{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b9-c1","title":{"source":"I. Начало карьеры чиновника Перхотина","translated":"The Beginning of Perhotin's Official Career"},"section":"Book IX — The Preliminary Investigation","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b9-c1","lines":110},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b8-c8","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b9-c2","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b9-c1-s1","source":"Петр Ильич Перхотин, которого мы оставили стучащимся изо всей силы в крепкие запертые ворота дома купчихи Морозовой, кончил, разумеется, тем, что наконец достучался.","translation":"Pyotr Ilyich Perhotin, whom we left pounding with all his might at the firmly locked gate of the merchant's-widow Morozova's house, ended, of course, by knocking long enough to be heard at last.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого мы оставили стучащимся","title":"A relative clause with a present participle inside it","body":"«которого» is the relative pronoun «который» in the accusative (its object role in the clause), agreeing with Перхотин in masculine singular. Inside it sits the present active participle «стучащимся» («knocking»), a bookish way of compressing «who was knocking» into one declined word; it stands in the instrumental as a secondary predicate after «оставили»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"купчихи Морозовой","title":"«купчиха» — a merchant's wife or widow","body":"«купчиха» is the feminine of «купец» (merchant): a merchant's wife or, here, his widow, a recognizable social type of the merchant estate (купечество). The genitive «купчихи Морозовой» (\"of the merchant-woman Morozova\") names whose house it is."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кончил… тем, что наконец достучался","title":"«кончить тем, что…» — to end by doing","body":"The set frame «кончить тем, что…» means \"to end up by (doing something).\" The perfective «достучался» carries the prefix «до-», which adds the sense of carrying an action through to its goal — here, knocking until he finally got through. Note the reflexive «-ся»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кончил","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"Перхотин","lemma":"перхотин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Perhotin"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оставили","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of оставили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"оставили","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on Петр","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"стучащимся","lemma":"стучаться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"complement of оставили","gloss":"knocking"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking силы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of силы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"силы","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стучащимся","gloss":"his might"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ворота","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крепкие","lemma":"крепкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies ворота","gloss":"sturdy"},{"surface":"запертые","lemma":"запереть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies ворота","gloss":"locked"},{"surface":"ворота","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of оставили","gloss":"gate"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ворота","gloss":"house's"},{"surface":"купчихи","lemma":"купчиха","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дома","gloss":"merchant's-wife"},{"surface":"Морозовой","lemma":"морозова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on купчихи","gloss":"Morozova"},{"surface":"кончил","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ended"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разумеется","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies кончил","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончил","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of достучался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies достучался","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"достучался","lemma":"достучаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"made himself heard"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b9-c1-s2","source":"Заслышав такой неистовый стук в ворота, Феня, столь напуганная часа два назад и всё еще от волнения и «думы» не решавшаяся лечь спать, была испугана теперь вновь почти до истерики: ей вообразилось, что стучится опять Дмитрий Федорович (несмотря на то, что сама же видела, как он уехал), потому что стучаться так «дерзко» никто не мог, кроме его.","translation":"Hearing such a frantic banging at the gate, Fenya — already so frightened a couple of hours before, and still too agitated and lost in her \"brooding\" to bring herself to go to bed — was now thrown into something close to hysterics: it came into her head that it was Dmitry Fyodorovich knocking again (despite the fact that she herself had seen him drive off), because no one but he could possibly knock so \"insolently.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Заслышав такой неистовый стук","title":"Perfective gerund: «having heard»","body":"«Заслышав» is a perfective past gerund (деепричастие) from «заслышать», meaning \"having caught the sound of.\" It compresses a prior, completed action sharing Fenya's subject — \"on hearing such a frantic banging\" — and is a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не решавшаяся лечь спать","title":"A chain of participles describing Fenya","body":"Dostoevsky stacks modifiers on Феня: «напуганная» (past passive participle, \"frightened\") and «не решавшаяся» (past active participle of the reflexive «решаться», \"unable to bring herself\"). Each agrees with her in feminine singular; the density is typical of 19th-century bookish style."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ей вообразилось, что стучится опять","title":"Impersonal «ей вообразилось» — it came into her head","body":"«ей вообразилось» is a dative-subject impersonal: the experiencer Феня stands in the dative («ей»), and the reflexive verb is neuter and subjectless — literally \"it imagined itself to her.\" Russian frames such involuntary mental events with the dative experiencer rather than a nominative \"she.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто не мог, кроме его","title":"Negative concord and the genitive «его»","body":"«никто… не мог» shows Russian's obligatory double negation: the ни-word «никто» still requires «не» on the verb. «кроме его» (\"except him\") uses the genitive governed by the preposition «кроме»; the unprefixed «его» (not «него») is normal after «кроме»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Заслышав","lemma":"заслышать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial converb, modifies была испугана","gloss":"Hearing"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of неистовый","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"неистовый","lemma":"неистовый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стук","gloss":"frantic"},{"surface":"стук","lemma":"стук","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Заслышав","gloss":"banging"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ворота","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ворота","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of Заслышав","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была испугана","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напуганная","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"напуганная","lemma":"напугать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participle modifying Феня","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of напуганная","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"oblique complement of напуганная","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies два","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решавшаяся","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решавшаяся","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнения","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"волнения","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of решавшаяся","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"думы","lemma":"дума","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with волнения","gloss":"brooding"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решавшаяся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"решавшаяся","lemma":"решаться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with напуганная","gloss":"bringing herself"},{"surface":"лечь","lemma":"лечь","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решавшаяся","gloss":"to lie down"},{"surface":"спать","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of лечь","gloss":"to sleep"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of испугана","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"испугана","lemma":"испугать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испугана","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies истерики","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies истерики","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking истерики","gloss":"to the point of"},{"surface":"истерики","lemma":"истерика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of испугана","gloss":"hysterics"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of вообразилось","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"вообразилось","lemma":"вообразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to испугана","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стучится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"стучится","lemma":"стучаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вообразилось","gloss":"is knocking"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стучится","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стучится","gloss":"Dmitry"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb (used as a preposition)","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of на, anticipates the что-clause","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of видела","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies elided subject of видела","gloss":"she herself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сама","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"видела","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (complement of то)","gloss":"had seen"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clausal complement of видела","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уехал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уехал","lemma":"уехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of видела","gloss":"drove off"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces causal clause (explains вообразилось)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"стучаться","lemma":"стучаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"to knock"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дерзко","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"дерзко","lemma":"дерзко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стучаться","gloss":"insolently"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking его","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b9-c1-s3","source":"Она бросилась к проснувшемуся дворнику, уже шедшему на стук к воротам, и стала было молить его, чтобы не впускал.","translation":"She rushed to the watchman, who had woken and was already going toward the gate at the sound, and began begging him not to let anyone in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к проснувшемуся дворнику, уже шедшему на стук","title":"Two past active participles on one noun","body":"The «дворник» carries two participles in the dative (agreeing after «к»): «проснувшемуся» (perfective, \"who had woken\") and «шедшему» (imperfective, from «идти», \"who was going\"). The perfective marks a completed event, the imperfective an action in progress — aspect doing its work inside the participles."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дворнику","title":"«дворник» — yardman / gatekeeper","body":"A «дворник» was the live-in yardman of a Russian house or courtyard, responsible for the gate, sweeping, and a measure of order and surveillance. \"Watchman\" captures his role here at the locked gate at night."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стала было молить","title":"The «было» particle of a thwarted start","body":"«стала было молить» uses the particle «было», which marks an action begun but immediately interrupted or undone — \"she started to beg (but…).\" Combined with the inceptive «стала», it signals an attempt cut short, a fine 19th-century narrative nuance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бросилась","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворнику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"проснувшемуся","lemma":"проснуться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, perfective","role":"modifies дворнику","gloss":"awakened"},{"surface":"дворнику","lemma":"дворник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"the watchman"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шедшему","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"шедшему","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, dative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying дворнику","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стук","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"стук","lemma":"стук","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шедшему","gloss":"the sound"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воротам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"воротам","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of шедшему","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросилась","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle (marks an interrupted action)","role":"marks стала as begun but cut short","gloss":"started to","note":"было here again marks an action begun and then broken off."},{"surface":"молить","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стала","gloss":"to beg"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of молить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of впускал","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies впускал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"впускал","lemma":"впускать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of молить","gloss":"let in"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b9-c1-s4","source":"Но дворник опросил стучавшегося и, узнав, кто он и что хочет он видеть Федосью Марковну по весьма важному делу, отпереть ему наконец решился.","translation":"But the watchman questioned the man who was knocking and, on learning who he was and that he wished to see Fedosya Markovna on a most important matter, made up his mind at last to open to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"опросил стучавшегося и, узнав, кто он","title":"Gerund plus embedded questions","body":"«узнав» is a perfective past gerund (\"having learned\"), governing two indirect questions: «кто он» (who he is) and «что хочет он видеть» (that he wishes to see). The substantivized participle «стучавшегося» (\"the one who had been knocking\") stands as the accusative object of «опросил»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отпереть ему наконец решился","title":"Inverted word order for weight","body":"Normal order would be «решился наконец отпереть ему». Dostoevsky fronts the infinitive «отпереть ему» and ends on the reflexive verb «решился» (\"made up his mind\"), throwing rhetorical weight onto the decision — a deliberate literary inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"дворник","lemma":"дворник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опросил","gloss":"the watchman"},{"surface":"опросил","lemma":"опросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"questioned"},{"surface":"стучавшегося","lemma":"стучаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"direct object of опросил","gloss":"the man knocking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"узнав","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отпереть","gloss":"learning"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"introduces first clause complement of узнав","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of elided copula (кто он [есть])","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces second clause complement of узнав","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of узнав","gloss":"wishes"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"Федосью","lemma":"федосья","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of видеть","gloss":"Fedosya"},{"surface":"Марковну","lemma":"марковна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Федосью","gloss":"Markovna"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важному","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"важному","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies делу","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of видеть","gloss":"a matter"},{"surface":"отпереть","lemma":"отпереть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решился","gloss":"to open"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отпереть","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решился","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with опросил","gloss":"made up his mind"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b9-c1-s5","source":"Войдя к Федосье Марковне всё в ту же кухню, причем «для сумления» она упросила Петра Ильича, чтобы позволил войти и дворнику, Петр Ильич начал ее расспрашивать и вмиг попал на самое главное: то есть что Дмитрий Федорович, убегая искать Грушеньку, захватил из ступки пестик, а воротился уже без пестика, но с руками окровавленными: «И кровь еще капала, так и каплет с них, так и каплет!» — восклицала Феня, очевидно сама создавшая этот ужасный факт в своем расстроенном воображении.","translation":"Coming in to Fedosya Markovna in that same kitchen — where, \"for safety's sake,\" she had begged Pyotr Ilyich to let the watchman come in too — Pyotr Ilyich began to question her and in an instant hit upon the very thing that mattered: that is, that Dmitry Fyodorovich, running off to look for Grushenka, had snatched up the pestle from the mortar, and had come back without the pestle but with his hands all bloody: \"And the blood was still dripping, dripping right off them, dripping and dripping!\" cried Fenya, who had plainly conjured up this dreadful detail herself in her overwrought imagination.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Войдя к Федосье Марковне","title":"Perfective gerund opening the sentence","body":"«Войдя» is the perfective past gerund of «войти» (\"having entered\"). It sets the prior action against the main clause «начал расспрашивать», and must share the main subject — Петр Ильич — which it does."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"захватил из ступки пестик, а воротился уже без пестика","title":"Aspect and the contrastive «а»","body":"Two perfective past verbs — «захватил» (snatched up), «воротился» (returned) — move the narrative event by event. The mild contrastive «а» hinges the two halves («took the pestle, but came back without it»), marking a shift rather than flat opposition, untranslatable in a single English word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из ступки пестик","title":"«ступка» and «пестик» — mortar and pestle","body":"«ступка» is the mortar, «пестик» the pestle — the heavy crushing rod that becomes the murder weapon. «из ступки» is genitive after «из» (\"out of the mortar\"). Existing note on «пестик» kept; here note the pair as a household set."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сама создавшая этот ужасный факт","title":"Past active participle: «who had created»","body":"«создавшая» is a past active participle (\"who had created/conjured up\"), agreeing with Феня in feminine singular and replacing a «которая»-clause. The reflexive intensifier «сама» (\"herself\") stresses that the dripping blood was her own invention."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"так и каплет","title":"The intensifying «так и»","body":"«так и каплет» uses the expressive «так и» before a verb to convey vividness and continuousness — \"it just keeps dripping,\" \"drips and drips.\" It dramatizes Fenya's overwrought, repetitive horror."}],"words":[{"surface":"Войдя","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"coming in"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федосье","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Федосье","lemma":"Федосья","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Войдя","gloss":"Fedosya"},{"surface":"Марковне","lemma":"Марковна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Федосье","gloss":"Markovna"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies ту же (still that same)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кухню","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кухню","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ту","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"кухню","lemma":"кухня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Войдя","gloss":"kitchen"},{"surface":"причем","lemma":"причём","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of упросила","gloss":"whereupon"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сумления","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сумления","lemma":"сумление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of упросила","gloss":"caution's sake","note":"Fenya's dialectal form of сомнение (\"doubt\"); the translation renders the phrase idiomatically as \"for safety's sake.\""},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of упросила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"упросила","lemma":"упросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the причем-clause","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"Петра","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of упросила","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильича","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петра","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позволил","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"позволил","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"complement clause of упросила","gloss":"would let"},{"surface":"войти","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позволил","gloss":"come in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дворнику","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"дворнику","lemma":"дворник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of позволил / logical subject of войти","gloss":"the watchman"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of расспрашивать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"расспрашивать","lemma":"расспрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to question"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вмиг","lemma":"вмиг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попал","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"попал","lemma":"попасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"hit upon"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking главное","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"самое","lemma":"самый","morphology":"particle, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"intensifies главное","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of попал","gloss":"main thing"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захватил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захватил","gloss":"Dmitry"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"убегая","lemma":"убегать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on захватил","gloss":"running off"},{"surface":"искать","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of убегая","gloss":"to look for"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of искать","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"захватил","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause explaining главное","gloss":"snatched up"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ступки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ступки","lemma":"ступка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of захватил","gloss":"the mortar"},{"surface":"пестик","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of захватил","gloss":"the pestle"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with захватил","gloss":"came back"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies без пестика","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пестика","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"пестика","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротился","gloss":"the pestle"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of воротился","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"окровавленными","lemma":"окровавленный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies руками","gloss":"bloodied"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"begins the quoted sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of капала","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies капала","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"капала","lemma":"капать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of Fenya's quoted speech","gloss":"was dripping"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так и, modifies каплет","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"каплет","lemma":"капать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with капала","gloss":"drips"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of каплет","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так и, modifies каплет","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"каплет","lemma":"капать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with капала","gloss":"drips"},{"surface":"восклицала","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb framing the quotation","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of восклицала","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"очевидно","lemma":"очевидно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies создавшая","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies Феня, agent of создавшая","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"создавшая","lemma":"создать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"participial phrase modifying Феня","gloss":"who had invented"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of факт","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ужасный","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies факт","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of создавшая","gloss":"detail"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воображении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of воображении","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"расстроенном","lemma":"расстроенный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воображении","gloss":"overwrought"},{"surface":"воображении","lemma":"воображение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of создавшая","gloss":"imagination"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b9-c1-s6","source":"Но окровавленные руки видел и сам Петр Ильич, хотя с них и не капало, и сам их помогал отмывать, да и не в том был вопрос, скоро ль они высохли, а в том, куда именно бегал с пестиком Дмитрий Федорович, то есть наверно ли к Федору Павловичу, и из чего это можно столь решительно заключить?","translation":"But the bloody hands had been seen by Pyotr Ilyich himself, even though nothing was dripping from them, and he himself had helped to wash them; and besides, the question was not how soon they had dried, but where exactly Dmitry Fyodorovich had run off to with the pestle — that is, whether it really was to Fyodor Pavlovich's, and on what grounds one could conclude so positively that it was.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не в том был вопрос, скоро ль они высохли, а в том, куда…","title":"The correlative «не в том… а в том»","body":"The frame «не в том… а в том, что/куда…» (\"the point was not… but…\") uses the demonstrative «то» in the prepositional, picked up by a clause. The contrastive «а» pivots between the rejected and the real question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"скоро ль они высохли","title":"The interrogative particle «ль» (= «ли»)","body":"«ль» is the reduced enclitic «ли», forming an embedded yes/no question \"whether/how soon they had dried.\" It fronts the focused word «скоро» and follows it, a more literary device than mere question intonation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"куда именно бегал… то есть наверно ли к Федору Павловичу","title":"«бегал» — multidirectional motion, and «ли» again","body":"«бегал» is the multidirectional motion verb (round-trip / there-and-back), fitting \"where he had run off to (and back).\" The clause is reopened by another «ли»: «наверно ли к Федору Павловичу» — \"whether it really was to Fyodor Pavlovich's.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"окровавленные","lemma":"окровавить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"bloodied"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of видел","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Петр","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of капало","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of капало","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies капало","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies капало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"капало","lemma":"капать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on видел","gloss":"was dripping"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies the subject of помогал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of отмывать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"помогал","lemma":"помогать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видел","gloss":"helped"},{"surface":"отмывать","lemma":"отмывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of помогал","gloss":"wash off"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and besides"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates был (не...в том)","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of был, anticipates скоро ль-clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to том","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies высохли","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"ль","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"attaches to скоро (whether)","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of высохли","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"высохли","lemma":"высохнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause complement anticipated by том","gloss":"had dried"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of был, parallel to the first том","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бегал","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies куда","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"бегал","lemma":"бегать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"content clause of том","gloss":"had run"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пестиком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пестиком","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бегал","gloss":"the pestle"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бегал","gloss":"Dmitry"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"наверно","lemma":"наверно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided verb (бегал), parallel to к Федору Павловичу","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наверно","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федору","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Федору","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb (бегал)","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловичу","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федору","gloss":"Pavlovich's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of можно","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of можно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"predicate coordinated with был","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решительно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заключить","gloss":"decisively"},{"surface":"заключить","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"conclude"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b9-c1-s7","source":"На этом пункте Петр Ильич настаивал обстоятельно и хотя в результате твердо ничего не узнал, но всё же вынес почти убеждение, что никуда Дмитрий Федорович и бегать не мог, как в дом родителя, и что, стало быть, там непременно должно было нечто произойти.","translation":"On this point Pyotr Ilyich pressed her in detail, and although in the end he learned nothing for certain, he nevertheless came away almost convinced that Dmitry Fyodorovich could have run nowhere but to his father's house, and that, therefore, something must beyond all doubt have happened there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никуда… и бегать не мог, как в дом родителя","title":"Negative concord with «никуда»","body":"«никуда… не мог» again shows obligatory double negation: the negative adverb «никуда» (nowhere) keeps «не» on the verb. The construction «не мог, как в…» means \"could (have run) nowhere except to…\" — the «как» here works as \"but / except.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"должно было нечто произойти","title":"Impersonal «должно было» — something must have happened","body":"«должно было… произойти» is a subjectless modal construction with neuter «должно» plus the infinitive: \"something must (necessarily) have happened.\" «нечто» is the indefinite \"something.\" The intensifier «непременно» (\"without fail\") sharpens the inference."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стало быть","title":"«стало быть» — therefore, ergo","body":"«стало быть» is a slightly old-fashioned, conversational discourse marker meaning \"therefore, so then, ergo.\" It threads Perhotin's reasoning, giving it the flavour of spoken deduction."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пункте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пункте","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пункте","lemma":"пункт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of настаивал","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of настаивал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"настаивал","lemma":"настаивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"обстоятельно","lemma":"обстоятельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies настаивал","gloss":"in detail"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узнал","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking результате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"результате","lemma":"результат","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнал","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"for certain"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of узнал","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the хотя-clause","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вынес","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"вынес","lemma":"вынести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with настаивал","gloss":"came away with"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убеждение","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"убеждение","lemma":"убеждение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of вынес","gloss":"a conviction"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"никуда","lemma":"никуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"nowhere"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Dmitry"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бегать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бегать","lemma":"бегать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"content clause of убеждение","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces exceptive phrase, correlates with никуда","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"of his father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second content clause, parallel to что никуда...","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должно","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies должно","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"должно","lemma":"должно","morphology":"predicative (impersonal modal), neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the second что-clause","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to должно","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"нечто","lemma":"нечто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of произойти","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"произойти","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должно было","gloss":"have happened"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b9-c1-s8","source":"«А когда он воротился, — с волнением прибавила Феня, — и я призналась ему во всем, то стала я его расспрашивать: отчего у вас, голубчик Дмитрий Федорович, в крови обе руки», то он будто бы ей так и ответил, что эта кровь — человеческая и что он только что сейчас человека убил, — «так и признался, так мне во всем тут и покаялся, да вдруг и выбежал как сумасшедший.","translation":"\"And when he came back,\" Fenya added in agitation, \"and I had confessed everything to him, I began questioning him: why is it, my dear Dmitry Fyodorovich, that both your hands are covered in blood? — and he supposedly answered me outright that the blood was human blood and that he had only just that minute killed a man — \"he confessed it straight out, owned up to it all to me right there, and then suddenly ran out like a madman.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубчик Дмитрий Федорович","title":"«голубчик» — \"my dear (little dove)\"","body":"«голубчик» is an affectionate diminutive of «голубь» (dove), used as a tender form of address — \"my dear, my dove.\" From the maid Fenya to Mitya it conveys warmth and deference at once. Note it sits before the respectful name-and-patronymic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у вас… в крови обе руки","title":"«у вас» possessive plus «в крови»","body":"Russian expresses \"your hands\" not with a possessive but with «у вас» (genitive after «у»): literally \"by you both hands are in blood.\" «в крови» (prepositional after «в») means \"covered in blood\" — a fixed locational idiom for being smeared with something."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будто бы ей так и ответил","title":"«будто бы» — reported with reservation","body":"«будто бы» (\"supposedly, as if\") flags Fenya's report as hearsay she will not vouch for, the «бы» lending an irrealis, distancing tinge. With the expressive «так и» it adds vividness: \"he answered her outright, just like that.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"покаялся","title":"«покаяться» — to confess, repent","body":"«покаялся» (perfective of «каяться») carries a strong religious-confessional charge: not just \"owned up\" but \"repented, made confession.\" In a novel saturated with sin and confession, the verb is loaded — Mitya \"made his confession\" of the blood to Fenya."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воротился","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воротился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, reflexive, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стала (resumed by the correlative то), not on the parenthetical прибавила","gloss":"came back"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"волнением","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавила","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"прибавила","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause (narrator's tag)","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прибавила","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of призналась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"призналась","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with воротился, within the когда-clause","gloss":"confessed"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of призналась","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of призналась","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle resuming the main clause after когда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of расспрашивать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of расспрашивать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"расспрашивать","lemma":"расспрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стала","gloss":"to question"},{"surface":"отчего","lemma":"отчего","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the quoted question (content of расспрашивать)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of отчего/у","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative term of endearment, addresses Дмитрий Федорович","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to голубчик","gloss":"Dmitry"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of the clause (are in blood)","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on руки","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of the clause (predicate: в крови)","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative particle, introduces the clause of ответил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom будто бы","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom будто бы","gloss":"apparently"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of ответил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ответил","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of человеческая","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кровь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of человеческая","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"человеческая","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of кровь","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second что-clause, parallel to человеческая","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom только что","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the second что-clause","gloss":"had killed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies признался","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"признался","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ответил, further reported speech","gloss":"confessed"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покаялся","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of покаялся","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of покаялся","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покаялся","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom так...и, before покаялся","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"покаялся","lemma":"покаяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with признался","gloss":"confessed"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выбежал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выбежал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"выбежал","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with покаялся","gloss":"ran out"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сумасшедший","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"сумасшедший","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбежал","gloss":"a madman"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b9-c1-s9","source":"Я села да и стала думать: куда это он теперь как сумасшедший побежал?","translation":"I sat down and began to think: where has he run off to now, like a madman?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я села да и стала думать","title":"The folksy «да и» linking actions","body":"«да и» is a colloquial, slightly folk-narrative connector, \"and so / and then,\" joining «села» (sat down) to «стала думать» (began to think). It gives Fenya's speech its plain, oral rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"куда это он… побежал","title":"«побежал» — perfective of setting off running","body":"«побежал» pairs the prefix «по-» with the unidirectional «бежать» to mean \"set off running (in one direction).\" The little «это» («куда это он») is an emphatic filler — \"where on earth has he run off to?\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of села","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"села","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordination with стала (part of да и)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with села","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стала","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежал","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying куда","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison, modifies побежал","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"сумасшедший","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of как (comparison)","gloss":"a madman"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the embedded question, object clause of думать","gloss":"had run off"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b9-c1-s10","source":"Поедет в Мокрое, думаю, и убьет там барыню.","translation":"He'll drive to Mokroye, I thought, and kill the lady there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Поедет в Мокрое, думаю, и убьет","title":"Perfective future inside reported thought","body":"«Поедет» and «убьет» are perfective verbs conjugated like a present, which yields the simple future: \"he'll drive… and kill.\" The inserted present-tense «думаю» reports Fenya's thought as she relives it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"барыню","title":"«барыня» — the lady, the mistress","body":"«барыня» is the lady of the gentry, the mistress — here Fenya's term for Grushenka, whom Mitya pursues. It marks the speaker (a servant) looking up the social ladder; the accusative «барыню» is the would-be victim."}],"words":[{"surface":"Поедет","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he'll go"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокрое","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мокрое","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Поедет","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (narrator's insertion)","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убьет","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Поедет","gloss":"he'll kill"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убьет","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"барыню","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of убьет","gloss":"the lady"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b9-c1-s11","source":"Выбежала я этта его молить, чтобы барыню не убивал, к нему на квартиру, да у Плотниковых лавки смотрю и вижу, что он уж отъезжает и что руки уж у него не в крови» (Феня это заметила и запомнила).","translation":"So out I ran after him, to his lodgings, to beg him not to kill the lady, but at Plotnikov's shop I look and I see that he's already driving off and that his hands are no longer bloody\" (Fenya had noticed this and remembered it).","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"этта","title":"«этта» — dialectal \"just then / here\"","body":"«этта» (also «эвта», «эфта») is a substandard, folk-dialect adverb meaning roughly \"just now, the other day, here.\" Dostoevsky uses such non-standard spellings to render Fenya's peasant speech on the page — a deliberate marker of register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его молить, чтобы барыню не убивал","title":"«чтобы» + past form for an indirect plea","body":"After verbs of begging, «чтобы» takes the past-tense form «не убивал» to express a willed, hypothetical outcome — \"to beg him that he not kill.\" The «бы» fused in «чтобы» carries the irrealis force; English uses an infinitive (\"not to kill\")."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотрю и вижу, что он уж отъезжает","title":"The historic present in vivid narration","body":"Fenya slips into the present tense — «смотрю», «вижу», «отъезжает» — to relive the scene dramatically, a \"historic present\" common in excited oral storytelling. «уж» is the colloquial clipped «уже» (\"already\")."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выбежала","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran out"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Выбежала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"этта","lemma":"этта","morphology":"adverb, dialectal","role":"modifies Выбежала","gloss":"here","note":"Dialectal/colloquial for 'here, at that point' — Fenya's grandmother's peasant speech."},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of молить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"молить","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"purpose complement of Выбежала","gloss":"to beg"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убивал","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"барыню","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of убивал","gloss":"the lady"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убивал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убивал","lemma":"убивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the чтобы-clause, complement of молить","gloss":"would kill"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"нему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Выбежала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking квартиру","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"квартиру","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Выбежала","gloss":"his lodgings"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Плотниковых","lemma":"Плотниковы","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лавки","gloss":"Plotnikov's"},{"surface":"лавки","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрю","gloss":"shop"},{"surface":"смотрю","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Выбежала","gloss":"I look"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрю","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отъезжает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отъезжает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отъезжает","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"отъезжает","lemma":"отъезжать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"is driving off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of крови","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of крови","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies крови","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies крови","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement describing руки","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"Феня","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заметила","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметила","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"заметила","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"had noticed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"запомнила","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заметила","gloss":"remembered"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b9-c1-s12","source":"Старуха, бабушка Фени, сколько могла, подтвердила все показания своей внучки.","translation":"The old woman, Fenya's grandmother, confirmed all her granddaughter's testimony as far as she was able.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бабушка… внучки","title":"«бабушка» and «внучка» — grandmother and granddaughter","body":"«бабушка» (grandmother) and «внучка» (granddaughter, here genitive «внучки») frame the household relationship. The diminutive-warm «бабушка» is the ordinary word for grandmother; «своей внучки» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» to point back to the grandmother as subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"показания","title":"«показания» — testimony, depositions","body":"«показания» is the legal term for testimony or evidence given by a witness. Its use here quietly turns Fenya's frightened tale into the language of a criminal investigation — the chapter's theme of an improvised \"preliminary inquiry.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Старуха","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подтвердила","gloss":"The old woman"},{"surface":"бабушка","lemma":"бабушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Старуха","gloss":"grandmother"},{"surface":"Фени","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бабушка","gloss":"Fenya's"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb, relative","role":"introduces the clause of могла","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on подтвердила","gloss":"she was able"},{"surface":"подтвердила","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confirmed"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of показания","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"показания","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of подтвердила","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of внучки","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"внучки","lemma":"внучка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies показания","gloss":"granddaughter's"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b9-c1-s13","source":"Расспросив еще кой о чем, Петр Ильич вышел из дома еще в большем волнении и беспокойстве, чем как вошел в него.","translation":"Having questioned them about a few other things, Pyotr Ilyich left the house in even greater agitation and unease than when he had entered it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Расспросив еще кой о чем","title":"Opening gerund and split indefinite «кой о чём»","body":"«Расспросив» is a perfective past gerund (\"having questioned them\"). «кой о чём» is the indefinite «кое о чём» (\"about a few things\") with its preposition «о» wedged into the middle — a tmesis the «кое-» series allows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в большем волнении… чем как вошел","title":"Comparative «в большем… чем»","body":"«в большем волнении и беспокойстве, чем…» is a comparative: «большем» is the comparative-tinged form of «большой» in the prepositional, governing «чем» (\"than\"). The slightly bookish «чем как вошёл» compares his state leaving to his state entering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Расспросив","lemma":"расспросить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вышел","gloss":"having questioned them"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"a few more"},{"surface":"кой","lemma":"кой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чем","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Расспросив","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дома","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies волнении","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking волнении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"большем","lemma":"больший","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies волнении","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"волнении","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"беспокойстве","lemma":"беспокойство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with волнении","gloss":"unease"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вошел","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase чем","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the comparative clause introduced by чем","gloss":"he had entered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b9-c1-s14","source":"Казалось бы, что всего прямее и ближе было бы ему теперь отправиться в дом Федора Павловича узнать, не случилось ли там чего, а если случилось, то что именно, и, уже убедившись неоспоримо, тогда только идти к исправнику, как твердо уже положил Петр Ильич.","translation":"It would seem that the most direct and natural thing for him to do now would be to go straight to Fyodor Pavlovich's house to find out whether anything had happened there, and, if it had, what exactly — and only then, once he had made absolutely sure, to go to the police captain, as Pyotr Ilyich had firmly resolved to do.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Казалось бы… было бы ему… отправиться","title":"Conditional «бы» twice over","body":"Both «казалось бы» (\"it would seem\") and «было бы… отправиться» (\"the thing to do would be to go\") use the particle «бы» with past/neuter forms to build the hypothetical. The dative «ему» marks Perhotin as the one for whom this would be the natural course — a dative-subject impersonal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не случилось ли там чего","title":"«ли» + genitive of negation «чего»","body":"The embedded question «не случилось ли там чего» (\"whether anything had happened there\") uses «ли» for \"whether,\" and «чего» is the genitive of «что» — the genitive of negation/indefiniteness under the negated «не случилось»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже убедившись неоспоримо","title":"Gerund «убедившись» — having made sure","body":"«убедившись» is the perfective past gerund of the reflexive «убедиться» (\"having become convinced / made sure\"). It carries the reflexive «-сь» and sets up the temporal condition: only after being sure would he act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it would seem"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of Казалось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прямее","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прямее","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"прямее","lemma":"прямой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate adjective, complement of было","gloss":"most direct"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ближе","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with прямее","gloss":"nearest"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking subject отправиться to predicate прямее/ближе","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of отправиться","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отправиться","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"отправиться","lemma":"отправиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"subject of было (infinitival subject)","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправиться","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"of Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of отправиться","gloss":"to find out"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"whether... not"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of узнать","gloss":"had happened"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of случилось","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"protasis clause of the conditional (apodosis: что именно)","gloss":"it had"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the apodosis of если","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of узнать, coordinated with чего","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убедившись","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"убедившись","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on идти","gloss":"having made sure"},{"surface":"неоспоримо","lemma":"неоспоримо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убедившись","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies идти","gloss":"only then"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase тогда","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отправиться (subject of было)","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исправнику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"исправнику","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"the police captain"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of положил","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies положил","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies положил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on идти","gloss":"had resolved"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of положил","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b9-c1-s15","source":"Но ночь была темная, ворота у Федора Павловича крепкие, надо опять стучать, с Федором же Павловичем знаком он был отдаленно — и вот он достучится, ему отворят, и вдруг там ничего не случилось, а насмешливый Федор Павлович пойдет завтра рассказывать по городу анекдот, как в полночь ломился к нему незнакомый чиновник Перхотин, чтоб узнать, не убил ли его кто-нибудь.","translation":"But the night was dark, the gate at Fyodor Pavlovich's was solid, he would have to knock all over again, and his acquaintance with Fyodor Pavlovich was a distant one — and there he would knock his way in, the gate would be opened to him, and suddenly it would turn out that nothing had happened at all, and the mocking Fyodor Pavlovich would go about town tomorrow telling everyone the anecdote of how at midnight some stranger of an official, Perhotin, had come battering at his door to find out whether somebody hadn't murdered him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ночь была темная, ворота… крепкие","title":"Stacked clauses with no copula","body":"Russian present-tense \"be\" is zero, and even these past descriptions run as terse parallel clauses. The piling of short statements — \"the night was dark, the gate solid, one must knock again\" — enacts Perhotin's racing calculation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с Федором же Павловичем","title":"The emphatic particle «же»","body":"The little «же» wedged into «с Федором же Павловичем» adds insistence and a topic-shift — \"and as for Fyodor Pavlovich, his acquaintance with him was a distant one.\" English can only render it with stress or a phrase like \"and besides.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не убил ли его кто-нибудь","title":"«ли» + indefinite «кто-нибудь»","body":"The embedded question «не убил ли его кто-нибудь» (\"whether somebody had murdered him\") again uses «ли» for \"whether.\" «кто-нибудь» is the non-specific indefinite \"anyone at all,\" fitting Perhotin's vague dread of an unknown killer."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"анекдот","title":"«анекдот» — a story, not a \"joke\"","body":"A false friend: «анекдот» in 19th-century Russian means a piquant little anecdote or tale told about someone, not a modern stand-up \"joke.\" Fyodor Pavlovich would spread the \"anecdote\" of the official who came battering at midnight — a story to ridicule Perhotin."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ломился","title":"«ломиться» — to force one's way in","body":"«ломиться» (from «ломать», to break) means to push violently against a door, to try to break in. The mocking Fyodor Pavlovich would tell how Perhotin «ломился» — \"came battering\" — at his gate, the verb itself making him ridiculous."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of темная","gloss":"the night"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to темная","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"темная","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"ворота","lemma":"ворота","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of крепкие","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федора","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ворота","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich's"},{"surface":"крепкие","lemma":"крепкий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement of ворота (elliptical copula)","gloss":"solid"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, coordinated with крепкие (asyndetic clause)","gloss":"[he] would have to"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стучать","gloss":"all over again"},{"surface":"стучать","lemma":"стучать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to knock"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Федором","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаком","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Федором","gloss":"[emphasis]"},{"surface":"Павловичем","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федором","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"знаком","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement, complement of был","gloss":"acquainted"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знаком","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking он to знаком","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"отдаленно","lemma":"отдаленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаком","gloss":"distantly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies достучится","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of достучится","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"достучится","lemma":"достучаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause introduced by вот","gloss":"would knock his way in"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отворят","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"отворят","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with достучится","gloss":"would open"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отворят","gloss":"had happened"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"насмешливый","lemma":"насмешливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Федор","gloss":"mocking"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пойдет","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with случилось","gloss":"would go"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывать","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"рассказывать","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пойдет","gloss":"telling"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городу","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"городу","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказывать","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"анекдот","lemma":"анекдот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of рассказывать","gloss":"the anecdote"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ломился","gloss":"of how"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полночь","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"полночь","lemma":"полночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ломился","gloss":"midnight"},{"surface":"ломился","lemma":"ломиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying анекдот","gloss":"had come battering"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"нему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ломился","gloss":"his door"},{"surface":"незнакомый","lemma":"незнакомый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чиновник","gloss":"some stranger of a"},{"surface":"чиновник","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ломился","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"Перхотин","lemma":"Перхотин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to чиновник","gloss":"Perhotin"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узнать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ломился","gloss":"find out"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"whether... not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of узнать","gloss":"had murdered"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"somebody"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase кто","gloss":"[indefinite]","note":"Suffix particle that turns кто into the indefinite pronoun 'кто-нибудь' (somebody, anybody)."}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b9-c1-s16","source":"Скандал!","translation":"A scandal!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Скандал!","title":"«скандал» — a disgrace, a public embarrassment","body":"«скандал» here is not a modern \"scandal\" of wrongdoing but the older sense of a humiliating public scene or social disgrace — being made a fool of. The one-word sentence flares with Perhotin's dread of ridicule."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скандал","lemma":"скандал","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Scandal"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b9-c1-s17","source":"Скандала же Петр Ильич боялся пуще всего на свете.","translation":"And of a scandal Pyotr Ilyich was more afraid than of anything else in the world.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Скандала же Петр Ильич боялся пуще всего","title":"Fronted genitive object and «боялся» + genitive","body":"«бояться» (\"to fear\") governs the genitive, hence «скандала», fronted for emphasis at the head of the sentence. The «же» ties it back to the previous exclamation. «всего на свете» is the genitive of comparison after «пуще» (more than anything)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пуще всего","title":"«пуще» — archaic \"more, worse\"","body":"«пуще» is an old-fashioned comparative meaning \"more / more strongly / worse\" (still alive in the proverb «пуще неволи»). «пуще всего на свете» = \"more than anything in the world.\" It lends a folk-literary colour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скандала","lemma":"скандал","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of боялся (fronted)","gloss":"a scandal"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Скандала","gloss":"[emphasis]"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боялся","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was afraid"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies боялся","gloss":"more than","note":"Archaic/colloquial comparative meaning 'more than'."},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"complement of пуще","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свете","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of всего","gloss":"the world"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b9-c1-s18","source":"Тем не менее чувство, увлекавшее его, было столь сильно, что он, злобно топнув ногой в землю и опять себя выбранив, немедленно бросился в новый путь, но уже не к Федору Павловичу, а к госпоже Хохлаковой.","translation":"Nevertheless the feeling that was carrying him along was so powerful that, after stamping his foot on the ground in fury and cursing himself once more, he set off at once on a new course — no longer toward Fyodor Pavlovich, however, but toward Madame Hohlakov's.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чувство, увлекавшее его","title":"Past active participle as a relative","body":"«увлекавшее» is a past active participle (imperfective, ongoing past) from «увлекать» (\"carrying him along\"), agreeing with neuter «чувство». It packs a «которое»-clause into one declined word, a recurring literary economy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"злобно топнув ногой… и опять себя выбранив","title":"A pair of perfective gerunds","body":"Two perfective past gerunds run in parallel: «топнув» (\"having stamped\") and «выбранив» (\"having cursed\"). «себя» is the reflexive pronoun (\"himself\"), object of «выбранив». Both prior, completed actions share the subject «он»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не к Федору Павловичу, а к госпоже Хохлаковой","title":"Corrective «не… а» with the dative of direction","body":"«не… а…» corrects an expectation: \"not toward X, but toward Y.\" The preposition «к» governs the dative for motion-toward-a-person, hence «к Федору Павловичу» and «к госпоже Хохлаковой»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Nevertheless"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Тем","gloss":"[idiom]"},{"surface":"менее","lemma":"менее","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase Тем","gloss":"[idiom]"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сильно","gloss":"the feeling"},{"surface":"увлекавшее","lemma":"увлекать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying чувство","gloss":"carrying"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увлекавшее","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to сильно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сильно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement, complement of было","gloss":"powerful"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бросился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies топнув","gloss":"in fury"},{"surface":"топнув","lemma":"топнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросился","gloss":"stamping"},{"surface":"ногой","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of топнув","gloss":"his foot"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of топнув","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выбранив","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of выбранив","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"выбранив","lemma":"выбранить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with топнув","gloss":"cursing"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by что","gloss":"he set off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking путь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"новый","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies путь","gloss":"a new"},{"surface":"путь","lemma":"путь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Федору","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Федору","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федору","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Федору","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичу","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федору","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking госпоже","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"госпоже","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпоже","gloss":"Hohlakov's"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b9-c1-s19","source":"Если та, думал он, ответит на вопрос: она ли дала три тысячи давеча, в таком-то часу, Дмитрию Федоровичу, то в случае отрицательного ответа он тут же и пойдет к исправнику, не заходя к Федору Павловичу; в противном же случае отложит всё до завтра и воротится к себе домой.","translation":"If she, he reasoned, would answer the question whether it was she who had given Dmitry Fyodorovich the three thousand a short while ago, at such-and-such an hour, then, in the event of a negative answer, he would go straight to the police captain without calling on Fyodor Pavlovich; but in the contrary case he would put everything off until tomorrow and go back home.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если та… ответит… то… пойдет","title":"Real conditional «если… то»","body":"A real (not hypothetical) conditional: «если» + perfective future «ответит» in the if-clause, answered by «то» + perfective future «пойдёт». No «бы» here — the outcome is presented as a genuine plan, not a counterfactual."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она ли дала три тысячи… Дмитрию Федоровичу","title":"«ли» focusing the subject + dative of recipient","body":"«она ли дала» fronts and focuses the subject — \"whether it was she who gave.\" «Дмитрию Федоровичу» is the dative of the indirect object (the recipient). «три тысячи» is the accusative sum."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — \"a short while ago, earlier today\"","body":"«давеча» is a colloquial-archaic adverb meaning \"earlier (today), a little while ago, just now.\" Common in Dostoevsky's narration and dialogue, it sets recent past events without a clock — period-flavoured for the modern reader."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в противном же случае","title":"«в противном случае» — \"otherwise / in the contrary case\"","body":"A bookish legal-administrative formula meaning \"in the contrary case, otherwise,\" balanced against «в случае отрицательного ответа» earlier. The «же» again marks the contrast. The register fits Perhotin's careful, lawyerly weighing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ответит","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ответит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause (inserted)","gloss":"he reasoned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ответит","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause (protasis)","gloss":"would answer"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответит","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дала","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"дала","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause explaining вопрос","gloss":"had given"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дала","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дала","gloss":"a short while ago","note":"Colloquial adverb: 'a little while ago, earlier today'."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of часу","gloss":"such-and-such"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase таком","gloss":"[indefinite suffix]"},{"surface":"часу","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дала","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дала","gloss":"Dmitry"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрию","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пойдет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдет","gloss":"the event"},{"surface":"отрицательного","lemma":"отрицательный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ответа","gloss":"a negative"},{"surface":"ответа","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пойдет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдет","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the apodosis (то-clause)","gloss":"would go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исправнику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"исправнику","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдет","gloss":"the police captain"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заходя","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"заходя","lemma":"заходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пойдет","gloss":"calling on"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федору","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Федору","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заходя","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичу","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федору","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"противном","lemma":"противный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"the contrary"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies противном","gloss":"[emphasis]"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отложит","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"отложит","lemma":"отложить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the 'в противном же случае' clause, contrastive alternative to the тогда/пойдет branch (not a direct syntactic coordinate of пойдет)","gloss":"would put off"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отложит","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking завтра","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of отложит","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"воротится","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отложит","gloss":"go back","note":"Colloquial/archaic for 'вернётся' (will return)."},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of воротится","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротится","gloss":"home"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b9-c1-s20","source":"Тут, конечно, прямо представляется, что в решении молодого человека идти ночью, почти в одиннадцать часов, в дом к совершенно незнакомой ему светской барыне, поднять ее, может быть, с постели, с тем чтобы задать ей удивительный по своей обстановке вопрос, заключалось, может быть, гораздо еще больше шансов произвести скандал, чем идти к Федору Павловичу.","translation":"Here, of course, it is at once plain that in the young man's decision to go, by night, at nearly eleven o'clock, to the house of a fashionable lady wholly unknown to him, to rouse her perhaps from her bed, in order to put to her a question astonishing in its very circumstances — in this there lay, perhaps, even far more chance of producing a scandal than in going to Fyodor Pavlovich's.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в решении молодого человека идти… заключалось… больше шансов","title":"A long periodic sentence with delayed verb","body":"Dostoevsky suspends the main verb «заключалось» (\"there lay\") to the far end of a long, subordinate-heavy period — a hallmark of his bookish syntax. The subject is «гораздо ещё больше шансов» (\"far more chance\"), governed by the comparative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с тем чтобы задать ей… вопрос","title":"Purpose clause «с тем чтобы»","body":"«с тем чтобы» + infinitive expresses purpose, \"in order to.\" «задать вопрос» is the fixed collocation \"to put a question\"; «ей» is the dative recipient. The «чтобы» again hides the irrealis «бы»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"светской барыне","title":"«светская барыня» — a society lady","body":"«светский» means \"of high society, fashionable\" (from «свет», the social \"world\"). A «светская барыня» is a fashionable society lady — Madame Hohlakov — wholly unknown to Perhotin, which is what makes the midnight call so improper."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представляется","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"modifies представляется","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies представляется","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"представляется","lemma":"представляться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it appears"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заключалось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking решении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"решении","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключалось","gloss":"decision"},{"surface":"молодого","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies решении","gloss":"man's"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of решении","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"at night"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одиннадцать","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часов","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"одиннадцать","lemma":"одиннадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часов","gloss":"eleven"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"adverbial time phrase modifying идти, parallel to ночью","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барыне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies незнакомой","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"незнакомой","lemma":"незнакомый","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies барыне","gloss":"unknown"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of незнакомой","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"светской","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies барыне","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"барыне","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"поднять","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with идти","gloss":"to rouse"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поднять","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical 'perhaps', modifies поднять","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be","note":"'может быть' is the fixed idiom for 'perhaps'."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постели","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"постели","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднять","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поднять","gloss":"that","note":"'с тем чтобы' is a fixed idiom for 'in order to'."},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of задать","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"задать","lemma":"задать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"to put"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of задать","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"удивительный","lemma":"удивительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"astonishing"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обстановке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of обстановке","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"обстановке","lemma":"обстановка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of удивительный","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of задать","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"заключалось","lemma":"заключаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, clausal complement of представляется","gloss":"there lay"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical 'perhaps', modifies заключалось","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"numeral, comparative","role":"depends on шансов","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"шансов","lemma":"шанс","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заключалось","gloss":"chances"},{"surface":"произвести","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies шансов","gloss":"to produce"},{"surface":"скандал","lemma":"скандал","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of произвести","gloss":"a scandal"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of идти","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"compared with произвести via чем","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федору","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Федору","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичу","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федору","gloss":"Pavlovich's"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b9-c1-s21","source":"Но так случается иногда, особенно в подобных настоящему случаях, с решениями самых точнейших и флегматических людей.","translation":"But that is sometimes how it goes, especially in cases like the present one, even with the decisions of the most exact and phlegmatic of men.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с решениями самых точнейших и флегматических людей","title":"Double superlative «самых точнейших»","body":"«самых точнейших» piles two superlative devices: «самый» (\"the most\") plus the bookish suffixed superlative «точнейших» (from «точный», exact). This emphatic, redundant superlative is a literary intensifier — \"the very most exact of men.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"флегматических","title":"«флегматический» — phlegmatic","body":"From the old humoral temperaments, «флегматический» means calm, sluggish, unexcitable — \"phlegmatic.\" Applied ironically here: even the steadiest men act out of character, and Perhotin, normally cool, has lost his composure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случается","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"случается","lemma":"случаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случается","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случаях","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подобных","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies случаях","gloss":"similar"},{"surface":"настоящему","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of подобных","gloss":"the present"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of случается, parallel to иногда","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking решениями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"решениями","lemma":"решение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of случается, parallel to случаях","gloss":"decisions"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies точнейших","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"точнейших","lemma":"точный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural, superlative","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"most exact"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"флегматических","lemma":"флегматический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with точнейших","gloss":"phlegmatic"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies решениями","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b9-c1-s22","source":"Петр же Ильич, в ту минуту, был уже совсем не флегматиком!","translation":"And Pyotr Ilyich, at that moment, was no longer in the least phlegmatic!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был уже совсем не флегматиком","title":"Instrumental predicate after «был»","body":"After past-tense «был», the predicate noun takes the instrumental: «флегматиком» (not nominative «флегматик»). The instrumental frames the role as a temporary state — fitting, since he was \"no longer phlegmatic\" just then."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Петр же Ильич","title":"«же» splitting the name for contrast","body":"The contrastive «же» is inserted between «Петр» and «Ильич» — Russian lets the particle lean on the first word — marking the turn: \"As for Pyotr Ilyich, he was by now not in the least phlegmatic.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of флегматиком","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Петр","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial time phrase modifying флегматиком","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to флегматиком","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies флегматиком","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"флегматиком","lemma":"флегматик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"phlegmatic"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b9-c1-s23","source":"Он всю жизнь потом вспоминал, как непреоборимое беспокойство, овладевшее им постепенно, дошло наконец в нем до муки и увлекало его даже против воли.","translation":"All his life afterward he would recall how an irresistible disquiet, taking hold of him by degrees, had at last risen in him to the pitch of torment and was carrying him on even against his will.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"беспокойство, овладевшее им","title":"Past active participle + instrumental of «овладеть»","body":"«овладевшее» is a past active participle (\"that had taken hold of\") agreeing with neuter «беспокойство». The verb «овладеть» governs the instrumental, so its object is «им» (\"of him\") — the disquiet \"took possession with/of him.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"дошло… до муки и увлекало его","title":"Perfective + imperfective in sequence","body":"«дошло» (perfective, \"reached, rose to\") marks the completed climax; «увлекало» (imperfective, \"was carrying him on\") names the ongoing pull. The aspect pairing gives both the peak and the continuing momentum of his disquiet."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"непреоборимое","title":"«непреоборимый» — irresistible, insurmountable","body":"«непреоборимый» (\"that cannot be overcome,\" from the archaic «преобороть») is an elevated, bookish word for \"irresistible, invincible.\" It lends weight to the disquiet that masters Perhotin against his will."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспоминал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминал","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспоминал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"вспоминал","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would recall"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дошло","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"непреоборимое","lemma":"непреоборимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies беспокойство","gloss":"irresistible"},{"surface":"беспокойство","lemma":"беспокойство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дошло","gloss":"disquiet"},{"surface":"овладевшее","lemma":"овладеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying беспокойство","gloss":"having taken hold"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of овладевшее","gloss":"of him"},{"surface":"постепенно","lemma":"постепенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies овладевшее","gloss":"gradually"},{"surface":"дошло","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вспоминал","gloss":"had risen"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дошло","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дошло","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking муки","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"муки","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дошло","gloss":"the pitch of torment"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"увлекало","lemma":"увлекать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with дошло","gloss":"was carrying along"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of увлекало","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies против воли","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воли","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"воли","lemma":"воля","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увлекало","gloss":"his will"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b9-c1-s24","source":"Разумеется, он все-таки ругал себя всю дорогу за то, что идет к этой даме, но «доведу, доведу до конца!» — повторял он в десятый раз, скрежеща зубами, и исполнил свое намерение — довел.","translation":"Naturally, he scolded himself the whole way for going to call on this lady, but \"I'll see it through, I'll see it through to the end!\" he kept repeating for the tenth time, grinding his teeth, and he carried out his intention — he saw it through.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"доведу, доведу до конца","title":"Perfective future as resolve","body":"«доведу» is the perfective future of «довести» (\"I will carry it through\"): the conjugated perfective expresses a single completed future act. Its repetition, with «до конца» (\"to the end\"), dramatizes Perhotin's grinding determination."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"скрежеща зубами","title":"Present gerund «скрежеща»","body":"«скрежеща» is an imperfective present gerund (\"grinding [his teeth]\"), expressing an action simultaneous with «повторял» — \"he kept repeating, grinding his teeth.\" «зубами» is the instrumental of means."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"modifies ругал","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ругал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ругал","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"все-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ругал","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ругал","lemma":"ругать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"scolded"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ругал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дорогу","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial extent phrase modifying ругал","gloss":"the whole way"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ругал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of идет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"идет","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"was going"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking даме","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of даме","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"даме","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идет","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"доведу","lemma":"довести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"quoted direct speech, parallel to повторял","gloss":"I'll see it through"},{"surface":"доведу","lemma":"довести","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with previous доведу","gloss":"I'll see it through"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конца","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"конца","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of доведу","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"повторял","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with ругал","gloss":"kept repeating"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"десятый","lemma":"десятый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"tenth"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторял","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"скрежеща","lemma":"скрежетать","morphology":"verb, present, active, gerund, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on повторял","gloss":"grinding"},{"surface":"зубами","lemma":"зуб","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of скрежеща","gloss":"his teeth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"исполнил","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ругал","gloss":"carried out"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of намерение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"намерение","lemma":"намерение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of исполнил","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"довел","lemma":"довести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to исполнил","gloss":"saw it through"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b9-c1-s25","source":"Было ровно одиннадцать часов, когда он вступил в дом госпожи Хохлаковой.","translation":"It was exactly eleven o'clock when he entered Madame Hohlakov's house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда он вступил в дом","title":"Perfective «вступил» + accusative of motion","body":"«вступил в дом» (\"entered the house\") is perfective, marking the single completed act of entering; «в дом» takes the accusative because «в» here expresses motion into a place. The clock detail «ровно одиннадцать часов» pins the dramatic timing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"ровно","lemma":"ровно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одиннадцать","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"одиннадцать","lemma":"одиннадцать","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on часов","gloss":"eleven"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Было","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вступил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вступил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вступил","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on Было","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступил","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"госпожи","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожи","gloss":"Hohlakov's"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b9-c1-s26","source":"Впустили его во двор довольно скоро, но на вопрос: почивает ли уже барыня или еще не ложилась — дворник не мог ответить в точности, кроме того, что в эту пору обыкновенно ложатся.","translation":"He was let into the courtyard fairly quickly, but to the question of whether the lady had already retired or had not yet gone to bed, the watchman could give no exact answer, beyond the fact that at this hour people usually went to bed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почивает ли уже барыня или еще не ложилась","title":"Embedded question with «ли»","body":"«почивает ли… барыня» uses «ли» for the embedded yes/no question, \"whether the lady had retired.\" «почивать» is a deferential-elevated verb for \"to sleep, repose,\" used by servants of their betters — far politer than plain «спать»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"почивает","title":"«почивать» — to repose (deferential)","body":"«почивать» is an old, respectful verb for sleeping, used about persons of rank — \"to repose, to take one's rest.\" The watchman uses it of «барыня»; it marks the social distance and the gentility of the household."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впустили","lemma":"впустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they let in"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Впустили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двор","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"двор","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Впустили","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скоро","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Впустили","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог ответить","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"почивает","lemma":"почивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"in apposition to вопрос","gloss":"is asleep"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почивает","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies почивает","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"барыня","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of почивает","gloss":"the lady"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ложилась","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ложилась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ложилась","lemma":"ложиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with почивает","gloss":"had gone to bed"},{"surface":"дворник","lemma":"дворник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"the watchman"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Впустили","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ответить","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точности","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"точности","lemma":"точность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответить","gloss":"exactness"},{"surface":"кроме","lemma":"кроме","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ложатся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пору","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of пору","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пору","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ложатся","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"обыкновенно","lemma":"обыкновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ложатся","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"ложатся","lemma":"ложиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"people go to bed"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b9-c1-s27","source":"«Там, наверху, доложитесь; захотят вас принять, то примут, а не захотят — не примут».","translation":"\"Go up and have yourself announced; if they want to receive you, they'll receive you, and if they don't want to, they won't.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"захотят вас принять, то примут, а не захотят — не примут","title":"Conditional without «если», answered by «то»","body":"Colloquial Russian can drop «если» and let a fronted perfective future carry the condition: «захотят… то примут» = \"if they want to, they'll receive you.\" The parallel «а не захотят — не примут» uses the contrastive «а» and elides the verb of will."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"доложитесь","title":"Reflexive imperative «доложитесь»","body":"«доложитесь» is the imperative of the reflexive «доложиться» — \"have yourself announced.\" The «-сь» turns the act on the speaker's own behalf; the «-те» marks the polite/plural form to the visitor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доложитесь","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"наверху","lemma":"наверху","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доложитесь, parallel to Там","gloss":"upstairs"},{"surface":"доложитесь","lemma":"доложиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"announce yourself"},{"surface":"захотят","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"protasis of the conditional, parallel to примут","gloss":"if they want"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of принять","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захотят","gloss":"to receive"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of примут","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"примут","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with доложитесь","gloss":"they'll receive you"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захотят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захотят","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with примут","gloss":"if they don't want"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies примут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"примут","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to примут","gloss":"they won't receive you"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b9-c1-s28","source":"Петр Ильич поднялся наверх, но тут пошло потруднее.","translation":"Pyotr Ilyich went upstairs, but here things grew rather more difficult.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пошло потруднее","title":"Impersonal «пошло» + comparative «потруднее»","body":"«тут пошло потруднее» is an impersonal, subjectless idiom — \"things went a bit harder here.\" «потруднее» is a comparative softened by the prefix «по-» (\"somewhat harder, rather more difficult\"), a common conversational moderation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднялся","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"поднялся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"наверх","lemma":"наверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднялся","gloss":"upstairs"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошло","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"пошло","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднялся","gloss":"things grew"},{"surface":"потруднее","lemma":"трудный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"complement of пошло","gloss":"harder"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b9-c1-s29","source":"Лакей докладывать не захотел, вызвал наконец девушку.","translation":"The footman would not announce him, and finally called a maidservant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"докладывать не захотел","title":"Imperfective infinitive under negated «захотел»","body":"«докладывать» is the imperfective infinitive (the activity of announcing), and «не захотел» negates the wish to do it: \"would not announce him.\" Negated verbs of wishing typically pair with the imperfective for the general activity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Лакей","title":"«лакей» — footman / liveried servant","body":"A «лакей» is a footman or manservant, a household servant of higher standing than the «девушка»/«горничная» maid he summons. The hierarchy of servants — footman, maid, watchman — quietly structures Perhotin's slow ascent toward the lady."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лакей","lemma":"лакей","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of захотел","gloss":"the footman"},{"surface":"докладывать","lemma":"докладывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of захотел","gloss":"to announce him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies захотел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"захотел","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вызвал","lemma":"вызвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with захотел","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вызвал","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"девушку","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вызвал","gloss":"a maidservant"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b9-c1-s30","source":"Петр Ильич вежливо, но настоятельно попросил ее доложить барыне, что вот, дескать, пришел здешний один чиновник, Перхотин, по особому делу, и если б не важное такое дело, то и не посмел бы прийти — «именно, именно в этих словах доложите», — попросил он девушку.","translation":"Politely but insistently, Pyotr Ilyich asked her to inform the lady that a certain local official, Perhotin, had come on a particular matter, and that had it not been so important a matter he would never have dared to come — \"those are the very words, the very words, you're to tell her,\" he urged the girl.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б не важное такое дело, то и не посмел бы прийти","title":"Counterfactual conditional with «если б… бы»","body":"A hypothetical conditional: «если б (= если бы) не важное дело… то и не посмел бы прийти» — \"had the matter not been so important, he would not have dared to come.\" Both halves carry «бы» (one clipped to «б»), the irrealis particle on a past-form verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дескать","title":"«дескать» — \"says he / supposedly\"","body":"«дескать» is a reportative particle flagging that the words are being relayed second-hand — \"as he put it, so to speak, says he.\" It frames Perhotin's message as a quotation the narrator is passing along."}],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попросил","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"вежливо","lemma":"вежливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попросил","gloss":"politely"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"настоятельно","lemma":"настоятельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попросил","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of попросил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"доложить","lemma":"доложить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попросил","gloss":"to inform"},{"surface":"барыне","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of доложить","gloss":"the lady"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пришел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle modifying пришел","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, reportative","role":"discourse particle modifying пришел","gloss":"so to speak"},{"surface":"пришел","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying что, complement of доложить","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"здешний","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чиновник","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies чиновник","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"чиновник","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пришел","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"Перхотин","lemma":"Перхотин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to чиновник","gloss":"Perhotin"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"особому","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies делу","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пришел","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of посмел","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"conditional marker in если б","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies важное","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"важное","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the conditional clause introduced by если","gloss":"a matter"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of посмел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посмел","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посмел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"посмел","lemma":"посметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional consequence clause","gloss":"would have dared"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of посмел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of посмел","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доложите","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies словах","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of словах","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of доложите","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"доложите","lemma":"доложить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"imperative clause, quoted speech","gloss":"tell her"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the framing sentence","gloss":"urged"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"девушку","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of попросил","gloss":"the girl"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b9-c1-s31","source":"Та ушла.","translation":"She went off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Та ушла","title":"«та» as a tracking demonstrative","body":"«Та» (\"that one,\" feminine) here simply re-refers to the maid just mentioned, the demonstrative «тот/та» doing the topic-tracking that lets Russian dispense with \"the.\" The terse two-word sentence quickens the pace."}],"words":[{"surface":"Та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ушла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ушла","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went off"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b9-c1-s32","source":"Он остался ждать в передней.","translation":"He stayed behind to wait in the entrance hall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в передней","title":"«передняя» — the entrance hall","body":"«передняя» (a substantivized adjective, \"the front [room]\") is the entrance hall or antechamber of a genteel house, where visitors waited and left their coats. Perhotin is kept here, not yet admitted — a spatial marker of his uncertain welcome."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"ждать","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of остался","gloss":"to wait"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking передней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"передней","lemma":"передняя","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждать","gloss":"the entrance hall"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b9-c1-s33","source":"Сама госпожа Хохлакова хотя еще не започивала, но была уже в своей спальне.","translation":"Madame Hohlakov herself, though she had not yet settled down for the night, was already in her bedroom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"започивала","title":"«започивать» — to settle down to sleep","body":"«започивать», with the inceptive prefix «за-», means \"to begin to repose, settle for the night,\" built on the same deferential «почивать.» «ещё не започивала» = \"had not yet gone to sleep.\" The elevated verb signals the gentility of Madame Hohlakov."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies госпожа","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of започивала","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Hohlakov"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of започивала","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies започивала","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies започивала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"започивала","lemma":"започивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had settled for the night"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to спальне","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спальне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of спальне","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"спальне","lemma":"спальня","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"bedroom"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b9-c1-s34","source":"Была она расстроена с самого давешнего посещения Мити и уже предчувствовала, что в ночь ей не миновать обыкновенного в таких случаях с нею мигреня.","translation":"She had been upset ever since Mitya's visit earlier that day, and already had a presentiment that during the night she would not escape the migraine that came over her on such occasions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ей не миновать… мигреня","title":"Dative subject + genitive after «не миновать»","body":"«ей не миновать… мигреня» is a dative-experiencer impersonal: \"she would not escape the migraine.\" «миновать» (\"to avoid\") under negation takes the genitive «мигреня», a genitive of negation. There is no nominative subject — the migraine simply befalls her."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже предчувствовала, что… не миновать","title":"Imperfective «предчувствовала» of an ongoing state","body":"«предчувствовала» (imperfective past) names a continuing inner state, \"she had a presentiment / kept sensing.\" The reflexive-free verb sets the background mood; the subordinate «что…» reports the content of the foreboding."}],"words":[{"surface":"Была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of расстроена","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive расстроена","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"расстроена","lemma":"расстроить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"upset"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking посещения","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies давешнего","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"давешнего","lemma":"давешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies посещения","gloss":"earlier that day's"},{"surface":"посещения","lemma":"посещение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of расстроена","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies посещения","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предчувствовала","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"предчувствовала","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with расстроена","gloss":"sensed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of миновать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of миновать","gloss":"the night"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of миновать","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies миновать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"миновать","lemma":"миновать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"clausal complement of предчувствовала","gloss":"escape"},{"surface":"обыкновенного","lemma":"обыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мигреня","gloss":"usual"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of случаях","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обыкновенного","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обыкновенного","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"мигреня","lemma":"мигрень","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of миновать","gloss":"migraine","note":"Archaic/dialectal declension of 'мигрень' (fem.) as masculine, giving genitive 'мигреня' instead of 'мигрени'."}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b9-c1-s35","source":"Выслушав доклад девушки и удивившись, она, однако, раздражительно велела отказать, несмотря на то что неожиданное посещение в такой час незнакомого ей «здешнего чиновника» чрезвычайно заинтересовало ее дамское любопытство.","translation":"Having heard the maid's report and being surprised by it, she nonetheless irritably ordered that the man be turned away, even though the unexpected visit at such an hour of a \"local official\" unknown to her had stirred her ladylike curiosity in the extreme.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выслушав доклад… и удивившись","title":"Two perfective gerunds in a row","body":"«Выслушав» (\"having heard out\") and «удивившись» (reflexive, \"having been surprised\") are paired perfective past gerunds, both prior to the main «велела». Stacking gerunds to open a sentence is a signature of Dostoevsky's narrative texture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"велела отказать","title":"«велеть» + dative-less infinitive","body":"«велела отказать» (\"she ordered him to be turned away\") uses «велеть» plus a bare infinitive to give a command at one remove. «отказать» here means \"to refuse / turn away (a person).\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дамское любопытство","title":"«дамский» — ladylike","body":"«дамский» (\"of a lady, ladies'\") with «любопытство» gives \"ladylike curiosity\" — a faintly ironic narratorial touch, the curiosity that overrides her irritation. «дама» is a lady of society, distinct from the homelier «барыня»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выслушав","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on велела","gloss":"having heard"},{"surface":"доклад","lemma":"доклад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Выслушав","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"девушки","lemma":"девушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доклад","gloss":"the maid's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"удивившись","lemma":"удивиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, middle, perfective","role":"coordinated with Выслушав","gloss":"being surprised"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of велела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies велела","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"раздражительно","lemma":"раздражительный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies велела","gloss":"irritably"},{"surface":"велела","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"отказать","lemma":"отказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of велела","gloss":"he be turned away"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase несмотря на, introduces concessive clause","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition на (несмотря на то)","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заинтересовало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"неожиданное","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies посещение","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"посещение","lemma":"посещение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of заинтересовало","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of час","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies посещение","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"незнакомого","lemma":"незнакомый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чиновника","gloss":"unfamiliar"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of незнакомого","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"здешнего","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чиновника","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"чиновника","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies посещение","gloss":"official's"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заинтересовало","gloss":"extremely"},{"surface":"заинтересовало","lemma":"заинтересовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (modifies то)","gloss":"had stirred"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of любопытство","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"дамское","lemma":"дамский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытство","gloss":"ladylike"},{"surface":"любопытство","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of заинтересовало","gloss":"curiosity"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b9-c1-s36","source":"Но Петр Ильич на этот раз уперся как мул: выслушав отказ, он чрезвычайно настойчиво попросил еще раз доложить и передать именно «в этих самых словах», что он «по чрезвычайно важному делу, и они, может быть, сами будут потом сожалеть, если теперь не примут его».","translation":"But Pyotr Ilyich this time dug in his heels like a mule: hearing the refusal, he asked with extraordinary insistence that she be told once more, and that it be conveyed in \"those very words,\" that he had come \"on an extremely important matter, and that she might perhaps be sorry afterward if she would not receive him now.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уперся как мул","title":"«упереться как мул» — to dig in like a mule","body":"«упереться» (reflexive, \"to brace oneself, dig in, refuse to budge\") with the simile «как мул» (\"like a mule\") vividly renders Perhotin's stubbornness. The reflexive «-ся» gives the verb its \"plant oneself firmly\" sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"они, может быть, сами будут потом сожалеть","title":"Plural «они» for a single lady","body":"The maid's relayed message uses respectful plural «они… сами будут… сожалеть» of Madame Hohlakov alone — a deferential third-person plural for a social superior. «будут сожалеть» is the compound imperfective future (\"will be sorry\")."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уперся","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уперся","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"уперся","lemma":"упереться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dug in his heels"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking мул","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"мул","lemma":"мул","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уперся","gloss":"a mule"},{"surface":"выслушав","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on попросил","gloss":"hearing"},{"surface":"отказ","lemma":"отказ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выслушав","gloss":"the refusal"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies настойчиво","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"настойчиво","lemma":"настойчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попросил","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уперся","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of доложить","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"доложить","lemma":"доложить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попросил","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"передать","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with доложить","gloss":"conveyed"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies словах","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of словах","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies словах","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of доложить","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of делу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (по делу)","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важному","gloss":"extremely"},{"surface":"важному","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies делу","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition по","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сожалеть","gloss":"she","note":"Polite plural \"они\" used deferentially for a single lady, like formal \"they\"; the translation renders it as \"she.\""},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical phrase может быть (=perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"in apposition to они","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of сожалеть","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сожалеть","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"сожалеть","lemma":"сожалеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of будут (future: будут сожалеть)","gloss":"regret"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of примут","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies примут","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies примут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"примут","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сожалеть","gloss":"receive"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of примут","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b9-c1-s37","source":"«Я точно с горы тогда летел», — рассказывал он потом сам.","translation":"\"It was exactly as if I were tumbling down a mountain just then,\" he himself related afterward.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я точно с горы тогда летел","title":"Imperfective «летел» — a unidirectional fall","body":"«летел» is the unidirectional motion verb «лететь» (\"was flying/tumbling\"), here imperfective past for a process: \"I was tumbling down a mountain.\" «точно» means \"exactly as if.\" The image conveys his helpless momentum."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of летел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies летел (comparative: as if)","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горы","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"горы","lemma":"гора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of летел","gloss":"a mountain"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies летел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"летел","lemma":"лететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"was flying"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"related"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказывал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказывал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to он, subject of рассказывал","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b9-c1-s38","source":"Горничная, удивленно оглядев его, пошла другой раз докладывать.","translation":"The maid, looking him over in astonishment, went to announce him a second time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"удивленно оглядев его, пошла другой раз докладывать","title":"Gerund + perfective «пошла» of setting off","body":"«оглядев» is a perfective past gerund (\"having looked him over\"). «пошла… докладывать» pairs the perfective «пошла» (set off) with the imperfective infinitive «докладывать» (the activity of announcing) — \"went to announce him.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Горничная","title":"«горничная» — a chambermaid","body":"A «горничная» is a chambermaid (substantivized adjective, \"the [maid] of the rooms\"), a step above the generic «девушка». The shifting words for the same servant — «девушка», «горничная» — track her role rather than naming a new person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Горничная","lemma":"горничная","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пошла","gloss":"the maid"},{"surface":"удивленно","lemma":"удивлённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оглядев","gloss":"in astonishment"},{"surface":"оглядев","lemma":"оглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пошла","gloss":"having looked over"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оглядев","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пошла","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of докладывать","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"докладывать","lemma":"докладывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пошла","gloss":"to announce him"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b9-c1-s39","source":"Госпожа Хохлакова была поражена, подумала, расспросила, каков он с виду, и узнала, что «очень прилично одеты-с, молодые и такие вежливые».","translation":"Madame Hohlakov was struck, considered, asked further questions about what he looked like, and learned that he was \"very respectably dressed, sir, young, and ever so polite.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"очень прилично одеты-с","title":"The deferential particle «-с»","body":"«-с» on «одеты» is a contraction of «сударь/сударыня» (\"sir/madam\"), tacked on by servants and lower-status speakers to mark politeness and deference. It has no dictionary meaning — a tone marker we render loosely with an added \"sir\" where it fits, or drop."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прилично одеты","title":"Respectful plural of the predicate","body":"«одеты» (short passive participle, plural) again uses the deferential plural of a single young man — \"[he is] very respectably dressed.\" Russian servants pluralize verbs and participles when speaking respectfully of one person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive поражена","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Госпожа","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of поражена","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"поражена","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"подумала","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поражена","gloss":"pondered"},{"surface":"расспросила","lemma":"расспросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поражена","gloss":"inquired"},{"surface":"каков","lemma":"каков","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of расспросила","gloss":"what... like"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of каков","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of каков (idiom с виду)","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"узнала","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поражена","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of одеты","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прилично","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"прилично","lemma":"прилично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одеты","gloss":"respectably"},{"surface":"одеты","lemma":"одеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of узнала","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential particle attached to одеты","gloss":"sir","note":"Archaic enclitic \"-с\" (from сударь/сударыня) is a deferential politeness marker, roughly \"sir/ma'am\"; it attaches to the preceding word in speech."},{"surface":"молодые","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with одеты","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of вежливые","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вежливые","lemma":"вежливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with одеты","gloss":"polite"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b9-c1-s40","source":"Заметим в скобках и мельком, что Петр Ильич был довольно-таки красивый молодой человек, и сам это знал о себе.","translation":"Let us note in passing, and by way of parenthesis, that Pyotr Ilyich was a rather good-looking young man, and knew it about himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Заметим в скобках","title":"Hortative first-person plural «Заметим»","body":"«Заметим» is a first-person plural perfective used as a soft hortative — \"let us note.\" The narrator's authorial \"we\" steps forward to address the reader directly, a characteristic Dostoevskian aside."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"довольно-таки","title":"«довольно-таки» — \"rather, fairly\"","body":"«довольно-таки» is a colloquial intensifier-hedge, \"rather, quite, fairly\" — the «-таки» clitic adds a knowing, conversational shade. \"A rather good-looking young man, and knew it about himself.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Заметим","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let us note"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking скобках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"скобках","lemma":"скобка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies Заметим","gloss":"parenthesis"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мельком","lemma":"мельком","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with скобках","gloss":"in passing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of человек","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to человек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies красивый","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies довольно (compound довольно-таки)","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"красивый","lemma":"красивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"handsome"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominal of был","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to implied subject of знал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b9-c1-s41","source":"Госпожа Хохлакова решилась выйти.","translation":"Madame Hohlakov made up her mind to come out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"решилась выйти","title":"Reflexive «решилась» + infinitive","body":"«решилась выйти» (\"made up her mind to come out\") uses the reflexive «решиться» (\"to bring oneself to, resolve\"), the «-ся» giving the sense of an inner decision overcoming hesitation. It echoes the watchman's earlier «отпереть… решился.»"}],"words":[{"surface":"Госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of решилась","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Госпожа","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"решилась","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made up her mind"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решилась","gloss":"to go out"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b9-c1-s42","source":"Была она уже в своем домашнем шлафроке и в туфлях, но на плечи она накинула черную шаль.","translation":"She was already in her house-robe and slippers, but she had thrown a black shawl over her shoulders.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шлафроке","title":"«шлафрок» — a dressing-gown (German loan)","body":"«шлафрок» (from German Schlafrock, \"sleeping-coat\") is a dressing-gown or house-robe, a genteel loanword of the period. That she receives Perhotin in her «шлафрок» and slippers, with a shawl thrown over, marks the impropriety of the late hour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на плечи… накинула","title":"Perfective «накинула» + accusative of direction","body":"«накинула… на плечи» (\"threw [a shawl] over her shoulders\") is perfective for the single completed act. «на плечи» takes the accusative because «на» here expresses motion onto a place."}],"words":[{"surface":"Была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to шлафроке","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of шлафроке","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Была","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шлафроке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of шлафроке","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"домашнем","lemma":"домашний","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шлафроке","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"шлафроке","lemma":"шлафрок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"robe"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking туфлях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"туфлях","lemma":"туфля","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with шлафроке","gloss":"slippers"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечи","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"плечи","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of накинула","gloss":"shoulders"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of накинула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"накинула","lemma":"накинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel main verb to Была","gloss":"had thrown"},{"surface":"черную","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шаль","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"шаль","lemma":"шаль","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of накинула","gloss":"shawl"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b9-c1-s43","source":"«Чиновника» попросили войти в гостиную, в ту самую, в которой давеча принимали Митю.","translation":"The \"official\" was asked to come into the drawing room — the very one in which they had received Mitya earlier that day.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"«Чиновника» попросили войти","title":"Subjectless plural «попросили»","body":"«попросили войти» is an indefinite-personal construction: a bare third-person plural verb with no stated subject means \"they / someone asked him to come in\" — \"the official was asked in.\" Russian uses this to leave the agent vague."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в ту самую, в которой давеча принимали","title":"Correlative «та самая… в которой»","body":"«в ту самую (гостиную), в которой…» links the demonstrative «та самая» (\"that very one\") to a «который»-relative in the prepositional after «в» (location). «принимали» is again an agentless plural — \"in which Mitya had been received.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Чиновника","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of попросили","gloss":"the official"},{"surface":"попросили","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was asked"},{"surface":"войти","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of попросили","gloss":"to come in"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостиную","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"гостиную","lemma":"гостиная","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войти","gloss":"the drawing room"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking самую","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of самую","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гостиную","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимали","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимали","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"принимали","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on гостиную","gloss":"had received"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимали","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b9-c1-s44","source":"Хозяйка вышла к гостю с строго вопросительным видом и, не пригласив сесть, прямо начала с вопроса: «Что угодно?»","translation":"The mistress of the house came out to her guest with a sternly questioning air and, without inviting him to sit, began straight off with a question: \"What is it you want?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не пригласив сесть","title":"Negated perfective gerund","body":"«не пригласив сесть» is a perfective past gerund under negation — \"without inviting (him) to sit.\" A negated gerund neatly renders English \"without doing,\" expressing the omitted accompanying action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что угодно?","title":"«Что угодно?» — dative-of-pleasure idiom","body":"«Что вам угодно?» (here clipped to «Что угодно?») literally \"what is pleasing [to you]?\" is the polite-but-here-curt formula for \"What do you want?\" It belongs to the dative-experiencer family, with «угодно» an invariable predicative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хозяйка","lemma":"хозяйка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вышла","gloss":"the mistress of the house"},{"surface":"вышла","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"гостю","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышла","gloss":"her guest"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вопросительным","gloss":"sternly"},{"surface":"вопросительным","lemma":"вопросительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"questioning"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышла","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пригласив","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"пригласив","lemma":"пригласить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on начала","gloss":"inviting"},{"surface":"сесть","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пригласив","gloss":"to sit"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"straight off"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вышла","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопроса","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вопроса","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начала","gloss":"a question"},{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quoted question, in apposition to вопроса","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase Что угодно","gloss":"would you like"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b9-c1-s45","source":"— Я решился обеспокоить вас, сударыня, по поводу общего знакомого нашего Дмитрия Федоровича Карамазова, — начал было Перхотин, но только что произнес это имя, как вдруг в лице хозяйки изобразилось сильнейшее раздражение.","translation":"\"I have made bold to trouble you, madam, on the matter of our mutual acquaintance Dmitry Fyodorovich Karamazov,\" Perhotin began — but no sooner had he uttered the name than the keenest exasperation showed itself in the lady's face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сударыня","title":"«сударыня» — \"madam\"","body":"«сударыня» is the period-polite address \"madam\" (its masculine «сударь» yields the deferential clitic «-с»). Perhotin's «сударыня» is the courteous register of a respectful caller, contrasting with the lady's mounting fury."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что произнес это имя, как вдруг","title":"«только что… как» — \"no sooner… than\"","body":"The frame «только что [perfective], как вдруг…» renders \"no sooner had he uttered the name than suddenly…\" The perfective «произнёс» marks the completed instant against which the next event («изобразилось») abruptly breaks."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в лице… изобразилось… раздражение","title":"Reflexive «изобразилось» — appeared of itself","body":"«изобразилось» (reflexive, \"showed/expressed itself\") is a middle use of «-ся»: the exasperation \"painted itself\" on her face, with «раздражение» as grammatical subject. Russian favours this self-acting construction for involuntary expressions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of решился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made bold"},{"surface":"обеспокоить","lemma":"обеспокоить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решился","gloss":"to trouble"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of обеспокоить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сударыня","lemma":"сударыня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition to вас","gloss":"madam"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the compound preposition по поводу","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"поводу","lemma":"повод","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the compound preposition по поводу","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"общего","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знакомого","gloss":"mutual"},{"surface":"знакомого","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of по поводу","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of знакомого","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to знакомого","gloss":"Dmitry"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Карамазова","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting clause)","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начал (interrupted-action particle)","gloss":"started to","note":"\"начал было\" marks an action begun and then interrupted — \"began to, but...\""},{"surface":"Перхотин","lemma":"перхотин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Perhotin"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что (no sooner)","gloss":"no sooner"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause (только что...как)","gloss":"had uttered"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of имя","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произнес","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of изобразилось","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изобразилось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of изобразилось","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"хозяйки","lemma":"хозяйка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лице","gloss":"the lady's"},{"surface":"изобразилось","lemma":"изобразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by как","gloss":"showed itself"},{"surface":"сильнейшее","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular, superlative","role":"modifies раздражение","gloss":"the keenest"},{"surface":"раздражение","lemma":"раздражение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of изобразилось","gloss":"exasperation"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b9-c1-s46","source":"Она чуть не взвизгнула и с яростью прервала его.","translation":"She very nearly shrieked, and cut him off in a fury.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"взвизгнула","title":"«взвизгнуть» — to shriek out","body":"«взвизгнуть» is a semelfactive perfective (suffix «-ну-») naming a single sharp shriek or yelp; the prefix «вз-» adds the upward burst. «чуть не взвизгнула» = \"very nearly shrieked.\" Such momentary-action verbs vivify Dostoevsky's outbursts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с яростью прервала","title":"Instrumental of manner «с яростью»","body":"«с яростью» (\"in/with a fury\") is the preposition «с» plus the instrumental, expressing the manner of «прервала» (\"cut him off\"). The с + instrumental phrase is the standard way to adverbialize an emotion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of взвизгнула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase чуть не (=almost)","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чуть не, modifies взвизгнула","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"взвизгнула","lemma":"взвизгнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shrieked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking яростью","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"яростью","lemma":"ярость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прервала","gloss":"a fury"},{"surface":"прервала","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взвизгнула","gloss":"cut off"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прервала","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b9-c1-s47","source":"— Долго ли, долго ли будут меня мучить этим ужасным человеком? — вскричала она исступленно.","translation":"\"How much longer, how much longer are people going to torment me with that dreadful man?\" she cried, beside herself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Долго ли, долго ли будут меня мучить","title":"«ли» in an exasperated rhetorical question","body":"«Долго ли будут…» fronts «долго» with «ли» to form an indignant rhetorical question, \"how much longer are they going to…?\" «будут… мучить» is the compound imperfective future (ongoing torment). The doubling intensifies her outburst."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мучить этим ужасным человеком","title":"Instrumental of means after «мучить»","body":"«мучить… этим ужасным человеком» — \"to torment me with that dreadful man\" — uses the instrumental «человеком» (with the demonstrative and adjective agreeing) as the means of the tormenting. The adjective endings make the case visible."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступленно","title":"«исступлённо» — frenziedly, beside oneself","body":"«исступление» is frenzy, a transport of rage or ecstasy; the adverb «исступлённо» means \"frenziedly, beside herself.\" It is a charged Dostoevskian word for the extremes of feeling his characters reach."}],"words":[{"surface":"Долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучить","gloss":"how much longer"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Долго","gloss":"(interrog.)"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучить","gloss":"how long"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies долго","gloss":"(interrog.)"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of мучить","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of мучить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"мучить","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of будут","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человеком","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ужасным","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of мучить","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"вскричала","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскричала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"исступленно","lemma":"исступлённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскричала","gloss":"frantically"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b9-c1-s48","source":"— Как вы смели, милостивый государь, как решились обеспокоить незнакомую вам даму в ее доме и в такой час… и явиться к ней говорить о человеке, который здесь же, в этой самой гостиной, всего три часа тому, приходил убить меня, стучал ногами и вышел как никто не выходит из порядочного дома.","translation":"\"How dared you, my dear sir, how could you bring yourself to trouble a lady unknown to you in her own house, and at such an hour... and to come to her to talk about a man who, right here, in this very drawing room, only three hours ago, came to murder me, stamped his feet, and went out as no one ever goes out of a respectable house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"милостивый государь","title":"«милостивый государь» — \"my dear sir\" (formal-icy)","body":"«милостивый государь» (literally \"gracious sovereign\") was the formal, official mode of address \"dear/honoured sir,\" used in letters and stiff speech. In Madame Hohlakov's furious mouth it turns frostily ironic — politeness weaponized."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как вы смели… как решились","title":"Indignant «как» + past tense","body":"«Как вы смели… как решились…» (\"how dared you… how could you bring yourself…\") uses «как» with the past tense for an outraged rhetorical question. «смели» is the past of «сметь» (to dare); «решились» reflexive (to bring oneself)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"который… приходил убить меня, стучал ногами и вышел","title":"Relative «который» with a run of past verbs","body":"The «который»-clause (nominative subject of its clause) strings together «приходил» (imperfective, came/was coming), «стучал» (imperfective, stamped), and «вышел» (perfective, went out) — imperfectives for the lingering scene, the perfective for the final exit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как никто не выходит","title":"«как никто не…» with negative concord","body":"«как никто не выходит из порядочного дома» — \"as no one ever goes out of a respectable house.\" The ни-word «никто» keeps «не» on the verb (negative concord), and the present-tense «выходит» states a general truth about decent behaviour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смели","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"смели","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"милостивый","lemma":"милостивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies государь","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"государь","lemma":"государь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition to вы","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решились","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"решились","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with смели","gloss":"could you bring yourself"},{"surface":"обеспокоить","lemma":"обеспокоить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решились","gloss":"to trouble"},{"surface":"незнакомую","lemma":"незнакомый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies даму","gloss":"unfamiliar"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of незнакомую","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"даму","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обеспокоить","gloss":"a lady"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of доме","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обеспокоить","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of час","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with доме","gloss":"an hour"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"явиться","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with обеспокоить","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of явиться","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of явиться","gloss":"to talk"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеке","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"человеке","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорить","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приходил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приходил","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies здесь","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостиной","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of гостиной","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гостиной","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"гостиной","lemma":"гостиная","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies приходил (adverbial)","gloss":"drawing room"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies три","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часа","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приходил (temporal)","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тому","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase часа тому (=ago)","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"приходил","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause (predicate of который)","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of приходил","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"стучал","lemma":"стучать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приходил","gloss":"stamped"},{"surface":"ногами","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of стучал","gloss":"his feet"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стучал","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выходит","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of выходит","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выходит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выходит","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вышел","gloss":"goes out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дома","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"порядочного","lemma":"порядочный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дома","gloss":"respectable"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходит","gloss":"a house"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b9-c1-s49","source":"Знайте, милостивый государь, что я на вас буду жаловаться, что я не спущу вам, извольте сей же час оставить меня… Я мать, я сейчас же… я… я…","translation":"Be advised, my dear sir, that I shall lodge a complaint against you, that I shall not let this pass — be so good as to leave me this very instant... I am a mother, I shall at once... I... I...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знайте, милостивый государь","title":"Imperative «Знайте» — \"be advised\"","body":"«Знайте» is the polite/plural imperative of «знать», used as \"be advised, mark you, know this.\" It opens her threat with an imperious flourish. The «-те» marks the formal address to Perhotin."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я на вас буду жаловаться","title":"Compound future «буду жаловаться»","body":"«буду жаловаться» is the compound (imperfective) future — быть + imperfective infinitive — naming a threatened ongoing action, \"I shall (be) complain(ing).\" «жаловаться на + acc.» (\"to complain about\") governs «на вас»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"извольте сей же час оставить меня","title":"«извольте» + the archaic «сей»","body":"«извольте» is a stiff, imperious imperative \"be so good as to / kindly,\" plus infinitive. «сей же час» (\"this very instant\") uses the archaic demonstrative «сей» (\"this\"), a period-elevated form intensified by «же»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знайте","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be advised"},{"surface":"милостивый","lemma":"милостивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies государь","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"государь","lemma":"государь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Знайте","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жаловаться","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of жаловаться","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of жаловаться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of жаловаться","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"жаловаться","lemma":"жаловаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Знайте","gloss":"complain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спущу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спущу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спущу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спущу","lemma":"спустить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of Знайте","gloss":"let this pass","note":"«не спущу» is idiomatic: literally 'I won't let it down', i.e. 'I won't let this slide'."},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of спущу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"извольте","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Знайте","gloss":"be so good as"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of час","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сей","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставить","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"оставить","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of извольте","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of оставить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of Я","gloss":"a mother"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with мать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies я","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b9-c1-s50","source":"— Убить! Так он и вас хотел убить?","translation":"\"To murder! So he wanted to murder you as well?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так он и вас хотел убить?","title":"Emphatic «так… и» seizing on her word","body":"«Так он и вас хотел убить?» — Perhotin pounces on «убить», the «и» before «вас» meaning \"you too / you as well.\" «так» opens the inference (\"so then…\"), the colloquial connective tissue of dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вас","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of хотел","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to murder"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b9-c1-s51","source":"— А разве он кого-нибудь уже убил? — стремительно спросила госпожа Хохлакова.","translation":"\"Why, has he already murdered someone, then?\" Madame Hohlakov asked impetuously.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А разве он кого-нибудь уже убил?","title":"«разве» — incredulous question particle","body":"«разве» frames an astonished, doubting question — \"Why, has he really…?\" The opening «А» adds the conversational hinge. «кого-нибудь» is the non-specific indefinite \"anyone (at all),\" in the accusative-genitive animate object form."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стремительно","title":"«стремительно» — headlong, impetuously","body":"«стремительно» (from «стремиться», to rush toward) means \"impetuously, with a rush, headlong.\" It catches the lady's sudden lunge of curiosity — she fires the question off before she can stop herself."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"someone","note":"кого-нибудь ('someone') is split by the tagger into кого + нибудь."},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"-ever","note":"Combines with кого to form the indefinite pronoun кого-нибудь, 'someone'."},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"murdered"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросила","gloss":"impetuously"},{"surface":"спросила","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to убил","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of спросила","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Hohlakov"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b9-c1-s52","source":"— Соблаговолите выслушать, сударыня, только полминуты, и я в двух словах разъясню вам всё, — с твердостью ответил Перхотин.","translation":"\"Be so good as to hear me out, madam, just half a minute, and in a couple of words I'll explain it all to you,\" Perhotin answered firmly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Соблаговолите выслушать","title":"«соблаговолить» — \"be so gracious as to\"","body":"«Соблаговолите» is a markedly formal, deferential imperative \"be so good / so gracious as to,\" plus infinitive. Perhotin meets the lady's icy «извольте» with equal ceremonious politeness, holding his ground courteously."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в двух словах разъясню","title":"Perfective future «разъясню» + numeral phrase","body":"«разъясню» is the perfective future, \"I will explain (fully).\" «в двух словах» (\"in a couple of words\") shows the numeral «два» governing the genitive-style plural «словах» within the prepositional phrase — an idiom for \"briefly.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Соблаговолите","lemma":"соблаговолить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be so kind as"},{"surface":"выслушать","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Соблаговолите","gloss":"hear me out"},{"surface":"сударыня","lemma":"сударыня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"madam"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полминуты","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"полминуты","lemma":"полминуты","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of выслушать","gloss":"half a minute"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of разъясню","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies словах","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"словах","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of разъясню","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"разъясню","lemma":"разъяснить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of clause coordinated with Соблаговолите","gloss":"will explain"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of разъясню","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of разъясню","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking твердостью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"твердостью","lemma":"твёрдость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"firmness"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Соблаговолите","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Перхотин","lemma":"Перхотин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Perhotin"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b9-c1-s53","source":"— Сегодня, в пять часов пополудни, господин Карамазов занял у меня, по-товарищески, десять рублей, и я положительно знаю, что у него денег не было, а сегодня же в девять часов он вошел ко мне, неся в руках на виду пачку сторублевых бумажек, примерно в две или даже в три тысячи рублей.","translation":"\"Today, at five in the afternoon, Mr. Karamazov borrowed ten roubles from me as a friend, and I know for a fact that he had no money; yet this same evening, at nine o'clock, he came in to me carrying a wad of hundred-rouble notes in his hands, in plain sight, roughly two or even three thousand roubles.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"занял у меня… десять рублей","title":"«занять у кого» — to borrow from","body":"«занять у меня» means \"borrowed from me\": «занять» here is \"to borrow\" (its sibling «одолжить» is \"to lend\"), and «у меня» is genitive after «у» marking the source. «десять рублей» — \"ten roubles,\" with the numeral above five taking the genitive plural «рублей»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него денег не было","title":"Genitive of negation in an existential","body":"«денег не было» — \"there was no money\" — is the textbook genitive of negation: the subject of a negated existential «не было» stands obligatorily in the genitive («денег»). «у него» (genitive after «у») expresses the possessor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies занял","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часов","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"пять","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часов","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of занял","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"пополудни","lemma":"пополудни","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часов","gloss":"in the afternoon"},{"surface":"господин","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of занял","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to господин","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"занял","lemma":"занять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"borrowed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of занял","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-товарищески","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies занял","gloss":"as a","note":"по-товарищески ('as a friend, informally') is split by the tagger into по + товарищески."},{"surface":"товарищески","lemma":"по-товарищески","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies занял","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of занял","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"положительно","lemma":"положительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"for a fact"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with занял","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"subject of было","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вошел","gloss":"this same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сегодня","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часов","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"девять","lemma":"девять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часов","gloss":"nine"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with знаю","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"неся","lemma":"нести","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вошел","gloss":"carrying"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of неся","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неся","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase на","gloss":"plain sight"},{"surface":"пачку","lemma":"пачка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of неся","gloss":"a wad"},{"surface":"сторублевых","lemma":"сторублёвый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies бумажек","gloss":"hundred-rouble"},{"surface":"бумажек","lemma":"бумажка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies пачку","gloss":"notes"},{"surface":"примерно","lemma":"примерно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рублей","gloss":"roughly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячи","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"две","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тысячи","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячи","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of неся","gloss":"roubles"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b9-c1-s54","source":"Руки же у него и лицо были все окровавлены, сам же казался как бы помешанным.","translation":"His hands and his face, moreover, were all covered in blood, and he himself seemed as though out of his mind.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Руки же… были все окровавлены","title":"Short passive participle as predicate","body":"«окровавлены» is the short (predicative) form of the past passive participle «окровавленный» (\"bloodied\"), joined to «были» to state a result — \"the hands were [all] covered in blood.\" The short form, plural to agree with «руки», is the bookish predicative norm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам же казался как бы помешанным","title":"Instrumental predicate after «казался»","body":"«казался… помешанным» (\"seemed out of his mind\") takes the instrumental «помешанным» as predicate after «казаться» — like быть/стать, it governs the instrumental. «как бы» (\"as it were, as though\") softens it; «же» marks the contrast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of passive окровавлены","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Руки","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Руки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Руки","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of окровавлены","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies окровавлены","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"окровавлены","lemma":"окровавить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"covered in blood"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying казался","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"казался","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with окровавлены","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking помешанным","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"помешанным","lemma":"помешанный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of казался","gloss":"out of his mind"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b9-c1-s55","source":"На вопрос мой, откуда взял столько денег, он с точностью ответил, что взял их сейчас пред тем от вас и что вы ссудили его суммою в три тысячи, чтоб ехать будто бы на золотые прииски…","translation":"To my question, where he had got so much money, he answered precisely that he had taken it just before from you, and that you had advanced him a sum of three thousand to go, supposedly, off to the gold mines...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На вопрос мой, откуда взял столько денег","title":"«столько денег» — genitive after a quantifier","body":"«столько денег» (\"so much money\") shows the quantity word «столько» governing the genitive «денег», just as numerals do. «откуда взял» is the embedded question \"where he got [it from].\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы ссудили его суммою в три тысячи","title":"«ссудить» + instrumental of the thing lent","body":"«ссудить кого суммою» — \"to advance someone a sum\" — takes the person in the accusative («его») and the thing lent in the instrumental («суммою», an old/bookish ending for «суммой»). «в три тысячи» specifies the amount."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопрос","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on вопрос","gloss":"he got"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on денег","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"точностью","lemma":"точность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответил","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of взял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of ответил","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of взял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ссудили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ссудили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ссудили","lemma":"ссудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"had advanced"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ссудили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"суммою","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of ссудили","gloss":"with a sum"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячи","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on суммою","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ехать","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"ехать","lemma":"ехать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on суммою","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прииски","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто","gloss":"purportedly"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прииски","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"золотые","lemma":"золотой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies прииски","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"прииски","lemma":"прииск","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ехать","gloss":"mines"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b9-c1-s56","source":"В лице госпожи Хохлаковой вдруг выразилось необычайное и болезненное волнение.","translation":"In Madame Hohlakov's face there was suddenly expressed an extraordinary and painful agitation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В лице… выразилось… волнение","title":"Reflexive «выразилось» with fronted location","body":"«В лице… выразилось… волнение» fronts the locative «в лице» (\"in her face\") for topic, leaving «волнение» as the new-information subject at the end — Russian's topic-first, comment-last flow. «выразилось» is the middle reflexive, \"expressed itself.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выразилось","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"госпожи","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лице","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to лице","gloss":"Hohlakov's"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразилось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"выразилось","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was expressed"},{"surface":"необычайное","lemma":"необычайный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies волнение","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"болезненное","lemma":"болезненный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with необычайное","gloss":"painful"},{"surface":"волнение","lemma":"волнение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выразилось","gloss":"agitation"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b9-c1-s57","source":"— Боже! Это он старика отца своего убил! — вскричала она, всплеснув руками.","translation":"\"Good God! So it was he who murdered the old man, his father!\" she cried, throwing up her hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Боже!","title":"«Боже!» — the Church-Slavonic vocative","body":"«Боже!» is the old vocative of «Бог» (God), surviving from Church Slavonic in exclamations and prayer — \"Good God! O God!\" Modern Russian has no living vocative case, but these sacred forms persist in moments of shock, as here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это он старика отца своего убил!","title":"Cleft «это он… убил» and reflexive «своего»","body":"«Это он… убил» is an emphatic cleft, \"it was he who murdered.\" «старика отца своего» stacks animate accusatives (genitive-shaped «старика», «отца») with the reflexive possessive «своего» — \"his own father,\" pointing back to «он»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всплеснув руками","title":"Gerund «всплеснув» + instrumental","body":"«всплеснув руками» (\"throwing up her hands\") is a perfective past gerund of the accompanying gesture; «руками» is the instrumental of means. The phrase is a fixed idiom for a sudden gesture of dismay."}],"words":[{"surface":"Боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"emphasizes он (cleft construction)","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старика","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"вскричала","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to убил","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскричала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"всплеснув","lemma":"всплеснуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскричала","gloss":"throwing up"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of всплеснув","gloss":"her hands"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b9-c1-s58","source":"— Никаких я ему денег не давала, никаких! О, бегите, бегите!.. Не говорите больше ни слова! Спасайте старика, бегите к отцу его, бегите!","translation":"\"I gave him no money, none at all! Oh, run, run!.. Don't say another word! Go and save the old man, run to his father, run!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никаких я ему денег не давала, никаких!","title":"Emphatic «никаких… не» with genitive","body":"«Никаких… денег не давала» piles the ни-word «никаких» onto the genitive of negation «денег» under negated «не давала» — \"I gave him no money at all.\" The repeated «никаких!» hammers the negative concord home in agitation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бегите, бегите!.. Спасайте старика, бегите к отцу его","title":"A volley of imperatives","body":"«бегите» (imperative of «бежать»), «спасайте» (of «спасать»), all with the polite/plural «-те», pour out in panic. The imperfective imperatives stress urgent, immediate action — \"run! save the old man!\" «к отцу» takes the dative of direction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of денег","gloss":"none"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of давала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of давала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of давала","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"давала","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of денег","gloss":"none at all"},{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to бегите","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"бегите","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"бегите","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with бегите","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорите","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"говорите","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слова","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорите","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"Спасайте","lemma":"спасать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Спасайте","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"бегите","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Спасайте","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бегите","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies отцу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"бегите","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Спасайте","gloss":"run"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b9-c1-s59","source":"— Позвольте, сударыня, итак, вы не давали ему денег? Вы твердо помните, что не давали ему никакой суммы?","translation":"\"Allow me, madam — so then, you did not give him any money? You are quite certain you gave him no sum at all?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Позвольте, сударыня, итак, вы не давали ему денег?","title":"«Позвольте» — \"allow me / one moment\"","body":"«Позвольте» (imperative of «позволить») is the courteous \"allow me, permit me / one moment,\" Perhotin reasserting control. «итак» (\"and so, thus\") draws the inference; «денег» is again the genitive of negation under «не давали»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не давали ему никакой суммы","title":"«никакой суммы» — genitive of negation again","body":"«никакой суммы» — the ни-determiner «никакой» plus the genitive «суммы» under negated «не давали»: \"no sum at all.\" The drilling repetition of the negated-genitive (денег… суммы) is Perhotin nailing down the alibi's collapse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allow me"},{"surface":"сударыня","lemma":"сударыня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"direct address","gloss":"madam"},{"surface":"итак","lemma":"итак","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to давали","gloss":"so then"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of давали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"давали","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Позвольте","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of давали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of давали","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of помните","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помните","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of давали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"давали","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of помните","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of давали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"никакой","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of суммы","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"суммы","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of давали","gloss":"sum"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b9-c1-s60","source":"— Не давала, не давала! Я ему отказала, потому что он не умел оценить.","translation":"\"I did not, I did not! I refused him, because he did not know how to appreciate it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я ему отказала, потому что он не умел оценить","title":"«отказать кому» + causal «потому что»","body":"«отказать ему» takes the dative «ему» — \"to refuse him.\" The subordinating «потому что» (\"because\") opens the reason. «не умел оценить» (\"did not know how to appreciate [it]\") pairs the past of «уметь» with an imperfective infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давала","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"давала","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давала","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"давала","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with давала","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отказала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of отказала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"отказала","lemma":"отказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"refused"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of умел","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умел","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отказала","gloss":"knew how"},{"surface":"оценить","lemma":"оценить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умел","gloss":"to appreciate"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b9-c1-s61","source":"Он вышел в бешенстве и затопал ногами.","translation":"He went out in a rage and stamped his feet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в бешенстве","title":"«бешенство» — fury, rabies","body":"«бешенство» literally means the disease rabies (from «бешеный», rabid, mad), and is used figuratively for a frenzy of rage. The prepositional «в бешенстве» frames the state he was in — out of his mind with fury."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"затопал ногами","title":"Perfective «затопал» — bursting into stamping","body":"The prefix «за-» on «топать» (to stamp) gives an inceptive perfective: not 'stamped' once but 'began to stamp'. Paired with «вышел», both perfectives move the narration forward as discrete completed events."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ногами","title":"Instrumental «ногами»","body":"«ногами» (with his feet) is the instrumental plural, naming the means of the action — the standard way Russian expresses the body part used: «топать ногами», to stamp the feet."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вышел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бешенстве","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бешенстве","lemma":"бешенство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"a rage"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"затопал","lemma":"затопать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вышел","gloss":"stamped"},{"surface":"ногами","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of затопал","gloss":"his feet"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b9-c1-s62","source":"Он на меня бросился, а я отскочила…","translation":"He flung himself at me, and I sprang back...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а я отскочила","title":"Contrastive «а»","body":"The little conjunction «а» here hinges two opposed actions — he lunged, while she sprang away. Untranslatable as a single English word, it marks a shift of subject and a mild contrast rather than full opposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отскочила","title":"Feminine past «-ла»","body":"«отскочила» carries the feminine singular «-ла» ending: the speaker is Madame Hohlakov, so the past tense agrees in gender rather than person. The prefix «от-» adds the sense of springing away from him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flung himself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отскочила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"отскочила","lemma":"отскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросился","gloss":"sprang back"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b9-c1-s63","source":"И я вам скажу еще, как человеку, от которого теперь уж ничего скрывать не намерена, что он даже в меня плюнул, можете это себе представить?","translation":"And I'll tell you something more, as a man from whom I have no intention now of concealing anything — that he actually spat at me, can you picture such a thing?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как человеку, от которого","title":"Relative «который» in the genitive","body":"«от которого» — 'from whom' — shows «который» agreeing in masculine singular with «человеку» but taking the genitive its own preposition «от» demands. The clause is set off by commas in the standard way."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ничего скрывать не намерена","title":"Genitive of negation «ничего»","body":"Under the negated «не намерена скрывать», the object appears as genitive «ничего» (rather than accusative «что»). The negation also triggers double-negation concord: «ничего… не»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"можете это себе представить?","title":"Dative-reflexive «себе»","body":"«представить себе» — literally 'to present to oneself', i.e. to imagine — uses the reflexive pronoun «себе» in the dative. The idiom turns an outward 'present' into the inward 'picture to yourself'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"плюнул","title":"«плюнуть» — to spit","body":"«плюнул» (perfective of «плевать») is a single act of spitting. Spitting at someone is a gesture of utter contempt; Hohlakov returns to it three times as the climax of Mitya's outrage."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will tell"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking человеку","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрывать","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies намерена","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ничего","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of скрывать","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"скрывать","lemma":"скрывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of намерена","gloss":"to conceal"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies намерена","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"намерена","lemma":"намерен","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"relative clause on человеку","gloss":"intend"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of плюнул","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of плюнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of плюнул","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"плюнул","lemma":"плюнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of скажу","gloss":"spat"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of представить","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представить","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можете","gloss":"imagine"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b9-c1-s64","source":"Но что же мы стоим? Ах, сядьте… Извините, я…","translation":"But why are we standing? Ah, do sit down... Forgive me, I...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что же мы стоим?","title":"Emphatic particle «же»","body":"«же» here adds exasperated emphasis to the question — 'why on earth are we standing?' It carries no lexical meaning, only the speaker's flustered insistence, a hallmark of Dostoevsky's nervous dialogue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сядьте","title":"Polite imperative «сядьте»","body":"«сядьте» (sit down) is the perfective imperative with the polite/plural ending «-те», addressed to Pyotr Ilyich with «вы». The perfective fits a single, expected act of sitting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial complement of стоим","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стоим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"стоим","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to сядьте","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"сядьте","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"Извините","lemma":"извинить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive me"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"parallel clause to Извините","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b9-c1-s65","source":"Или лучше бегите, бегите, вам надо бежать и спасти несчастного старика от ужасной смерти!","translation":"Or rather, run, run — you must hurry off and save the wretched old man from a dreadful death!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бегите, бегите","title":"Imperative of a motion verb","body":"«бегите» is the imperative of «бежать» (to run), the unidirectional motion verb — run, in one direction, now. The doubling is sheer agitation; Hohlakov speaks in urgent repetitions throughout."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вам надо бежать","title":"Dative-subject «вам надо»","body":"«вам надо» is an impersonal construction: there is no nominative subject, the person under obligation stands in the dative «вам», and the predicate «надо» (it is necessary) is invariable. This experiencer-first pattern saturates the novel's inner life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"спасти несчастного старика","title":"Animate accusative «старика»","body":"«старика» is the accusative of «старик» (old man), an animate masculine noun — so its accusative borrows the genitive ending «-а», keeping object distinct from subject. «несчастного» agrees with it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"лучше","lemma":"лучше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бегите","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"бегите","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"бегите","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with бегите","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"main predicate of the clause, governs бежать/спасти","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"бежать","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"hurry off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"спасти","lemma":"спасти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with бежать","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"несчастного","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старика","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спасти","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ужасной","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спасти","gloss":"death"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b9-c1-s66","source":"— Но если уж он убил его?","translation":"\"But what if he has already killed him?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но если уж он убил его?","title":"Particle «уж» of finality","body":"«уж» (a worn-down «уже», 'already') here intensifies the hypothetical — 'but what if he's already gone and killed him?' It lends the question a note of dread inevitability rather than literal time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has killed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b9-c1-s67","source":"— Ах, боже мой, в самом деле! Так что же мы теперь будем делать? Как вы думаете, что теперь надо делать?","translation":"\"Ah, my God, indeed! So what are we to do now? What do you think we ought to do now?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"боже мой","title":"«Боже мой!» — my God","body":"«Боже» is the old Church-Slavonic vocative of «Бог» (God), surviving only in exclamations and prayer. «Боже мой» is the everyday cry of distress, its sacred form long since fossilised into emotion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что же мы теперь будем делать?","title":"Compound imperfective future","body":"«будем делать» is the imperfective compound future — conjugated «быть» (будем) plus the imperfective infinitive «делать». It names ongoing or open-ended action: 'what are we to be doing now?', fitting her helpless flailing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что теперь надо делать?","title":"Impersonal «надо делать»","body":"Another subjectless construction: «надо делать», 'one must do / what is to be done', with no nominative agent. The understood experiencer ('we') would stand in the dative if expressed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection introducing the exclamation","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the vocative phrase боже мой","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of боже","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom в самом деле","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the idiom в самом деле","gloss":"indeed","note":"Idiom 'в самом деле' means 'indeed'."},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of делать","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of делать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаете","gloss":"how","note":"'Как вы думаете' idiomatically means 'what do you think'."},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делать (embedded question)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate governing делать, clausal complement of думаете","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b9-c1-s68","source":"Между тем она усадила Петра Ильича и села сама против него.","translation":"Meanwhile she had seated Pyotr Ilyich and sat down herself, facing him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"усадила Петра Ильича","title":"Patronymic in the accusative","body":"«Петра Ильича» is name-plus-patronymic both inflected to the accusative as the object of «усадила». «Ильича» (from «Илья») is the respectful patronymic; the full name-and-patronymic mode signals her polite address."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"против него","title":"«против» + genitive","body":"«против него» (facing him / opposite him) shows the preposition «против» governing the genitive «него» (with the prepositional н-prefix on the third-person pronoun)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom между тем (meanwhile)","gloss":"meanwhile","note":"Idiom 'между тем' means 'meanwhile'."},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom между тем (meanwhile)","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of усадила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"усадила","lemma":"усадить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had seated"},{"surface":"Петра","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of усадила","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильича","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петра","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"села","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with усадила","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies the subject of села","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"facing"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of села","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b9-c1-s69","source":"Петр Ильич вкратце, но довольно ясно изложил ей историю дела, по крайней мере ту часть истории, которой сам сегодня был свидетелем, рассказал и о сейчашнем своем посещении Фени и сообщил известие о пестике.","translation":"Pyotr Ilyich set out for her, briefly but quite clearly, the history of the affair — at least that part of it of which he himself had been a witness that day — told her also of his just-completed visit to Fenya, and passed on the news about the pestle.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ту часть истории, которой сам сегодня был свидетелем","title":"«который» governed by a noun","body":"«которой… был свидетелем» — 'of which he was a witness'. «свидетель чего» takes a genitive complement, so the relative «которой» appears in the genitive feminine, agreeing with «часть» but cased by its own role."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был свидетелем","title":"Predicate instrumental «свидетелем»","body":"After past-tense «был», the predicate noun «свидетель» takes the instrumental «свидетелем», not the nominative — the standard rule for naming a role one had: 'he was a witness'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сейчашнем","title":"«сейчашний» — just-now's","body":"«сейчашний» is a colloquial adjective coined from «сейчас» (just now), meaning 'the recent / just-completed'. It is bookish-casual, the kind of nonce-formation that gives Dostoevsky's narration its lively texture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изложил","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"вкратце","lemma":"вкратце","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изложил","gloss":"briefly"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ясно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изложил","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"изложил","lemma":"изложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set out"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of изложил","gloss":"for her"},{"surface":"историю","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of изложил","gloss":"history"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies историю","gloss":"of the affair"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере (at least)","gloss":"at","note":"Idiom 'по крайней мере' means 'at least'."},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of часть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"часть","lemma":"часть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to историю","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"истории","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies часть","gloss":"of the story"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of свидетелем","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies the implied subject of был","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies был свидетелем","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to свидетелем","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"свидетелем","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun with был, relative clause modifying часть","gloss":"a witness"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with изложил","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies о посещении (also)","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking посещении","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"сейчашнем","lemma":"сейчашний","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies посещении","gloss":"just-now"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of посещении","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"посещении","lemma":"посещение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказал","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"Фени","lemma":"феня","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies посещении","gloss":"Fenya's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сообщил","lemma":"сообщить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with изложил","gloss":"passed on"},{"surface":"известие","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сообщил","gloss":"the news"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пестике","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"пестике","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies известие","gloss":"the pestle"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b9-c1-s70","source":"Все эти подробности донельзя потрясли возбужденную даму, которая вскрикивала и закрывала глаза руками…","translation":"All these particulars shook the overexcited lady beyond measure; she kept crying out and covering her eyes with her hands...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"донельзя","title":"«донельзя» — to the utmost","body":"«донельзя» (literally 'to-impossible') is an emphatic adverb meaning 'beyond all measure, utterly'. Built from «до» + «нельзя» (impossible), it intensifies «потрясли» — shook her past the limit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возбужденную даму, которая вскрикивала и закрывала глаза руками","title":"Imperfective of repeated action","body":"«вскрикивала» and «закрывала» are imperfective pasts conveying repeated, habitual action — she kept crying out and kept covering her eyes, again and again. The imperfective paints the ongoing background to the scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"глаза руками","title":"Instrumental of means «руками»","body":"«руками» (with her hands) is the instrumental plural naming the means; «глаза» (eyes) is the accusative object. The pairing 'object + instrumental tool' is the standard frame: to cover the eyes with the hands."}],"words":[{"surface":"Все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of подробности","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of подробности","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of потрясли","gloss":"particulars"},{"surface":"донельзя","lemma":"донельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потрясли","gloss":"beyond measure"},{"surface":"потрясли","lemma":"потрясти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shook"},{"surface":"возбужденную","lemma":"возбуждённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies даму","gloss":"overexcited"},{"surface":"даму","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of потрясли","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскрикивала","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"вскрикивала","lemma":"вскрикивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on даму","gloss":"kept crying out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"закрывала","lemma":"закрывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вскрикивала","gloss":"covering"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of закрывала","gloss":"her eyes"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of закрывала","gloss":"with her hands"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b9-c1-s71","source":"— Представьте, я всё это предчувствовала! Я одарена этим свойством, всё, что я себе ни представлю, то и случится.","translation":"\"Just imagine, I had a presentiment of all this! I am gifted with that faculty — whatever I picture to myself comes to pass.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"предчувствовала","title":"«предчувствовать» — to have a presentiment","body":"«предчувствовать» is «пред-» (fore-) + «чувствовать» (to feel): to feel beforehand, to have a foreboding. The imperfective past «предчувствовала» suits a standing inner sense rather than a single event."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё, что я себе ни представлю, то и случится","title":"Concessive «ни» and correlative «то»","body":"«что… ни представлю» uses «ни» concessively — 'whatever I picture', no matter what — while «всё… то и случится» is the correlative «то» resuming the subject. «случится» is perfective future, stating the inevitable outcome."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я одарена этим свойством","title":"Short passive participle «одарена»","body":"«одарена» is the short-form feminine past passive participle of «одарить» (to endow), used predicatively: 'I am gifted'. The agent or means, «этим свойством», stands in the instrumental — 'endowed with this faculty'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"independent imperative clause","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of предчувствовала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предчувствовала","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of предчувствовала","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"предчувствовала","lemma":"предчувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had a presentiment of"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of passive одарена","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"одарена","lemma":"одарить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am gifted"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of свойством","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"свойством","lemma":"свойство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of одарена","gloss":"faculty"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случится","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of представлю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of представлю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of представлю","gloss":"to myself"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что (forms indefinite 'whatever')","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"представлю","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on всё","gloss":"picture"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of случится (resumes всё, что...)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случится","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"случится","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the resumptive clause","gloss":"comes to pass"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b9-c1-s72","source":"И сколько, сколько раз я смотрела на этого ужасного человека и всегда думала: вот человек, который кончит тем, что убьет меня.","translation":"And how many, how many times have I looked at that dreadful man and always thought: there is a man who will end by murdering me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сколько, сколько раз я смотрела","title":"Imperfective for repeated looking","body":"«смотрела» is imperfective past, exactly right for 'how many times I looked' — an action repeated across time. The repetition «сколько, сколько раз» reinforces the iterative reading."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот человек, который кончит тем, что убьет меня","title":"«кончить тем, что» + perfective future","body":"«кончит тем, что убьёт» — 'will end by killing' — pairs two perfective futures inside a fixed idiom «кончить тем, что» (to end up doing). «который» is the relative pronoun introducing the man's fated act."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"repeated for emphasis, modifies раз","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотрела","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of смотрела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"смотрела","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человека","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ужасного","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрела","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думала","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"думала","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрела","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the quoted clause (content of думала)","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кончит","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"кончит","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on человек","gloss":"will end"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончит","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убьет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"убьет","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"kills"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of убьет","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b9-c1-s73","source":"И вот так и случилось… То есть, если он убил теперь не меня, а только отца своего, то, наверное, потому, что тут видимый перст божий, меня охранявший, да и сверх того, сам он постыдился убить, потому что я ему сама, здесь, на этом месте, надела на шею образок с мощей Варвары-великомученицы…","translation":"And so it has come about... That is, if just now he has murdered not me but only his own father, then it is no doubt because here there was a visible finger of God, watching over me — and besides, he was himself ashamed to kill me, because it was I who, with my own hands, here, on this very spot, hung about his neck a little icon containing relics of Saint Barbara the Great Martyr...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если он убил теперь не меня, а только отца своего","title":"Contrastive «не… а» and reflexive «свой»","body":"«не меня, а… отца» sets up the 'not X but Y' contrast with «а». «отца своего» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» — his own father, belonging to the clause's subject — and shows the postposed adjective typical of period prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"перст божий, меня охранявший","title":"Past active participle «охранявший»","body":"«охранявший» is the imperfective past active participle of «охранять» (to guard) — 'who was watching over [me]'. It declines and agrees with «перст» like an adjective, compressing a «который»-clause into a bookish modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам он постыдился убить","title":"Reflexive «-ся» in «постыдиться»","body":"«постыдился» (was ashamed) is a «-ся» verb expressing an inner change of state — there is no separate object 'oneself'; the «-ся» makes the feeling reflexive/middle. «сам» intensifies: he himself, of his own accord."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it happened"},{"surface":"То","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom То есть (that is)","gloss":"that","note":"Idiom 'то есть' means 'that is'."},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom То есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the conditional clause","gloss":"has killed"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with меня","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"resumptive correlate of если, introduces main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"наверное","lemma":"наверное","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"no doubt"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom потому что (because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перст (existential 'here')","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"видимый","lemma":"видимый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies перст","gloss":"visible"},{"surface":"перст","lemma":"перст","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head noun of the existential clause","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"божий","lemma":"божий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies перст","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of охранявший","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"охранявший","lemma":"охранять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies перст (watching over me)","gloss":"watching over"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom да и (and besides)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the idiom да и","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"сверх","lemma":"сверх","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom сверх того (moreover), modifies постыдился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of постыдился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"постыдился","lemma":"постыдиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was ashamed"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of постыдился","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom потому что (because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of надела","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of надела","gloss":"on him"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"intensifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надела","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies надела","gloss":"spot"},{"surface":"надела","lemma":"надеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шею","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"шею","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надела","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"образок","lemma":"образок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of надела","gloss":"icon"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мощей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мощей","lemma":"мощи","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies образок","gloss":"relics"},{"surface":"Варвары","lemma":"варвара","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мощей","gloss":"of Barbara"},{"surface":"великомученицы","lemma":"великомученица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мощей","gloss":"the Great Martyr"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b9-c1-s74","source":"И как же я была близка в ту минуту от смерти, я ведь совсем подошла к нему, вплоть, и он всю свою шею мне вытянул!","translation":"And how close I was to death at that moment — why, I had gone right up to him, close up against him, and he stretched out his whole neck to me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как же я была близка","title":"Short adjective «близка»","body":"«близка» is the short-form feminine of «близкий» (near), used predicatively with «была» — 'how close I was'. The short form is the bookish, predicate-only form, carrying a sense of a temporary state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ведь совсем подошла к нему","title":"Appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to the listener's understanding — 'why, I had gone right up to him, you see'. It assumes shared evidence and gives her account its breathless, confiding tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подошел… к нему","title":"Prefixed motion «подойти»","body":"«подошла» is the perfective of «подходить/подойти» — to approach, come up to — a prefixed motion verb where «под-» gives the direction 'up to'. It governs «к + dative»: «к нему», up to him."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies близка","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of близка","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to близка","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"близка","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of близка","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of близка","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of подошла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подошла","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подошла","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"подошла","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"had gone up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вплоть","lemma":"вплоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подошла (intensifies к нему)","gloss":"right up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вытянул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of шею","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of шею","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"шею","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вытянул","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of вытянул","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"вытянул","lemma":"вытянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подошла","gloss":"stretched out"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b9-c1-s75","source":"Знаете, Петр Ильич (извините, вас, кажется, вы сказали, зовут Петром Ильичом)… знаете, я не верю в чудеса, но этот образок и это явное чудо со мною теперь — это меня потрясает, и я начинаю опять верить во всё что угодно.","translation":"You know, Pyotr Ilyich (forgive me — it is Pyotr Ilyich, I think you said your name was?)... you know, I do not believe in miracles, but this little icon and this manifest miracle that has happened to me now — it shakes me to the core, and I am beginning to believe again in anything whatever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зовут Петром Ильичом","title":"Instrumental with «звать»","body":"«зовут Петром Ильичом» — 'they call [you] Pyotr Ilyich' — puts the name in the instrumental after «звать». Both name and patronymic inflect: «Петром Ильичом», the standard way to report what someone is called."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не верю в чудеса","title":"«верить в» + accusative","body":"«верить в чудеса» (to believe in miracles) takes «в» plus the accusative, distinct from «верить кому» (to believe someone) which takes the dative. «чудеса» is the irregular plural of «чудо» (miracle)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это меня потрясает","title":"Imperfective present «потрясает»","body":"Here the imperfective present «потрясает» (shakes me, deeply) names a state going on right now — the present tense exists only for imperfectives. Contrast the perfective «потрясли» of s70, which reported a completed jolt."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"во всё что угодно","title":"«что угодно» — anything whatever","body":"«что угодно» is a fixed indefinite phrase, 'anything you please / anything at all'. The «угодно» is from «угодный» (pleasing); the whole expresses sweeping, indiscriminate readiness to believe."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical discourse marker","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"извините","lemma":"извинить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parenthetical imperative","gloss":"forgive me"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of извините","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies сказали","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сказали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сказали","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"зовут","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сказали","gloss":"is called"},{"surface":"Петром","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of зовут","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильичом","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петром","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical discourse marker","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of верю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верю","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чудеса","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чудеса","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of верю","gloss":"miracles"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образок","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"образок","lemma":"образок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topic, coreferential with это (subject of потрясает)","gloss":"icon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of чудо","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"явное","lemma":"явный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чудо","gloss":"manifest"},{"surface":"чудо","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic, coordinated with образок","gloss":"miracle"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мною","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мною","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"modifies чудо","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чудо","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of потрясает (resumes topic)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of потрясает","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"потрясает","lemma":"потрясать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shakes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of начинаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"начинаю","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with потрясает","gloss":"am beginning"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верить","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"верить","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинаю","gloss":"to believe"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всё","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of что","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of верить","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"угодно","lemma":"угодно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom что угодно (whatever)","gloss":"whatever"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b9-c1-s76","source":"Слыхали вы о старце Зосиме?.. А впрочем, я не знаю, что говорю…","translation":"Have you heard of the elder Zosima?.. But there — I don't know what I'm saying...","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Слыхали","title":"«слыхать» — the colloquial 'to hear'","body":"«слыхали» is from «слыхать», a folksy-colloquial variant of «слышать» (to hear), often with an iterative shade ('have you ever heard'). The form lends her speech an offhand, chatty register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слыхали","lemma":"слыхать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have you heard"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Слыхали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старце","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"старце","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Слыхали","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"Зосиме","lemma":"зосим","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старце","gloss":"Zosima"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to знаю","gloss":"but there"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"am saying"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b9-c1-s77","source":"И представьте, ведь он и с образком на шее в меня плюнул… Конечно, только плюнул, а не убил, и… и вон куда поскакал!","translation":"And just imagine, even with the icon on his neck he spat at me... Of course, he only spat, he didn't kill me, and... and look where he galloped off to!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь он и с образком на шее в меня плюнул","title":"«ведь» and concessive «и»","body":"«ведь» again appeals to shared astonishment, while «и с образком» uses «и» concessively — 'even with the icon on his neck'. The diminutive «образком» (instrumental of «образок») is the small icon from s73."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вон куда поскакал","title":"Inceptive «поскакал»","body":"«поскакал» is the «по-» perfective of «скакать» (to gallop), with the inceptive sense 'set off galloping'. «вон куда» (look where!) is a gesturing exclamation pointing after the departed rider."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"представьте","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плюнул","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of плюнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies образком","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"образком","lemma":"образок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of плюнул","gloss":"icon"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"шее","lemma":"шея","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies образком","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of плюнул","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"плюнул","lemma":"плюнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of представьте","gloss":"spat"},{"surface":"Конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to плюнул","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плюнул","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"плюнул","lemma":"плюнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spat"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with плюнул","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies куда (look/there)","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поскакал","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"поскакал","lemma":"поскакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"galloped off"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b9-c1-s78","source":"Но куда ж мы-то, нам-то теперь куда, как вы думаете?","translation":"But where are we to go, where are we to go now, what do you think?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"куда ж мы-то, нам-то теперь куда","title":"The topic clitic «-то»","body":"«мы-то… нам-то» use the emphatic clitic «-то», which underlines a known topic — 'as for us, where are we to go?'. Distinct from indefinite «-то», this hyphenated «-то» spotlights the contrast: never mind him, what about us."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нам-то теперь куда","title":"Dative of direction with ellipsis","body":"«нам куда [идти]?» leaves the verb of motion unspoken — 'where are we to go?' — a common Russian ellipsis. «нам» is the dative of the implied impersonal 'must we go', reinforcing the subjectless flavour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial predicate of the elliptical clause (where are we to go)","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies куда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the elliptical clause","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мы (emphatic)","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"dative subject of the elliptical clause, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нам (emphatic)","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies куда","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial predicate of the elliptical clause, repeated","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies думаете","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b9-c1-s79","source":"Петр Ильич встал и объявил, что пойдет теперь прямо к исправнику и всё ему расскажет, а там уж как тот сам знает.","translation":"Pyotr Ilyich rose and announced that he would now go straight to the police captain and tell him everything, and after that it would be for the captain himself to know what to do.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пойдет… и всё ему расскажет","title":"Perfective futures in reported speech","body":"«пойдёт» and «расскажет» are perfective futures (of «пойти» and «рассказать»), reporting his announced single, completed acts: he will go and will tell. Indirect speech in Russian keeps the original tense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а там уж как тот сам знает","title":"Correlative «тот» and particle «уж»","body":"«как тот сам знает» — 'as he himself knows [best]' — uses the distal demonstrative «тот» to point to the исправник, with «сам» (himself) and the resigned «уж». The whole idiom leaves the next step to the captain's own discretion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встал","gloss":"announced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пойдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of объявил","gloss":"would go"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойдет","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исправнику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"исправнику","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойдет","gloss":"the police captain"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of расскажет","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of расскажет","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"расскажет","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойдет","gloss":"would tell"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"after that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знает","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пойдет","gloss":"knows","note":"'а там уж как тот сам знает' is idiomatic: 'and after that, that's for him to work out.'"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b9-c1-s80","source":"— Ах, это прекрасный, прекрасный человек, я знакома с Михаилом Макаровичем. Непременно, именно к нему.","translation":"\"Ah, he is a splendid, splendid man, I am acquainted with Mikhail Makarovich. By all means — to him, precisely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"знакома с Михаилом Макаровичем","title":"«знаком с» + instrumental","body":"«знакома с» (acquainted with) governs «с» plus the instrumental: «с Михаилом Макаровичем», name-and-patronymic both inflected. «знакома» is the short feminine adjective agreeing with the speaker."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Непременно","title":"«непременно» — without fail","body":"«непременно» means 'certainly, by all means, without fail' — built on «премена» (change), literally 'unchangeably'. It is one of Hohlakov's favourite emphatic fillers, recurring through the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"прекрасный","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"прекрасный","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прекрасный","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знакома","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знакома","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective of я","gloss":"am acquainted"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Михаилом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Михаилом","lemma":"михаил","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знакома","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"Макаровичем","lemma":"макарович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаилом","gloss":"Makarovich"},{"surface":"Непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"by all means"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нему","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b9-c1-s81","source":"Как вы находчивы, Петр Ильич, и как хорошо это вы всё придумали; знаете, я бы никак на вашем месте этого не придумала!","translation":"How resourceful you are, Pyotr Ilyich, and how well you've thought it all out; you know, in your place I should never have thought of it at all!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я бы никак на вашем месте этого не придумала","title":"Conditional «бы» + genitive of negation","body":"«я бы… не придумала» is the conditional: past-form verb plus the particle «бы», 'I should never have thought of it'. The negated object shifts to genitive «этого» (rather than accusative «это»), with «никак» reinforcing the negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на вашем месте","title":"«на вашем месте» — in your place","body":"«на вашем месте» (in your place) is a set idiom for hypotheticals, taking «на» + prepositional «месте». It naturally pairs with the «бы» conditional that follows: in your place, I would..."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies находчивы","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of находчивы","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"находчивы","lemma":"находчивый","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"resourceful"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in direct address","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придумали","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of придумали","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of придумали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"придумали","lemma":"придумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with находчивы","gloss":"thought up"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel to придумала","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of придумала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks придумала as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придумала","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вашем","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of придумала","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of придумала","gloss":"of it","note":"придумать under negation takes a genitive object rather than accusative."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies придумала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"придумала","lemma":"придумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with находчивы","gloss":"would have thought"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b9-c1-s82","source":"— Тем более что я и сам хороший знакомый исправнику, — заметил Петр Ильич, всё еще стоя и видимо желая как-нибудь поскорее вырваться от стремительной дамы, которая никак не давала ему проститься с ней и отправиться.","translation":"\"All the more so since I am myself a good acquaintance of the police captain's,\" remarked Pyotr Ilyich, still on his feet and plainly wishing somehow to break away as quickly as he could from the impetuous lady, who would by no means let him take his leave of her and be off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоя и видимо желая… вырваться","title":"Gerunds «стоя» and «желая»","body":"«стоя» (standing) and «желая» (wishing) are imperfective present gerunds («деепричастия»), expressing attendant circumstance simultaneous with «заметил»: he remarked, while standing and wishing to escape. Both share the main subject, Pyotr Ilyich."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которая никак не давала ему проститься","title":"Relative clause with negation","body":"«которая… не давала» — 'who would by no means let [him]' — has the relative «которая» as nominative subject of its own clause, agreeing in feminine with «дамы». «никак не» is emphatic negation: in no way did she let him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стремительной дамы","title":"«стремительный» — impetuous","body":"«стремительная» (from «стремиться», to strive/rush) means 'headlong, impetuous, vehement'. Applied to Hohlakov it captures her unstoppable rush of words, the very quality Pyotr Ilyich is trying to break away from."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom тем более","gloss":"all the"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знакомый","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знакомый","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знакомый","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"хороший","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знакомый","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"знакомый","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of я","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"исправнику","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знакомый","gloss":"of the police captain"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоя","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"стоя","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"converb clause modifying заметил","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желая","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"желая","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стоя","gloss":"wishing"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как-нибудь","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"как-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как-нибудь","gloss":"-how"},{"surface":"поскорее","lemma":"поскорее","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies вырваться","gloss":"as quickly as possible"},{"surface":"вырваться","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желая","gloss":"to break away"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дамы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стремительной","lemma":"стремительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дамы","gloss":"impetuous"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырваться","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of давала","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давала","gloss":"by no means"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"давала","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on дамы","gloss":"would let"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of давала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"проститься","lemma":"проститься","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of давала","gloss":"take his leave"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проститься","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"отправиться","lemma":"отправиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with проститься","gloss":"be off"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b9-c1-s83","source":"— И знаете, знаете, — лепетала она, — придите сказать мне, что там увидите и узнаете… и что обнаружится… и как его решат и куда осудят.","translation":"\"And you know, you know,\" she babbled, \"come and tell me what you see and learn there... and what comes to light... and how they decide his case and where they sentence him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лепетала","title":"«лепетать» — to babble","body":"«лепетать» means to babble or prattle, the indistinct speech of a child or of someone overwhelmed. The narrator's choice of «лепетала» quietly characterises Hohlakov's flustered, half-coherent flow."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"придите сказать мне","title":"Imperative «придите»","body":"«придите» is the perfective imperative of «прийти» (to come), a prefixed motion verb, with the polite «-те». The bare infinitive «сказать» that follows expresses purpose: come [in order] to tell me."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как его решат и куда осудят","title":"Impersonal 3rd-person plural","body":"«решат… осудят» are perfective futures with an unexpressed 'they' — the indefinite-personal construction where a bare 3rd-plural verb means 'people / the authorities' will decide and sentence. English renders it 'how they decide his case'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel to лепетала","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаете","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"лепетала","lemma":"лепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"narrative frame verb","gloss":"babbled"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лепетала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"придите","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of придите","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увидите","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидите","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"увидите","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказать","gloss":"you will see"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"узнаете","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with увидите","gloss":"you will learn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обнаружится","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"обнаружится","lemma":"обнаружиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказать","gloss":"comes to light"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of решат","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of решат","gloss":"his case"},{"surface":"решат","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказать","gloss":"they decide"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осудят","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"осудят","lemma":"осудить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with решат","gloss":"they sentence him"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b9-c1-s84","source":"Скажите, ведь у нас нет смертной казни?","translation":"Tell me — we have no death penalty here, do we?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь у нас нет смертной казни?","title":"Genitive of negation with «нет»","body":"«нет смертной казни» — 'there is no death penalty' — puts the absent subject in the genitive after «нет», the obligatory genitive of negation in existentials. «ведь» turns it into an appealing tag question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the remark","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Скажите","gloss":"there is no"},{"surface":"смертной","lemma":"смертный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies казни","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"казни","lemma":"казнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"penalty"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b9-c1-s85","source":"Но непременно придите, хоть в три часа ночи, хоть в четыре, даже в половине пятого… Велите меня разбудить, растолкать, если вставать не буду… О боже, да я и не засну даже.","translation":"But do come, without fail, even at three in the morning, even at four, even at half past four... Have them wake me, shake me awake, if I won't get up... Oh God, but I shan't even fall asleep.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть в три часа ночи, хоть в четыре","title":"Concessive «хоть»","body":"«хоть… хоть…» means 'even at... even at...', the concessive particle granting any of the named hours. «в три часа ночи» is the accusative-of-time construction for clock time."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Велите меня разбудить, растолкать","title":"Imperative «велите» + infinitive","body":"«велите» (order, command) is the polite imperative of «велеть»; it governs the bare infinitives «разбудить, растолкать» — 'order [someone] to wake, to shake me'. «растолкать» (to shake awake) is vivid, almost violent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если вставать не буду","title":"Negated compound future","body":"«не буду вставать» is the imperfective compound future negated — 'if I won't [keep trying to] get up'. The imperfective «вставать» suits the attempted, ongoing process of waking, against a flat refusal to rouse."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"да я и не засну даже","title":"Perfective future «не засну»","body":"«не засну» is the perfective future of «заснуть» (to fall asleep) negated — 'I shan't [even manage to] fall asleep'. The perfective denies the single completed event of dropping off; «да… и… даже» pile on emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies придите","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"придите","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies часа","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часа","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часа","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придите","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"ночи","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies часа","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies четыре","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking четыре","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"четыре","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"oblique complement of придите","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies половине","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking половине","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"половине","lemma":"половина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of придите","gloss":"half past"},{"surface":"пятого","lemma":"пятый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies половине","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"Велите","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have them"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of разбудить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"разбудить","lemma":"разбудить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Велите","gloss":"wake"},{"surface":"растолкать","lemma":"растолкать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with разбудить","gloss":"shake awake"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вставать","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вставать","lemma":"вставать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on растолкать","gloss":"get up"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вставать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of вставать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"боже","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of засну","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies засну","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies засну","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"засну","lemma":"заснуть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will fall asleep"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies засну","gloss":"even"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b9-c1-s86","source":"Знаете, не поехать ли мне самой с вами?..","translation":"You know, hadn't I better go along with you myself?..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не поехать ли мне самой с вами?","title":"«не… ли» tentative question + dative","body":"«не поехать ли мне?» is a deliberative question: the interrogative particle «ли» plus a dative subject «мне» and infinitive — 'hadn't I better go?'. The «не…ли» frame softens it into a tentative proposal. «самой» (myself) is the dative-feminine intensifier «сам/сама», agreeing with the dative subject «мне» — an emphatic intensifier, not a reflexive pronoun, and not instrumental."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поехать… с вами","title":"Motion verb «поехать»","body":"«поехать» (perfective of «ехать», to go by vehicle) is the right choice for setting off on a journey — by carriage, not on foot. Russian splits English 'go' between «идти/пойти» (on foot) and «ехать/поехать» (riding)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of не...ли construction","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поехать","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Знаете","gloss":"go along"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"marks поехать as a question","gloss":"shouldn't"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"logical subject of поехать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мне","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of поехать","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b9-c1-s87","source":"— Н-нет-с, а вот если бы вы написали вашею рукой сейчас три строки, на всякий случай, о том, что денег Дмитрию Федоровичу никаких не давали, то было бы, может быть, не лишнее… на всякий случай…","translation":"\"N-no, ma'am — but here's a thought: if you were to write three lines with your own hand right now, just in case, stating that you gave Dmitry Fyodorovich no money of any kind, it might perhaps not come amiss... just in case...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Н-нет-с","title":"The deferential particle «-с»","body":"The «-с» tacked onto «нет» is the «словоер» — a clipped relic of «сударь» ('sir/madam') once added for politeness or deference. By Dostoevsky's day it marks obsequiousness or fussy respect; Pyotr Ilyich's stammered «н-нет-с» is markedly deferential to the lady."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы вы написали… то было бы… не лишнее","title":"Counterfactual «если бы… то было бы»","body":"A full conditional sentence: «если бы вы написали» (if you were to write) plus the «бы» main clause «было бы не лишнее» (it would not be amiss). Both halves take past-form verbs with «бы», the standard irrealis pattern."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вашею рукой","title":"Archaic instrumental «вашею»","body":"«вашею рукой» (with your own hand) is the instrumental of means. «вашею» is the older, fuller instrumental-feminine ending «-ею» for «-ой», a bookish 19th-century form that flavours the formal request."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"денег… никаких не давали","title":"Genitive of negation «денег»","body":"«денег… не давали» negates the giving, so the object «деньги» appears as genitive «денег»; «никаких» ('of no kind') reinforces it. Reporting that she gave 'no money of any kind' — exactly the exonerating point of the note."}],"words":[{"surface":"Н","lemma":"н","morphology":"interjection, fragment","role":"part of the stammered Н-нет-с","gloss":"N-"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Н, part of Н-нет-с","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"polite enclitic on нет","gloss":"ma'am","note":"the enclitic -с is an old deferential particle ('sir'/'ma'am'), tacked onto нет."},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies написали","gloss":"here's a thought"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the если-clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks написали as conditional","gloss":"were to"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of написали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"написали","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"вашею","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of рукой","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of написали","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies написали","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies строки","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"строки","lemma":"строка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of написали","gloss":"lines"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom на всякий случай","gloss":"just in"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случай","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying написали","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of написали","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of давали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of давали","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of давали","gloss":"Dmitry"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрию","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of денег","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"давали","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to лишнее","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks было as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, part of может быть","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лишнее","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"лишнее","lemma":"лишний","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"amiss"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom на всякий случай","gloss":"just in"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случай","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"case"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b9-c1-s88","source":"— Непременно! — восторженно прыгнула к своему бюро госпожа Хохлакова.","translation":"\"By all means!\" Madame Hohlakov sprang rapturously to her writing-desk.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"восторженно прыгнула к своему бюро госпожа Хохлакова","title":"Inverted word order for effect","body":"The verb «прыгнула» leads, the adverb «восторженно» fronts it, and the subject «госпожа Хохлакова» comes last — a markedly inverted order that throws weight onto her rapturous bound to the desk. Free word order lets Russian stage the action this way."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бюро","title":"«бюро» — writing-desk","body":"«бюро» (an indeclinable French loan) here means a writing-bureau or escritoire — the desk she springs to. Such French furniture-words populate the genteel households of the Russian novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"by all means"},{"surface":"восторженно","lemma":"восторженно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прыгнула","gloss":"rapturously"},{"surface":"прыгнула","lemma":"прыгнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprang"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бюро","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of бюро","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"бюро","lemma":"бюро","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прыгнула","gloss":"writing-desk"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прыгнула","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Hohlakov"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b9-c1-s89","source":"— И знаете, вы меня поражаете, вы меня просто потрясаете вашею находчивостью и вашим умением в этих делах… Вы здесь служите? Как это приятно услышать, что вы здесь служите…","translation":"\"And you know, you amaze me, you simply astound me with your resourcefulness and your skill in these matters... Are you in the service here? How pleasant it is to hear that you are in the service here...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы меня поражаете, вы меня просто потрясаете вашею находчивостью","title":"Instrumental of cause + present tense","body":"«поражаете… потрясаете… находчивостью» — the imperfective present verbs name an ongoing effect, and «находчивостью» (resourcefulness) is the instrumental naming what astounds her: 'you astound me with your resourcefulness'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel to поражаете","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поражаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of поражаете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"поражаете","lemma":"поражать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"amaze"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of потрясаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of потрясаете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потрясаете","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"потрясаете","lemma":"потрясать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поражаете","gloss":"astound"},{"surface":"вашею","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of находчивостью","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"находчивостью","lemma":"находчивость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of потрясаете","gloss":"resourcefulness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вашим","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of умением","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"умением","lemma":"умение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with находчивостью","gloss":"skill"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of делах","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"делах","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies умением","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of служите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies служите","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"служите","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are in service"},{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приятно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of приятно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"приятно","lemma":"приятный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"услышать","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on приятно","gloss":"to hear"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of служите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of служите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies служите","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"служите","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of услышать","gloss":"are in service"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b9-c1-s90","source":"И еще говоря это, она быстро начертала на полулисте почтовой бумаги три крупные следующие строчки:","translation":"And, still saying this, she quickly traced on a half-sheet of notepaper the following three large lines:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"говоря это, она быстро начертала","title":"Gerund «говоря» + perfective main verb","body":"«говоря» (imperfective present gerund, 'while saying') sets the simultaneous circumstance for the perfective main verb «начертала» (traced out, completed). The gerund shares her subject and overlaps in time with the writing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"начертала","title":"«начертать» — to trace, inscribe","body":"«начертать» is a bookish, somewhat solemn verb for writing or inscribing (cf. «черта», a line/stroke), grander than plain «написать». The narrator's slightly elevated choice gently mocks the ceremony of her three scrawled lines."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говоря","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"говоря","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on начертала","gloss":"saying"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говоря","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начертала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начертала","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"начертала","lemma":"начертать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"traced"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полулисте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полулисте","lemma":"полулист","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начертала","gloss":"half-sheet"},{"surface":"почтовой","lemma":"почтовый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бумаги","gloss":"note-"},{"surface":"бумаги","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies полулисте","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies строчки","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"крупные","lemma":"крупный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies строчки","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"следующие","lemma":"следующий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies строчки","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"строчки","lemma":"строчка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of начертала","gloss":"lines"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b9-c1-s91","source":"«Никогда в жизни моей я не давала взаймы несчастному Дмитрию Федоровичу Карамазову (так как он всё же теперь несчастен) трех тысяч рублей сегодня, да и никаких других денег никогда, никогда! В том клянусь всем, что есть святого в нашем мире.","translation":"\"Never in my life have I lent the unfortunate Dmitry Fyodorovich Karamazov (for unfortunate he is, after all, now) three thousand roubles today, nor any other money ever, ever! To this I swear by all that is holy in our world.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никогда в жизни моей я не давала взаймы… трех тысяч рублей","title":"Negative concord + genitive of negation","body":"«Никогда… не давала» pairs the negative adverb «никогда» with «не» — obligatory negative concord. Under the negation the object goes genitive: «трёх тысяч рублей» (rather than accusative). «давать взаймы» is the idiom 'to lend'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"трех тысяч рублей","title":"Case after the numeral","body":"«трёх тысяч рублей» shows numeral government: «тысяч» is genitive plural after «три» (re-declined here because the whole phrase is itself genitive of negation), and «рублей» genitive plural depending on «тысяч». Numbers above four pull their nouns into the genitive plural."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"В том клянусь всем, что есть святого в нашем мире","title":"«клясться» + instrumental and partitive genitive","body":"«клянусь всем» — 'I swear by all' — has «клясться» governing the instrumental «всем» (by what one swears). «что есть святого» uses a partitive genitive «святого», 'whatever there is of the holy', a bookish, almost liturgical turn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давала","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизни","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Никогда","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизни","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of давала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies давала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"давала","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have lent"},{"surface":"взаймы","lemma":"взаймы","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давала","gloss":"as a loan"},{"surface":"несчастному","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Дмитрию","gloss":"unfortunate"},{"surface":"Дмитрию","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of давала","gloss":"Dmitry"},{"surface":"Федоровичу","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрию","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Карамазову","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрию","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of несчастен","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of несчастен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несчастен","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несчастен","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"несчастен","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of он","gloss":"unfortunate"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies тысяч","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысяч","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"quantifies рублей","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of давала","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давала","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of денег","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies денег","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with взаймы, direct object of давала","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies денег","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with никогда","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of клянусь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of клянусь","gloss":"by all"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on всем","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"святого","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies что","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мире","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies святого","gloss":"world"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b9-c1-s92","source":"Хохлакова».","translation":"Hohlakov.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Hohlakov"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b9-c1-s93","source":"— Вот эта записка! — быстро обернулась она к Петру Ильичу.","translation":"\"There is the note!\" she turned quickly back to Pyotr Ilyich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"быстро обернулась она к Петру Ильичу","title":"Verb–subject inversion","body":"«обернулась она» places the verb before the pronoun subject, a narrative inversion that keeps the action foremost. «обернуться» is a «-ся» verb (to turn round); «к Петру Ильичу» is «к» + dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies эта","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of записка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"записка","lemma":"записка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обернулась","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"обернулась","lemma":"обернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of обернулась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петру","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Петру","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обернулась","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильичу","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петру","gloss":"Ilyich"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b9-c1-s94","source":"— Идите же, спасайте. Это великий подвиг с вашей стороны.","translation":"\"Go now, save them. It is a great deed on your part.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Идите же, спасайте","title":"Imperfective imperatives «идите, спасайте»","body":"Both imperatives are imperfective, urging immediate engagement in the process — 'be off, get saving!' The imperfective imperative often conveys urgency or invitation to start; «же» adds insistent emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Идите","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Идите","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"спасайте","lemma":"спасать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Идите","gloss":"save them"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of подвиг","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"великий","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подвиг","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"подвиг","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"deed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies подвиг","gloss":"part"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b9-c1-s95","source":"И она три раза его перекрестила.","translation":"And she made the sign of the cross over him three times.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of перекрестила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перекрестила","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of перекрестила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"перекрестила","lemma":"перекрестить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crossed"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b9-c1-s96","source":"Она выбежала провожать его даже до передней.","translation":"She even ran out to see him as far as the entrance hall.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выбежала провожать его даже до передней","title":"«выбежать» + infinitive of purpose","body":"«выбежала» (perfective of «выбегать», to run out) is a prefixed motion verb; the imperfective infinitive «провожать» (to see off) gives the purpose. «до передней» — «до» + genitive — marks the limit: as far as the entrance hall."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"передней","title":"«передняя» — the entrance hall","body":"«передняя» is the front hall or anteroom of a house, where guests are received and see-off happens — a substantivised adjective ('the front [room]'). The genteel domestic vocabulary of the Russian household."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выбежала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"выбежала","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran out"},{"surface":"провожать","lemma":"провожать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of выбежала","gloss":"to see off"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of провожать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выбежала","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking передней","gloss":"as far as"},{"surface":"передней","lemma":"передняя","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of провожать","gloss":"entrance hall","note":"передняя is a substantivized adjective used as a noun for the entryway/front hall."}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b9-c1-s97","source":"— Как я вам благодарна! Вы не поверите, как я вам теперь благодарна за то, что вы зашли ко мне к первой.","translation":"\"How grateful I am to you! You wouldn't believe how grateful I am to you now for having come to me first.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как я вам благодарна!","title":"Short adjective «благодарна» + dative","body":"«благодарна» is the short feminine of «благодарный» (grateful), used predicatively, and it governs the dative of the person thanked: «вам». The short form is the natural predicate here — 'how grateful I am to you!'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за то, что вы зашли ко мне к первой","title":"«за то, что» — 'for the fact that'","body":"«за то, что» is the causal construction 'for [the fact] that', with «за» + accusative correlative «то» pointing forward to the «что»-clause. «зашли… к первой» — you came to me first — uses «зайти», a prefixed perfective of motion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies благодарна","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of благодарна","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of благодарна","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"благодарна","lemma":"благодарный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"grateful"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поверите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверите","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will believe"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies благодарна","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of благодарна","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of благодарна","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies благодарна","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"благодарна","lemma":"благодарный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of поверите","gloss":"grateful"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of благодарна","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of зашли","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of зашли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"зашли","lemma":"зайти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"oblique complement of зашли","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking первой","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"первой","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зашли","gloss":"the first","note":"к первой here means 'as the first (person)' — you came to me before anyone else."}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b9-c1-s98","source":"Как это мы с вами не встречались? Мне очень лестно бы было вас принимать и впредь в моем доме.","translation":"How is it that you and I have never met? I should be delighted to receive you in my house from now on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне очень лестно бы было вас принимать","title":"Impersonal conditional «мне… лестно бы было»","body":"An impersonal conditional: the experiencer in the dative «мне», the predicate adverb «лестно» (flattering, gratifying), and «бы было» making it hypothetical — 'I should be delighted'. There is no nominative subject at all."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"впредь","title":"«впредь» — henceforth","body":"«впредь» is a bookish adverb meaning 'henceforth, from now on, in future'. Slightly formal, it suits the genteel register of her invitation to receive him 'впредь в моём доме'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies встречались","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Как","gloss":"is it","note":"Expletive particle in 'как это' ('how is it that'), not the demonstrative pronoun."},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of встречались","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies встречались","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"встречались","lemma":"встречаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of лестно","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лестно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"лестно","lemma":"лестный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"delightful"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of лестно","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to лестно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of принимать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"принимать","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on лестно","gloss":"to receive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies впредь","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"впредь","lemma":"впредь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимать","gloss":"henceforth"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"моем","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of доме","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимать","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b9-c1-s99","source":"И как это приятно слышать, что вы здесь служите… и с такою точностью, с такою находчивостью… Но вас они должны ценить, вас должны наконец понять, и всё, что я бы могла для вас сделать, то поверьте… О, я так люблю молодежь!","translation":"And how pleasant it is to hear that you are in the service here... and with such exactness, such resourcefulness... But they must value you, they must come at last to appreciate you, and whatever I might be able to do for you, then believe me... Oh, I do so love the young!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вас они должны ценить, вас должны… понять","title":"Fronted object «вас» for emphasis","body":"The object «вас» is fronted twice, before the subject «они» — 'you they must value, you they must appreciate'. Free word order lets her hammer the topic to the front; the cases keep object and subject clear despite the order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё, что я бы могла для вас сделать","title":"Conditional «бы могла»","body":"«я бы могла… сделать» is the conditional 'whatever I might be able to do', with «бы» plus past-form «могла». The «бы» leans on «я», showing the particle's mobility — it need not sit on the verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молодежь","title":"«молодёжь» — the young, youth","body":"«молодёжь» is a collective singular noun (feminine, soft «-ь») meaning 'young people' as a body. Hohlakov's gushing 'я так люблю молодёжь!' treats the young en masse — a touch of the era's earnest enthusiasm for 'the rising generation'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приятно","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of приятно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"приятно","lemma":"приятный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"слышать","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on приятно","gloss":"to hear"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of служите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of служите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies служите","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"служите","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of слышать","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking такою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такою","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of точностью","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"точностью","lemma":"точность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with служите","gloss":"exactness"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking такою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такою","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of находчивостью","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"находчивостью","lemma":"находчивость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with точностью","gloss":"resourcefulness"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ценить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ценить","lemma":"ценить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"value"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of понять","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with должны","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понять","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"понять","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topicalized, resumed by то before поверьте","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of могла","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on всё","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of сделать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"resumes всё, precedes поверьте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"поверьте","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with должны","gloss":"believe me"},{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to люблю","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of люблю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies люблю","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"люблю","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"молодежь","lemma":"молодёжь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of люблю","gloss":"the young"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b9-c1-s100","source":"Я влюблена в молодежь. Молодые люди — это основание всей теперешней страждущей нашей России, вся надежда ее… О, идите, идите!..","translation":"I am in love with the young. Young people are the foundation of our whole long-suffering Russia today, all her hope... Oh, go, go!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Молодые люди — это основание… России","title":"Zero copula with «это»","body":"«Молодые люди — это основание…» has no verb 'are': the present-tense copula is zero, and «это» links subject to predicate, both nominative. The dash marks where English would put 'are'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"страждущей нашей России","title":"Church-Slavonic participle «страждущий»","body":"«страждущей» is the Church-Slavonic present active participle of «страдать» (to suffer) — 'long-suffering' — with the non-Russian «жд» of the Slavonic stem (cf. native «страдающий»). Its elevated, scriptural tone lends her flourish about 'suffering Russia' a pulpit grandeur."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of влюблена","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"влюблена","lemma":"влюблённый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"in love"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молодежь","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"молодежь","lemma":"молодёжь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влюблена","gloss":"the young"},{"surface":"Молодые","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of основание","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"copular particle linking люди and основание","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"основание","lemma":"основание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"foundation"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of России","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"теперешней","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies России","gloss":"present-day"},{"surface":"страждущей","lemma":"страждать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, feminine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies России","gloss":"long-suffering"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of России","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"россия","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies основание","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of надежда","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"надежда","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with основание","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of надежда","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to идите","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"идите","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to идите","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"идите","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b9-c1-s101","source":"Но Петр Ильич уже выбежал, а то бы она его так скоро не выпустила.","translation":"But Pyotr Ilyich had already run off, or else she would not have let him go so soon.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"а то бы она его так скоро не выпустила","title":"«а то» + counterfactual «бы»","body":"«а то бы… не выпустила» is an elliptical counterfactual: 'or else she would not have let him go'. «а то» ('otherwise') sets up the implied condition, and «бы… не выпустила» supplies the conditional result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выбежал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выбежал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"выбежал","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had run off"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom а то (otherwise)","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of выпустила","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выпустила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выпустила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скоро","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выпустила","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выпустила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выпустила","lemma":"выпустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выбежал","gloss":"would have let go"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b9-c1-s102","source":"Впрочем, госпожа Хохлакова произвела на него довольно приятное впечатление, даже несколько смягчившее тревогу его о том, что он втянулся в такое скверное дело.","translation":"All the same, Madame Hohlakov had made a rather pleasant impression on him, one that even somewhat softened his anxiety at having been drawn into so vile an affair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"впечатление, даже несколько смягчившее тревогу его","title":"Past active participle «смягчившее»","body":"«смягчившее» is the perfective past active participle of «смягчить» (to soften), agreeing in neuter with «впечатление»: 'an impression that even somewhat softened his anxiety'. It packs a «которое»-clause into one adjectival word — typical literary compression."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он втянулся в такое скверное дело","title":"Reflexive «втянуться»","body":"«втянулся» is a «-ся» verb, the middle/passive of «втянуть» (to draw in): he got himself drawn into the affair. The «-ся» turns the transitive 'draw in' into 'become drawn in', stressing that it happened to him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скверное дело","title":"«скверный» — vile, nasty","body":"«скверный» means foul, vile, wretched — stronger than 'bad'. «такое скверное дело» ('so vile an affair') registers Pyotr Ilyich's distaste at being entangled in a possible murder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to произвела","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of произвела","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлакова","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Hohlakov"},{"surface":"произвела","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произвела","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приятное","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"приятное","lemma":"приятный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"pleasant"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвела","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смягчившее","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"смягчившее","lemma":"смягчить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying впечатление","gloss":"softening"},{"surface":"тревогу","lemma":"тревога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of смягчившее","gloss":"anxiety"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of тревогу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of тревогу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of втянулся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of втянулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"втянулся","lemma":"втянуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"had gotten drawn"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дело","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"скверное","lemma":"скверный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"vile"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of втянулся","gloss":"affair"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b9-c1-s103","source":"Вкусы бывают чрезвычайно многоразличны, это известно.","translation":"Tastes, as everyone knows, can be extraordinarily various.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"многоразличны","title":"«многоразличный» — manifold, various","body":"«многоразличны» is the short plural of «многоразличный», a bookish compound ('many-various') meaning extraordinarily diverse. The aphoristic «Вкусы бывают чрезвычайно многоразличны» is the narrator's dry generalisation about taste."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вкусы бывают… это известно","title":"Iterative «бывают»","body":"«бывают» (from «бывать», the iterative-habitual counterpart of «быть») states a general truth — tastes 'happen to be / tend to be' various. It is the verb for recurring or characteristic states, fitting a maxim."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вкусы","lemma":"вкус","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of бывают","gloss":"tastes"},{"surface":"бывают","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"can be"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многоразличны","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"многоразличны","lemma":"многоразличный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies бывают","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of известно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to бывают","gloss":"known"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b9-c1-s104","source":"«И вовсе она не такая пожилая, — подумал он с приятностью, — напротив, я бы принял ее за ее дочь».","translation":"\"And she isn't elderly at all,\" he thought with pleasure; \"on the contrary, I'd have taken her for her own daughter.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я бы принял ее за ее дочь","title":"Conditional «принял бы за»","body":"«я бы принял… за» is the conditional of «принять за» (to take [someone] for): 'I'd have taken her for...'. «бы» plus past-form «принял» yields the irrealis; «за её дочь» — «за» + accusative — names what he'd mistake her for."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ее дочь","title":"Invariable possessive «её»","body":"«её» (her) is a frozen genitive third-person possessive — it never changes for the gender, number, or case of «дочь». Note it is not «свою»: a reflexive «свою дочь» would mean his own daughter, not hers."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожилая","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пожилая","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of пожилая","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"пожилая","lemma":"пожилой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"elderly"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to пожилая","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приятностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"приятностью","lemma":"приятность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подумал","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to принял","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of принял","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of принял","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"принял","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пожилая","gloss":"have taken"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принял","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дочь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дочь","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принял","gloss":"daughter"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b9-c1-s105","source":"Что же до самой госпожи Хохлаковой, то она была просто очарована молодым человеком.","translation":"As for Madame Hohlakov herself, she was simply charmed by the young man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что же до самой госпожи Хохлаковой, то она была","title":"«что до… то…» topic frame","body":"«что до X, то…» — 'as for X, then...' — is a bookish correlative that lifts «госпожа Хохлакова» to the genitive (after «до») as topic, resumed by «то… она». «же» adds a transitional emphasis. A neat device for switching focus to her."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"очарована молодым человеком","title":"Short passive participle «очарована»","body":"«очарована» is the short feminine past passive participle of «очаровать» (to charm/enchant): 'she was charmed'. The agent stands in the instrumental — «молодым человеком», by the young man — the standard passive frame."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom что...до (as for)","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking госпожи","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies госпожи","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"госпожи","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Что","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожи","gloss":"Hohlakov"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive очарована","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of очарована","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очарована","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"очарована","lemma":"очаровать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"charmed"},{"surface":"молодым","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of очарована","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b9-c1-s106","source":"«Столько уменья, столько аккуратности и в таком молодом человеке в наше время, и всё это при таких манерах и наружности.","translation":"\"So much ability, so much conscientiousness, and in so young a man, in our day and age — and all of it together with such manners and such looks.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Столько уменья, столько аккуратности","title":"«столько» + genitive","body":"The quantity word «столько» (so much) governs the genitive: «уменья», «аккуратности» are genitive singulars of «уменье» (ability) and «аккуратность» (conscientiousness). Quantifiers behave like the numerals in pulling their noun into the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"при таких манерах и наружности","title":"«при» + prepositional","body":"«при таких манерах и наружности» uses «при» (here 'together with, given') governing the prepositional case. «при» is one of the prepositions fixed to the prepositional, expressing accompanying circumstance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on уменья","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"уменья","lemma":"умение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"skill"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on аккуратности","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"аккуратности","lemma":"аккуратность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with уменья","gloss":"conscientiousness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человеке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человеке","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"молодом","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеке","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человеке","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with уменья","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of человеке","gloss":"day and age"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic of the elliptical clause with при манерах","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking манерах","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of манерах","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"манерах","lemma":"манера","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with время","gloss":"manners"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наружности","lemma":"наружность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with манерах","gloss":"looks"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b9-c1-s107","source":"Вот говорят про современных молодых людей, что они ничего не умеют, вот вам пример» и т. д., и т. д.","translation":"People go about saying that today's young men are good for nothing — well, here's an example for you,\" and so on, and so on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорят про современных молодых людей, что они ничего не умеют","title":"Indefinite-personal «говорят»","body":"«говорят» (they say) with no expressed subject is the indefinite-personal: 'people say, it is said'. The «что»-clause reports the content; «ничего не умеют» shows negative concord ('can do nothing')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"про современных молодых людей","title":"«про» + accusative (animate)","body":"«про» (about, concerning) governs the accusative; «молодых людей» is the animate-plural accusative borrowing the genitive ending — 'about young people'. «людей» is the irregular plural of «человек»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорят","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"people say"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людей","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"современных","lemma":"современный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"modern-day"},{"surface":"молодых","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорят","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умеют","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of умеют","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of умеют","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умеют","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умеют","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of говорят","gloss":"can do"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пример","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of пример","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"пример","lemma":"пример","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the elliptical clause (вот вам = here is)","gloss":"an example"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"т","lemma":"так","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"part of the abbreviation и т. д. (and so on)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"д.","lemma":"далее","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"part of the abbreviation и т. д. (and so on)","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"т","lemma":"так","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"part of the abbreviation и т. д. (and so on)","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"д.","lemma":"далее","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"part of the abbreviation и т. д. (and so on)","gloss":"on"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b9-c1-s108","source":"Так что об «ужасном происшествии» она просто даже позабыла, и только уж ложась в постель и вдруг вновь вспомнив о том, «как близка была от смерти», она проговорила: «Ах, это ужасно, ужасно!»","translation":"So thoroughly, in fact, that she simply forgot about the \"dreadful affair\" altogether, and only as she was getting into bed, suddenly remembering once more \"how close she had been to death,\" did she murmur: \"Ah, it's dreadful, dreadful!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только уж ложась в постель и вдруг вновь вспомнив… она проговорила","title":"Paired gerunds, imperfective and perfective","body":"«ложась» (imperfective present gerund, 'as she was getting into bed') gives a simultaneous frame, while «вспомнив» (perfective past gerund, 'having remembered') gives a prior, completed act — both leaning on the main verb «проговорила». A characteristic literary chaining of «деепричастия»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она просто даже позабыла","title":"Perfective «позабыть»","body":"«позабыла» is the perfective of «позабыть» (a slightly colloquial, intensified 'to forget'), reporting the single completed lapse: she clean forgot. «просто даже» piles on the narrator's wry emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of позабыла","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking происшествии","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ужасном","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies происшествии","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"происшествии","lemma":"происшествие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of позабыла","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of позабыла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies даже","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позабыла","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"позабыла","lemma":"позабыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорила","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ложась","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"ложась","lemma":"ложиться","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with позабыла","gloss":"while getting into"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постель","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"постель","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ложась","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспомнив","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспомнив","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"вспомнив","lemma":"вспомнить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with ложась","gloss":"remembering"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспомнив","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies близка","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"близка","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to близка","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of близка","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"murmured"},{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to ужасно","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ужасно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to проговорила","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with ужасно","gloss":"dreadful"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b9-c1-s109","source":"Но тотчас же заснула самым крепким и сладким сном.","translation":"But she fell asleep at once, in the soundest and sweetest of slumbers.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тотчас же заснула самым крепким и сладким сном","title":"Instrumental of the cognate object","body":"«заснула… сном» pairs the verb with its own cognate noun in the instrumental — 'fell asleep with the soundest sleep'. «самым крепким и сладким» is the superlative «самый» declined to agree, fronting the intensity of her slumber."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заснула","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"заснула","lemma":"заснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell asleep"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крепким","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"крепким","lemma":"крепкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сном","gloss":"soundest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сладким","lemma":"сладкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with крепким","gloss":"sweetest"},{"surface":"сном","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заснула","gloss":"sleep"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b9-c1-s110","source":"Я бы, впрочем, и не стал распространяться о таких мелочных и эпизодных подробностях, если б эта сейчас лишь описанная мною эксцентрическая встреча молодого чиновника с вовсе не старою еще вдовицей не послужила впоследствии основанием всей жизненной карьеры этого точного и аккуратного молодого человека, о чем с изумлением вспоминают до сих пор в нашем городке и о чем, может быть, и мы скажем особое словечко, когда заключим наш длинный рассказ о братьях Карамазовых.","translation":"I would not, by the way, have gone on at such length about details so trivial and episodic, had this eccentric meeting of the young official with the by-no-means-old widow, just described, not afterward become the foundation of the entire life's career of this exact and meticulous young man — a thing recalled with amazement to this day in our little town, and about which, perhaps, we too shall say a special word when we bring our long tale of the Karamazov brothers to its close.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я бы… и не стал распространяться… если б эта… встреча… не послужила","title":"Long-range counterfactual sentence","body":"The whole sentence is one counterfactual: main clause «я бы не стал распространяться» (I would not have dwelt) and condition «если б… не послужила» (had it not become). Both halves take «бы»/«б» plus past-form verbs, framing a contrary-to-fact past."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"эта сейчас лишь описанная мною эксцентрическая встреча","title":"Embedded past passive participle","body":"«описанная мною» — 'described by me' — is a past passive participle («описать») agreeing with «встреча», with its agent «мною» in the instrumental, all wedged before the noun. Stacking a participial phrase inside the noun group is a signature of dense 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не послужила… основанием всей жизненной карьеры","title":"Predicate instrumental «основанием»","body":"«послужить основанием» — 'to serve as the foundation' — takes the predicate noun in the instrumental, «основанием», the role-naming case after «служить». «карьеры» is the genitive 'of the career' depending on it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вдовицей","title":"«вдовица» — the bookish 'widow'","body":"«вдовица» is an archaic, slightly Slavonic-flavoured diminutive-poetic form of «вдова» (widow), common in older and ecclesiastical Russian. The narrator's choice — 'the by-no-means-old вдовица' — adds a faintly ironic, old-fashioned colour to Hohlakov."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"словечко","title":"Diminutive «словечко»","body":"«словечко» is the affectionate-diminutive of «слово» (word), via «-ечко» — 'a little word, a brief word'. The narrator's coy 'we too shall say a special словечко' uses the diminutive for a light, intimate promise to the reader."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в нашем городке","title":"Diminutive «городок»","body":"«городок» is the diminutive of «город» (town), here neutral-affectionate — 'our little town'. The narrator's first-person «наш» casts him as a fellow townsman, a recurring device of intimacy in the novel's chronicle voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional marker with стал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, modifies стал","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes не стал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would have gone"},{"surface":"распространяться","lemma":"распространяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"on dwelling"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробностях","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of подробностях","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"мелочных","lemma":"мелочный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies подробностях","gloss":"trivial"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"эпизодных","lemma":"эпизодный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"coordinated with мелочных","gloss":"episodic"},{"surface":"подробностях","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of распространяться","gloss":"details"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the если-clause (protasis) with послужила","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional marker with послужила","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of встреча","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies описанная","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies описанная","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"описанная","lemma":"описать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying встреча","gloss":"described"},{"surface":"мною","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"agent of описанная","gloss":"by me"},{"surface":"эксцентрическая","lemma":"эксцентрический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies встреча","gloss":"eccentric"},{"surface":"встреча","lemma":"встреча","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of послужила","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"молодого","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies чиновника","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"чиновника","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies встреча","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вдовицей","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies старою","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"старою","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вдовицей","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies старою","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"вдовицей","lemma":"вдовица","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"widow"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies послужила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"послужила","lemma":"послужить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause (protasis)","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"впоследствии","lemma":"впоследствии","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послужила","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"основанием","lemma":"основание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of послужила","gloss":"foundation"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of карьеры","gloss":"entire"},{"surface":"жизненной","lemma":"жизненный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies карьеры","gloss":"life's"},{"surface":"карьеры","lemma":"карьера","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies основанием","gloss":"career"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человека","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"точного","lemma":"точный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"exact"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"аккуратного","lemma":"аккуратный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with точного","gloss":"meticulous"},{"surface":"молодого","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies карьеры","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминают","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking изумлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"изумлением","lemma":"изумление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминают","gloss":"amazement"},{"surface":"вспоминают","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause introduced by о чем","gloss":"recall"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"day","note":"«до сих пор» is a fixed idiom meaning \"to this day\"."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городке","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городке","lemma":"городок","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминают","gloss":"little town"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of скажем, parallel to чем (w45)","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the parenthetical может быть","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes мы","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of скажем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"скажем","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the second о чем clause, parallel to вспоминают","gloss":"shall say"},{"surface":"особое","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies словечко","gloss":"special"},{"surface":"словечко","lemma":"словечко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажем","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заключим","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"заключим","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on скажем","gloss":"conclude"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рассказ","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"длинный","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рассказ","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"рассказ","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заключим","gloss":"tale"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking братьях","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"братьях","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies рассказ","gloss":"brothers"},{"surface":"Карамазовых","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies братьях","gloss":"Karamazov"}]}]}