than one', and «как будто» ('it seemed') hedges. A terse, ominous fragment with no verb at all."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Да и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies один","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"just one"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies один","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как будто","gloss":"it seemed"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b8-c8-s206","source":"Он вскочил и быстро ступил к смотревшему.","translation":"He sprang up and quickly stepped toward the one who was looking.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочил и быстро ступил к смотревшему","title":"Past active participle as a noun","body":"«к смотре́вшему» — 'toward the one who was looking' — is the past active participle of «смотреть» in «-вш-», declined like an adjective and used substantively (the looker), governed by «к» in the dative. A compact, bookish way to name the person by his action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ступил","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"ступил","lemma":"ступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смотревшему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"смотревшему","lemma":"смотревший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ступил","gloss":"the one who was looking"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b8-c8-s207","source":"— Сюда, пожалуйте к нам сюда, — не громко, но твердо и настойчиво проговорил ему чей-то голос.","translation":"\"This way, kindly come over here to us,\" someone's voice said to him — not loud, but firm and insistent.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пожалуйте к нам сюда","title":"Polite imperative «пожалуйте»","body":"«пожа́луйте» is an old courteous imperative — 'kindly come / be so good as to come'. Now archaic, it lends the summons a formal, official politeness (the law inviting Mitya 'over here'), faintly menacing under the courtesy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чей-то голос","title":"Indefinite possessive «чей-то»","body":"«че́й-то» — 'someone's' — is the interrogative-possessive «чей» plus «-то», marking an as-yet-unidentified speaker. It agrees with «голос» (masc.): 'someone's voice'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожалуйте","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"пожалуйте","lemma":"пожаловать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kindly come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of пожалуйте","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожалуйте","gloss":"over here"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies громко","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with твердо, modifies проговорил","gloss":"loud"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"настойчиво","lemma":"настойчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with твердо","gloss":"insistent"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the frame clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of проговорил","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"чей","lemma":"чей","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the indefinite determiner чей-то, determiner of голос","gloss":"someone's"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite marker completing чей-то","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b8-c8-s208","source":"Митя выступил из-за занавески и стал неподвижно.","translation":"Mitya stepped out from behind the curtain and stood stock-still.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выступил из-за занавески","title":"Compound preposition «из-за»","body":"«из-за» ('out from behind', + genitive) combines two prepositions to give a precise path of motion: he stepped out from behind the curtain. «из-за заве́ски» — genitive «занавески»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал неподвижно","title":"«стал» + adverb: came to a standstill","body":"«стал неподви́жно» — 'stood / came to stand motionless'. Here «стать» is the verb of taking up a position, and «неподви́жно» is an adverb of manner. Russian uses «стал» both for 'became' and, as here, 'stopped/took a stance'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выступил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"выступил","lemma":"выступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stepped out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition из-за, marking занавески","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition из-за","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"занавески","lemma":"занавеска","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выступил","gloss":"the curtain"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выступил","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"неподвижно","lemma":"неподвижно","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"stock-still"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b8-c8-s209","source":"Вся комната была полна людьми, но не давешними, а совсем новыми.","translation":"The whole room was full of people, but not the earlier ones — entirely new ones.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была полна людьми","title":"«полна» + instrumental of the filler","body":"«полна́» is the short adjective 'full' (fem.), and what fills goes in the instrumental: «полна́ людьми́» — 'full of people'. The instrumental of contents is standard after «полный/полон»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не давешними, а совсем новыми","title":"Contrast «не… а» in the instrumental","body":"«не да́вешними, а… но́выми» — 'not the earlier ones, but quite new ones' — keeps the instrumental from «людьми» across the «не… а» correction. «да́вешний» ('of a while ago, the earlier') is a colloquial-archaic adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of комната","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"комната","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of полна","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to полна","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"полна","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular, short form","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"людьми","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of полна","gloss":"of people"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давешними","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"давешними","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with людьми","gloss":"the earlier ones"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies новыми","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"новыми","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with людьми","gloss":"new ones"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b8-c8-s210","source":"Мгновенный озноб пробежал по спине его, и он вздрогнул.","translation":"A momentary chill ran down his spine, and he shuddered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Мгновенный озноб пробежал по спине","title":"“A momentary chill ran down”","body":"«озно́б» is a shiver, the cold shudder of fear or fever; «по спине́» ('down the back', «по» + dative) traces its path. The whole phrase is an idiom for a frisson of dread, sealed by «вздрогнул» (he gave a shudder)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по спине его","title":"«по» + dative of the path","body":"«по спине́» uses «по» governing the dative to mean 'along/over the surface of' — the chill ran the length of his back. «по» + dative is the standard 'along/about a surface' construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мгновенный","lemma":"мгновенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies озноб","gloss":"momentary"},{"surface":"озноб","lemma":"озноб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пробежал","gloss":"chill"},{"surface":"пробежал","lemma":"пробежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спине","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"спине","lemma":"спина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пробежал","gloss":"spine"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"determiner of спине","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пробежал","gloss":"shuddered"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b8-c8-s211","source":"Всех этих людей он узнал в один миг.","translation":"All these people he recognized in an instant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всех этих людей он узнал в один миг","title":"Fronted accusative object","body":"The object «всех этих людей» (animate accusative = genitive plural form) is fronted before the subject «он» for emphasis: 'All these people he recognized…'. The animate accusative «всех… людей» borrows the genitive ending, as animate masculines and all animate plurals do."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of людей","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of людей","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of узнал","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recognized"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies миг","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"instant"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b8-c8-s212","source":"Вот этот высокий и дебелый старик, в пальто и с фуражкой с кокардой, — это исправник, Михаил Макарыч.","translation":"There, this tall, portly old man in an overcoat, with a peaked cap bearing a cockade — that is the police captain, Mikhail Makarych.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вот этот… старик… — это исправник","title":"Presentative «вот… это»","body":"«Вот этот… — это исправник» is the presentative pattern: «вот» points ('there, this one') and the resumptive «это» equates with a bare nominative predicate, no copula. The whole roll-call of officials is built on this pointing 'this one is X' frame."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дебелый","title":"“Portly, stout”","body":"«дебе́лый» is a somewhat bookish-old word for thick-set, fleshy, well-fed — applied to the «высо́кий» (tall) old police captain, it sketches a solid, imposing official body."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этот","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"высокий","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дебелый","lemma":"дебелый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with высокий","gloss":"portly"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of исправник","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальто","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пальто","lemma":"пальто","morphology":"noun, prepositional, neuter, singular (indeclinable)","role":"modifies старик","gloss":"an overcoat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фуражкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"фуражкой","lemma":"фуражка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with пальто","gloss":"a peaked cap"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кокардой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кокардой","lemma":"кокарда","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фуражкой","gloss":"a cockade"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle (copula)","role":"links старик and исправник","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"исправник","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of старик","gloss":"the police captain"},{"surface":"Михаил","lemma":"михаил","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to исправник","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"Макарыч","lemma":"макарыч","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаил","gloss":"Makarych"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b8-c8-s213","source":"А этот «чахоточный» опрятный щеголь, «всегда в таких вычищенных сапогах», — это товарищ прокурора.","translation":"And this \"consumptive,\" trim dandy, \"always in such well-polished boots\" — that is the assistant prosecutor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«чахоточный» опрятный щеголь","title":"“Consumptive, trim dandy”","body":"«чахо́точный» means consumptive (tubercular); «щёголь» is a dandy, a man fastidious about dress, and «опря́тный» trim/neat. The guillemet-quoted epithets are Mitya's own remembered, mocking words for the man — characterisation by recalled gossip."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"«всегда в таких вычищенных сапогах»","title":"Past passive participle «вычищенных»","body":"«вы́чищенных» is the past passive participle of «вычистить» (to clean thoroughly), in «-енн-», declined like an adjective: 'in such well-polished boots'. The participle names the boots as the things acted-upon — cleaned to a shine."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of щеголь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"чахоточный","lemma":"чахоточный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies щеголь","gloss":"consumptive"},{"surface":"опрятный","lemma":"опрятный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies щеголь","gloss":"trim"},{"surface":"щеголь","lemma":"щёголь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of товарищ","gloss":"dandy"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сапогах","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сапогах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of сапогах","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"вычищенных","lemma":"вычищенный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies сапогах","gloss":"polished"},{"surface":"сапогах","lemma":"сапог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies щеголь","gloss":"boots"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle (copula)","role":"links щеголь and товарищ","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"товарищ","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of щеголь","gloss":"the assistant"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies товарищ","gloss":"prosecutor"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b8-c8-s214","source":"«У него хронометр в четыреста рублей есть, он показывал».","translation":"\"He has a chronometer worth four hundred roubles — he showed it off.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в четыреста рублей","title":"«в» + accusative of worth, and the numeral","body":"«в четы́реста рубле́й» ('worth four hundred roubles') uses «в» + accusative to state value. The numeral «четыреста» here governs the genitive plural «рублей», the case demanded by numbers five and above (and hundreds)."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"хронометр","lemma":"хронометр","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"chronometer"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рублей","gloss":"worth","note":"'в N рублей' is idiomatic for stating a price."},{"surface":"четыреста","lemma":"четыреста","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"four hundred"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition в","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of показывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"показывал","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with есть","gloss":"showed it off"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b8-c8-s215","source":"А этот молоденький, маленький, в очках… Митя вот только фамилию его позабыл, но он знает и его, видел: это следователь, судебный следователь, «из Правоведения», недавно приехал.","translation":"And this young, small one, in spectacles... Mitya had only just now forgotten his surname, but he knows him too, has seen him: this is the examining magistrate, the investigating magistrate, \"from the School of Jurisprudence,\" newly arrived.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митя вот только фамилию его позабыл, но он знает","title":"Tense slide into Mitya's live mind","body":"The narration slips from past «позабы́л» (had forgotten) into the present «зна́ет… ви́дел» — free indirect speech that puts us inside Mitya's racing recognition in the present moment. «позабы́ть» is a slightly colloquial perfective of «забыть»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молоденький, маленький","title":"Diminutive adjectives of smallness","body":"«моло́денький» (with «-еньк-») softens 'young' to 'youngish, ever so young'; paired with «ма́ленький» (little) it makes the magistrate seem boyish and slight — a tone of faint condescension that the small man's gravity will belie."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of молоденький","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"молоденький","lemma":"молоденький","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"young one"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with молоденький","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking очках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"очках","lemma":"очки","morphology":"noun, locative, plural (plurale tantum, no grammatical gender)","role":"modifies молоденький","gloss":"spectacles"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of позабыл","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies только","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позабыл","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"фамилию","lemma":"фамилия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of позабыл","gloss":"surname"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"determiner of фамилию","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"позабыл","lemma":"позабыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with позабыл","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies его","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знает","gloss":"has seen"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of следователь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"следователь","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"the magistrate"},{"surface":"судебный","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies следователь","gloss":"investigating"},{"surface":"следователь","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to следователь","gloss":"magistrate"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Правоведения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Правоведения","lemma":"правоведение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies следователь","gloss":"the School of Jurisprudence"},{"surface":"недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приехал","gloss":"recently"},{"surface":"приехал","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause describing следователь","gloss":"arrived"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b8-c8-s216","source":"А этот вот — становой, Маврикий Маврикич, этого-то уж он знает, знакомый человек.","translation":"And this one here — the district officer, Mavriky Mavrikich; him he knows well enough, a familiar man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"этого-то уж он знает","title":"Particles «-то» and «уж»","body":"Two emphatic particles pile up: «-то» topicalises «этого» ('this one, now') and «уж» insists ('him, at least, he certainly does know'). Such clustered particles carry the very texture of Mitya's inner exclamation."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этот","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"становой","lemma":"становой","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of этот","gloss":"the district officer"},{"surface":"Маврикий","lemma":"маврикий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to становой","gloss":"Mavriky"},{"surface":"Маврикич","lemma":"маврикич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Маврикий","gloss":"Mavrikich"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"him","note":"'этого' refers back to the masculine person становой (Mavriky Mavrikich), not a neuter referent; neuter это would stay uninflected in the accusative, so this token is necessarily masculine animate accusative, not 'genitive/accusative, neuter'."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (emphatic enclitic)","role":"emphasizes этого","gloss":"indeed","note":"'-то' here is an emphatic enclitic attached to этого, not the pronoun 'то'."},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"for sure"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"знакомый","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"familiar"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to этот","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b8-c8-s217","source":"Ну, а эти с бляхами, эти зачем же?","translation":"Well, and these with the badges — what are they here for?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"эти с бляхами, эти зачем же?","title":"Insistent «же» in a question","body":"«заче́м же?» — 'whatever are they here for?' — the particle «же» pressing the question with puzzled urgency. The bare «эти… эти» (these… these), no verb, mimics Mitya's darting, fragmentary survey of the strangers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of зачем","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бляхами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"бляхами","lemma":"бляха","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies эти","gloss":"badges"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of зачем","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зачем","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b8-c8-s218","source":"И еще двое каких-то, мужики… А вот там в дверях Калганов и Трифон Борисыч…","translation":"And two more of some sort, peasants... And there in the doorway, Kalganov and Trifon Borisych...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"двое каких-то, мужики","title":"Collective numeral «двое» + indefinite","body":"«дво́е» is the collective numeral for counting people (especially males), governing the genitive plural «каки́х-то» — 'a couple of some sort'. «каких-то» ('some, unidentified', «-то») keeps the peasants vague in Mitya's confused glance."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies двое","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"двое","lemma":"двое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies мужики","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"каких","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of мужики","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle (indefinite enclitic)","role":"attaches to каких","gloss":"or other","note":"'-то' is an indefiniteness enclitic ('какой-то' = 'some sort of'), not the pronoun 'то'."},{"surface":"мужики","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"peasants"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies там","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дверях","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дверях","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the doorway"},{"surface":"Калганов","lemma":"калганов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to дверях","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Трифон","lemma":"трифон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Калганов","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисыч","lemma":"борисович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифон","gloss":"Borisych"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b8-c8-s219","source":"— Господа… Что это вы, господа? — проговорил было Митя, но вдруг, как бы вне себя, как бы не сам собой, воскликнул громко, во весь голос:","translation":"\"Gentlemen... What is this you're doing, gentlemen?\" Mitya started to say, but suddenly, as if beside himself, as if not by his own will, he cried out loudly, at the top of his voice:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"проговорил было Митя","title":"The particle «было» — an action begun and broken off","body":"«было» after a perfective past marks an action that was started but interrupted or undone — 'Mitya began to say… (but)'. This special «было» is a fine point of 19th-century narrative, signalling a thwarted or aborted act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы вне себя, как бы не сам собой","title":"Hedged «вне себя» / «не сам собой»","body":"«вне себя́» ('beside himself') and «не сам собо́й» ('not himself, not by his own will') both use the reflexive «себя/собой». Doubled «как бы… как бы» hedges them: he cried out, as it were, not of his own volition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"во весь голос","title":"“At the top of his voice”","body":"«во весь го́лос» is a fixed idiom — 'at full voice, with all his lungs'. The «во весь…» frame ('to the full extent of…') also gives «во весь рост» (at full height), «во весь опор» (at full gallop)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative (vocative), masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of вы","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"emphasizes Что","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary particle, past, marking an interrupted action","role":"auxiliary of проговорил","gloss":"began to","note":"'было' after a past verb marks an action begun and then interrupted."},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces phrase вне себя","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вне","lemma":"вне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of вне","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces phrase не сам собой","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies собой","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"of his own will"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проговорил","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голос","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of голос","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"голос","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b8-c8-s220","source":"— По-ни-маю!","translation":"\"I un-der-stand!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"По-ни-маю!","title":"Syllable-by-syllable «понимаю»","body":"«понима́ю» is the imperfective present 'I understand'. Dostoevsky breaks it into shouted syllables «По-ни-ма-ю!» to render Mitya's frenzied, drawn-out cry — typography doing the work of a stage direction."}],"words":[{"surface":"По","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb fragment (first syllable), present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"first syllable of По-ни-маю","gloss":"I un-","note":"The word 'понимаю' (I understand) is spelled out syllable by syllable for emphasis."},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb fragment (second syllable)","role":"second syllable of По-ни-маю","gloss":"-der-"},{"surface":"маю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb fragment (third syllable)","role":"third syllable of По-ни-маю","gloss":"-stand"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b8-c8-s221","source":"Молодой человек в очках вдруг выдвинулся вперед и, подступив к Мите, начал, хоть и осанисто, но немного как бы торопясь:","translation":"The young man in spectacles suddenly came forward and, stepping up to Mitya, began — with dignity, yet a little as though hurrying:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подступив к Мите, начал","title":"Perfective gerund «подступив»","body":"«подступи́в» — perfective past gerund of «подступить» (to step up to) — names the prior completed move: 'having stepped up to Mitya, he began…'. «к Мите» is dative after «к»; the gerund shares the subject of «начал»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и осанисто, но… как бы торопясь","title":"Concessive «хоть и… но» + gerund «торопясь»","body":"«хоть и осанисто, но… торопясь» — 'with dignity, yet… as if hurrying'. «осанисто» is an adverb (with a stately bearing); «торопя́сь» is the imperfective gerund of reflexive «торопиться» (to hurry), describing the manner of «начал»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выдвинулся","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking очках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"очках","lemma":"очки","morphology":"noun, locative, plural (plurale tantum, no grammatical gender)","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"spectacles"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выдвинулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"выдвинулся","lemma":"выдвинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came forward"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выдвинулся","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подступив","lemma":"подступить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"stepping up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подступив","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выдвинулся","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces concessive phrase на начал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies осанисто","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"осанисто","lemma":"осанисто","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"with dignity"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies торопясь","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies торопясь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"торопясь","lemma":"торопиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with осанисто","gloss":"hurrying"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b8-c8-s222","source":"— Мы имеем к вам… одним словом, я вас попрошу сюда, вот сюда, к дивану… Существует настоятельная необходимость с вами объясниться.","translation":"\"We have a matter to put to you... in a word, I will ask you to come here, over here, to the sofa... There is a pressing necessity to have an explanation with you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вас попрошу сюда","title":"Perfective future as a soft request","body":"«попрошу́» (perfective future, 'I will ask') used of the present moment is a courteous, slightly officious way to make a request — 'I'll (have to) ask you (to come) here'. The magistrate's polished formula sets the legal tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Существует настоятельная необходимость… объясниться","title":"Bureaucratic register","body":"«существу́ет настоя́тельная необходи́мость объясни́ться» — 'there exists a pressing necessity to have it out' — is stiff officialese, the magistrate retreating into formula. «объясни́ться» (reflexive «-ся») is 'to have an explanation, talk things through'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of имеем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"имеем","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of имеем","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies словом","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies попрошу","gloss":"word","note":"'одним словом' is a fixed idiom meaning 'in a word/in short'."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of попрошу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of попрошу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"попрошу","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will ask"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попрошу","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сюда","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with сюда","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дивану","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дивану","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сюда","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"Существует","lemma":"существовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"настоятельная","lemma":"настоятельный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies необходимость","gloss":"pressing"},{"surface":"необходимость","lemma":"необходимость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Существует","gloss":"necessity"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of объясниться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"объясниться","lemma":"объясниться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies необходимость","gloss":"to have it out"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b8-c8-s223","source":"— Старик! — вскричал Митя в исступлении, — старик и его кровь!.. По-ни-маю!","translation":"\"The old man!\" Mitya cried out in a frenzy. \"The old man and his blood!.. I un-der-stand!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в исступлении","title":"“In a frenzy / transport”","body":"«исступле́ние» is a state of frenzy, ecstasy, or being beside oneself — a key Dostoevskian word for the over-wrought soul. «в исступле́нии» (prepositional after «в») names the pitch of Mitya's outcry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исступлении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"исступлении","lemma":"исступление","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскричал","gloss":"a frenzy"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Старик","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"determiner of кровь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with старик","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"По","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb fragment (first syllable), present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"first syllable of По-ни-маю","gloss":"I un-"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb fragment (second syllable)","role":"second syllable of По-ни-маю","gloss":"-der-"},{"surface":"маю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb fragment (third syllable)","role":"third syllable of По-ни-маю","gloss":"-stand"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b8-c8-s224","source":"И как подкошенный сел, словно упал, на подле стоявший стул.","translation":"And as if cut down, he sat — rather, he dropped — onto the chair standing beside him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как подкошенный","title":"“As if cut down (like mown grass)”","body":"«как подко́шенный» is a fixed simile — 'as if scythed down', from «косить» (to mow). It describes a person collapsing as suddenly and limply as cut grass. Paired with «словно упал» ('as though he fell'), it makes Mitya drop rather than sit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на подле стоявший стул","title":"Past active participle «стоявший»","body":"«по́дле стоя́вший стул» — 'the chair (that was) standing beside (him)' — uses the past active participle «стоя́вший» (of «стоять») as an attributive modifier, with «по́дле» (beside). It packs a whole «который стоял подле» relative clause into one phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сел","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"подкошенный","lemma":"подкошенный","morphology":"adjective (past passive participle), nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сел","gloss":"cut down"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"словно","lemma":"словно","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of упал","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"упал","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сел","gloss":"dropped"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стул","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоявший","gloss":"nearby"},{"surface":"стоявший","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies стул","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition на","gloss":"chair"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b8-c8-s225","source":"— Понимаешь? Понял! Отцеубийца и изверг, кровь старика отца твоего вопиет за тобою! — заревел внезапно, подступая к Мите, старик исправник.","translation":"\"You understand? You've grasped it! Parricide and monster, the blood of your old father cries out against you!\" the old police captain suddenly roared, advancing on Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вопиет","title":"Church-Slavonic verb form «вопиет»","body":"«вопие́т» is the Slavonicizing form of 'cries out' (beside everyday «вопи́т»), its «-ие-» and solemn tone belonging to the sacred register of Scripture and prayer. Such glagol-style archaisms turn the captain's roar into a prophetic denunciation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Отцеубийца и изверг","title":"“Parricide and monster”","body":"«отцеуби́йца» is a parricide — 'father-killer', from «отец» + «убить». «и́зверг» is a monster, a fiend cast out of humanity. Together they hurl the gravest possible names at Mitya in a single breath."}],"words":[{"surface":"Понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you understand?"},{"surface":"Понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you've grasped it!"},{"surface":"Отцеубийца","lemma":"отцеубийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, part of the outcry","gloss":"parricide"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"изверг","lemma":"изверг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Отцеубийца","gloss":"monster"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вопиет","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кровь","gloss":"old man's"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старика","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"твоего","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"вопиет","lemma":"вопиять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"cries out"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобою","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of вопиет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"заревел","lemma":"зареветь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"roared"},{"surface":"внезапно","lemma":"внезапно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заревел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"подступая","lemma":"подступать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on заревел","gloss":"advancing"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подступая","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заревел","gloss":"the old"},{"surface":"исправник","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старик","gloss":"police captain"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b8-c8-s226","source":"Он был вне себя, побагровел и весь так и трясся.","translation":"He was beside himself, turned purple, and was shaking all over.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он был вне себя, побагровел и весь так и трясся","title":"Reflexive «трясся» + emphatic «так и»","body":"«трясся́» (past of reflexive «трястись», to shake/tremble) is the intransitive 'shook all over'; «так и трясся» uses the emphatic «так и» for an action breaking out vividly — 'was just shaking all over'. «побагрове́л» ('turned crimson') is an inceptive perfective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вне себя","title":"«вне себя» — beside oneself","body":"«вне себя́» ('outside oneself') is an idiom for being beside oneself with emotion, using the reflexive «себя» (here genitive after «вне», + genitive). The captain mirrors the very frenzy he condemns in Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to себя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вне","lemma":"вне","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of вне","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"побагровел","lemma":"побагроветь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"turned purple"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies трясся (extent)","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies трясся","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"трясся","lemma":"трястись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with побагровел","gloss":"was shaking"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b8-c8-s227","source":"— Но это невозможно! — вскричал маленький молодой человечек. — Михаил Макарыч, Михаил Макарыч! Это не так, не так-с!.. Прошу позволить мне одному говорить… Я никак не мог предположить от вас подобного эпизода…","translation":"\"But this is impossible!\" cried the small young fellow. \"Mikhail Makarych, Mikhail Makarych! This won't do, it won't do, sir!.. I beg you to let me speak alone... I could never have supposed such an outburst from you...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это не так, не так-с!","title":"The deferential particle «-с»","body":"«не так-с» appends the obsequious enclitic «-с» (a contraction of «сударь», 'sir') to mark deference and agitation. Pervasive in 19th-century speech to superiors, «-с» is a tiny marker of social hierarchy now wholly extinct."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я никак не мог предположить… подобного эпизода","title":"«никак не» + genitive object","body":"«никак не мог» — 'could in no way / never have' — uses «никак» («ни-» word) with negative concord on «не мог». The object «подо́бного эпизо́да» stands in the genitive of negation under the negated verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of невозможно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человечек","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человечек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человечек","lemma":"человечек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"fellow"},{"surface":"Михаил","lemma":"михаил","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"Макарыч","lemma":"макарыч","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаил","gloss":"Makarych"},{"surface":"Михаил","lemma":"михаил","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Михаил","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"Макарыч","lemma":"макарыч","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаил","gloss":"Makarych"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of так","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with так","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"-с","morphology":"particle (archaic polite enclitic)","role":"attaches to так","gloss":"sir","note":"'-с' is an archaic deferential enclitic ('sir/madam'), not the preposition 'с'."},{"surface":"Прошу","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I beg"},{"surface":"позволить","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Прошу","gloss":"to allow"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of позволить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of позволить","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"предположить","lemma":"предположить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have supposed"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of предположить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подобного","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies эпизода","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"эпизода","lemma":"эпизод","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of предположить","gloss":"an outburst"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b8-c8-s228","source":"— Но ведь это же бред, господа, бред! — восклицал исправник, — посмотрите на него: ночью, пьяный, с беспутной девкой и в крови отца своего… Бред! Бред!","translation":"\"But this is delirium, gentlemen, delirium!\" the police captain exclaimed. \"Just look at him: at night, drunk, with a dissolute wench and stained with his father's blood... Delirium! Delirium!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но ведь это же бред","title":"Particles «ведь» and «же» stacked","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared sense ('but surely, after all') and «же» insists — 'but this is delirium, surely!'. Two modal particles in one short cry pack the captain's exasperated certainty. «бред» (delirium) is the chapter's title-word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ночью, пьяный, с беспутной девкой и в крови отца своего","title":"Reflexive «своего» and stacked phrases","body":"A list of damning circumstances: «но́чью» (instrumental of time, 'at night'), «пья́ный» (drunk), «с… де́вкой» (instrumental after «с»), «в крови́ отца́ своего́». The reflexive possessive «своего́» ties the father back to Mitya — his own father's blood."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беспутной девкой","title":"“A dissolute wench”","body":"«де́вка» is a coarse, demeaning word for a girl/woman (vs respectful «девушка»), and «беспу́тный» means dissolute, off the right path («без» + «путь»). The captain's scorn lands on Grushenka in two contemptuous words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бред","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of бред","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"бред","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"delirium"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"бред","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with бред","gloss":"delirium"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of speech, parenthetical to the quote","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"исправник","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"the police captain"},{"surface":"посмотрите","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрите","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"parallel circumstance to посмотрите","gloss":"at night"},{"surface":"пьяный","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel circumstance to ночью, describes него","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking девкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"беспутной","lemma":"беспутный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девкой","gloss":"dissolute"},{"surface":"девкой","lemma":"девка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"parallel circumstance to ночью, oblique complement of посмотрите","gloss":"wench"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"parallel circumstance to ночью, oblique complement of посмотрите","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крови","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"Бред","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Delirium"},{"surface":"Бред","lemma":"бред","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Delirium"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b8-c8-s229","source":"— Я вас изо всех сил попрошу, голубчик Михаил Макарыч, на сей раз удержать ваши чувства, — зашептал было скороговоркой старику товарищ прокурора, — иначе я принужден буду принять…","translation":"\"I beg you with all my might, my dear Mikhail Makarych, to restrain your feelings just this once,\" the assistant prosecutor started to whisper rapidly to the old man, \"otherwise I shall be obliged to take...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубчик Михаил Макарыч","title":"“My dear” — «голубчик»","body":"«голу́бчик» (little dove, from «голубь») is a tender, coaxing form of address, here softening the prosecutor's urgent rebuke of the captain. «Мака́рыч» is the contracted patronymic «Макарович». The affection is strategic — a plea to restrain himself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на сей раз","title":"Archaic demonstrative «сей»","body":"«сей» ('this') is the bookish-archaic demonstrative, surviving in set phrases like «на сей раз» (this time), «сию минуту», «до сих пор». In running 19th-century prose it sounds elevated and slightly official."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я принужден буду принять","title":"Short passive participle «принужден» + future","body":"«принужде́н бу́ду» — 'I shall be obliged/forced' — joins the short past passive participle «принужде́н» (of «принудить», to compel) to the future of «быть». This is the periphrastic passive in the future, broken off mid-threat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of попрошу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of попрошу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сил","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сил","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of попрошу","gloss":"my might"},{"surface":"попрошу","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beg"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"my dear"},{"surface":"Михаил","lemma":"михаил","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to голубчик","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"Макарыч","lemma":"макарыч","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаил","gloss":"Makarych"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удержать","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"удержать","lemma":"удержать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попрошу","gloss":"restrain"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of чувства","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of удержать","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"зашептал","lemma":"зашептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to попрошу","gloss":"began to whisper"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle (marks an interrupted action)","role":"marks зашептал as begun but cut short","gloss":"started to","note":"было after a past-tense verb marks an action begun and then broken off."},{"surface":"скороговоркой","lemma":"скороговорка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies зашептал (manner)","gloss":"in a rapid patter"},{"surface":"старику","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of зашептал","gloss":"to the old man"},{"surface":"товарищ","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зашептал","gloss":"the assistant"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies товарищ","gloss":"prosecutor"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of принужден","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"принужден","lemma":"принудить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate complement (with буду) of the second clause","gloss":"obliged"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to принужден","gloss":"shall be"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of принужден","gloss":"to take"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b8-c8-s230","source":"Но маленький следователь не дал докончить; он обратился к Мите и твердо, громко и важно произнес:","translation":"But the small magistrate would not let him finish; he turned to Mitya and, firmly, loudly, and gravely, pronounced:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не дал докончить","title":"«дать» + infinitive: 'let / allow'","body":"«не дал доко́нчить» — 'did not let (him) finish' — uses «дать» + infinitive in its causative 'allow' sense, negated. «доко́нчить» (perfective, 'to finish off') is the completed end of speaking he was denied."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"твердо, громко и важно произнес","title":"Triple adverbial of manner","body":"Three adverbs «твёрдо, гро́мко и ва́жно» ('firmly, loudly, and gravely/with importance') stack before the perfective «произнёс' (pronounced). «ва́жно» here means 'with weighty self-importance', framing the magistrate's solemn formula."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies следователь","gloss":"the small"},{"surface":"следователь","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"magistrate"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"докончить","lemma":"докончить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дал","gloss":"finish"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дал","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with громко","gloss":"gravely"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with дал","gloss":"pronounced"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b8-c8-s231","source":"— Господин отставной поручик Карамазов, я должен вам объявить, что вы обвиняетесь в убийстве отца вашего, Федора Павловича Карамазова, происшедшем в эту ночь…","translation":"\"Retired Lieutenant Karamazov, sir, I must inform you that you are charged with the murder of your father, Fyodor Pavlovich Karamazov, committed this very night...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы обвиняетесь в убийстве","title":"Reflexive-passive «обвиняетесь»","body":"«обвиня́етесь» (imperfective, reflexive «-сь») is the «-ся» passive: 'you are (being) accused'. The charge, «в уби́йстве» (prepositional after «в»), takes the construction «обвинять в чём» (to accuse of). The «-ся» passive is the normal way to state such a formal accusation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"происшедшем в эту ночь","title":"Past active participle «происшедшем»","body":"«происше́дшем» is the past active participle of «произойти» (to happen, occur), agreeing with «убийстве» in the prepositional — 'the murder that occurred this night'. The participle, again, compresses a «которое произошло» clause into the noun phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Sir"},{"surface":"отставной","lemma":"отставной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поручик","gloss":"retired"},{"surface":"поручик","lemma":"поручик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Господин","gloss":"Lieutenant"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to поручик","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of должен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"должен","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, governs объявить","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of объявить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"объявить","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должен","gloss":"inform"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обвиняетесь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обвиняетесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обвиняетесь","lemma":"обвиняться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объявить","gloss":"are charged"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убийстве","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"убийстве","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of обвиняетесь","gloss":"the murder"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убийстве","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"происшедшем","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, locative, perfective","role":"clause modifying убийстве","gloss":"occurred"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of происшедшем","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b8-c8-s232","source":"Он что-то и еще сказал, тоже и прокурор как будто что-то ввернул, но Митя хоть и слушал, но уже не понимал их.","translation":"He said something further too, and the prosecutor also seemed to slip in a word, but although Mitya listened, he no longer understood them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митя хоть и слушал, но уже не понимал","title":"Imperfectives of a failing mind","body":"«слу́шал» and «не понима́л» are imperfective pasts — ongoing, durative states: he was listening but no longer understanding. The imperfective captures the continuous fog descending over Mitya's comprehension."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"что-то ввернул","title":"“Slipped in a word”","body":"«вверну́ть» (perfective) literally 'to screw in', figuratively to slip or interject a remark into talk. «что́-то ввернул» — 'put in some word or other' — with «что-то» (something, unspecified, «-то»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"something","note":"что + то is the indefinite pronoun что-то, \"something\"."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сказал","gloss":"-thing (indef.)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокурор","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прокурор","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ввернул","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of ввернул","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"как будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ввернул","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"что-то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ввернул","gloss":"-thing (indef.)"},{"surface":"ввернул","lemma":"ввернуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"slipped in"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слушал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушал","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слушал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"concessive clause modifying понимал","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the contrastive clause","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of понимал","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b8-c8-s233","source":"Он диким взглядом озирал их всех…","translation":"He stared around at them all with a wild gaze...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"диким взглядом озирал их всех","title":"Instrumental of manner «диким взглядом»","body":"«ди́ким взгля́дом» — 'with a wild gaze' — is the instrumental of manner/means with «озира́л» (imperfective, scanned/looked round at). «их всех» is the animate accusative ('them all'). The imperfective holds the staring as an unbroken, dazed sweep over the room."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of озирал","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"диким","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of озирал","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"озирал","lemma":"озирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stared around at"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of озирал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"modifies их (all)","gloss":"all"}]}]}