{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b9-c2","title":{"source":"II. Тревога","translated":"The Alarm"},"section":"Book IX — The Preliminary Investigation","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b9-c2","lines":104},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b9-c1","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b9-c3","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b9-c2-s1","source":"Исправник наш Михаил Макарович Макаров, отставной подполковник, переименованный в надворные советники, был человек вдовый и хороший.","translation":"Our district police captain, Mikhail Makarovich Makarov, a retired lieutenant-colonel reranked as a court counsellor, was a widower and a good-natured man.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исправник","title":"«исправник» — district police captain","body":"An «исправник» was the head of the rural district (uyezd) police in Imperial Russia; we render it 'district police captain.' The word is obsolete today; the modern term would be something like «начальник полиции»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вдовый","title":"«вдовый» — widowed","body":"«Вдовый» is the now-archaic full (long-form) adjective for a widowed man (feminine «вдовая»; the short form would be «вдов», fem. «вдова»), beside the noun «вдовец». Here it pairs neatly with «хороший» — 'a widower and a good man' — in the dry register of a character-summary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Исправник","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"police captain"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Исправник","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Михаил","lemma":"Михаил","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Исправник","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"Макарович","lemma":"Макарович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаил","gloss":"Makarovich"},{"surface":"Макаров","lemma":"Макаров","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаил","gloss":"Makarov"},{"surface":"отставной","lemma":"отставной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подполковник","gloss":"retired"},{"surface":"подполковник","lemma":"подполковник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Исправник","gloss":"lieutenant-colonel"},{"surface":"переименованный","lemma":"переименовать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying подполковник","gloss":"reranked"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking советники","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"надворные","lemma":"надворный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies советники","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"советники","lemma":"советник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of переименованный","gloss":"counsellor"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to человек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"вдовый","lemma":"вдовый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"a widower"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хороший","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вдовый","gloss":"good-natured"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b9-c2-s2","source":"Пожаловал же к нам всего назад три года, но уже заслужил общее сочувствие тем, главное, что «умел соединить общество».","translation":"He had come to us only three years before, yet had already earned everyone's goodwill, chiefly because he \"knew how to bring society together.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Пожаловал","title":"«пожаловать» — to deign to come","body":"«Пожаловать» is an old courteous verb for arriving or coming (as in «добро пожаловать», 'welcome'); fronted here it lends a faintly ceremonious, ironic tone to the narrator's account of how the captain settled among them."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже заслужил","title":"Perfective past: an accomplished fact","body":"«Заслужил» is the perfective past of «заслужить» — a single, completed result ('had already earned'). Set against the imperfective background that follows, this perfective marks the captain's goodwill as an achieved state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"же","title":"The particle «же»","body":"The enclitic «же» here is a soft connective-emphatic, hinging this sentence to the last ('now, as for him…') rather than expressing real contrast — one of the tiny modal particles that carry Russian's conversational texture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пожаловал","lemma":"пожаловать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he came"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Пожаловал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of Пожаловал","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies назад","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies года","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on года","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Пожаловал","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заслужил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"заслужил","lemma":"заслужить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Пожаловал","gloss":"earned"},{"surface":"общее","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сочувствие","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"сочувствие","lemma":"сочувствие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заслужил","gloss":"goodwill"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заслужил","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, introduces the что-clause","gloss":"chiefly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"умел","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of главное","gloss":"knew how"},{"surface":"соединить","lemma":"соединить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умел","gloss":"to bring together"},{"surface":"общество","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of соединить","gloss":"society"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b9-c2-s3","source":"Гости у него не переводились, и, казалось, без них он бы и сам прожить не мог.","translation":"Guests never stopped coming to his house, and it seemed that without them he simply could not have lived.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не переводились","title":"«не переводились» — never ran out","body":"«Переводиться» (here in the imperfective past with «не») idiomatically means 'to cease to exist, run dry, run out' — guests at his house 'never ceased.' The reflexive «-ся» gives the intransitive 'come to an end of themselves.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"без них он бы и сам прожить не мог","title":"Conditional «бы» — the hypothetical","body":"«Прожить не мог бы» uses the irrealis particle «бы» with the past-form verb to state a counterfactual: 'without them he could not have lived.' The particle leans onto the stressed «бы»-slot rather than the verb, and the added «и сам» ('he himself, even') intensifies it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Гости","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of переводились","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переводились","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies переводились","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"переводились","lemma":"переводиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ceased"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, introduces the following clause","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional marker with мог","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"прожить","lemma":"прожить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with переводились","gloss":"could"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b9-c2-s4","source":"Непременно кто-нибудь ежедневно у него обедал, хоть два, хоть один только гость, но без гостей и за стол не садились.","translation":"Without fail someone dined with him every single day — two guests, or at least one, but they never sat down to the table without guests.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Непременно","title":"«непременно» — without fail","body":"«Непременно» means 'unfailingly, certainly, come what may.' Placed first, it stresses the inviolable daily routine of dining with company."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за стол не садились","title":"Habitual imperfective and negative concord","body":"The imperfective past «садились» ('they would sit down') describes a recurring habit, and «без гостей… не садились» reads as a standing rule. The «не» negates the verb while «без гостей» supplies the condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обедал","gloss":"without fail"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of обедал","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"кто-нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of обедал","gloss":"-one"},{"surface":"ежедневно","lemma":"ежедневно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обедал","gloss":"every day"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обедал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"обедал","lemma":"обедать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dined"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies два","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on гость","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies один","gloss":"or at least"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of гость","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гость","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"гость","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обедал","gloss":"guest"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостей","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"гостей","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of садились","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes садились","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of садились","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies садились","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"садились","lemma":"садиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with обедал","gloss":"sat down"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b9-c2-s5","source":"Бывали и званые обеды, под всякими, иногда даже неожиданными предлогами.","translation":"There were formal dinners as well, on every sort of pretext, sometimes even unexpected ones.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"званые обеды","title":"«званый обед» — a formal dinner","body":"«Званый» is literally 'invited, bidden' (from «звать», to call/invite) — a «званый обед» is a dinner to which guests are formally invited, as opposed to the casual daily table just described."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"под всякими… предлогами","title":"Instrumental after «под»","body":"«Под… предлогами» is the instrumental plural governed by «под» in its figurative 'under (a pretext)' sense; «всякими» and «неожиданными» agree with it in case and number — a neat showcase of full adjective–noun agreement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Бывали","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обеды","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"званые","lemma":"званый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies обеды","gloss":"formal"},{"surface":"обеды","lemma":"обед","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of Бывали","gloss":"dinners"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всякими","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"всякими","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies предлогами","gloss":"every sort of"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданными","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неожиданными","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"неожиданными","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies предлогами","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"предлогами","lemma":"предлог","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"object of preposition под","gloss":"pretexts"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b9-c2-s6","source":"Кушанье подавалось хоть и не изысканное, но обильное, кулебяки готовились превосходные, а вина хоть и не блистали качеством, зато брали количеством.","translation":"The food, though hardly refined, was abundant; the kulebyakas came out splendid, and the wines, though they did not shine in quality, made up for it in quantity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кушанье подавалось… кулебяки готовились","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as passive","body":"Both «подавалось» (was served) and «готовились» (were prepared) are imperfective «-ся» verbs used as a passive: the food 'served itself,' the pies 'were made.' This impersonal-passive «-ся» is the natural way Russian states what was customarily done without naming the cooks."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и не изысканное, но… хоть и не блистали… зато","title":"Concessive «хоть и… но / зато»","body":"The paired «хоть и… но» ('though… yet') and its echo «хоть и… зато» ('though… in return') build two parallel concessions — modest quality offset by abundance. «Зато» ('but to make up for it') is the warm, compensating counterpart to plain «но»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кушанье","lemma":"кушанье","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive подавалось","gloss":"food"},{"surface":"подавалось","lemma":"подаваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was served"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of изысканное","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть и","gloss":"(even)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изысканное","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"изысканное","lemma":"изысканный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of подавалось, describing Кушанье","gloss":"refined"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"обильное","lemma":"обильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with изысканное","gloss":"abundant"},{"surface":"кулебяки","lemma":"кулебяка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of готовились","gloss":"kulebyakas"},{"surface":"готовились","lemma":"готовиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подавалось","gloss":"were made"},{"surface":"превосходные","lemma":"превосходный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement describing кулебяки","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"вина","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of блистали","gloss":"wines"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies блистали","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть и","gloss":"(even)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies блистали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"блистали","lemma":"блистать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подавалось","gloss":"excelled"},{"surface":"качеством","lemma":"качество","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of блистали","gloss":"in quality"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"брали","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подавалось","gloss":"made up for it"},{"surface":"количеством","lemma":"количество","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of брали","gloss":"in quantity"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b9-c2-s7","source":"Во входной комнате стоял биллиард с весьма приличною обстановкой, то есть даже с изображениями скаковых английских лошадей в черных рамках по стенам, что, как известно, составляет необходимое украшение всякой биллиардной у холостого человека.","translation":"In the entrance room stood a billiard table furnished quite respectably — that is, even with framed prints of English racehorses on the walls, which, as everyone knows, are the indispensable adornment of any bachelor's billiard room.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"биллиард","title":"«биллиард» — billiards (old spelling)","body":"Spelled with a doubled «лл» in the 19th-century manner (modern «бильярд»), the billiard table and its racehorse prints are the props of fashionable bachelor leisure — a borrowed European mark of gentility in a provincial Russian house."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что, как известно, составляет… украшение","title":"Relative «что» summing up the clause","body":"Here «что» is a connective relative referring not to a single noun but to the whole preceding image ('which, as everyone knows, constitutes…'). The interjected «как известно» ('as is known') is the narrator's dry, knowing aside."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у холостого человека","title":"Genitive after «у»","body":"«У холостого человека» ('at/in a bachelor's [house]') is the genitive governed by «у», the all-purpose preposition of location-by and possession. The adjective «холостого» agrees in genitive masculine."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"входной","lemma":"входной","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"entrance"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"биллиард","lemma":"биллиард","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"billiard table"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обстановкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приличною","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"приличною","lemma":"приличный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies обстановкой","gloss":"respectable"},{"surface":"обстановкой","lemma":"обстановка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"furnishing"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изображениями","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking изображениями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"изображениями","lemma":"изображение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"object of the second preposition с","gloss":"prints"},{"surface":"скаковых","lemma":"скаковой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лошадей","gloss":"racing"},{"surface":"английских","lemma":"английский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лошадей","gloss":"English"},{"surface":"лошадей","lemma":"лошадь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies изображениями","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рамках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"черных","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies рамках","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"рамках","lemma":"рамка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies изображениями","gloss":"frames"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стенам","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стенам","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"adverbial, modifies стоял (location)","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of составляет","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of известно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular, predicate","role":"parenthetical, parallel to составляет","gloss":"is known"},{"surface":"составляет","lemma":"составлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause introduced by что","gloss":"constitutes"},{"surface":"необходимое","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies украшение","gloss":"indispensable"},{"surface":"украшение","lemma":"украшение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of составляет","gloss":"adornment"},{"surface":"всякой","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of биллиардной","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"биллиардной","lemma":"биллиардная","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies украшение","gloss":"billiard room"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"холостого","lemma":"холостой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"bachelor"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies биллиардной","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b9-c2-s8","source":"Каждый вечер играли в карты, хотя бы на одном только столике.","translation":"Every evening there was a card game, if only at a single little table.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Каждый вечер играли в карты","title":"Subjectless habitual imperfective","body":"«Играли» ('they/people played') has no expressed subject — a generic, impersonal plural — and the imperfective conveys the nightly habit. «Каждый вечер» ('every evening') reinforces the iterative reading."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"столике","title":"Diminutive «столик» — a little table","body":"«Столик» is the affectionate-diminutive of «стол» ('table'); with «хотя бы на одном только» it shrinks the scene to 'even if only at a single little table' — modest, cosy, faintly ironic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of играли","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"играли","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"played"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карты","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"карты","lemma":"карта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of играли","gloss":"cards"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя бы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"хотя бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя бы","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столике","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"одном","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, locative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies столике","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одном","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"столике","lemma":"столик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of играли","gloss":"little table"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b9-c2-s9","source":"Но весьма часто собиралось и всё лучшее общество нашего города, с маменьками и девицами, потанцевать.","translation":"But very often the whole of our town's best society gathered there as well, mothers and young ladies and all, to dance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"маменьками","title":"«маменька» — mamma (endearing-archaic)","body":"«Маменька» is an old, fond diminutive of «мама»/«мать», the genteel 19th-century way daughters and society spoke of their mothers. Paired with «девицами» ('young ladies, maidens') it paints the marriage-market world of provincial soirées."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потанцевать","title":"Perfective infinitive of purpose «потанцевать»","body":"«Потанцевать» is the perfective infinitive ('to have a [bit of a] dance'); the prefix «по-» gives the bounded, 'a little while' sense, and the infinitive states the purpose of the gathering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies часто","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies собиралось","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"собиралось","lemma":"собираться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gathered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies общество","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of общество","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"лучшее","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общество","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"общество","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of собиралось","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of города","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies общество","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking маменьками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"маменьками","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with общество","gloss":"mothers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"девицами","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with маменьками","gloss":"young ladies"},{"surface":"потанцевать","lemma":"потанцевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose infinitive, complement of собиралось","gloss":"to dance"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b9-c2-s10","source":"Михаил Макарович хотя и вдовствовал, но жил семейно, имея при себе свою давно уже овдовевшую дочь, в свою очередь мать двух девиц, внучек Михаилу Макаровичу.","translation":"Though Mikhail Makarovich was a widower, he lived a family life, keeping with him his long-since-widowed daughter, who was herself the mother of two girls, Mikhail Makarovich's granddaughters.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"имея при себе свою давно уже овдовевшую дочь","title":"Gerund «имея» plus a past participle","body":"«Имея» is an imperfective gerund («деепричастие», 'having/keeping'), folding a circumstance into the main clause, while «овдовевшую» is a past active participle ('who had long been widowed') modifying «дочь». Two non-finite verb-forms pack a whole subordinate idea into one phrase — a hallmark of literary Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдовствовал… вдовый","title":"«хотя… но» concession","body":"«Хотя и вдовствовал, но жил семейно» ('though he was a widower, he lived a family life') is the standard concessive frame «хотя… но», setting his bereaved status against the household full of women he kept around him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"свою… дочь","title":"Reflexive possessive «свою»","body":"«Свою дочь» — 'his own daughter' — uses the reflexive possessive «свой», which points back to the clause's subject (Mikhail Makarovich). Using «его» instead would suggest someone else's daughter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Михаил","lemma":"Михаил","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вдовствовал","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"Макарович","lemma":"Макарович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Михаил","gloss":"Makarovich"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вдовствовал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хотя и","gloss":"(even)"},{"surface":"вдовствовал","lemma":"вдовствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was a widower"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"жил","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вдовствовал","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"семейно","lemma":"семейно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жил","gloss":"as a family"},{"surface":"имея","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on жил","gloss":"keeping"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of имея","gloss":"him(self)"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дочь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies овдовевшую","gloss":"long since"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies овдовевшую","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"овдовевшую","lemma":"овдоветь","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying дочь","gloss":"widowed"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имея","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking очередь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of очередь","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"очередь","lemma":"очередь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the idiom в свою очередь","gloss":"turn","note":"«в свою очередь» is a fixed idiom meaning \"in her turn\"."},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to дочь","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies девиц","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"девиц","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies мать","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"внучек","lemma":"внучка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to девиц","gloss":"granddaughters"},{"surface":"Михаилу","lemma":"Михаил","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"possessor of внучек","gloss":"Mikhail's"},{"surface":"Макаровичу","lemma":"Макарович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаилу","gloss":"Makarovich's"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b9-c2-s11","source":"Девицы были уже взрослые и окончившие свое воспитание, наружности не неприятной, веселого нрава и, хотя все знали, что за ними ничего не дадут, все-таки привлекавшие в дом дедушки нашу светскую молодежь.","translation":"The girls were already grown and had finished their schooling; of not unpleasant appearance and cheerful disposition, and though everyone knew there would be no dowry behind them, they nonetheless drew the fashionable young men of our town into their grandfather's house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"окончившие свое воспитание… привлекавшие в дом","title":"Past active participles describing the girls","body":"«Окончившие» ('having finished') and «привлекавшие» ('who were drawing in') are past active participles agreeing with «девицы» in nominative plural; the perfective one names a completed schooling, the imperfective one an ongoing pull. They replace two «которые»-clauses in compact bookish style."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"наружности не неприятной","title":"Double negation and genitive of description","body":"«Не неприятной» ('not unpleasant') is litotes — a politely understated double negative — and «наружности… веселого нрава» stands in the genitive of quality ('of [a] not-unpleasant appearance, of cheerful disposition'), describing the girls without a verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Девицы","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of взрослые","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to взрослые","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взрослые","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"взрослые","lemma":"взрослый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"grown"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"окончившие","lemma":"окончить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with взрослые","gloss":"having finished"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of воспитание","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"воспитание","lemma":"воспитание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of окончившие","gloss":"schooling"},{"surface":"наружности","lemma":"наружность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"predicate genitive descriptor, parallel to взрослые","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies неприятной","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"неприятной","lemma":"неприятный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies наружности","gloss":"unpleasant"},{"surface":"веселого","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies нрава","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"нрава","lemma":"нрав","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate genitive descriptor, parallel to взрослые","gloss":"disposition"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знали","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on привлекавшие","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дадут","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of дадут","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of дадут","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дадут","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дадут","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знали","gloss":"would give"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки, modifies привлекавшие","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"всё-таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase все-таки, modifies привлекавшие","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"привлекавшие","lemma":"привлекать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Девицы","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of привлекавшие","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"дедушки","lemma":"дедушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"grandfather's"},{"surface":"нашу","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of молодежь","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"светскую","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies молодежь","gloss":"fashionable"},{"surface":"молодежь","lemma":"молодёжь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of привлекавшие","gloss":"young people"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b9-c2-s12","source":"В делах Михаил Макарович был не совсем далек, но должность свою исполнял не хуже многих других.","translation":"In matters of business Mikhail Makarovich was not exactly quick, yet he discharged his office no worse than many another.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не совсем далек","title":"«не далёк» — not quick-witted (litotes)","body":"Here «далёк» (short adjective, 'far') is used idiomatically of mind — «не совсем далёк» softly says 'not exactly bright,' a guarded understatement rather than the literal 'not entirely far.' The narrator's tact is itself characterising."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не хуже многих других","title":"Comparative «хуже» with genitive","body":"«Хуже» is the suppletive comparative of «плохой» ('worse'); «не хуже многих других» ('no worse than many others') takes the genitive of comparison after the comparative form — a frequent 19th-century pattern beside «чем»."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"делах","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of далек","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"Михаил","lemma":"михаил","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of далек","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"Макарович","lemma":"макарович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаил","gloss":"Makarovich"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to далек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies далек","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"далек","lemma":"далёкий","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular, short form","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"должность","lemma":"должность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of исполнял","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of должность","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"исполнял","lemma":"исполнять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with далек","gloss":"discharged"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хуже","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"хуже","lemma":"плохой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies исполнял","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"многих","lemma":"многий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies других","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"других","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of хуже","gloss":"others"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b9-c2-s13","source":"Если прямо сказать, то был он человек довольно-таки необразованный и даже беспечный в ясном понимании пределов своей административной власти.","translation":"To speak plainly, he was a rather uneducated man, and even careless about any clear grasp of the limits of his administrative authority.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если прямо сказать, то был он человек…","title":"Conditional frame and inverted word order","body":"«Если прямо сказать, то…» ('if [one is] to speak plainly, then…') is a fixed framing clause with the correlative «то». The inversion «был он человек» (verb before subject) is a bookish rhetorical ordering that throws weight onto the coming description."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"довольно-таки необразованный","title":"«довольно-таки» — 'rather' with a wink","body":"The clitic «-таки» tacked onto «довольно» ('rather') adds a colloquial, concessive 'after all, when you get down to it' flavour — 'rather uneducated, truth be told.' It is part of the narrator's chatty, confiding voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сказать","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying был","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle introducing был","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to человек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies необразованный","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies необразованный","gloss":"indeed","note":"\"довольно-таки\" is a single idiom meaning \"rather/fairly\"."},{"surface":"необразованный","lemma":"необразованный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"uneducated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспечный","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"беспечный","lemma":"беспечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with необразованный","gloss":"careless"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking понимании","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ясном","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies понимании","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"понимании","lemma":"понимание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of беспечный","gloss":"grasp"},{"surface":"пределов","lemma":"предел","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies понимании","gloss":"limits"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of власти","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"административной","lemma":"административный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies власти","gloss":"administrative"},{"surface":"власти","lemma":"власть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пределов","gloss":"authority"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b9-c2-s14","source":"Иных реформ современного царствования он не то что не мог вполне осмыслить, но понимал их с некоторыми, иногда весьма заметными, ошибками и вовсе не по особенной какой-нибудь своей неспособности, а просто по беспечности своего характера, потому что всё некогда было вникнуть.","translation":"Certain reforms of the present reign he could not so much fully comprehend as understand only with certain, sometimes quite glaring, errors — and this not from any special incapacity of his own, but simply from the carelessness of his character, because he never had time to look into anything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то что не мог… но понимал… а просто по беспечности","title":"Correlative «не то что… но… а»","body":"Dostoevsky strings a layered correlative: «не то что… но» ('not so much… as') corrects the first idea, then «не… а» ('not… but rather') corrects again — winding qualifications that mime the captain's own muddled half-understanding."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по беспечности своего характера","title":"Causal «по» + dative","body":"«По беспечности» ('out of/from carelessness') is the dative governed by «по» in its causal sense — 'because of his carelessness.' The reflexive «своего» ties the trait back to the subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё некогда было вникнуть","title":"Impersonal «некогда было» + dative logic","body":"«Некогда было вникнуть» ('there was never time to look into it') is an impersonal construction: the predicate «некогда» ('no time') with neuter «было» and an infinitive, the implied experiencer in the dative. This subjectless 'there's no time to…' frame is classic Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иных","lemma":"иной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies реформ","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"реформ","lemma":"реформа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of осмыслить","gloss":"reforms"},{"surface":"современного","lemma":"современный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies царствования","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"царствования","lemma":"царствование","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies реформ","gloss":"reign"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom не то что, modifies мог","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осмыслить","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"осмыслить","lemma":"осмыслить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"comprehend"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of понимал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ошибками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"некоторыми","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies ошибками","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметными","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметными","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"заметными","lemma":"заметный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies ошибками","gloss":"glaring"},{"surface":"ошибками","lemma":"ошибка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"complement of понимал","gloss":"errors"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies по","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking неспособности","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"особенной","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies неспособности","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of неспособности","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какой (indefinite какой-нибудь)","gloss":"-ever","note":"\"какой-нибудь\" is one indefinite word, \"any (sort of)\", split here into two tokens."},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of неспособности","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"неспособности","lemma":"неспособность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with беспечности","gloss":"incapacity"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспечности","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспечности","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"беспечности","lemma":"беспечность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with неспособности","gloss":"carelessness"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of характера","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"характера","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies беспечности","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of вникнуть","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было (idiom всё некогда)","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"некогда","lemma":"некогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вникнуть","gloss":"no time"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to некогда","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"вникнуть","lemma":"вникнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of некогда","gloss":"look into"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b9-c2-s15","source":"«Души я, господа, более военной, чем гражданской», — выражался он сам о себе.","translation":"\"My soul, gentlemen, is more military than civilian,\" was how he put it about himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Души я… более военной, чем гражданской","title":"Genitive of quality, fronted for effect","body":"«Души… более военной, чем гражданской» puts the predicate in the genitive ('[I am] of a soul more military than civilian'), and Dostoevsky fronts «души» before «я» for the captain's self-important flourish — word order as bluster."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"более военной, чем гражданской","title":"Comparative with «более… чем»","body":"«Более… чем» is the analytic comparative ('more… than') used with adjectives that don't take a synthetic -ее form here; both «военной» and «гражданской» stay in the genitive agreeing with «души»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive of quality, characterizes я","gloss":"soul","note":"\"Души ... военной\" is a genitive-of-quality construction: \"[a man] of more military than civil soul.\""},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies военной","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"военной","lemma":"военный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"agrees with Души","gloss":"military"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of гражданской","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"гражданской","lemma":"гражданский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with военной","gloss":"civilian"},{"surface":"выражался","lemma":"выражаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"put it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выражался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of выражался","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b9-c2-s16","source":"Даже о точных основаниях крестьянской реформы он всё еще как бы не приобрел окончательного и твердого понятия и узнавал о них, так сказать, из года в год, приумножая свои знания практически и невольно, а между тем сам был помещиком.","translation":"Even of the precise foundations of the peasant reform he had still somehow failed to acquire a settled and firm notion, learning of them, so to speak, year by year, building up his knowledge practically and involuntarily — and yet he was himself a landowner.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам был помещиком","title":"Predicate instrumental «помещиком»","body":"After past-tense «был», the predicate noun takes the instrumental, not the nominative: «был помещиком» ('was a landowner'). The instrumental frames the role as a held position — standard with «быть» in the past."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приумножая свои знания","title":"Gerund «приумножая»","body":"«Приумножая» is an imperfective gerund ('[gradually] increasing'), with the prefix «при-» adding the nuance of 'building up little by little.' It hangs an attendant process onto «узнавал» — he learned 'while augmenting his knowledge.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies основаниях","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking основаниях","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"точных","lemma":"точный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies основаниях","gloss":"precise"},{"surface":"основаниях","lemma":"основание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"complement of понятия","gloss":"foundations"},{"surface":"крестьянской","lemma":"крестьянский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies реформы","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"реформы","lemma":"реформа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies основаниях","gloss":"reform"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of приобрел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще (idiom всё еще)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приобрел","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приобрел (idiom как бы)","gloss":"as it were"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приобрел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"приобрел","lemma":"приобрести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"acquired"},{"surface":"окончательного","lemma":"окончательный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies понятия","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"твердого","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with окончательного","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"понятия","lemma":"понятие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of приобрел","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"узнавал","lemma":"узнавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with приобрел","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, plural","role":"oblique complement of узнавал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"parenthetical modifying узнавал (idiom так сказать)","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking года","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"года","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom из года в год, modifies узнавал","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking год","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom из года в год","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"приумножая","lemma":"приумножать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on узнавал","gloss":"building up"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of знания","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"знания","lemma":"знание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of приумножая","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"практически","lemma":"практически","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with невольно","gloss":"practically"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"невольно","lemma":"невольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приумножая","gloss":"involuntarily"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom между тем","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom между тем","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он (emphatic, implied subject)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to помещиком","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"помещиком","lemma":"помещик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"landowner"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b9-c2-s17","source":"Петр Ильич с точностию знал, что в этот вечер он непременно у Михаила Макаровича встретит кого-нибудь из гостей, но лишь не знал, кого именно.","translation":"Pyotr Ilyich knew for certain that this evening he would, without fail, meet some guest or other at Mikhail Makarovich's, only he did not know exactly whom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с точностию","title":"«с точностию» — old instrumental ending","body":"«Точностию» is the archaic, bookish instrumental of «точность» ('exactness'), where modern Russian writes «точностью». The «-ию» ending is a literary survival; the phrase means 'with precision, for certain.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не знал, кого именно","title":"Indirect question and genitive/accusative «кого»","body":"«Не знал, кого именно» ('did not know exactly whom') embeds an indirect question; «кого» is the animate accusative (= genitive form) of «кто», the object of the implied 'he would meet.' «Именно» sharpens it to 'precisely whom.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точностию","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"точностию","lemma":"точность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"certainty","note":"\"точностию\" is the archaic spelling of \"точностью\"."},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встретит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встретит","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встретит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретит","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Михаила","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Михаила","lemma":"михаил","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встретит","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"Макаровича","lemma":"макарович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаила","gloss":"Makarovich"},{"surface":"встретит","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знал","gloss":"would meet"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of встретит","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase кого (indefinite кого-нибудь)","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостей","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"гостей","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of встретит","gloss":"guests"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал (main clause)","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of знал","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кого","gloss":"exactly"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b9-c2-s18","source":"А между тем как раз у него сидели в эту минуту за ералашем прокурор и наш земский врач Варвинский, молодой человек, только что к нам прибывший из Петербурга, один из блистательно окончивших курс в Петербургской медицинской академии.","translation":"And as it happened, at that very moment there sat with him over a game of yeralash the prosecutor and our district doctor Varvinsky, a young man only just arrived among us from Petersburg, one of the brilliant graduates of the Petersburg Medical Academy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него сидели… прокурор и… врач","title":"Existential «у + genitive» with the verb leading","body":"«У него сидели… прокурор и… врач» ('at his place sat the prosecutor and the doctor') uses «у» + genitive «него» for location-at-a-person, and fronts the verb «сидели» before its compound subject — placing the new information, the guests, in end-focus."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только что… прибывший… один из блистательно окончивших курс","title":"Stacked past active participles","body":"«Прибывший» ('just arrived') and «окончивших» ('of those who graduated') are two past active participles characterising the young doctor; «один из… окончивших» puts the participle in the genitive plural after «один из». A dense, typically Dostoevskian participial pile-up."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom между тем","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom между тем","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom как раз, modifies сидели","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как (idiom как раз)","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидели","gloss":"his place"},{"surface":"сидели","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were sitting"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидели","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ералашем","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ералашем","lemma":"ералаш","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидели","gloss":"yeralash","note":"Yeralash is a 19th-century Russian card game."},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидели","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of врач","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"земский","lemma":"земский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies врач","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"врач","lemma":"врач","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прокурор","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"Варвинский","lemma":"варвинский","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to врач","gloss":"Varvinsky"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Варвинский","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибывший","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только (idiom только что)","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of прибывший","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"прибывший","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying человек","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербурга","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Петербурга","lemma":"петербург","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибывший","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Варвинский","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окончивших","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"блистательно","lemma":"блистательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies окончивших","gloss":"brilliantly"},{"surface":"окончивших","lemma":"окончить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies один","gloss":"who finished"},{"surface":"курс","lemma":"курс","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of окончивших","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking академии","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Петербургской","lemma":"петербургский","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies академии","gloss":"Petersburg"},{"surface":"медицинской","lemma":"медицинский","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies академии","gloss":"medical"},{"surface":"академии","lemma":"академия","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of окончивших","gloss":"academy"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b9-c2-s19","source":"Прокурор же, то есть товарищ прокурора, но которого у нас все звали прокурором, Ипполит Кириллович, был у нас человек особенный, нестарый, всего лишь лет тридцати пяти, но сильно наклонный к чахотке, присем женатый на весьма толстой и бездетной даме, самолюбивый и раздражительный, при весьма солидном, однако, уме и даже доброй душе.","translation":"The prosecutor — that is, the deputy prosecutor, though everyone among us called him simply the prosecutor — Ippolit Kirillovich, was a man of a singular sort, not old, only some thirty-five, but strongly inclined to consumption, and married withal to a very stout, childless lady; vain and irritable, yet possessed of a thoroughly solid mind and even a kind heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наклонный к чахотке","title":"«чахотка» — consumption","body":"«Чахотка» (from «чахнуть», to wither/waste away) is the old word for tuberculosis, 'consumption.' «Наклонный к чахотке» — 'inclined to consumption' — flags the prosecutor's frailty, a detail that will matter later in the novel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"женатый… самолюбивый и раздражительный… при… уме","title":"Adjective chain and «при» + prepositional","body":"A string of nominative adjectives («женатый, самолюбивый, раздражительный») characterises him without a verb, then «при… уме… и… душе» ('with [all that] a solid mind and kind heart') uses «при» + prepositional in its concessive 'for all that' sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Прокурор","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of товарищ (idiom то есть)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то (idiom то есть)","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"товарищ","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Прокурор","gloss":"deputy"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies товарищ","gloss":"prosecutor's"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of звали","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of звали","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of звали","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"звали","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on товарищ","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"прокурором","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of звали","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Прокурор","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to человек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"особенный","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"singular"},{"surface":"нестарый","lemma":"нестарый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with особенный","gloss":"not old"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лишь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"тридцати","lemma":"тридцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"пяти","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"coordinated with тридцати, modifies лет","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наклонный","gloss":"strongly"},{"surface":"наклонный","lemma":"наклонный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with особенный","gloss":"inclined"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чахотке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"чахотке","lemma":"чахотка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of наклонный","gloss":"consumption"},{"surface":"присем","lemma":"присём","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies женатый","gloss":"moreover","note":"Archaic form of \"при сём\" (\"herewith, along with this\")."},{"surface":"женатый","lemma":"женатый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with наклонный","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking даме","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies толстой","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"толстой","lemma":"толстый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies даме","gloss":"stout"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бездетной","lemma":"бездетный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with толстой","gloss":"childless"},{"surface":"даме","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of женатый","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"самолюбивый","lemma":"самолюбивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with женатый","gloss":"vain"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раздражительный","lemma":"раздражительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with женатый","gloss":"irritable"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies солидном","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"солидном","lemma":"солидный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уме","gloss":"solid"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies уме","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of при","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доброй","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"доброй","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душе","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with уме","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b9-c2-s20","source":"Кажется, вся беда его характера заключалась в том, что думал он о себе несколько выше, чем позволяли его истинные достоинства.","translation":"It seems the whole misfortune of his character lay in this: that he thought of himself somewhat more highly than his true merits warranted.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"думал он о себе несколько выше","title":"Reflexive «о себе» and comparative «выше»","body":"«О себе» ('of himself') is the prepositional of the reflexive pronoun «себя», pointing back to the subject; «несколько выше» ('somewhat more highly') is the comparative of «высоко». Together: he thought of himself a notch above his real worth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем позволяли его истинные достоинства","title":"Comparative clause with «чем»","body":"«Чем позволяли…» ('than… permitted') completes the comparison «выше, чем» with a full clause; «достоинства» is the nominative subject of «позволяли». Standard comparative subordination after a synthetic comparative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, parallel to заключалась","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of беда","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"беда","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заключалась","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of характера","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"характера","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies беда","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"заключалась","lemma":"заключаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заключалась","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of думал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"думал","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of думал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of думал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выше","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"выше","lemma":"высоко","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies думал","gloss":"more highly"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of позволяли","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"позволяли","lemma":"позволять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on выше","gloss":"allowed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of достоинства","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"истинные","lemma":"истинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies достоинства","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"достоинства","lemma":"достоинство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of позволяли","gloss":"merits"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b9-c2-s21","source":"И вот почему он постоянно казался беспокойным.","translation":"And that is just why he always seemed restless.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И вот почему он постоянно казался беспокойным","title":"«казаться» + instrumental predicate","body":"«Казался беспокойным» ('seemed restless') puts the predicate adjective in the instrumental after «казаться», just as predicate nouns go instrumental after «быть/стать». «И вот почему» ('and that is just why') is a tidy resultative opener."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему (idiom вот почему)","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies казался","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of казался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"постоянно","lemma":"постоянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies казался","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"казался","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"беспокойным","lemma":"беспокойный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of казался","gloss":"restless"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b9-c2-s22","source":"Были в нем к тому же некоторые высшие и художественные даже поползновения, например на психологичность, на особенное знание души человеческой, на особенный дар познавания преступника и его преступления.","translation":"He had, besides, certain higher and even artistic pretensions — for instance, to psychological insight, to a special knowledge of the human soul, to a special gift for divining the criminal and his crime.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поползновения","title":"«поползновение» — a pretension, would-be impulse","body":"«Поползновение» (root «ползти», to crawl) is a wonderfully deflating word for a half-formed aspiration or presumptuous urge — 'pretensions, hankerings.' Applied to the prosecutor's 'higher and even artistic' ambitions, it quietly undercuts them."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на психологичность, на… знание… на… дар познавания","title":"Anaphoric «на» + accusative","body":"The repeated «на психологичность… на знание… на дар» lists the objects of his 'pretensions' with «на» + accusative ('a claim to…'). The triple anaphora builds a mounting, slightly mocking catalogue of his self-image."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"души человеческой","title":"«душа человеческая» — the human soul","body":"«Знание души человеческой» — 'knowledge of the human soul' — sounds the novel's great keyword «душа». The postposed adjective «человеческой» («души человеческой» rather than «человеческой души») gives a faintly solemn, almost liturgical cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Были","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom к тому же","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom к тому же, modifies Были","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of поползновения","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"высшие","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies поползновения","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"художественные","lemma":"художественный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with высшие","gloss":"artistic"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поползновения","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"поползновения","lemma":"поползновение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of Были","gloss":"pretensions"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies психологичность","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking психологичность","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"психологичность","lemma":"психологичность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"complement of поползновения","gloss":"psychological insight"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking знание","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"особенное","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies знание","gloss":"special"},{"surface":"знание","lemma":"знание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with психологичность","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies знание","gloss":"of the soul"},{"surface":"человеческой","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies души","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дар","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"особенный","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дар","gloss":"special"},{"surface":"дар","lemma":"дар","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with психологичность","gloss":"gift"},{"surface":"познавания","lemma":"познавание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дар","gloss":"for discerning"},{"surface":"преступника","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies познавания","gloss":"the criminal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies преступления","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"преступления","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with преступника","gloss":"crime"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b9-c2-s23","source":"В этом смысле он считал себя несколько обиженным и обойденным по службе и всегда уверен был, что там, в высших сферах, его не сумели оценить и что у него есть враги.","translation":"In that respect he reckoned himself somewhat wronged and passed over in his career, and was forever convinced that up there, in the higher spheres, they had failed to value him, and that he had enemies.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"считал себя… обиженным и обойденным","title":"«считать себя» + instrumental participles","body":"«Считал себя обиженным и обойденным» ('reckoned himself wronged and passed over') takes the reflexive object «себя» plus two past passive participles in the instrumental — the case predicate complements assume after «считать (себя)». The participles read as states he believed himself to be in."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его не сумели оценить","title":"Subjectless 'they' and «не суметь»","body":"«Не сумели оценить» ('they failed to appreciate him') has an unexpressed generic plural subject — the vague 'them up there' of the higher spheres. «Суметь» (perfective, 'to manage/be able') with «не» states a completed failure."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смысле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смысле","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"смысле","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считал","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of считал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"считал","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reckoned"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of считал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обиженным","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"обиженным","lemma":"обиженный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of считал","gloss":"wronged"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обойденным","lemma":"обойти","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"coordinated with обиженным","gloss":"passed over"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking службе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"службе","lemma":"служба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обойденным","gloss":"his career"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уверен","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"уверен","lemma":"уверенный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with считал","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to уверен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сумели","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сумели","gloss":"up there"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сферах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"высших","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies сферах","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"сферах","lemma":"сфера","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to там","gloss":"spheres"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сумели","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сумели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сумели","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of уверен","gloss":"failed"},{"surface":"оценить","lemma":"оценить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумели","gloss":"to value"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"(he has)","note":"«у него есть» is the idiomatic Russian construction for \"he has\"."},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of уверен","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"враги","lemma":"враг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"enemies"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b9-c2-s24","source":"В мрачные минуты грозился даже перебежать в адвокаты по делам уголовным.","translation":"In his blacker moments he would even threaten to go over to the defense bar in criminal cases.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"грозился","title":"«грозиться» — to threaten (reflexive)","body":"«Грозиться» (reflexive of «грозить», to threaten) means to keep threatening, especially idly or repeatedly. The imperfective past «грозился» suits the recurring 'in his blacker moments he would threaten…'."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мрачные","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"blacker"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of грозился","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"грозился","lemma":"грозиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would threaten"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies перебежать","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"перебежать","lemma":"перебежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of грозился","gloss":"to go over"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking адвокаты","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"адвокаты","lemma":"адвокат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of перебежать","gloss":"the bar","note":"«перебежать в адвокаты» is an idiom (\"go over into lawyers\") that keeps the noun in the nominative plural rather than the accusative."},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делам","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"делам","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies адвокаты","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"уголовным","lemma":"уголовный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies делам","gloss":"criminal"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b9-c2-s25","source":"Неожиданное дело Карамазовых об отцеубийстве как бы встряхнуло его всего: «Дело такое, что всей России могло стать известно».","translation":"The unexpected Karamazov affair, this parricide, seemed to shake him to the core: \"A case of such a kind that all Russia might come to hear of it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всей России могло стать известно","title":"Impersonal «могло стать известно» + dative","body":"«Всей России могло стать известно» ('might become known to all Russia') is an impersonal construction: neuter «могло», infinitive «стать», short adjective «известно», and the experiencer «всей России» in the dative — 'known to all Russia.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы встряхнуло его всего","title":"Particle «как бы» softening","body":"«Как бы» ('as it were, as if') is a hedging particle the narrator loves, softening 'shook him to the core' into something tentatively reported. «Встряхнуло… всего» — perfective, 'shook all of him' — names the single jolting event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Неожиданное","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of встряхнуло","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"Карамазовых","lemma":"Карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"the Karamazovs'"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцеубийстве","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"отцеубийстве","lemma":"отцеубийство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"parricide"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встряхнуло","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if","note":"«как бы» together means \"as if, seemingly\"."},{"surface":"встряхнуло","lemma":"встряхнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shook"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встряхнуло","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встряхнуло","gloss":"to the core"},{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of такое, opens the quoted sentence","gloss":"a case"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Дело","gloss":"of such a kind"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of могло","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всей","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of России","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"России","lemma":"Россия","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of могло","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"могло","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of такое","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"стать","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могло","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"complement of стать","gloss":"known"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b9-c2-s26","source":"Но это уж я говорю, забегая вперед.","translation":"But here I am already getting ahead of myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"забегая вперед","title":"Gerund idiom «забегая вперёд»","body":"«Забегая вперёд» ('running on ahead [of the story]') is an imperfective gerund used as a set narrative aside — 'but here I am getting ahead of myself.' The «-я» gerund attaches the manner of telling to «говорю»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of говорю","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорю","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am saying"},{"surface":"забегая","lemma":"забегать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорю","gloss":"getting ahead"},{"surface":"вперед","lemma":"вперёд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забегая","gloss":"ahead"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b9-c2-s27","source":"В соседней комнате, с барышнями, сидел и наш молодой судебный следователь Николай Парфенович Нелюдов, всего два месяца тому прибывший к нам из Петербурга.","translation":"In the next room, with the young ladies, sat our young examining magistrate as well, Nikolai Parfenovich Nelyudov, who had come to us from Petersburg only two months before.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всего два месяца тому прибывший к нам","title":"Participle «прибывший» with «к» + dative","body":"«Прибывший к нам» is a past active participle ('who had arrived among us'); «к нам» uses «к» + dative for arrival/direction toward, and «тому» is short for «тому назад» ('ago'). Compact characterisation of the newcomer."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"соседней","lemma":"соседний","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнате","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барышнями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"барышнями","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with комнате","gloss":"the young ladies"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies следователь","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of следователь","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies следователь","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"судебный","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies следователь","gloss":"examining"},{"surface":"следователь","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"magistrate"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to следователь","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"Парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"Нелюдов","lemma":"Нелюдов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Nelyudov"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies два","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on месяца","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"time-extent modifier of прибывший","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies прибывший","gloss":"before","note":"«месяца тому» is the archaic construction for \"months ago/before\"."},{"surface":"прибывший","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying следователь","gloss":"having come"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of прибывший","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербурга","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Петербурга","lemma":"Петербург","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибывший","gloss":"Petersburg"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b9-c2-s28","source":"Потом у нас говорили и даже дивились тому, что все эти лица как будто нарочно соединились в вечер «преступления» вместе в доме исполнительной власти.","translation":"Afterward people among us talked, and even marveled, that all these persons had gathered together, as if on purpose, on the evening of \"the crime,\" in the house of the executive authority.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как будто нарочно соединились","title":"«как будто» + perfective «соединились»","body":"«Как будто нарочно соединились» ('as if on purpose had gathered') joins the simile particle «как будто» to the perfective reflexive «соединились» ('came together'). The «-ся» gives the intransitive 'assembled themselves,' and «нарочно» ('deliberately') drives the eerie coincidence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дивились","title":"«дивиться» — to marvel","body":"«Дивиться» (here imperfective past «дивились») is an old-fashioned, slightly folksy verb for wondering or marvelling, warmer than the neutral «удивляться». It colours the townspeople's gossip with naive astonishment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорили","gloss":"Afterward"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорили","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"говорили","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дивились","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"дивились","lemma":"дивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорили","gloss":"marveled"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of дивились","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of соединились","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of лица","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of лица","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of соединились","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соединились","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соединились","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"соединились","lemma":"соединиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clause modifying тому","gloss":"had gathered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соединились","gloss":"the evening"},{"surface":"преступления","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вечер","gloss":"of the crime"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies соединились","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соединились","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"исполнительной","lemma":"исполнительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies власти","gloss":"executive"},{"surface":"власти","lemma":"власть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"authority"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b9-c2-s29","source":"А между тем дело было гораздо проще и произошло крайне естественно: у супруги Ипполита Кирилловича другой день как болели зубы, и ему надо же было куда-нибудь убежать от ее стонов; врач же уже по существу своему не мог быть вечером нигде иначе как за картами.","translation":"And yet the thing was far simpler and came about quite naturally: Ippolit Kirillovich's wife had had a toothache for the second day running, and he simply had to flee somewhere from her groans; while the doctor, by his very nature, could be nowhere of an evening but at cards.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему надо же было куда-нибудь убежать","title":"Impersonal necessity «надо… было» + dative","body":"«Ему надо было… убежать» ('he had to flee') is the dative-experiencer necessity construction: «надо» + neuter «было» + infinitive, with «ему» in the dative. The inserted «же» adds an exasperated 'after all, he simply had to.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у супруги Ипполита Кирилловича… болели зубы","title":"«у + genitive» for 'have' with a body part","body":"«У супруги… болели зубы» ('the wife's teeth ached / she had a toothache') uses the «у» + genitive possessor frame; «зубы» is the grammatical subject and «болели» agrees with it. This is how Russian states bodily ailments — the sufferer in the genitive after «у»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не мог быть… нигде иначе как за картами","title":"Negative concord «не… нигде»","body":"«Не мог быть… нигде иначе как…» ('could be nowhere else but…') shows Russian's obligatory negative concord: the verb keeps «не» even with the negative adverb «нигде». 'By his very nature' he 'could be nowhere of an evening but at cards.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"meanwhile","note":"«между тем» together is the idiom \"yet, meanwhile\"."},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom между","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of проще","gloss":"the thing"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to проще","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"гораздо","lemma":"гораздо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проще","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"проще","lemma":"простой","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"simpler"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"произошло","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проще","gloss":"came about"},{"surface":"крайне","lemma":"крайне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies естественно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"естественно","lemma":"естественно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произошло","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking супруги","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"супруги","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of болели","gloss":"the wife"},{"surface":"Ипполита","lemma":"Ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to супруги","gloss":"of Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кирилловича","lemma":"Кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполита","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"time-extent modifier of болели","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"connects день to болели","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"болели","lemma":"болеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"modifies день","gloss":"had ached"},{"surface":"зубы","lemma":"зуб","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of болели","gloss":"teeth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of the clause, governs убежать","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убежать","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убежать","gloss":"-where"},{"surface":"убежать","lemma":"убежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"flee"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стонов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of стонов","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"стонов","lemma":"стон","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of убежать","gloss":"groans"},{"surface":"врач","lemma":"врач","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies врач","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies существу","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking существу","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"существу","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of существу","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to вечером","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"вечером","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"of an evening"},{"surface":"нигде","lemma":"нигде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иначе","gloss":"nowhere"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces exceptive phrase, modifies иначе","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking картами","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"картами","lemma":"карта","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of иначе","gloss":"cards"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b9-c2-s30","source":"Николай же Парфенович Нелюдов даже еще за три дня рассчитывал прибыть в этот вечер к Михаилу Макаровичу, так сказать, нечаянно, чтобы вдруг и коварно поразить его старшую девицу Ольгу Михайловну тем, что ему известен ее секрет, что он знает, что сегодня день ее рождения и что она нарочно пожелала скрыть его от нашего общества, с тем чтобы не созывать город на танцы.","translation":"As for Nikolai Parfenovich Nelyudov, three whole days before he had been planning to turn up that evening at Mikhail Makarovich's, casually, so to speak, in order to startle, suddenly and slyly, the elder of the girls, Olga Mikhailovna, with the fact that he knew her secret — that he knew today was her birthday, and that she had deliberately tried to hide it from our society so as not to summon the whole town to a dance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы вдруг и коварно поразить","title":"Purpose clause «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«Чтобы… поразить» ('in order to startle') is the purpose construction «чтобы» + infinitive (same subject), built on the irrealis «бы» fused into «чтобы». The perfective «поразить» names the intended single coup."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рассчитывал прибыть… так сказать, нечаянно","title":"Imperfective intention vs perfective goal","body":"«Рассчитывал» (imperfective, 'was planning/reckoning') frames an ongoing intention, against the perfective infinitive «прибыть» ('to arrive [the once]'). «Так сказать, нечаянно» ('so to speak, by accident') is the studied casualness of his scheme."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не созывать город на танцы","title":"«чтобы не» — negated purpose","body":"«С тем чтобы не созывать…» ('so as not to summon…') negates the purpose clause; with «не», the imperfective infinitive «созывать» is idiomatic ('avoid doing'), where a positive purpose might choose the perfective. Olga hides her birthday precisely to prevent a dance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассчитывал","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Николай","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"Парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"Нелюдов","lemma":"Нелюдов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Парфенович","gloss":"Nelyudov"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"as early as"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дня","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассчитывал","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"рассчитывал","lemma":"рассчитывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been planning"},{"surface":"прибыть","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of рассчитывал","gloss":"to turn up"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибыть","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Михаилу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Михаилу","lemma":"Михаил","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибыть","gloss":"Mikhail's"},{"surface":"Макаровичу","lemma":"Макарович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаилу","gloss":"Makarovich's"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with прибыть","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"нечаянно","lemma":"нечаянно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассчитывал","gloss":"casually"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поразить","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразить","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"коварно","lemma":"коварно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with вдруг","gloss":"slyly"},{"surface":"поразить","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on нечаянно","gloss":"startle"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of девицу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"старшую","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девицу","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"девицу","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поразить","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"Ольгу","lemma":"Ольга","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to девицу","gloss":"Olga"},{"surface":"Михайловну","lemma":"Михайловна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Ольгу","gloss":"Mikhailovna"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поразить","gloss":"with the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of известен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of известен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"известен","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of секрет","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"секрет","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of известен","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to известен","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сегодня","lemma":"сегодня","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies день","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the elliptical clause","gloss":"was the day"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of рождения","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"рождения","lemma":"рождение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"of birth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пожелала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пожелала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пожелала","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"пожелала","lemma":"пожелать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to известен","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"скрыть","lemma":"скрыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of пожелала","gloss":"to hide"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of скрыть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking общества","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of общества","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"общества","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрыть","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of скрыть","gloss":"as","note":"«с тем чтобы» together is the idiom \"so as to\"."},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of созывать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies созывать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"созывать","lemma":"созывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"summon"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of созывать","gloss":"the town"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking танцы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"танцы","lemma":"танец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of созывать","gloss":"a dance"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b9-c2-s31","source":"Предстояло много смеху и намеков на ее лета, что она будто бы боится их обнаружить, что теперь так как он владетель ее секрета, то завтра же всем расскажет, и проч., и проч.","translation":"There would be much laughter ahead, and teasing about her years — that she was, as it were, afraid to reveal them; that now, since he held the key to her secret, he would tell everyone tomorrow, and so on, and so on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Предстояло много смеху","title":"Impersonal «предстояло» + genitive «смеху»","body":"«Предстояло много смеху» ('much laughter lay ahead') is impersonal — neuter «предстояло» with no nominative subject — and «много» governs the genitive «смеху», an old partitive genitive ending («-у» rather than «-а»). A flavourful 19th-century form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что она будто бы боится их обнаружить","title":"Reported clause with «будто бы»","body":"«Что она будто бы боится…» reports the content of the teasing with «что», while «будто бы» ('as if, supposedly') flags it as alleged. «Боится» governs the infinitive «обнаружить» ('to reveal') — 'afraid to reveal them.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"владетель ее секрета","title":"«владетель» — possessor, master","body":"«Владетель» is an elevated, slightly archaic word for an owner or holder (cf. «владеть», to possess) — 'master of her secret.' Its grandeur is playful here: the magistrate enjoys lording his little discovery over Olga."}],"words":[{"surface":"Предстояло","lemma":"предстоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay ahead"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Предстояло","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"смеху","lemma":"смех","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of много, logical subject of Предстояло","gloss":"laughter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"намеков","lemma":"намёк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with смеху","gloss":"teasing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лета","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of лета","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"лета","lemma":"лета","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"modifies намеков","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of боится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of боится","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боится","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"боится","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of намеков","gloss":"was afraid"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of обнаружить","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"обнаружить","lemma":"обнаружить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of боится","gloss":"to reveal"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of расскажет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies владетель","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of владетель","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of владетель","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"владетель","lemma":"владетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of causal clause modifying расскажет","gloss":"held the key"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of секрета","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"секрета","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies владетель","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of расскажет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies расскажет","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies завтра","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of расскажет","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"расскажет","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to боится","gloss":"would tell"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"abbreviation, invariant","role":"coordinated with расскажет","gloss":"so on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"abbreviation, invariant","role":"coordinated with расскажет","gloss":"so on"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b9-c2-s32","source":"Милый молоденький человечек был на этот счет большой шалун, его так и прозвали у нас дамы шалуном, и ему, кажется, это очень нравилось.","translation":"The dear young fellow was a great tease in such matters; the ladies among us had nicknamed him \"the rascal,\" and it seems he rather liked it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молоденький человечек","title":"Double diminutive «молоденький человечек»","body":"Both words are diminished for affection: «молоденький» ('young' with the endearing «-еньк-») and «человечек» ('little fellow' from «человек»). The narrator's fondness for the magistrate is built right into the morphology."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шалун","title":"«шалун» — a rascal, a tease","body":"A «шалун» (from «шалить», to be naughty/play pranks) is a mischief-maker or 'rascal,' here a fond nickname the ladies gave him. We render it 'the rascal'; it is teasing, not censorious."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его так и прозвали у нас дамы шалуном","title":"«прозвать» + instrumental of the name","body":"«Прозвали… шалуном» ('nicknamed [him] the rascal') puts the name «шалуном» in the instrumental — the case naming verbs (звать, называть, прозвать) use for what one is called. «Так и прозвали» ('that's just what they dubbed him') is emphatic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Милый","lemma":"милый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человечек","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"молоденький","lemma":"молоденький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человечек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человечек","lemma":"человечек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шалун","gloss":"fellow"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to шалун","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счет","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of счет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"счет","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of был","gloss":"regard"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies шалун","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"шалун","lemma":"шалун","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"tease"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прозвали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прозвали","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"прозвали","lemma":"прозвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"had nicknamed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of прозвали","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of прозвали","gloss":"the ladies"},{"surface":"шалуном","lemma":"шалун","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of прозвали","gloss":"the rascal"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of нравилось","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies нравилось","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нравилось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нравилось","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"нравилось","lemma":"нравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прозвали","gloss":"liked"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b9-c2-s33","source":"Впрочем, он был весьма хорошего общества, хорошей фамилии, хорошего воспитания и хороших чувств и хотя жуир, но весьма невинный и всегда приличный.","translation":"He was, for all that, of very good society, of a good family, of a good upbringing and good feelings, and though a pleasure-seeker, a very harmless one and always proper.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хорошего общества, хорошей фамилии, хорошего воспитания и хороших чувств","title":"Anaphoric genitive of quality","body":"A fourfold «хорошего… хорошей… хорошего… хороших» («good society, good family, good upbringing, good feelings») all stand in the genitive of description, with «хороший» agreeing in gender/number/case each time. The drumbeat repetition gently mocks the catalogue of respectability."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"жуир","title":"«жуир» — a bon vivant","body":"«Жуир» is a Gallicism (from French jouir, 'to enjoy') for a pleasure-seeking man-about-town, a bon vivant. The borrowed word itself signals the fashionable, Frenchified gentility the narrator is sketching."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фамилии","title":"«фамилия» — family/lineage (false friend)","body":"Here «хорошей фамилии» means 'of good family/lineage,' an older sense; modern «фамилия» usually means 'surname.' A gentle false-friend trap for the learner — context (good upbringing, good feelings) makes the 'family stock' reading plain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb, modifies был","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошего","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"хорошего","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies общества","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"общества","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"predicate genitive complement of был","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"хорошей","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фамилии","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"фамилии","lemma":"фамилия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with общества","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"хорошего","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воспитания","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"воспитания","lemma":"воспитание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with общества","gloss":"upbringing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хороших","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies чувств","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"чувств","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with общества","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жуир","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"жуир","lemma":"жуир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"concessive predicate, coordinated with невинный","gloss":"a pleasure-seeker"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невинный","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"невинный","lemma":"невинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with жуир","gloss":"harmless"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приличный","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"приличный","lemma":"приличный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with невинный","gloss":"proper"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b9-c2-s34","source":"С виду он был маленького роста, слабого и нежного сложения.","translation":"In appearance he was small of stature, of a frail and delicate build.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"маленького роста, слабого и нежного сложения","title":"Genitive of physical description","body":"«Маленького роста… слабого и нежного сложения» ('of small stature, of a frail and delicate build') describes appearance with the genitive of quality — a verbless characterising phrase typical of portrait-sketching in 19th-century prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, partitive genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition С","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to роста","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"маленького","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies роста","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"роста","lemma":"рост","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был, coordinated with сложения","gloss":"of stature"},{"surface":"слабого","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сложения","gloss":"frail"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нежного","lemma":"нежный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with слабого","gloss":"delicate"},{"surface":"сложения","lemma":"сложение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of был, coordinated with роста","gloss":"build"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b9-c2-s35","source":"На тоненьких и бледненьких пальчиках его всегда сверкали несколько чрезвычайно крупных перстней.","translation":"On his thin, pale little fingers there always glittered several extraordinarily large rings.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тоненьких и бледненьких пальчиках","title":"Cluster of diminutives","body":"«Тоненьких… бледненьких… пальчиках» heaps three diminutives — 'thin little, pale little fingers' — onto the magistrate's delicate hands. The «-еньк-» / «-ик» suffixes convey daintiness, almost effeminacy, mirroring his frail, foppish figure."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальчиках","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тоненьких","lemma":"тоненький","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies пальчиках","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бледненьких","lemma":"бледненький","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"coordinated with тоненьких","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"пальчиках","lemma":"пальчик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сверкали","gloss":"fingers"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifying пальчиках","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сверкали","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"сверкали","lemma":"сверкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glittered"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on перстней","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies крупных","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"крупных","lemma":"крупный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies перстней","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"перстней","lemma":"перстень","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сверкали","gloss":"rings"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b9-c2-s36","source":"Когда же исполнял свою должность, то становился необыкновенно важен, как бы до святыни понимая свое значение и свои обязанности.","translation":"But when he was carrying out his duties, he would take on an extraordinary air of importance, as though he grasped the meaning of his role and his obligations to the point of holiness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"становился необыкновенно важен","title":"Short adjective predicate «важен»","body":"«Важен» is the short form of «важный» ('important, self-important'), used predicatively after «становился» to mark the assumed, momentary air of gravity. The short adjective gives a more bookish, state-describing flavour than the long form would."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы до святыни понимая свое значение","title":"Gerund «понимая» with «как бы»","body":"«Как бы… понимая» ('as though grasping') is an imperfective gerund hung on «становился», with «как бы» hedging it and «до святыни» ('to the point of holiness') stretching the irony of his self-importance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies исполнял","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Когда","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"исполнял","lemma":"исполнять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on становился","gloss":"was carrying out"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of должность","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"должность","lemma":"должность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of исполнял","gloss":"duties"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the clause of становился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"становился","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would take on"},{"surface":"необыкновенно","lemma":"необыкновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важен","gloss":"extraordinarily"},{"surface":"важен","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of становился","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking святыни","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"святыни","lemma":"святыня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of понимая","gloss":"holiness"},{"surface":"понимая","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on важен","gloss":"grasping"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of значение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"значение","lemma":"значение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимая","gloss":"meaning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of обязанности","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"обязанности","lemma":"обязанность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with значение","gloss":"obligations"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b9-c2-s37","source":"Особенно умел он озадачивать при допросах убийц и прочих злодеев из простонародья и действительно возбуждал в них если не уважение к себе, то всё же некоторое удивление.","translation":"He had a particular knack for disconcerting murderers and other malefactors of the common people under interrogation, and really did rouse in them, if not respect for himself, then at least a certain wonder.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из простонародья","title":"«простонародье» — the common people","body":"«Простонародье» ('the common folk, the lower orders') is the educated classes' somewhat condescending term for the uneducated peasantry and townsfolk. The magistrate's knack is precisely for unsettling 'murderers and malefactors of the common people' — a class detail."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возбуждал в них если не уважение… то… удивление","title":"Correlative «если не… то»","body":"«Если не… то» ('if not… then [at least]') is a fixed concessive correlative scaling down the claim: he roused in them 'if not respect, then at least a certain wonder.' «Возбуждал» (imperfective) marks the habitual effect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умел","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"умел","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had a knack"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"озадачивать","lemma":"озадачивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умел","gloss":"to disconcert"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking допросах","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"допросах","lemma":"допрос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of озадачивать","gloss":"interrogations"},{"surface":"убийц","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies допросах","gloss":"murderers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прочих","lemma":"прочий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies злодеев","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"злодеев","lemma":"злодей","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with убийц","gloss":"malefactors"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking простонародья","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"простонародья","lemma":"простонародье","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies злодеев","gloss":"common people"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возбуждал","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"возбуждал","lemma":"возбуждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with умел","gloss":"roused"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of возбуждал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уважение","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уважение","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уважение","lemma":"уважение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of возбуждал","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"modifies уважение","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative particle","role":"introduces the second object of возбуждал","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom всё же, modifies удивление","gloss":"still","note":"«всё же» is an idiom meaning \"all the same / at least\"."},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of удивление","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"удивление","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of возбуждал, coordinated with уважение","gloss":"wonder"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b9-c2-s38","source":"Петр Ильич, войдя к исправнику, был просто ошеломлен: он вдруг увидал, что там всё уже знают.","translation":"Pyotr Ilyich, on entering the police captain's, was simply dumbfounded: he saw at once that everyone there already knew.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"войдя к исправнику","title":"Perfective gerund «войдя»","body":"«Войдя» is the perfective past gerund of «войти» ('having entered'), marking an action completed just before the main verb — 'on entering… he was dumbfounded.' «К исправнику» uses «к» + dative for going to a person's place."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"там всё уже знают","title":"Generic «всё знают» in the present","body":"«Там всё уже знают» ('everyone there already knows') keeps the present tense inside reported perception, with a subjectless generic plural «знают» ('they/everyone know'). The vivid present makes Pyotr Ilyich's sudden realisation immediate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ошеломлен","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"войдя","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ошеломлен","gloss":"on entering"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исправнику","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"исправнику","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войдя","gloss":"the police captain's"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ошеломлен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ошеломлен","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"ошеломлен","lemma":"ошеломить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dumbfounded"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of увидал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидал","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"увидал","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to ошеломлен","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знают","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знают","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знают","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знают","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"знают","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of увидал","gloss":"knew"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b9-c2-s39","source":"Действительно, карты бросили, все стояли и рассуждали, и даже Николай Парфенович прибежал от барышень и имел самый боевой и стремительный вид.","translation":"Indeed, the cards had been thrown down, everyone was standing and debating, and even Nikolai Parfenovich had run in from the young ladies, with the most warlike and impetuous air.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"карты бросили, все стояли и рассуждали","title":"Perfective event against imperfective backdrop","body":"«Бросили» (perfective, 'had thrown down') is the single completed act, while «стояли и рассуждали» (imperfective, 'were standing and debating') paint the ongoing scene around it — the aspect contrast that drives Russian narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прибежал от барышень","title":"Prefixed motion verb «прибежать» + «от»","body":"«Прибежал» is the perfective prefixed motion verb (при- 'arrival' + бежать 'run') — 'came running in'; «от барышень» ('from the young ladies') uses «от» + genitive for movement away from people. The prefix фixes both direction and completion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"барышень","title":"«барышня» — a young lady","body":"«Барышня» was the polite term for an unmarried young gentlewoman, the daughter of the house. «От барышень» places the magistrate's flight from flirtation in the next room to the men's grave council — a small comic stage-direction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросили","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"карты","lemma":"карта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of бросили","gloss":"cards"},{"surface":"бросили","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (impersonal)","gloss":"had thrown down"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стояли","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"стояли","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бросили","gloss":"was standing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассуждали","lemma":"рассуждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стояли","gloss":"debating"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Николай","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибежал","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"Парфенович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"прибежал","lemma":"прибежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросили","gloss":"had run in"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барышень","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"барышень","lemma":"барышня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прибежал","gloss":"the young ladies"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прибежал","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"particle, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies боевой","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"боевой","lemma":"боевой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вид","gloss":"warlike"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стремительный","lemma":"стремительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with боевой","gloss":"impetuous"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"air"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b9-c2-s40","source":"Петра Ильича встретило ошеломляющее известие, что старик Федор Павлович действительно и в самом деле убит в этот вечер в своем доме, убит и ограблен.","translation":"Pyotr Ilyich was met by the staggering news that old Fyodor Pavlovich had really and truly been killed that very evening in his own house — killed and robbed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Петра Ильича встретило… известие","title":"Inverted subject–object order","body":"Literally 'Pyotr Ilyich (acc.) was met by the news (nom.)' — the object «Петра Ильича» leads and the subject «известие» follows, the verb agreeing with «известие». Free word order lets the news land as the stressed, end-weighted element."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"убит и ограблен","title":"Short passive participles «убит, ограблен»","body":"«Убит» and «ограблен» are short-form past passive participles ('killed,' 'robbed') stating the result. They are the heart of the periphrastic passive (here without «был»): Fyodor Pavlovich 'was killed and robbed.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Петра","lemma":"Пётр","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встретило","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильича","lemma":"Ильич","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Петра","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"встретило","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was met by"},{"surface":"ошеломляющее","lemma":"ошеломляющий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies известие","gloss":"staggering"},{"surface":"известие","lemma":"известие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of встретило","gloss":"news"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive убит","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старик","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убит","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of убит","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"убит","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying известие","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечер","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вечер","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вечер","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убит","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of доме","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убит","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"убит","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убит","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ограблен","lemma":"ограбить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убит","gloss":"robbed"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b9-c2-s41","source":"Узналось же это только сейчас пред тем следующим образом.","translation":"It had come to light only just now, in the following way.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Узналось же это","title":"Reflexive «-ся» impersonal + «же»","body":"«Узналось» is the «-ся» middle/passive of «узнать» ('it became known, came to light'), with «это» as subject. The connective «же» eases into the explanation that follows — 'and it came out thus.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Узналось","lemma":"узнаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to light"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Узналось","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Узналось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Узналось","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"следующим","lemma":"следующий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies образом","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Узналось","gloss":"way"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b9-c2-s42","source":"Марфа Игнатьевна, супруга поверженного у забора Григория, хотя и спала крепким сном на своей постеле и могла бы так проспать еще до утра, вдруг, однако же, пробудилась.","translation":"Marfa Ignatyevna, the wife of Grigory who lay struck down by the fence, though she was sleeping soundly in her bed and might have gone on sleeping so until morning, suddenly, all the same, woke up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"супруга поверженного у забора Григория","title":"Pre-posed participial phrase «поверженного у забора»","body":"«Поверженного у забора» ('struck down by the fence') is a past passive participle in the genitive, agreeing with «Григория» and packed in front of the noun — a bookish, weighty embedding ('Grigory, who had been struck down by the fence')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"могла бы так проспать… вдруг, однако же, пробудилась","title":"Conditional «могла бы» vs perfective event","body":"«Могла бы… проспать» ('might have gone on sleeping') is the irrealis «бы» + past form — what would have happened; «вдруг… пробудилась» ('suddenly woke up') is the perfective that actually breaks in. The «однако же» ('all the same') marks the reversal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя и спала… вдруг, однако же","title":"Concessive «хотя… однако»","body":"«Хотя и спала крепким сном… однако же… пробудилась» frames the concession 'though she slept soundly… yet she woke.' «Крепким сном» is an instrumental of manner ('with a sound sleep')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"Марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пробудилась","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"Игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"супруга","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марфа","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"поверженного","lemma":"поверженный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying Григория","gloss":"struck down"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забора","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"забора","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поверженного","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of супруга","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спала","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спала","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"спала","lemma":"спать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пробудилась","gloss":"was sleeping"},{"surface":"крепким","lemma":"крепкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сном","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"сном","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спала","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking постеле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of постеле","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"постеле","lemma":"постель","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спала","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спала","gloss":"might have"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of могла","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проспать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"проспать","lemma":"проспать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"kept sleeping"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утра","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утра","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проспать","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пробудилась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пробудилась","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"пробудилась","lemma":"пробудиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"woke up"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b9-c2-s43","source":"Способствовал тому страшный эпилептический вопль Смердякова, лежавшего в соседней комнатке без сознания, — тот вопль, которым всегда начинались его припадки падучей и которые всегда, во всю жизнь, страшно пугали Марфу Игнатьевну и действовали на нее болезненно.","translation":"What brought it about was the terrible epileptic shriek of Smerdyakov, who lay senseless in the little room next door — that shriek with which his fits of the falling sickness always began, and which all her life had always frightened Marfa Ignatyevna dreadfully and worked on her like an illness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"падучая","title":"«падучая (болезнь)» — the falling sickness","body":"«Падучая» is an old folk name for epilepsy, literally 'the falling (disease),' from «падать», 'to fall.' Dostoevsky pairs it here with the bookish «эпилептический»; we keep the same contrast in English by rendering «падучая» as 'the falling sickness' against 'epileptic.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лежавшего… без сознания","title":"Past active participle «лежавшего»","body":"«Лежавшего» ('who was lying') is an imperfective past active participle in the genitive, agreeing with «Смердякова» and folding 'who lay senseless in the next room' into the noun phrase. The imperfective stem gives the ongoing state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которым всегда начинались его припадки","title":"Relative «который» in the instrumental","body":"«Тот вопль, которым всегда начинались его припадки» — 'the shriek with which his fits always began.' «Который» agrees with «вопль» in gender/number but takes the instrumental its own clause demands (начинаться + instrumental of means). A textbook case of который's split agreement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Способствовал","lemma":"способствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought it about"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of Способствовал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"страшный","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопль","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"эпилептический","lemma":"эпилептический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопль","gloss":"epileptic"},{"surface":"вопль","lemma":"вопль","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Способствовал","gloss":"shriek"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопль","gloss":"Smerdyakov's"},{"surface":"лежавшего","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Смердякова","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнатке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"соседней","lemma":"соседний","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнатке","gloss":"the next"},{"surface":"комнатке","lemma":"комнатка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежавшего","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сознания","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"сознания","lemma":"сознание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежавшего","gloss":"consciousness"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопль","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вопль","lemma":"вопль","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"resumes вопль, antecedent of которым and которые","gloss":"shriek"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of начинались","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начинались","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"начинались","lemma":"начинаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on вопль","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of припадки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"припадки","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of начинались","gloss":"fits"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies припадки","gloss":"of the falling sickness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of пугали, coordinated with которым","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пугали","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пугали","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пугали","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"пугали","lemma":"пугать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начинались","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"Марфу","lemma":"Марфа","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of пугали","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевну","lemma":"Игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марфу","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"действовали","lemma":"действовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пугали","gloss":"worked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of действовали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"болезненно","lemma":"болезненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies действовали","gloss":"like an illness"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b9-c2-s44","source":"Не могла она к ним никогда привыкнуть.","translation":"She could never get used to them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не могла она к ним никогда привыкнуть","title":"Negative concord and inversion","body":"«Не могла… никогда привыкнуть» pairs «не» on the verb with the negative adverb «никогда» — obligatory negative concord ('she could never get used [to them]'). Fronting «не могла она» throws emphatic weight onto her lifelong inability. «К ним» is «к» + dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of привыкнуть","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привыкнуть","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"привыкнуть","lemma":"привыкнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"get used"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b9-c2-s45","source":"Спросонья она вскочила и почти без памяти бросилась в каморку к Смердякову.","translation":"Half-asleep, she sprang up and rushed almost out of her wits into Smerdyakov's little cubbyhole.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Спросонья","title":"«спросонья» — half-asleep, fresh from sleep","body":"«Спросонья» is a fixed adverb (from «со» + «сон») meaning 'while still half-asleep, in a daze of sleep.' It frames her panicked rush as the muddled action of someone just startled awake."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочила и… бросилась в каморку","title":"Chain of perfectives with «-ся»","body":"«Вскочила… бросилась» — two perfective past verbs, the second reflexive («броситься», to fling oneself) — drive the action forward as a quick sequence of completed events. «В каморку» is «в» + accusative for motion into a place."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"каморку","title":"«каморка» — a tiny room","body":"A «каморка» is a cramped little room, cubbyhole, or closet — pejorative-diminutive in feel. It fixes Smerdyakov's lowly lodging as a servant in the Karamazov house."}],"words":[{"surface":"Спросонья","lemma":"спросонья","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочила","gloss":"half-asleep"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскочила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вскочила","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies без памяти","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking памяти","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"памяти","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"her wits"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочила","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каморку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"каморку","lemma":"каморка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"cubbyhole"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смердякову","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Смердякову","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"to Smerdyakov"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b9-c2-s46","source":"Но там было темно, слышно было только, что больной начал страшно храпеть и биться.","translation":"But it was dark in there; she could hear only that the sick man had begun to snore and thrash about horribly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"там было темно, слышно было только","title":"Impersonal predicatives «темно», «слышно»","body":"«Было темно» ('it was dark') and «слышно было» ('one could hear') are impersonal constructions built on neuter predicative adverbs with «было» and no subject — the standard Russian way of stating ambient conditions and perceptions."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"больной начал… храпеть и биться","title":"Phasal «начал» + imperfective infinitives","body":"«Начал храпеть и биться» ('began to snore and thrash') — the phasal verb «начать» takes imperfective infinitives, since beginning an action implies its process. «Больной» ('the sick man') is a substantivised adjective. «Биться» is reflexive, 'to struggle/thrash.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies темно","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to темно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"темно","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"слышно","lemma":"слышный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with темно","gloss":"audible"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to слышно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слышно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"the sick man"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of слышно","gloss":"had begun"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies храпеть","gloss":"horribly"},{"surface":"храпеть","lemma":"храпеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to snore"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"биться","lemma":"биться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with храпеть","gloss":"to thrash about"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b9-c2-s47","source":"Тут Марфа Игнатьевна закричала сама и начала было звать мужа, но вдруг сообразила, что ведь Григория-то на кровати, когда она вставала, как бы и не было.","translation":"At this Marfa Ignatyevna cried out herself and was about to call her husband, when suddenly it dawned on her that Grigory had not, it seemed, been in the bed when she got up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг сообразила, что… Григория-то… как бы и не было","title":"Genitive of negated existence","body":"«Григория… не было» ('Grigory was not [there]') puts the subject of a negated existential in the genitive — the obligatory genitive with «не было». «Как бы и не было» hedges it ('seemed not to have been there')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Григория-то","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «Григория-то» is the topic-emphasising particle ('Grigory, you see / as for Grigory') — distinct from indefinite «кто-то». It spotlights the known topic just as her dawning alarm settles on him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"начала было звать","title":"The «было» of the interrupted attempt","body":"«Начала было звать» uses the special particle «было» (frozen, invariable) that marks an action begun and then broken off — 'she was just about to call… but [suddenly].' It is a distinctive Russian device for the action that didn't get to happen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закричала","gloss":"at this"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"Марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of закричала","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"Игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"закричала","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies закричала","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with закричала","gloss":"was about"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"about to"},{"surface":"звать","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начала","gloss":"to call"},{"surface":"мужа","lemma":"муж","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of звать","gloss":"her husband"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообразила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"сообразила","lemma":"сообразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with закричала","gloss":"realized"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"Григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"logical subject of было","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to Григория","gloss":"[emphasis]"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровати","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"кровати","lemma":"кровать","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вставала","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вставала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вставала","lemma":"вставать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on было","gloss":"got up"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не было","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of сообразила","gloss":"been"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b9-c2-s48","source":"Она подбежала к кровати и ощупала ее вновь, но кровать была в самом деле пуста.","translation":"She ran to the bed and felt over it again, but the bed was indeed empty.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"подбежала… и ощупала ее вновь","title":"Sequenced perfectives","body":"«Подбежала… ощупала» — perfective prefixed verbs ('ran up… felt over') chaining two completed actions. «Подбежать» (под- 'up to' + бежать) gives motion right up to the bed; «вновь» ('again') marks the repeated groping."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кровать была в самом деле пуста","title":"Short adjective «пуста»","body":"«Пуста» is the short form of «пустой» ('empty'), predicate after «была» — 'the bed was indeed empty.' The short form here states the bare, confirmed fact, sharpening the dread."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подбежала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"подбежала","lemma":"подбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровати","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"кровати","lemma":"кровать","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подбежала","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ощупала","lemma":"ощупать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подбежала","gloss":"felt over"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ощупала","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ощупала","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"кровать","lemma":"кровать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to пуста","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пуста","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"пуста","lemma":"пустой","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"complement of была","gloss":"empty"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b9-c2-s49","source":"Стало быть, он ушел, куда же?","translation":"So he had gone out, but where?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стало быть, он ушел, куда же?","title":"«стало быть» and the particle «же» in a question","body":"«Стало быть» is the conversational 'so, therefore' (literally 'it became to be'). «Куда же?» fires off the question with «же» adding urgency — 'but where [on earth]?' — slipping into her free indirect thought."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он ушел","title":"Prefixed motion «уйти» (perfective)","body":"«Ушёл» is the perfective of «уходить/уйти» ('went away, left'), the у- prefix marking departure and the perfective marking the completed exit — 'he had gone out.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть, parallel clause to ушел","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Стало","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ушел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ушел","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had gone out"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of ушел","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies куда","gloss":"but"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b9-c2-s50","source":"Она выбежала на крылечко и робко позвала его с крыльца.","translation":"She ran out onto the little porch and timidly called him from the steps.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"крылечко","title":"Diminutive «крылечко» — the little porch","body":"«Крылечко» is the diminutive of «крыльцо» (the porch/front steps of a Russian house); the «-ечко» suffix gives a homely, modest scale. She steps out onto 'the little porch' to call into the night."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"робко","title":"«робко» — timidly","body":"«Робко» ('timidly, shyly,' from «робкий») recurs in this passage to colour Marfa's frightened approach into the dark garden — a small, repeated brushstroke of her dread."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выбежала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"выбежала","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крылечко","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"крылечко","lemma":"крылечко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбежала","gloss":"the little porch"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"робко","lemma":"робко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позвала","gloss":"timidly"},{"surface":"позвала","lemma":"позвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выбежала","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of позвала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крыльца","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"крыльца","lemma":"крыльцо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of позвала","gloss":"the steps"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b9-c2-s51","source":"Ответа, конечно, не получила, но зато услышала среди ночной тишины откуда-то как бы далеко из сада какие-то стоны.","translation":"She got no answer, of course, but instead, amid the silence of the night, she caught from somewhere — as if far off, from the garden — a kind of groaning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ответа… не получила","title":"Genitive of the negated object","body":"«Ответа… не получила» ('got no answer') shifts the object «ответ» into the genitive «ответа» under negation — the genitive of negation, especially natural with an abstract, non-specific object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но зато услышала","title":"Contrastive «но зато»","body":"«Но зато» ('but instead / but to make up for it') opposes the silence to what she does hear — the compensating counter-conjunction «зато» heightening the eerie 'no answer, but instead… groaning.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы далеко из сада какие-то стоны","title":"Hedging «как бы» and indefinite «какие-то»","body":"«Как бы далеко» ('as if far off') and «какие-то стоны» ('some sort of groaning') both blur the perception: «какие-то» (interrogative + «-то») marks a real but unidentified source. The vagueness mirrors her straining in the dark."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ответа","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of получила (genitive of negation)","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying получила","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates получила","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"получила","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she got"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"pairs with но in 'но зато'","gloss":"instead"},{"surface":"услышала","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with получила","gloss":"she caught"},{"surface":"среди","lemma":"среди","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тишины","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"ночной","lemma":"ночной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тишины","gloss":"night's"},{"surface":"тишины","lemma":"тишина","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of услышала","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies услышала","gloss":"from somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite adverb with откуда","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"pairs with бы, modifies далеко","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies услышала","gloss":"far off"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сада","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"сада","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of далеко","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of стоны","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite phrase with какие","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"стоны","lemma":"стон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of услышала","gloss":"groaning"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b9-c2-s52","source":"Она прислушалась; стоны повторились опять, и ясно стало, что они в самом деле из саду.","translation":"She listened; the groans came again, and it became clear that they were indeed coming from the garden.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоны повторились… ясно стало, что…","title":"Reflexive «повторились» and impersonal «стало ясно»","body":"«Повторились» is the «-ся» middle of «повторить» ('repeated themselves, came again'); «ясно стало» ('it became clear') is impersonal, with neuter «стало» + predicative «ясно» introducing the «что»-clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"из саду","title":"«из саду» — old partitive/locative genitive","body":"«Из саду» uses the special masculine «-у» genitive (beside «из сада»), a survival kept in set spatial phrases — 'out of the garden.' The same noun shows the «в саду» stressed locative elsewhere; «сад» is one of these special nouns."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прислушалась","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"прислушалась","lemma":"прислушаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"стоны","lemma":"стон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of повторились","gloss":"the groans"},{"surface":"повторились","lemma":"повториться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to прислушалась","gloss":"came again"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторились","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стало","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with повторились","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subordinate clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the clause introduced by что","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"idiom 'в самом деле', modifies саду","gloss":"indeed","note":"'в самом деле' is a fixed idiom meaning 'indeed, in fact'."},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking саду","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"саду","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of the elided verb (they were from the garden); archaic genitive-у ending after из (cf. \"из дому\", \"из лесу\"), not locative","gloss":"the garden"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b9-c2-s53","source":"«Господи, словно как тогда Лизавета Смердящая!» — пронеслось в ее расстроенной голове.","translation":"\"Lord, it's just like the time of Lizaveta Smerdyashchaya!\" flashed through her distraught head.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пронеслось в ее расстроенной голове","title":"Reflexive «пронеслось» of a thought","body":"«Пронеслось» (perfective «-ся», 'flashed/rushed through') is the idiom for a thought darting through the mind. «В… голове» is «в» + prepositional (location); «расстроенной» is a past passive participle, 'distraught,' agreeing with «голове»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Господи","title":"«Господи» — vocative 'O Lord'","body":"«Господи» is the Church-Slavonic vocative of «Господь» ('Lord'), surviving only in prayer and exclamation. Marfa's involuntary 'Lord!' is the reflexive piety of a frightened, devout servant — direct address standing outside the sentence's grammar."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative interjection","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"словно","lemma":"словно","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"pairs with как, introduces the comparison","gloss":"just like"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"pairs with словно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Лизавета Смердящая","gloss":"back then"},{"surface":"Лизавета","lemma":"лизавета","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elided comparison clause","gloss":"Lizaveta"},{"surface":"Смердящая","lemma":"смердящая","morphology":"proper noun/epithet, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Лизавета","gloss":"Smerdyashchaya"},{"surface":"пронеслось","lemma":"пронестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of голове","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"расстроенной","lemma":"расстроенный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies голове","gloss":"distraught"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пронеслось","gloss":"head"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b9-c2-s54","source":"Робко сошла она со ступенек и разглядела, что калитка в сад отворена.","translation":"Timidly she came down from the steps and made out that the garden gate stood open.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сошла она со ступенек","title":"Prefixed motion «сойти» + «с» + genitive","body":"«Сошла… со ступенек» ('came down off the steps') is the perfective «сойти» (с- 'down/off' + идти), with «со» + genitive «ступенек» marking movement off a surface. The fronted «робко сошла она» keeps timidity in focus."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разглядела, что калитка… отворена","title":"Short passive participle «отворена»","body":"«Отворена» is the short past passive participle of «отворить» ('opened'), predicate in the «что»-clause — 'that the gate stood open.' The short form names the resulting state of the gate."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"калитка","title":"«калитка» — a garden wicket-gate","body":"A «калитка» is a small gate for people set into a fence or beside the larger «ворота» (carriage gate). The open «калитка» — the way into the garden — is a quiet, ominous clue at the murder scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Робко","lemma":"робко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошла","gloss":"Timidly"},{"surface":"сошла","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came down"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сошла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ступенек","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ступенек","lemma":"ступенька","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сошла","gloss":"the steps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разглядела","lemma":"разглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сошла","gloss":"made out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отворена","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"калитка","lemma":"калитка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive отворена","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of калитка (gate to the garden)","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"отворена","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of разглядела","gloss":"stood open"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b9-c2-s55","source":"«Верно, он, сердечный, там», — подумала она, подошла к калитке и вдруг явственно услышала, что ее зовет Григорий, кличет: «Марфа, Марфа!» — слабым, стенящим, страшным голосом.","translation":"\"He must be there, the poor dear,\" she thought, and went up to the gate, when suddenly she distinctly heard Grigory calling her, crying out, \"Marfa, Marfa!\" in a weak, moaning, dreadful voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сердечный","title":"«сердечный» — poor dear (term of pity)","body":"«Сердечный» (from «сердце», heart) as a substantive is an affectionate-pitying epithet, 'the poor dear, the dear soul.' Marfa's «он, сердечный» wraps her fright for her husband in tenderness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кличет","title":"«кликать» — to call out (folk register)","body":"«Кличет» (from «кликать») is a folk-coloured verb for calling or hailing someone by name, warmer and more rustic than «звать». Doubling «зовёт… кличет» heightens Grigory's desperate cries from the dark."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слабым, стенящим, страшным голосом","title":"Instrumental of manner + present active participle","body":"«Слабым, стенящим, страшным голосом» ('in a weak, moaning, dreadful voice') is the instrumental of manner; «стенящим» is a present active participle ('moaning,' from «стенать»), agreeing in the instrumental with «голосом»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Верно","lemma":"верно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying он...там","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided clause with там","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сердечный","lemma":"сердечный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он","gloss":"the poor dear"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement in the quoted thought (он...там)","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"подумала","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, introduces the quoted thought","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подумала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"подошла","lemma":"подойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подумала","gloss":"went up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking калитке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"калитке","lemma":"калитка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подошла","gloss":"the gate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies услышала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"явственно","lemma":"явственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies услышала","gloss":"distinctly"},{"surface":"услышала","lemma":"услышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подумала","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of зовет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of зовет","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"зовет","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of услышала","gloss":"calling"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of зовет","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"кличет","lemma":"кликать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with зовет","gloss":"crying out"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, vocative/nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quoted name being called by кличет","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, vocative/nominative, feminine, singular","role":"repeats Марфа for emphasis","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"слабым","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"стенящим","lemma":"стенящий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слабым, modifies голосом","gloss":"moaning"},{"surface":"страшным","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with слабым, modifies голосом","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кличет","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b9-c2-s56","source":"«Господи, сохрани нас от беды», — прошептала Марфа Игнатьевна и бросилась на зов и вот таким-то образом и нашла Григория.","translation":"\"Lord, keep us from harm,\" Marfa Ignatyevna whispered, and rushed toward the call — and that was how she came upon Grigory.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сохрани","title":"Imperative «сохрани»","body":"«Сохрани» is the perfective imperative of «сохранить» ('preserve, keep') — addressed to God. The bare, stressed «-и» imperative befits the urgency of a one-off plea."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот таким-то образом и нашла","title":"Emphatic «вот таким-то образом… и»","body":"«Вот таким-то образом и нашла» ('and that was just how she came upon [him]') uses the demonstrative-of-manner «таким образом» with the topicalising «-то» and the focusing «и» — a chatty narrative seam clinching the little episode."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"proper noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative interjection","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"сохрани","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted prayer","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of сохрани","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беды","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"беды","lemma":"беда","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сохрани","gloss":"harm"},{"surface":"прошептала","lemma":"прошептать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прошептала","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошептала","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зов","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"зов","lemma":"зов","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"the call"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies образом","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic suffix on таким","gloss":"(emph.)"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нашла","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нашла","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошептала","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нашла","gloss":"Grigory"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b9-c2-s57","source":"Но нашла не у забора, не на том месте, где он был повержен, а шагов уже за двадцать от забора.","translation":"But she found him not by the fence, not on the spot where he had been struck down, but already some twenty paces from the fence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не у забора, не на том месте, где он был повержен","title":"Repeated «не» and short passive «повержен»","body":"The anaphoric «не у забора, не на том месте» ('not by the fence, not on the spot') sharpens the surprise of where she found him. «Повержен» is a bookish short past passive participle ('struck down'), continuing the elevated register around Grigory's wounding."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"шагов уже за двадцать от забора","title":"Approximation by inversion: «шагов за двадцать»","body":"Putting the counted noun before the numeral — «шагов за двадцать» instead of «за двадцать шагов» — signals approximation ('some twenty paces or so'). «Шагов» is genitive plural after the numeral. A neat idiomatic word-order trick."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"нашла","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found (him)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates у забора","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забора","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"забора","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нашла","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates на... месте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with забора","gloss":"the spot"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повержен","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive повержен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of повержен","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"повержен","lemma":"повергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on месте","gloss":"struck down"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"шагов","lemma":"шаг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"quantified by двадцать","gloss":"paces"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies двадцать","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двадцать","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"двадцать","lemma":"двадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on шагов","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забора","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"забора","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагов","gloss":"the fence"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b9-c2-s58","source":"Потом оказалось, что, очнувшись, он пополз и, вероятно, полз долго, теряя по нескольку раз сознание и вновь впадая в беспамятство.","translation":"It came out afterward that, on coming to, he had crawled — and probably crawled a long while, losing consciousness several times and sinking again into oblivion.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"очнувшись, он пополз","title":"Perfective gerund «очнувшись» + ingressive «пополз»","body":"«Очнувшись» ('having come to') is a perfective past gerund marking the action just before; «пополз» (по- + ползти) is the ingressive perfective 'began to crawl / crawled off.' The prefix «по-» on a motion verb often means 'set off / do for a while.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"теряя… и вновь впадая в беспамятство","title":"Two imperfective gerunds of accompanying action","body":"«Теряя… сознание» and «впадая в беспамятство» are imperfective gerunds ('losing… and sinking [again]'), naming the repeated attendant circumstances of his long crawl. «Впадать в» + accusative is the idiom for falling into a state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оказалось, что","title":"Impersonal «оказалось, что»","body":"«Оказалось, что» ('it turned out that') is an impersonal reporting frame — neuter «-ся» verb with no subject, introducing the «что»-clause. Common for delivering after-the-fact narration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оказалось","gloss":"Afterward"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it came out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пополз","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"очнувшись","lemma":"очнуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пополз","gloss":"on coming to"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пополз","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пополз","lemma":"поползти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of оказалось","gloss":"had crawled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вероятно","lemma":"вероятно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying полз","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"полз","lemma":"ползти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пополз","gloss":"crawled"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полз","gloss":"a long while"},{"surface":"теряя","lemma":"терять","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on полз","gloss":"losing"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"(distributive)"},{"surface":"нескольку","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies раз","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of теряя","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"сознание","lemma":"сознание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of теряя","gloss":"consciousness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies впадая","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"впадая","lemma":"впадать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with теряя","gloss":"sinking"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспамятство","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"беспамятство","lemma":"беспамятство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of впадая","gloss":"oblivion"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b9-c2-s59","source":"Она тотчас заметила, что он весь в крови и тут уж закричала благим матом.","translation":"She noticed at once that he was all covered in blood, and then she screamed at the top of her lungs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"закричала благим матом","title":"«благим матом» — at the top of one's lungs","body":"«Кричать благим матом» is a fixed idiom for screaming desperately, frantically, 'at the top of one's lungs.' «Благим матом» (an instrumental of manner) is opaque and archaic-folk in origin — best learned whole, as the set phrase it is."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он весь в крови","title":"Verbless predicate «весь в крови»","body":"«Он весь в крови» ('he [was] all covered in blood') states a condition with no copula and no verb — «весь» ('all of him') plus «в крови» («в» + prepositional, 'in blood'). The zero-verb construction makes the horror immediate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заметила","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметила","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"заметила","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of крови","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крови","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of он","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"covered in"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of заметила","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закричала","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies закричала","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"закричала","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заметила","gloss":"screamed"},{"surface":"благим","lemma":"благой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"idiom 'благим матом', modifies матом","gloss":"at the top of","note":"'благим матом кричать' is a fixed idiom: 'to scream at the top of one's lungs'."},{"surface":"матом","lemma":"мат","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of закричала","gloss":"her lungs"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b9-c2-s60","source":"Григорий же лепетал тихо и бессвязно: «Убил… отца убил… чего кричишь, дура… беги, зови…»","translation":"Grigory, meanwhile, was babbling softly and incoherently: \"He's killed him… killed his father… what are you screaming for, you fool… run, call someone…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Убил… отца убил","title":"Subjectless perfective and accusative «отца»","body":"Grigory's gasped «убил… отца убил» ('killed… killed [his] father') drops the subject entirely, leaving only the perfective verb «убил» — the bare report of a completed deed. «Отца» is the animate accusative (= genitive) of «отец»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего кричишь, дура… беги, зови","title":"Imperatives and «чего» for «почему»","body":"«Беги, зови» are imperfective imperatives ('run! call!'), urging immediate action. «Чего кричишь» uses colloquial «чего» ('why, what for') in place of «почему», and «дура» ('you fool,' fem.) is rough vocative-style address — the raw speech of a dying man."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лепетал","title":"«лепетать» — to babble","body":"«Лепетать» is to babble, prattle, or mutter brokenly — used of infants' first sounds and, here, of a half-conscious man's incoherent words. «Тихо и бессвязно» ('softly and incoherently') reinforces the failing, fragmentary speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лепетал","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Григорий","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"лепетал","lemma":"лепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was babbling"},{"surface":"тихо","lemma":"тихо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лепетал","gloss":"softly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бессвязно","lemma":"бессвязно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with тихо","gloss":"incoherently"},{"surface":"Убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"he's killed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"repeats Убил for emphasis","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of кричишь (why)","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"кричишь","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"independent clause in the quote","gloss":"are you screaming"},{"surface":"дура","lemma":"дура","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address, coordinated with кричишь","gloss":"you fool"},{"surface":"беги","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"imperative clause coordinated with зови","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"зови","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"imperative clause coordinated with беги","gloss":"call for someone"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b9-c2-s61","source":"Но Марфа Игнатьевна не унималась и всё кричала и вдруг, завидев, что у барина отворено окно и в окне свет, побежала к нему и начала звать Федора Павловича.","translation":"But Marfa Ignatyevna would not let up and kept on screaming, until suddenly, spotting that the master's window stood open and there was light in it, she ran to it and began calling Fyodor Pavlovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не унималась","title":"«униматься» — to grow quiet, calm down","body":"The reflexive «униматься/уняться» means to subside, calm oneself, leave off. The imperfective past «не унималась» pictures Marfa as continuing, unstoppable — she 'would not let up'. The verb recurs of Smerdyakov below («не унимается»)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"завидев, что у барина отворено окно","title":"Perfective gerund «завидев»","body":"«завидев» is a perfective past adverbial participle («деепричастие») from «завидеть» (to catch sight of): 'having caught sight that…'. It compresses a prior, completed action sharing Marfa's subject before the main verb «побежала»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у барина отворено окно","title":"Possessive «у» + short passive participle","body":"«у барина» ('at the master's') is the genitive-of-possession construction with «у»; «отворено» is the neuter short passive participle of «отворить» — 'the window stands opened'. The two together state the master's window as a fixed, perceived result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of унималась","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies унималась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"унималась","lemma":"уняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would not let up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кричала","gloss":"kept on"},{"surface":"кричала","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with унималась","gloss":"screaming"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"завидев","lemma":"завидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on побежала","gloss":"spotting"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отворено","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барина","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"барина","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отворено","gloss":"the master's"},{"surface":"отворено","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of завидев","gloss":"stood open"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive отворено","gloss":"window"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"окне","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies свет (location)","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb, coordinated with окно clause","gloss":"there was light"},{"surface":"побежала","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with кричала","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежала","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with побежала","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"звать","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начала","gloss":"calling"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of звать","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b9-c2-s62","source":"Но, взглянув в окно, увидала страшное зрелище: барин лежал навзничь на полу, без движения.","translation":"But, looking in at the window, she saw a terrible sight: the master lay on his back on the floor, motionless.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взглянув в окно, увидала","title":"Gerund chained to perfective verb","body":"«взглянув» (perfective gerund of «взглянуть», to glance) again gives the prior act — 'having glanced in' — before the perfective «увидала» pushes the story forward to the discovery. This gerund-then-verb rhythm drives the whole paragraph."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"навзничь","title":"«навзничь» — flat on one's back","body":"An old adverb meaning supine, face-up (its opposite is «ничком», face-down). It is vivid and slightly bookish; it tells us Fyodor Pavlovich was struck from behind and fell backward."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зрелище","title":"«зрелище» — a sight, spectacle","body":"A bookish noun for something beheld, often dramatic or terrible. «страшное зрелище» — a 'terrible sight' — raises the register to match the horror of what Marfa sees."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"взглянув","lemma":"взглянуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on увидала","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окно","gloss":"in at"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of взглянув","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"увидала","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"страшное","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies зрелище","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"зрелище","lemma":"зрелище","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of увидала","gloss":"sight"},{"surface":"барин","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"the master"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"explains зрелище (appositive clause)","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"навзничь","lemma":"навзничь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежал","gloss":"on his back"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking движения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"движения","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лежал","gloss":"motion"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b9-c2-s63","source":"Светлый халат и белая рубашка на груди были залиты кровью.","translation":"His light dressing gown and the white shirt over his chest were drenched in blood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"были залиты кровью","title":"Periphrastic passive in the instrumental","body":"«были залиты» is «быть» + the short past passive participle of «залить» (to flood, drench): 'were drenched'. The flooding agent, blood, stands in the instrumental «кровью» — the case that names the means by which the gown was soaked."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"халат","title":"«халат» — dressing gown / robe","body":"A loose house robe worn indoors. The detail of Fyodor Pavlovich in his «светлый халат» fixes the domestic, off-guard moment in which he was killed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Светлый","lemma":"светлый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies халат","gloss":"light-colored"},{"surface":"халат","lemma":"халат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive залиты","gloss":"dressing gown"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"белая","lemma":"белый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рубашка","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"рубашка","lemma":"рубашка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with халат","gloss":"shirt"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рубашка","gloss":"his chest"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of залиты","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"залиты","lemma":"залить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drenched"},{"surface":"кровью","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of залиты","gloss":"in blood"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b9-c2-s64","source":"Свечка на столе ярко освещала кровь и неподвижное мертвое лицо Федора Павловича.","translation":"The candle on the table lit up brightly the blood and the still, dead face of Fyodor Pavlovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Свечка","title":"Diminutive «свечка» — a candle","body":"«свечка» is the everyday diminutive of «свеча» (candle). The suffix here is not emotional but simply colloquial — the small homely candle that lights the murder scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ярко освещала кровь и неподвижное мертвое лицо","title":"Imperfective «освещала» as standing background","body":"The imperfective past «освещала» (was lighting up) holds the candle's glow as a steady, ongoing state — the lit tableau against which the perfective events move. «кровь … лицо» are its accusative direct objects."}],"words":[{"surface":"Свечка","lemma":"свечка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of освещала","gloss":"candle"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"столе","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Свечка","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"ярко","lemma":"ярко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies освещала","gloss":"brightly"},{"surface":"освещала","lemma":"освещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lit up"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of освещала","gloss":"the blood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неподвижное","lemma":"неподвижный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"мертвое","lemma":"мёртвый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with кровь","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich's"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b9-c2-s65","source":"Тут уж в последней степени ужаса Марфа Игнатьевна бросилась от окна, выбежала из сада, отворила воротный запор и побежала сломя голову на зады к соседке Марье Кондратьевне.","translation":"At this, in the last extremity of horror, Marfa Ignatyevna flung herself away from the window, ran out of the garden, threw open the gate bolt, and dashed headlong around to the back, to the neighbor woman Marya Kondratyevna.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросилась … выбежала … отворила … побежала","title":"A chain of perfective verbs","body":"Four perfective past verbs fire in sequence — flung herself, ran out, threw open, dashed — each a single completed act advancing the panic moment by moment. This staccato of perfectives is the narrative engine of the scene."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сломя голову","title":"«сломя голову» — headlong, at breakneck speed","body":"A fixed idiom, literally 'having broken one's head', meaning to rush recklessly and fast. «сломя» is a fossilised gerund surviving only in this expression."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на зады","title":"«на зады» — round to the back","body":"«зады» (plural) are the back parts — the rear yards and lanes behind the houses. «побежала … на зады к соседке» means she ran round behind to the neighbour's."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"воротный запор","title":"Relational adjective «воротный»","body":"«воротный» is an adjective built from «ворота» (gate), agreeing with «запор» (bolt): the 'gate-bolt'. Russian readily turns a noun into such a classifying adjective rather than stacking two nouns."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросилась","gloss":"At this"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Тут","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последней","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"the last"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"extremity"},{"surface":"ужаса","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"of horror"},{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бросилась","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flung herself"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"away from"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"выбежала","lemma":"выбежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросилась","gloss":"ran out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сада","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"сада","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выбежала","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"отворила","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросилась","gloss":"threw open"},{"surface":"воротный","lemma":"воротный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies запор","gloss":"gate"},{"surface":"запор","lemma":"запор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отворила","gloss":"bolt"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"побежала","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросилась","gloss":"dashed"},{"surface":"сломя","lemma":"сломить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"complement of побежала (idiom 'сломя голову')","gloss":"headlong","note":"'сломя голову' is a fixed idiom meaning 'headlong, at breakneck speed'."},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сломя (idiom component)","gloss":"headlong"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зады","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"зады","lemma":"зад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of побежала","gloss":"the back"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соседке","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"соседке","lemma":"соседка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежала","gloss":"the neighbor woman"},{"surface":"Марье","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to соседке","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевне","lemma":"кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марье","gloss":"Kondratyevna"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b9-c2-s66","source":"Обе соседки, мать и дочь, тогда уже започивали, но на усиленный и неистовый стук в ставни и крики Марфы Игнатьевны проснулись и подскочили к окну.","translation":"Both neighbors, mother and daughter, had already gone to bed, but at the violent, frantic banging on the shutters and Marfa Ignatyevna's cries they woke and ran up to the window.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"започивали","title":"«започивать» — to have settled down to sleep","body":"A folksy, slightly elevated verb: «почивать» is a deferential 'to rest/sleep', and the prefix за- gives the inceptive 'had already gone to rest'. The whole register is gently old-fashioned, fitting the peasant-women household."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"на усиленный и неистовый стук … проснулись","title":"«на» + accusative as cause/response","body":"Here «на» with the accusative («на стук … и крики») names the stimulus the women respond to — 'at the banging and cries they woke'. The preposition's accusative government marks the trigger, not motion toward."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неистовый","title":"«неистовый» — frantic, frenzied","body":"A strong literary adjective for uncontrolled, raging intensity. Paired with «усиленный» (redoubled), it conveys how violently Marfa pounded the shutters."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on соседки","gloss":"Both"},{"surface":"соседки","lemma":"соседка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of започивали","gloss":"neighbors"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to соседки","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дочь","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to соседки","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies започивали","gloss":"by then"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies започивали","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"започивали","lemma":"започивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had gone to bed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стук","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"усиленный","lemma":"усиленный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стук","gloss":"violent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"неистовый","lemma":"неистовый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with усиленный","gloss":"frantic"},{"surface":"стук","lemma":"стук","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проснулись","gloss":"banging"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ставни","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ставни","lemma":"ставня","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стук","gloss":"the shutters"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крики","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with стук","gloss":"cries"},{"surface":"Марфы","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies крики","gloss":"Marfa's"},{"surface":"Игнатьевны","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марфы","gloss":"Ignatyevna's"},{"surface":"проснулись","lemma":"проснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with започивали","gloss":"woke"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подскочили","lemma":"подскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with проснулись","gloss":"ran up"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окну","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"окну","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подскочили","gloss":"the window"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b9-c2-s67","source":"Марфа Игнатьевна бессвязно, визжа и крича, передала, однако, главное и звала на помощь.","translation":"Marfa Ignatyevna, incoherently, shrieking and crying out, managed nonetheless to get the main thing across and was calling for help.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"визжа и крича","title":"Two present gerunds of manner","body":"«визжа» (squealing) and «крича» (shouting) are imperfective present gerunds describing the simultaneous manner of Marfa's report — she conveyed the news 'shrieking and crying'. They share her subject with «передала»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"однако","title":"Concessive «однако»","body":"«однако» ('however, nonetheless'), set mid-clause, concedes against «бессвязно» (incoherently): garbled though she was, she nonetheless got the main thing across. It is a more bookish hinge than «но»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Марфа","lemma":"марфа","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of передала and звала","gloss":"Marfa"},{"surface":"Игнатьевна","lemma":"игнатьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марфа","gloss":"Ignatyevna"},{"surface":"бессвязно","lemma":"бессвязно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies передала","gloss":"incoherently"},{"surface":"визжа","lemma":"визжать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with крича, adverbial on передала","gloss":"shrieking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крича","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with визжа","gloss":"crying out"},{"surface":"передала","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, coordinated with звала","gloss":"managed to convey"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying передала","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of передала","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"звала","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with передала","gloss":"was calling"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking помощь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"помощь","lemma":"помощь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of звала","gloss":"help"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b9-c2-s68","source":"Как раз в эту ночь заночевал у них скитающийся Фома.","translation":"It so happened that the wandering Foma had stayed the night with them that very night.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заночевал у них скитающийся Фома","title":"Topic-comment inversion","body":"The new figure 'the wandering Foma' lands in subject-final position, the stressed news of the clause, after the verb and place. Russian's free word order lets the sentence build up to the freshly introduced character."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"скитающийся","title":"Present active participle «скитающийся»","body":"From the reflexive «скитаться» (to wander, roam), this -щийся present active participle means 'wandering', characterising Foma as a vagrant pilgrim. It carries the reflexive -ся and declines as an adjective before «Фома»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom как раз, modifies заночевал","gloss":"exactly","note":"«как раз» is a fixed phrase meaning \"precisely/exactly\"."},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase Как","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заночевал","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"заночевал","lemma":"заночевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had stayed the night"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of заночевал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"скитающийся","lemma":"скитаться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies Фома","gloss":"wandering"},{"surface":"Фома","lemma":"фома","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заночевал","gloss":"Foma"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b9-c2-s69","source":"Мигом подняли его, и все трое побежали на место преступления.","translation":"They roused him in an instant, and all three ran to the scene of the crime.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Мигом","title":"«мигом» — in a flash","body":"An instrumental-adverb from «миг» (an instant) meaning 'in a trice, instantly'. Fronted for emphasis, it conveys how fast they roused Foma."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"все трое побежали","title":"Collective numeral «трое»","body":"«трое» is a collective numeral used for groups of people (especially mixed company), distinct from cardinal «три». «все трое» means 'all three of them' as a set."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на место преступления","title":"«место преступления» — the scene of the crime","body":"A set legal-narrative phrase, 'the place of the crime'. Its formal ring quietly shifts the chapter into the register of investigation that now takes over."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подняли","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"подняли","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they roused"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подняли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of трое","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"трое","lemma":"трое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"subject of побежали","gloss":"three of them"},{"surface":"побежали","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with подняли","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежали","gloss":"the scene"},{"surface":"преступления","lemma":"преступление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"of the crime"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b9-c2-s70","source":"Дорогою Марья Кондратьевна успела припомнить, что давеча, в девятом часу, слышала страшный и пронзительный вопль на всю окрестность из их сада — и это именно был, конечно, тот самый крик Григория, когда он, вцепившись руками в ногу сидевшего уже на заборе Дмитрия Федоровича, прокричал: «Отцеубивец!»","translation":"On the way Marya Kondratyevna managed to recall that earlier that evening, around nine o'clock, she had heard a terrible, piercing shriek across the whole neighborhood from their garden — and that, of course, had been precisely that very cry of Grigory's, when he, clutching with his hands at the leg of Dmitri Fyodorovich, who was already astride the fence, had shouted, \"Parricide!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — a little while ago, earlier today","body":"A colloquial, slightly rustic adverb meaning 'earlier (today)'. It belongs to peasant speech and is just right in Marya Kondratyevna's recollection."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в девятом часу","title":"Ordinal time: «в девятом часу»","body":"Russian tells the hour by the ordinal of the hour-in-progress: «в девятом часу» is literally 'in the ninth hour', i.e. some time after eight, 'around nine'. The ordinal «девятом» is prepositional after «в»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вцепившись руками в ногу сидевшего уже на заборе Дмитрия Федоровича","title":"Gerund + embedded past participle","body":"«вцепившись» is a perfective gerund (having clung), with «руками» instrumental of means. Inside it sits the past active participle «сидевшего» ('who was already sitting'), agreeing in genitive with «Дмитрия Федоровича» — a dense participial nesting typical of Dostoevsky."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вопль","title":"«вопль» — a wail, scream","body":"An expressive, high-pitched word for a cry of anguish or terror. «страшный и пронзительный вопль на всю окрестность» — a shriek heard across the whole neighbourhood — is Grigory's death-cry of the previous chapter."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Отцеубивец","title":"«отцеубивец» — parricide","body":"A heavy compound: «отец» (father) + «убивец» (an old, charged variant of «убийца», killer). 'Father-killer' — Grigory's accusation hurled at Dmitri, and the moral keyword of the whole novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дорогою","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of успела","gloss":"on the way"},{"surface":"Марья","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of успела","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевна","lemma":"кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Марья","gloss":"Kondratyevna"},{"surface":"успела","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"припомнить","lemma":"припомнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успела","gloss":"to recall"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слышала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слышала","gloss":"earlier that evening"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"девятом","lemma":"девятый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies часу","gloss":"ninth"},{"surface":"часу","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышала","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"слышала","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of припомнить","gloss":"she had heard"},{"surface":"страшный","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопль","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пронзительный","lemma":"пронзительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with страшный","gloss":"piercing"},{"surface":"вопль","lemma":"вопль","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слышала","gloss":"shriek"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окрестность","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of окрестность","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"окрестность","lemma":"окрестность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышала","gloss":"neighborhood"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сада","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of сада","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"сада","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies окрестность","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking это and крик","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of был","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of крик","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крик","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"крик","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominative complement of был","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крик","gloss":"Grigory's"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прокричал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вцепившись","lemma":"вцепиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прокричал","gloss":"clutching"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of вцепившись","gloss":"with his hands"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ногу","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вцепившись","gloss":"the leg"},{"surface":"сидевшего","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"modifies Дмитрия","gloss":"who was sitting"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидевшего","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заборе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"заборе","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидевшего","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"Дмитрия","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ногу","gloss":"Dmitri's"},{"surface":"Федоровича","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрия","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on слышала","gloss":"had shouted"},{"surface":"Отцеубивец","lemma":"отцеубивец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct quote, object of прокричал","gloss":"Parricide!"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b9-c2-s71","source":"«Завопил кто-то один и вдруг перестал», — показывала, бежа, Марья Кондратьевна.","translation":"\"Somebody let out one yell and then suddenly stopped,\" Marya Kondratyevna testified later, running as she spoke.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Завопил кто-то один","title":"«завопить» — to let out a yell","body":"The prefix за- gives the inceptive, 'began to wail / let out a yell'. «кто-то один» = 'someone, just one person' — the indefinite «кто-то» pins a specific but unidentified crier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"показывала, бежа","title":"«показывать» (legal) + the gerund «бежа»","body":"Here «показывала» means 'testified, gave evidence' — the report shifts to her later deposition. «бежа», a rare present gerund of «бежать» (running), describes the manner — she testified 'as she ran'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"direct quote, main verb of embedded clause complementing показывала","gloss":"let out a yell"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Завопил","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase кто","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кто-то","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перестал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"перестал","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Завопил","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"показывала","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"testified"},{"surface":"бежа","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on показывала","gloss":"running"},{"surface":"Марья","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of показывала","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевна","lemma":"кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марья","gloss":"Kondratyevna"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b9-c2-s72","source":"Прибежав на место, где лежал Григорий, обе женщины с помощью Фомы перенесли его во флигель.","translation":"Reaching the spot where Grigory lay, the two women, with Foma's help, carried him into the lodge.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прибежав на место, где лежал Григорий","title":"Perfective gerund + relative clause","body":"«Прибежав» (having run up) is a prefixed perfective gerund of motion, the prior action before «перенесли». It heads a «где»-relative clause locating the spot 'where Grigory lay'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с помощью Фомы перенесли его","title":"«с помощью» + genitive","body":"«с помощью» ('with the help of') governs the genitive «Фомы» — a fixed prepositional phrase of means. «перенесли» is perfective: they carried him across, completed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прибежав","lemma":"прибежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on перенесли","gloss":"having run up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Прибежав","gloss":"the spot"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежал","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on место","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on женщины","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of перенесли","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Фомы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"помощью","lemma":"помощь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase с","gloss":"the help"},{"surface":"Фомы","lemma":"фома","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перенесли","gloss":"of Foma"},{"surface":"перенесли","lemma":"перенести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of перенесли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking флигель","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"флигель","lemma":"флигель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перенесли","gloss":"the lodge"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b9-c2-s73","source":"Зажгли огонь и увидали, что Смердяков всё еще не унимается и бьется в своей каморке, скосил глаза, а с губ его текла пена.","translation":"They lit a lamp and saw that Smerdyakov still would not be quieted and was thrashing in his cubbyhole, his eyes turned crooked and foam trickling from his lips.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё еще не унимается и бьется","title":"Present-tense vividness in past narration","body":"After perfective pasts «зажгли … увидали», the report slips into the present «не унимается … бьется … скосил … текла» — a free-indirect 'narrative present' rendering what they saw as if before our eyes. The reflexives -ся (will not be quieted, thrashes) are middle/intransitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в своей каморке","title":"«каморка» — a tiny cramped room","body":"A diminutive of «камора», meaning a cramped little closet or cubbyhole. The pejorative-tinged smallness suits Smerdyakov's mean servant's quarters."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"скосил глаза, а с губ его текла пена","title":"«скосить глаза»; «пена»","body":"«скосил глаза» — his eyes went crooked / squinted askew; «пена» is foam. The detail paints the epileptic fit, the «падучая» (falling sickness) that will become a crux of the investigation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зажгли","lemma":"зажечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they lit"},{"surface":"огонь","lemma":"огонь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Зажгли","gloss":"a light"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"увидали","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Зажгли","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of унимается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of унимается","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies унимается","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies унимается","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies унимается","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"унимается","lemma":"униматься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of увидали","gloss":"would be quieted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бьется","lemma":"биться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with унимается","gloss":"was thrashing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каморке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of каморке","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"каморке","lemma":"каморка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бьется","gloss":"cubbyhole"},{"surface":"скосил","lemma":"скосить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with унимается","gloss":"turned crooked"},{"surface":"глаза","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of скосил","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking губ","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"губ","lemma":"губа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of текла","gloss":"his lips"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies губ","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"текла","lemma":"течь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of a separate clause (subject пена), contrasted via а with the preceding Смердяков clause — not coordinated with унимается","gloss":"trickled"},{"surface":"пена","lemma":"пена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of текла","gloss":"foam"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b9-c2-s74","source":"Голову Григория обмыли водой с уксусом, и от воды он совсем уже опамятовался и тотчас спросил: «Убит аль нет барин?»","translation":"They bathed Grigory's head with water and vinegar, and the water brought him fully to his senses, so that he at once asked: \"Is the master killed or not?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Голову Григория обмыли водой с уксусом","title":"Indefinite-personal plural + instrumental of means","body":"«обмыли» has no stated subject — an indefinite-personal 'they/people washed', common in narration. «водой с уксусом» is instrumental: the means by which they bathed the head. «Голову» is fronted as the topic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"опамятовался","title":"«опамятоваться» — to come to one's senses","body":"A folksy, slightly archaic reflexive from «память» (memory/wits): to regain consciousness and presence of mind. It belongs to the same homely register as Grigory's own speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Убит аль нет барин?","title":"«аль» — dialectal 'or'","body":"«аль» is a colloquial, peasant variant of «или» / «или нет» ('or'). Grigory's first words on waking — 'Is the master killed or not?' — are marked by this rustic particle, characterising his plain old-servant voice."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Убит … барин","title":"Short passive participle «убит»","body":"«убит» is the masculine short form of the past passive participle «убитый» (killed), used predicatively: 'is the master killed?'. The short form states a result-state and is the natural predicative of such participles."}],"words":[{"surface":"Голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обмыли","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Голову","gloss":"of Grigory"},{"surface":"обмыли","lemma":"обмыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they bathed"},{"surface":"водой","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обмыли","gloss":"with water"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уксусом","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уксусом","lemma":"уксус","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обмыли","gloss":"vinegar"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воды","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"воды","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опамятовался","gloss":"the water"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опамятовался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опамятовался","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опамятовался","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"опамятовался","lemma":"опамятоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обмыли","gloss":"had come to his senses"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обмыли","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Убит","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate, modifies барин","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Убит and нет","gloss":"or","note":"«аль» is a dialectal/folk form of «или» (\"or\")."},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with Убит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"барин","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Убит","gloss":"the master"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b9-c2-s75","source":"Обе женщины и Фома пошли тогда к барину и, войдя в сад, увидали на этот раз, что не только окно, но и дверь из дома в сад стояла настежь отпертою, тогда как барин накрепко запирался сам с вечера каждую ночь вот уже всю неделю и даже Григорию ни под каким видом не позволял стучать к себе.","translation":"The two women and Foma then went to the master, and entering the garden they saw this time that not only the window but the door from the house into the garden stood wide open — whereas the master had locked himself fast every night for a whole week now, and would not even allow Grigory, on any account, to knock at his door.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"войдя в сад, увидали … что … дверь … стояла настежь отпертою","title":"Gerund + «что»-clause + instrumental predicative","body":"«войдя» (having entered) is a perfective gerund; it leads to «увидали, что…», a reported «что»-clause. Inside, «дверь … стояла … отпертою» uses the instrumental short-of-long participle «отпертою» as predicate after «стояла» — 'the door stood (in an) unlocked (state)'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тогда как барин накрепко запирался … каждую ночь","title":"«тогда как» + habitual imperfective","body":"«тогда как» ('whereas') sets a contrast; «запирался» is imperfective past, the habitual middle reflexive 'he used to lock himself up' every night for a week — the repeated background against which tonight's open door is the shocking exception."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни под каким видом не позволял","title":"Negative concord «ни … не»","body":"«ни под каким видом» ('on no account whatever') pairs with the verbal «не позволял» in obligatory negative concord — Russian piles ни-phrase and не together for a single emphatic negation: he absolutely would not permit it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"настежь","title":"«настежь» — wide open","body":"A fixed adverb meaning 'all the way open' (of doors, windows, gates). «дверь … стояла настежь» — the door stood wide open, the ominous detail of the whole passage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on женщины","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of пошли","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Фома","lemma":"фома","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with женщины","gloss":"Foma"},{"surface":"пошли","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошли","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барину","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"барину","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошли","gloss":"the master"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"войдя","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on увидали","gloss":"entering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of войдя","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"увидали","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошли","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увидали","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of увидали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of стояла, coordinated with дверь","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase но","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стояла","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дома","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дверь","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дома","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"стояла","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of увидали","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"настежь","lemma":"настежь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стояла","gloss":"wide open"},{"surface":"отпертою","lemma":"отпертый","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"predicate complement of стояла","gloss":"unlocked"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrastive clause of запирался","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"барин","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of запирался","gloss":"the master"},{"surface":"накрепко","lemma":"накрепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запирался","gloss":"fast"},{"surface":"запирался","lemma":"запираться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"contrastive clause modifying стояла","gloss":"locked himself"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies барин","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечера","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"вечера","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запирался","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"каждую","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запирался","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всю","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of неделю","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"неделю","lemma":"неделя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запирался","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Григорию","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Григорию","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of позволял","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"каким","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of видом","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of позволял","gloss":"pretext"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"позволял","lemma":"позволять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with запирался","gloss":"allowed"},{"surface":"стучать","lemma":"стучать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of позволял","gloss":"to knock"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of стучать","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b9-c2-s76","source":"Увидав отворенною эту дверь, все они тотчас же, обе женщины и Фома, забоялись идти к барину, «чтобы не вышло чего потом».","translation":"Seeing that door open, all of them — the two women and Foma — at once grew afraid to go in to the master, \"in case something should come of it later.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Увидав отворенною эту дверь","title":"Gerund + object + instrumental predicative","body":"«Увидав» (having seen) is a perfective gerund taking «эту дверь» as object and «отворенною» (instrumental of the participle 'opened') as a predicative complement — 'having seen this door as open'. The instrumental marks the perceived state of the object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"забоялись","title":"«забояться» — to take fright","body":"The reflexive «бояться» (to fear) with inceptive за-: 'grew afraid, took fright'. The colloquial prefix marks the sudden onset of dread."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не вышло чего потом","title":"«чтобы» + irrealis past + genitive of negation","body":"The peasant fear is voiced as «чтобы не вышло чего потом» — 'lest something come of it later'. «чтобы» governs the irrealis past «вышло»; under negation the indefinite subject appears as genitive «чего» (= 'anything') rather than nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Увидав","lemma":"увидать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on забоялись","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"отворенною","lemma":"отворенный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"predicate complement of дверь, object of Увидав","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дверь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Увидав","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of они","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of забоялись","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies забоялись","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on женщины","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"женщины","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"in apposition to они","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Фома","lemma":"фома","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with женщины","gloss":"Foma"},{"surface":"забоялись","lemma":"забояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew afraid"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of забоялись","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барину","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"барину","lemma":"барин","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"the master"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вышло","gloss":"in case"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вышло","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on забоялись","gloss":"should come of it"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вышло","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышло","gloss":"later"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b9-c2-s77","source":"А Григорий, когда воротились они, велел тотчас же бежать к самому исправнику.","translation":"And Grigory, when they came back, ordered them to run at once to the police captain himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"велел тотчас же бежать к самому исправнику","title":"«велеть» + dative-implied infinitive","body":"«велеть» (to order) takes an infinitive complement, «бежать» — Grigory ordered (them) to run. «к … исправнику» is «к» + dative of direction; «самому» intensifies — 'to the captain himself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of велел","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воротились","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"воротились","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on велел","gloss":"came back"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of воротились","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"велел","lemma":"велеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бежать","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"бежать","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of велел","gloss":"to run"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исправнику","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies исправнику","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"исправнику","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бежать","gloss":"police captain"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b9-c2-s78","source":"Тут-то вот Марья Кондратьевна и побежала и всполошила всех у исправника.","translation":"And so it was that Marya Kondratyevna ran and threw the whole household at the captain's into an uproar.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тут-то вот","title":"Emphatic «тут-то вот»","body":"A cluster of emphatic particles: «тут» (here/then) + the clitic «-то» (highlighting the known topic) + «вот» (deictic 'precisely this'). Together they single out this very moment — 'and so it was just then that…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всполошила всех","title":"«всполошить» — to throw into alarm","body":"To startle into commotion, set in an uproar. «всполошила всех у исправника» — she threw the whole household at the captain's into a panic. An expressive, colloquial verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежала","gloss":"it was here"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Тут","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Тут","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Марья","lemma":"марья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of побежала","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевна","lemma":"кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марья","gloss":"Kondratyevna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"побежала","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всполошила","lemma":"всполошить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with побежала","gloss":"threw into an uproar"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of всполошила","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исправника","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"исправника","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of всполошила","gloss":"the captain's"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b9-c2-s79","source":"Прибытие же Петра Ильича упредила всего только пятью минутами, так что тот явился уже не с одними своими догадками и заключениями, а как очевидный свидетель, еще более рассказом своим подтвердивший общую догадку о том, кто преступник (чему, впрочем, он, в глубине души, до самой этой последней минуты, всё еще отказывался верить).","translation":"She forestalled Pyotr Ilyich's arrival by only five minutes, so that he turned up not merely with his own guesses and conclusions, but as an eyewitness who, by his account, lent still further weight to the general surmise as to who the criminal was (which, however, in the depths of his soul, up to this very last minute, he still refused to believe).","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"упредила всего только пятью минутами","title":"Instrumental of measure/difference","body":"«упредить» (to forestall, anticipate) takes the instrumental «пятью минутами» to express the measure of the margin — she got there 'by only five minutes'. The instrumental routinely marks such differences."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подтвердивший общую догадку","title":"Past active participle «подтвердивший»","body":"From perfective «подтвердить» (to confirm), this -вший participle agrees with «свидетель» — 'an eyewitness who had confirmed'. It packs a whole который-clause ('who confirmed the general surmise') into one adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отказывался верить","title":"Imperfective «отказывался» of ongoing refusal","body":"«отказывался верить» (kept refusing to believe) is imperfective past — a sustained, repeated inner act, fitting 'up to this very last minute he still refused'. The aspect keeps his disbelief continuous, not a one-time event."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прибытие","lemma":"прибытие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of упредила","gloss":"the arrival"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Прибытие","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"Петра","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Прибытие","gloss":"Pyotr's"},{"surface":"Ильича","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петра","gloss":"Ilyich's"},{"surface":"упредила","lemma":"упредить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forestalled"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пятью","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пятью","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"пятью","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies минутами","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"минутами","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of упредила","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of явился","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of явился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"явился","lemma":"явиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of упредила","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies догадками","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking догадками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"одними","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies догадками","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of догадками","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"догадками","lemma":"догадка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of явился","gloss":"guesses"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заключениями","lemma":"заключение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with догадками","gloss":"conclusions"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking свидетель","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"очевидный","lemma":"очевидный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свидетель","gloss":"an eyewitness"},{"surface":"свидетель","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with догадками","gloss":"witness"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подтвердивший","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"рассказом","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of подтвердивший","gloss":"by his account"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рассказом","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"подтвердивший","lemma":"подтвердить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies свидетель","gloss":"confirming"},{"surface":"общую","lemma":"общий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies догадку","gloss":"the general"},{"surface":"догадку","lemma":"догадка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подтвердивший","gloss":"surmise"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"as to"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies догадку","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject in clause modifying том","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"преступник","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominative in clause modifying том","gloss":"the criminal"},{"surface":"чему","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of верить","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отказывался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глубине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глубине","lemma":"глубина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отказывался (parenthetical adverbial phrase в глубине души)","gloss":"the depths"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies глубине","gloss":"of his soul"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуты","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies этой","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуты","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"последней","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуты","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"минуты","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отказывался (parenthetical adverbial phrase до самой этой последней минуты)","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отказывался","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"отказывался","lemma":"отказываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause relating to чему","gloss":"refused"},{"surface":"верить","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of отказывался","gloss":"to believe"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b9-c2-s80","source":"Решили действовать энергически.","translation":"They resolved to act energetically.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Решили действовать энергически","title":"Indefinite-personal «решили»","body":"Subjectless 3rd-plural «решили» ('they/it was decided') — the indefinite-personal construction. The perfective fixes a single decision; «действовать» is the imperfective infinitive of the manner of acting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Решили","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they resolved"},{"surface":"действовать","lemma":"действовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Решили","gloss":"to act"},{"surface":"энергически","lemma":"энергически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies действовать","gloss":"energetically"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b9-c2-s81","source":"Помощнику городового пристава тотчас же поручили набрать штук до четырех понятых и по всем правилам, которых уже я здесь не описываю, проникли в дом Федора Павловича и следствие произвели на месте.","translation":"They at once charged the assistant to the town police inspector to gather up some four witnesses, and, observing all the formalities — which I will not describe here — they made their way into Fyodor Pavlovich's house and conducted the inquiry on the spot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поручили … набрать штук до четырех понятых","title":"«до» + genitive of approximation","body":"«до четырех» here means 'up to about four', an approximation; «понятых» is genitive plural after the numeral, and the filler «штук» ('items') is a colloquial counter. «поручили … набрать» = they charged (him) to gather."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"по всем правилам, которых уже я здесь не описываю","title":"Genitive object under negation in a который-clause","body":"«который» here is genitive plural «которых» — its case set by «не описываю»: under negation the object 'rules' (which I do not describe) goes into the genitive. The relative agrees with «правилам» in number but takes its own clause-case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помощнику","lemma":"помощник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of поручили","gloss":"to the assistant"},{"surface":"городового","lemma":"городовой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пристава","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"пристава","lemma":"пристав","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Помощнику","gloss":"of the inspector"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поручили","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"поручили","lemma":"поручить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they charged"},{"surface":"набрать","lemma":"набрать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of поручили","gloss":"to gather"},{"surface":"штук","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies четырех","gloss":"some","note":"колloquial approximator ('штук до четырех' ≈ 'four-odd')"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking четырех","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"четырех","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies понятых","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"понятых","lemma":"понятой","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of набрать","gloss":"witnesses","note":"'понятой' = an official witness required by law to be present at a search"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking правилам","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of правилам","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"правилам","lemma":"правило","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of проникли","gloss":"the formalities"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"direct object of описываю","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies описываю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of описываю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies описываю","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies описываю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"описываю","lemma":"описывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on правилам","gloss":"describe"},{"surface":"проникли","lemma":"проникнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with поручили","gloss":"they made their way"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проникли","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дом","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"следствие","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвели","gloss":"the inquiry"},{"surface":"произвели","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with поручили","gloss":"conducted"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of произвели","gloss":"the spot"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b9-c2-s82","source":"Земский врач, человек горячий и новый, сам почти напросился сопровождать исправника, прокурора и следователя.","translation":"The district doctor, an eager man and new to the place, all but volunteered himself to accompany the police captain, the prosecutor, and the magistrate.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"напросился сопровождать","title":"«напроситься» — to invite oneself, foist oneself","body":"The reflexive «напроситься» means to angle for an invitation, push to be included. «сам почти напросился» — he all but volunteered himself, eager to tag along."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сопровождать исправника, прокурора и следователя","title":"Animate accusative = genitive","body":"All three objects are animate masculines, so their accusative borrows the genitive ending: «исправника, прокурора, следователя». This is how Russian keeps the doctor (subject) distinct from the officials he accompanies (objects)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Земский","lemma":"земский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies врач","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"врач","lemma":"врач","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of напросился","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to врач","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"горячий","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"eager"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"новый","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with горячий","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies напросился","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies напросился","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"напросился","lemma":"напроситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"volunteered"},{"surface":"сопровождать","lemma":"сопровождать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of напросился","gloss":"to accompany"},{"surface":"исправника","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сопровождать","gloss":"the police captain"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with исправника","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"следователя","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with исправника","gloss":"the magistrate"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b9-c2-s83","source":"Намечу лишь вкратце: Федор Павлович оказался убитым вполне, с проломленною головой, но чем? — вероятнее всего тем же самым оружием, которым поражен был потом и Григорий.","translation":"I will sketch it only in brief: Fyodor Pavlovich proved to have been thoroughly murdered, his skull battered in — but with what? Most likely with the very same weapon by which Grigory too was struck down afterward.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Намечу лишь вкратце","title":"Perfective future «намечу» as 'I will sketch'","body":"«намечу» is the perfective simple future (1sg) of «наметить» (to sketch, outline). The narrator's authorial 'I will outline only briefly' — a single completed promise, present-shaped ending with future sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оказался убитым вполне","title":"«оказаться» + instrumental predicate","body":"«оказаться» (to turn out, prove to be) governs an instrumental predicate: «убитым» — 'proved to be murdered'. The participle takes the instrumental, not nominative, because the linking verb assigns a role/result."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которым поражен был потом и Григорий","title":"Instrumental relative «которым» = agent/means","body":"«которым» (instrumental of «который») names the weapon as the means — 'the weapon by which Grigory too was struck'. «поражен был» is a periphrastic short-participle passive; «и» before «Григорий» means 'also Grigory'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с проломленною головой","title":"«проломленною головой» — with a battered-in skull","body":"«проломленный» is the past passive participle of «проломить» (to smash/stave in); the long instrumental form «проломленною» (older -ою ending) qualifies «головой». 'With a skull broken in' — the cause of death stated grimly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Намечу","lemma":"наметить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will sketch"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вкратце","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вкратце","lemma":"вкратце","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Намечу","gloss":"briefly"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оказался","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"оказался","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"proved"},{"surface":"убитым","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"complement of оказался","gloss":"murdered"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убитым","gloss":"thoroughly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking головой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"проломленною","lemma":"проломленный","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies головой","gloss":"battered-in"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убитым","gloss":"skull"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical question (with what [was he killed]?)","gloss":"with what"},{"surface":"вероятнее","lemma":"вероятный","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"parenthetical modifying оружием","gloss":"most likely"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вероятнее","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of оружием","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies оружием","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"оружием","lemma":"оружие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"instrumental complement answering чем","gloss":"weapon"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"agent complement of поражен","gloss":"by which"},{"surface":"поражен","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on оружием","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of поражен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поражен","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Григорий","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive поражен","gloss":"Grigory"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b9-c2-s84","source":"И вот как раз отыскали и оружие, выслушав от Григория, которому подана была возможная медицинская помощь, довольно связный, хотя слабым и прерывающимся голосом переданный рассказ о том, как он был повержен.","translation":"And the weapon was duly found, after they had heard from Grigory — to whom what medical aid was possible had been given — a fairly coherent account, though delivered in a weak and faltering voice, of how he had been struck down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выслушав от Григория … рассказ","title":"Perfective gerund «выслушав»","body":"«выслушав» (having heard out) is a perfective gerund giving the prior circumstance — the weapon was found after they had heard Grigory's account. «рассказ» is its accusative object, buried under heavy modifiers."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которому подана была возможная медицинская помощь","title":"Dative relative «которому» — indirect object","body":"«которому» (dative of «который», agreeing with «Григория») is the recipient — 'to whom what aid was possible had been given'. «подана была» is a short-participle passive, with «помощь» as its subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя слабым и прерывающимся голосом переданный рассказ","title":"Participle phrase + present participle «прерывающимся»","body":"The whole phrase modifies «рассказ»: «переданный» (delivered) is a past passive participle, «слабым … голосом» its instrumental of manner, and «прерывающимся» a present active participle ('faltering, breaking off') from the reflexive «прерываться»."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отыскали","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom как раз","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom как раз","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"отыскали","lemma":"отыскать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оружие","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"оружие","lemma":"оружие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отыскали","gloss":"the weapon"},{"surface":"выслушав","lemma":"выслушать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отыскали","gloss":"having heard"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Григория","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выслушав","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of подана","gloss":"to whom"},{"surface":"подана","lemma":"подать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on Григория","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of подана","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"возможная","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies помощь","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"медицинская","lemma":"медицинский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies помощь","gloss":"medical"},{"surface":"помощь","lemma":"помощь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive подана","gloss":"aid"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies связный","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"связный","lemma":"связный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рассказ","gloss":"coherent"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слабым","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"слабым","lemma":"слабый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прерывающимся","lemma":"прерываться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слабым, modifies голосом","gloss":"faltering"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переданный","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"переданный","lemma":"переданный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рассказ","gloss":"delivered"},{"surface":"рассказ","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выслушав","gloss":"an account"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies рассказ","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повержен","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive повержен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of повержен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"повержен","lemma":"повергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"struck down"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b9-c2-s85","source":"Стали искать с фонарем у забора и нашли брошенный прямо на садовую дорожку, на самом виду, медный пестик.","translation":"They began searching with a lantern by the fence and found, flung right onto the garden path, in plain sight, a brass pestle.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стали искать … и нашли","title":"«стать» + infinitive; aspect contrast","body":"«стали искать» — «стать» (here 'to begin') + imperfective infinitive, the ongoing searching; then perfective «нашли» (found) clinches the result. The pair stages process giving way to discovery."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"нашли брошенный прямо на садовую дорожку … медный пестик","title":"Past passive participle «брошенный»","body":"«брошенный» (from perfective «бросить», to throw) is a past passive participle modifying «пестик» — 'a pestle flung onto the path'. «на … дорожку» is accusative of motion (where it was thrown to). «медный» = brass/copper."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пестик","title":"«пестик» — pestle","body":"A pestle, the heavy rod for crushing in a mortar. The «медный пестик» — Grushenka's brass pestle that Dmitri snatched up — is the murder weapon, a humble household object turned to violence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"искать","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Стали","gloss":"to search"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фонарем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"фонарем","lemma":"фонарь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of искать","gloss":"a lantern"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking забора","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"забора","lemma":"забор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of искать","gloss":"the fence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нашли","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Стали","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"брошенный","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"modifies пестик","gloss":"flung"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дорожку","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дорожку","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"садовую","lemma":"садовый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дорожку","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"дорожку","lemma":"дорожка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of брошенный","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies виду","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of брошенный","gloss":"sight"},{"surface":"медный","lemma":"медный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пестик","gloss":"brass"},{"surface":"пестик","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нашли","gloss":"pestle"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b9-c2-s86","source":"В комнате, в которой лежал Федор Павлович, никакого особенного беспорядка не заметили, но за ширмами, у кровати его, подняли на полу большой, из толстой бумаги, канцелярских размеров конверт с надписью: «Гостинчик в три тысячи рублей ангелу моему Грушеньке, если захочет прийти», а внизу было приписано, вероятно уже потом, самим Федором Павловичем: «и цыпленочку».","translation":"In the room where Fyodor Pavlovich lay they noticed no particular disorder, but behind the screens, by his bed, they picked up from the floor a large envelope of stiff, office-sized paper, inscribed: \"A little present of three thousand rubles for my angel Grushenka, if she should care to come,\" and below it had been added, probably later, in Fyodor Pavlovich's own hand: \"and for my little chick.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никакого особенного беспорядка не заметили","title":"Genitive of negation + «никакого»","body":"Under «не заметили», the object goes genitive: «никакого … беспорядка» ('no disorder at all'). «никакого» is the negative adjective in concord with «не» — they noticed no disorder whatever."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"большой, из толстой бумаги, канцелярских размеров конверт с надписью","title":"Stacked attributes around one noun","body":"«конверт» is hemmed by several modifiers — adjective «большой», a «из»+genitive material phrase ('of stiff paper'), a genitive-of-quality «канцелярских размеров' (of office size), and a «с»+instrumental tag «с надписью' (with an inscription). Such layering is characteristic forensic precision."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Гостинчик","title":"«гостинчик» — a little gift/treat","body":"An affectionate diminutive of «гостинец» (a small present brought to someone). On the murder envelope it drips with Fyodor Pavlovich's lechery — his coaxing 'little present' of three thousand for Grushenka."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"цыпленочку","title":"«цыплёночек» — 'little chick' (term of endearment)","body":"A double diminutive of «цыплёнок» (chick), dative «цыплёночку» — 'for my little chick'. Fyodor Pavlovich's added pet-name for Grushenka, lewd and doting at once; the diminutive carries all the lecherous tenderness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если захочет прийти","title":"Perfective future in the «если»-clause","body":"«захочет» is the perfective simple future of «захотеть» (to come to want) — 'if she should wish'. Russian uses the real future here (not a subjunctive) in an open «если»-condition: 'if she will/does want to come'."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнате","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"комнате","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметили","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on комнате","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"Федор","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павлович","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федор","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of беспорядка","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"особенного","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies беспорядка","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"беспорядка","lemma":"беспорядок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заметили","gloss":"disorder"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заметили","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they noticed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ширмами","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"ширмами","lemma":"ширма","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of подняли","gloss":"the screens"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровати","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"кровати","lemma":"кровать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подняли","gloss":"the bed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"possessive pronoun, masculine, singular","role":"modifies кровати","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"подняли","lemma":"поднять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with заметили","gloss":"picked up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подняли","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конверт","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бумаги","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"толстой","lemma":"толстый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бумаги","gloss":"stiff"},{"surface":"бумаги","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies конверт","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"канцелярских","lemma":"канцелярский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies размеров","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"размеров","lemma":"размер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies конверт","gloss":"size"},{"surface":"конверт","lemma":"конверт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подняли","gloss":"an envelope"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking надписью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"надписью","lemma":"надпись","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies конверт","gloss":"an inscription"},{"surface":"Гостинчик","lemma":"гостинчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to надписью, head of the quoted inscription","gloss":"A gift"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячи","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies рублей, modifies Гостинчик","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"ангелу","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dedicatee of Гостинчик","gloss":"for the angel"},{"surface":"моему","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ангелу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Грушеньке","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to ангелу","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of захочет","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"захочет","lemma":"захотеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying Гостинчик","gloss":"she wants"},{"surface":"прийти","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of захочет","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"внизу","lemma":"внизу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приписано","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of приписано","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"приписано","lemma":"приписать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подняли","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"вероятно","lemma":"вероятно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приписано","gloss":"probably"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потом","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приписано","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"самим","lemma":"сам","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Федором","gloss":"by ... himself"},{"surface":"Федором","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of приписано","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловичем","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федором","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"цыпленочку","lemma":"цыпленочек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"second dedicatee, parallel to ангелу","gloss":"little chick","note":"diminutive endearment for Grushenka, continuing the inscription's dedication"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b9-c2-s87","source":"На конверте были три большие печати красного сургуча, но конверт был уже разорван и пуст: деньги были унесены.","translation":"On the envelope were three large seals of red sealing wax, but the envelope had already been torn open and was empty: the money had been carried off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"конверт был уже разорван и пуст","title":"Short passive participle + short adjective","body":"Two predicatives after «был»: the short past passive participle «разорван» (torn open) and the short adjective «пуст» (empty). Both are the bookish predicative forms that state the envelope's resulting condition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"деньги были унесены","title":"Periphrastic passive «были унесены»","body":"«быть» + short past passive participle of «унести» (to carry off): 'the money had been carried off'. The agentless passive leaves the thief unnamed — the very gap the investigation must fill."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конверте","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"конверте","lemma":"конверт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of были","gloss":"the envelope"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies печати","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"большие","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies печати","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"печати","lemma":"печать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"seals"},{"surface":"красного","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сургуча","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"сургуча","lemma":"сургуч","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies печати","gloss":"sealing wax"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"конверт","lemma":"конверт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive разорван","gloss":"the envelope"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of разорван","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разорван","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"разорван","lemma":"разорвать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate complement of конверт","gloss":"torn open"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пуст","lemma":"пустой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with разорван","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of passive унесены","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of унесены","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"унесены","lemma":"унести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"been carried off"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b9-c2-s88","source":"Нашли на полу и тоненькую розовую ленточку, которою был обвязан конверт.","translation":"They also found on the floor a thin pink ribbon with which the envelope had been tied.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тоненькую … ленточку","title":"Double diminutives «тоненькая ленточка»","body":"Both words are diminutive-affectionate: «ленточка» (little ribbon, from «лента») and «тоненькая» (the -еньк- expressive of «тонкий», nice and thin). The dainty pink ribbon stands out tenderly amid the gore."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которою был обвязан конверт","title":"Instrumental relative «которою»","body":"«которою» is the (older -ою) instrumental of «который», the means by which the envelope «был обвязан» (was tied round) — 'the ribbon with which the envelope had been bound'. Again a short-participle passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нашли","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"They found"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Нашли","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ленточку","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"тоненькую","lemma":"тоненький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ленточку","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"розовую","lemma":"розовый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ленточку","gloss":"pink"},{"surface":"ленточку","lemma":"ленточка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Нашли","gloss":"a ribbon"},{"surface":"которою","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обвязан","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of обвязан","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"обвязан","lemma":"обвязать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on ленточку","gloss":"tied"},{"surface":"конверт","lemma":"конверт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive обвязан","gloss":"the envelope"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b9-c2-s89","source":"В показаниях Петра Ильича одно обстоятельство между прочими произвело чрезвычайное впечатление на прокурора и следователя, а именно: догадка о том, что Дмитрий Федорович непременно к рассвету застрелится, что он сам порешил это, сам говорил об этом Петру Ильичу, пистолет зарядил при нем, записочку написал, в карман положил и проч., и проч.","translation":"Among Pyotr Ilyich's testimony, one circumstance in particular made an extraordinary impression on the prosecutor and the magistrate, namely: the inference that Dmitri Fyodorovich would, without fail, shoot himself by daybreak — that he had resolved upon it himself, had said so himself to Pyotr Ilyich, had loaded the pistol in his presence, written a little note, put it in his pocket, and so on, and so on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"одно обстоятельство … произвело чрезвычайное впечатление","title":"«произвести впечатление на» + accusative","body":"The set collocation «произвести впечатление на кого» = 'to make an impression on someone'; «на прокурора и следователя» is «на» + animate accusative. «произвело» is perfective: a single decisive impression."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что Дмитрий Федорович непременно к рассвету застрелится","title":"Perfective future «застрелится» (reflexive)","body":"«застрелится» is the perfective simple future of the reflexive «застрелиться» (to shoot oneself) — 'he will, without fail, shoot himself by daybreak'. The -ся makes the act reflexive; the perfective frames it as a single completed deed to come."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"записочку","title":"«записочка» — a little note","body":"Diminutive of «записка» (a note). 'Wrote a little note' — the suffix softens it to something slight and intimate, the suicide note Dmitri tucked away."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking показаниях","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"показаниях","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of произвело","gloss":"the testimony"},{"surface":"Петра","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies показаниях","gloss":"Pyotr's"},{"surface":"Ильича","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петра","gloss":"Ilyich's"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies обстоятельство","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"обстоятельство","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of произвело","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прочими","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"прочими","lemma":"прочий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural (substantive)","role":"oblique complement of между","gloss":"the others"},{"surface":"произвело","lemma":"произвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"чрезвычайное","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"an extraordinary"},{"surface":"впечатление","lemma":"впечатление","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of произвело","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прокурора","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies впечатление","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"следователя","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прокурора","gloss":"the magistrate"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces а именно","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase а именно","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"догадка","lemma":"догадка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to обстоятельство","gloss":"the inference"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies догадка","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of застрелится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of застрелится","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies застрелится","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассвету","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"рассвету","lemma":"рассвет","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of застрелится","gloss":"dawn"},{"surface":"застрелится","lemma":"застрелиться","morphology":"verb, present/future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"would shoot himself"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of порешил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of порешил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies порешил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"порешил","lemma":"порешить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with застрелится","gloss":"had decided"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of порешил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with порешил","gloss":"had said"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Петру","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильичу","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петру","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"пистолет","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of зарядил","gloss":"the pistol"},{"surface":"зарядил","lemma":"зарядить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with порешил","gloss":"had loaded"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зарядил","gloss":"his presence"},{"surface":"записочку","lemma":"записочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of написал","gloss":"a note"},{"surface":"написал","lemma":"написать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with порешил","gloss":"had written"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking карман","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"карман","lemma":"карман","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of положил","gloss":"his pocket"},{"surface":"положил","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with порешил","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the и проч. idiom","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun (abbreviation), neuter, indeclinable","role":"part of the idiom и проч. ('and so on')","gloss":"so on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun (abbreviation), neuter, indeclinable","role":"repeats the идиom и проч.","gloss":"so on"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b9-c2-s90","source":"Когда же де Петр Ильич, всё еще не хотевший верить ему, пригрозил, что он пойдет и кому-нибудь расскажет, чтобы пресечь самоубийство, то сам-де Митя, осклабляясь, ответил ему: «Не успеешь».","translation":"And when Pyotr Ilyich, still unwilling to believe him, had threatened that he would go and tell someone, so as to forestall the suicide, Mitya himself, baring his teeth in a grin, had answered him: \"You won't have time.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда же де Петр Ильич … пригрозил","title":"Reportive particle «де»","body":"«де» (with «-де» on «сам-де» below) is an archaic/colloquial reportative particle marking second-hand speech — 'so they say', 'reportedly'. It flags this whole sentence as the investigators' relayed version of Pyotr Ilyich's testimony."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы пресечь самоубийство","title":"«чтобы» of purpose + infinitive","body":"«чтобы пресечь» — 'in order to cut short / forestall'. With a same-subject purpose, «чтобы» takes a bare infinitive «пресечь» (perfective, the completed prevention) rather than a past-form clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"осклабляясь, ответил","title":"Present gerund «осклабляясь»","body":"«осклабляясь» is an imperfective present gerund of the reflexive «осклабляться» (to bare the teeth in a grin), simultaneous with «ответил» — 'baring his teeth, he answered'. A characteristically Dostoevskian sneer-detail."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Не успеешь","title":"«не успеешь» — 'you won't have time'","body":"«успеть» (perfective: to manage in time) in the 2sg future — Mitya's grim retort, 'You won't be in time (to stop me)'. The bare perfective future carries the whole menace."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of пригрозил","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Когда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle (reportative)","role":"marks the whole clause as hearsay","gloss":"(they say)","note":"archaic reportative particle used in old legal depositions, roughly 'allegedly'; marks the following as someone else's reported words"},{"surface":"Петр","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пригрозил","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильич","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петр","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё еще","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотевший","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотевший","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотевший","lemma":"хотевший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies Петр","gloss":"unwilling"},{"surface":"верить","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотевший","gloss":"to believe"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of верить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пригрозил","lemma":"пригрозить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ответил","gloss":"threatened"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пойдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пойдет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пойдет","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of пригрозил","gloss":"would go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"part of кому-нибудь, indirect object of расскажет","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"part of кому-нибудь","gloss":"-one"},{"surface":"расскажет","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойдет","gloss":"would tell"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пресечь","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"пресечь","lemma":"пресечь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on расскажет","gloss":"forestall"},{"surface":"самоубийство","lemma":"самоубийство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пресечь","gloss":"the suicide"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"introduces the main clause of ответил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Митя","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle (reportative)","role":"marks the clause as hearsay","gloss":"(they say)","note":"same archaic reportative particle as earlier in the sentence"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"осклабляясь","lemma":"осклабляться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ответил","gloss":"grinning"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ответил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успеешь","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"успеешь","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"direct quotation, complement of ответил","gloss":"have time"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b9-c2-s91","source":"Стало быть, надо было спешить на место, в Мокрое, чтобы накрыть преступника прежде, чем он, пожалуй, и в самом деле вздумал бы застрелиться.","translation":"It followed that they must hurry to the spot, to Mokroye, in order to seize the criminal before he might perhaps really and truly take it into his head to shoot himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо было спешить на место","title":"Impersonal «надо было» + infinitive","body":"«надо было спешить» is the impersonal-necessity construction: invariable «надо» (must) + past «было» + imperfective infinitive, with no nominative subject. 'It was necessary to hurry' — the experiencer (they) is only implied."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прежде, чем он … вздумал бы застрелиться","title":"«бы» of the hypothetical after «прежде чем»","body":"«вздумал бы» — past form + «бы» giving an irrealis tinge: 'before he might take it into his head to shoot himself'. The particle «бы» colours the forestalled action as merely possible, not certain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, neuter, perfective (fixed phrase Стало быть)","role":"opens the idiom Стало быть = consequently","gloss":"it followed","note":"«Стало быть» is a fixed phrase meaning \"consequently, so\"."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective (fixed phrase Стало быть)","role":"completes the idiom Стало быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb (modal)","role":"main predicate of the sentence","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"past-tense auxiliary of надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"спешить","lemma":"спешить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to hurry"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спешить","gloss":"the spot"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокрое","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мокрое","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to место","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of накрыть","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"накрыть","lemma":"накрыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause on спешить","gloss":"seize"},{"surface":"преступника","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of накрыть","gloss":"the criminal"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb (part of compound conjunction прежде чем)","role":"introduces the temporal clause with чем, modifies накрыть","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction (part of прежде чем)","role":"introduces the clause of вздумал","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"modifies вздумал","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links и в самом деле to пожалуй","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition (fixed phrase в самом деле)","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of вздумал (idiom: indeed)","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"вздумал","lemma":"вздумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the temporal clause introduced by чем, modifying накрыть","gloss":"took it into his head"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the conditional of вздумал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"застрелиться","lemma":"застрелиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of вздумал","gloss":"to shoot himself"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b9-c2-s92","source":"«Это ясно, это ясно! — повторял прокурор в чрезвычайном возбуждении, — это точь-в-точь у подобных сорванцов так и делается: завтра убью себя, а пред смертью кутеж»","translation":"\"It's clear, it's clear!\" the prosecutor kept repeating in extraordinary excitement, \"that's exactly how it goes with rogues of that stamp: tomorrow I'll kill myself, but before death, a spree.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сорванцов","title":"«сорванец» — a young scapegrace, hellion","body":"«сорванец» (genitive plural «сорванцов») is a half-affectionate, half-scornful word for a wild, reckless young rascal. The prosecutor lumps Dmitri with 'rogues of that stamp'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так и делается","title":"Reflexive-passive «делается» + emphatic «так и»","body":"«делается» is the imperfective reflexive used as a generalising passive — 'is done, happens'. «так и» ('that's exactly how') intensifies: with such rascals 'it goes precisely so'. A vivid generic present."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"завтра убью себя","title":"Perfective future + reflexive «себя»","body":"«убью себя» — perfective future of «убить» (to kill) + the reflexive object pronoun «себя» (oneself): 'tomorrow I'll kill myself'. Note «себя» is a full pronoun here, distinct from the verbal -ся."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кутеж","title":"«кутёж» — a spree, debauch","body":"A bout of riotous drinking and revelry. «пред смертью кутеж» — 'before death, a spree' — captures the prosecutor's theory of the dissolute killer, and «пред» is the bookish form of «перед» (before)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ясно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, complement of Это","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of second ясно","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ясно","lemma":"ясный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with first ясно","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"повторял","lemma":"повторять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical reporting clause","gloss":"kept repeating"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторял","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возбуждении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чрезвычайном","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies возбуждении","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"возбуждении","lemma":"возбуждение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторял","gloss":"excitement"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of делается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb (part of fixed idiom точь-в-точь = exactly)","role":"part of idiom точь-в-точь, modifies делается","gloss":"exactly","note":"«точь-в-точь» is a fixed idiom meaning \"exactly, precisely.\""},{"surface":"в","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"preposition (part of fixed idiom точь-в-точь)","role":"part of idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"точь","lemma":"точь-в-точь","morphology":"adverb (part of fixed idiom точь-в-точь)","role":"part of idiom точь-в-точь","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сорванцов","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"подобных","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies сорванцов","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"сорванцов","lemma":"сорванец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of делается","gloss":"rogues"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делается","gloss":"that's how"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (intensifying, part of так и)","role":"part of the phrase так и делается","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"делается","lemma":"делаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, passive, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"завтра","lemma":"завтра","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убью","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I'll kill"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of убью","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смертью","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"смертью","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кутеж (elliptical clause: before death, a spree)","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"кутеж","lemma":"кутёж","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the elliptical clause","gloss":"a spree"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b9-c2-s93","source":"История, как он забрал в лавке вина и товару, только разгорячила еще больше прокурора.","translation":"The story of how he had carried off wine and provisions from the shop only inflamed the prosecutor all the more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как он забрал в лавке вина и товару","title":"Partitive genitive «вина … товару»","body":"«вина» and «товару» are partitive genitives — 'some wine and goods' (an indefinite quantity), not the whole. «товару» shows the old masculine partitive -у ending (beside «товара»). «забрал» = carried off, took."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разгорячила","title":"«разгорячить» — to inflame, work up","body":"From «горячий» (hot): to heat up, excite, inflame. The story 'only inflamed the prosecutor all the more' — the same heat-imagery that called the doctor «горячий» runs through the chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"История","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of разгорячила","gloss":"the story"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of забрал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забрал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"забрал","lemma":"забрать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying История","gloss":"had carried off"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лавке","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of забрал","gloss":"the shop"},{"surface":"вина","lemma":"вино","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular (partitive)","role":"direct object of забрал","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"товару","lemma":"товар","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (partitive form)","role":"coordinated with вина, direct object of забрал","gloss":"provisions"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разгорячила","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"разгорячила","lemma":"разгорячить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"inflamed"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies разгорячила","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разгорячила","gloss":"the prosecutor"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b9-c2-s94","source":"«Помните того парня, господа, что убил купца Олсуфьева, ограбил на полторы тысячи и тотчас же пошел, завился, а потом, не припрятав даже хорошенько денег, тоже почти в руках неся, отправился к девицам».","translation":"\"Do you remember that fellow, gentlemen, who killed the merchant Olsufyev, robbed him of fifteen hundred, and went off at once to get his hair curled, and then, without even hiding the money away properly, carrying it almost in his hands, set off to the girls?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Помните того парня … что убил купца","title":"Colloquial relative «что» after «тот»","body":"In speech «что» often replaces «который» as an invariable relative: «того парня, что убил» — 'that fellow who killed'. «того парня» and «купца Олсуфьева» are animate accusatives (= genitive form). The prosecutor's spoken register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не припрятав даже хорошенько денег","title":"Negated gerund + genitive of negation","body":"«не припрятав» is a negated perfective gerund ('without having hidden away'); under its negation the object «денег» (money) stands in the genitive. «хорошенько» is the diminutive-softened adverb 'nice and properly'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"завился","title":"«завиться» — to get one's hair curled","body":"The reflexive «завиться» = to have one's hair curled/done. The grotesque vanity of a murderer pausing to primp 'и тотчас же пошёл, завился' sharpens the prosecutor's portrait of careless guilt."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"к девицам","title":"«девицы» — the girls (euphemism)","body":"Literally 'maidens/girls', but «отправился к девицам» is a coy euphemism — he set off to the women, i.e. to a brothel. The dative «к» marks the destination."}],"words":[{"surface":"Помните","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you remember"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of парня","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"парня","lemma":"парень","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Помните","gloss":"fellow"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative/nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, parenthetical","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил, relative clause on парня","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on парня","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"купца","lemma":"купец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"the merchant"},{"surface":"Олсуфьева","lemma":"Олсуфьев","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to купца","gloss":"Olsufyev"},{"surface":"ограбил","lemma":"ограбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил, relative clause on парня","gloss":"robbed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячи","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"полторы","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"one and a half"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ограбил","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил, relative clause on парня","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"завился","lemma":"завиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"got his hair curled"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and then"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отправился","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies припрятав","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"припрятав","lemma":"припрятать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"converb clause modifying отправился","gloss":"without hiding"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хорошенько","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"хорошенько","lemma":"хорошенько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies припрятав","gloss":"properly"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of припрятав","gloss":"the money"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неся","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies руках","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of неся","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"неся","lemma":"нести","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"converb clause modifying отправился","gloss":"carrying"},{"surface":"отправился","lemma":"отправиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил, relative clause on парня","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking девицам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"девицам","lemma":"девица","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отправился","gloss":"the girls"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b9-c2-s95","source":"Задерживало, однако, всех следствие, обыск в доме Федора Павловича, формы и проч.","translation":"What held them all up, however, was the inquiry, the search of Fyodor Pavlovich's house, the formalities, and so forth.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Задерживало, однако, всех следствие, обыск …","title":"Fronted verb, subject last","body":"The verb «Задерживало» opens, the objects «всех» (everyone) follow, and the real subject — «следствие, обыск … формы» (the inquiry, search, formalities) — lands at the end as the stressed news of what was holding them up. Pure topic-comment ordering."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обыск","title":"«обыск» — a (legal) search","body":"«обыск» is specifically an official search of premises by the authorities. With «следствие» (the inquiry) and «формы» (the formalities), it names the bureaucratic machinery now grinding into motion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Задерживало","lemma":"задерживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, neuter, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held up"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"modifies Задерживало","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative (animate), plural","role":"direct object of Задерживало","gloss":"them all"},{"surface":"следствие","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Задерживало","gloss":"the inquiry"},{"surface":"обыск","lemma":"обыск","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with следствие","gloss":"the search"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies обыск","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich's"},{"surface":"формы","lemma":"форма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with следствие","gloss":"the formalities"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun (abbreviation), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with следствие","gloss":"so forth"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b9-c2-s96","source":"Всё это требовало времени, а потому и отправили часа за два прежде себя в Мокрое станового Маврикия Маврикиевича Шмерцова, как раз накануне поутру прибывшего в город за жалованьем.","translation":"All this took time, and so, a couple of hours ahead of themselves, they dispatched to Mokroye the rural constable Mavriky Mavrikievich Shmertsov, who had come into town that very morning, the day before, for his salary.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"часа за два прежде себя … отправили … станового","title":"Approximative inversion «часа за два»","body":"«часа за два» inverts numeral and noun to mean 'about two hours' — putting the counter before «два» signals approximation. «прежде себя» = 'ahead of themselves', with the reflexive «себя»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прибывшего в город за жалованьем","title":"Past active participle «прибывшего»","body":"«прибывшего» (from perfective «прибыть», to arrive) is a -вший past active participle in the genitive, agreeing with «Маврикия» — 'who had arrived in town for his salary'. «за жалованьем» is «за» + instrumental of purpose ('to fetch')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of требовало","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"требовало","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of требовало","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отправили","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase потому и","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"отправили","lemma":"отправить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause, coordinated with требовало","gloss":"they dispatched"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom часа за два (about two hours), modifies прежде себя","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom часа за два, governs два","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"object of за in idiom часа за два","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies себя, modifies отправили","gloss":"ahead of"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"complement of прежде","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокрое","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мокрое","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправили","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"станового","lemma":"становой","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отправили","gloss":"the rural constable"},{"surface":"Маврикия","lemma":"Маврикий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to станового, direct object of отправили","gloss":"Mavriky"},{"surface":"Маврикиевича","lemma":"Маврикиевич","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Маврикия","gloss":"Mavrikievich"},{"surface":"Шмерцова","lemma":"Шмерцов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular (animate accusative syncretic with genitive)","role":"depends on Маврикиевича","gloss":"Shmertsov"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle (part of idiom как раз)","role":"part of idiom как раз, modifies накануне","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"particle (part of idiom как раз)","role":"part of idiom как раз","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"накануне","lemma":"накануне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибывшего","gloss":"the day before"},{"surface":"поутру","lemma":"поутру","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибывшего","gloss":"that morning"},{"surface":"прибывшего","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"participle modifying Маврикия (who had arrived)","gloss":"who had arrived"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking город","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибывшего","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жалованьем","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"жалованьем","lemma":"жалованье","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибывшего","gloss":"his salary"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b9-c2-s97","source":"Маврикию Маврикиевичу дали инструкцию: прибыв в Мокрое и, не поднимая никакой тревоги, следить за «преступником» неустанно до прибытия надлежащих властей, равно как изготовить понятых, сотских и проч., и проч.","translation":"Mavriky Mavrikievich was given his instructions: to arrive at Mokroye and, without raising any alarm, to keep an unflagging watch on \"the criminal\" until the arrival of the proper authorities, and likewise to make ready witnesses, village constables, and so on, and so on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Маврикию Маврикиевичу дали инструкцию","title":"Dative recipient «Маврикию Маврикиевичу»","body":"«дать кому инструкцию» — the person instructed stands in the dative: «Маврикию Маврикиевичу» (note both name and patronymic decline). Subjectless «дали» = 'they gave / he was given his instructions'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прибыв в Мокрое и, не поднимая никакой тревоги, следить","title":"Mixed gerunds + negated gerund","body":"The instruction strings a perfective gerund «прибыв» (having arrived), a negated imperfective gerund «не поднимая … тревоги» (without raising any alarm — with genitive «тревоги» under negation), and the infinitive «следить» (to keep watch). Compact bureaucratic syntax."}],"words":[{"surface":"Маврикию","lemma":"Маврикий","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of дали","gloss":"Mavriky"},{"surface":"Маврикиевичу","lemma":"Маврикиевич","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Маврикию","gloss":"Mavrikievich"},{"surface":"дали","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"инструкцию","lemma":"инструкция","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дали","gloss":"instructions"},{"surface":"прибыв","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"converb clause, first step of the instructions","gloss":"having arrived"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мокрое","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Мокрое","lemma":"Мокрое","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибыв","gloss":"Mokroye"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поднимая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поднимая","lemma":"поднимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on следить","gloss":"raising"},{"surface":"никакой","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тревоги","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"тревоги","lemma":"тревога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поднимая","gloss":"alarm"},{"surface":"следить","lemma":"следить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прибыв, part of the instructions","gloss":"to watch"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking преступником","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"преступником","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of следить","gloss":"the criminal"},{"surface":"неустанно","lemma":"неустанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies следить","gloss":"unflaggingly"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прибытия","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"прибытия","lemma":"прибытие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of до, modifies следить","gloss":"the arrival"},{"surface":"надлежащих","lemma":"надлежащий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies властей","gloss":"proper"},{"surface":"властей","lemma":"власть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies прибытия","gloss":"authorities"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb (part of idiom равно как)","role":"part of idiom равно как (as well as), coordinates следить and изготовить","gloss":"as well"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction (part of idiom равно как)","role":"part of idiom равно как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"изготовить","lemma":"изготовить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with следить, part of the instructions","gloss":"to prepare"},{"surface":"понятых","lemma":"понятой","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of изготовить","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"сотских","lemma":"сотский","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with понятых","gloss":"constables"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun (abbreviation), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with понятых","gloss":"so on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun (abbreviation), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"repeats и проч. for emphasis","gloss":"so on"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b9-c2-s98","source":"Так Маврикий Маврикиевич и поступил, сохранил incognito и лишь одного только Трифона Борисовича, старого своего знакомого, отчасти лишь посвятил в тайну дела.","translation":"And so Mavriky Mavrikievich did, preserving his incognito and only partly letting one man alone — Trifon Borisovich, his old acquaintance — into the secret of the matter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так … и поступил","title":"Confirmatory «так … и»","body":"«так и поступил» — 'and so he did do, just as instructed'. The frame «так … и» before a verb confirms that the action matched expectation: Mavriky carried out his orders exactly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лишь одного только Трифона Борисовича … посвятил в тайну","title":"Animate accusative + restrictive «лишь … только»","body":"«одного только Трифона Борисовича» is animate accusative (genitive-shaped) — the sole man let in on the secret — doubly restricted by «лишь» and «только». «посвятить в тайну» = to let into a secret."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поступил","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Маврикий","lemma":"Маврикий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Маврикиевич","gloss":"Mavriky"},{"surface":"Маврикиевич","lemma":"Маврикиевич","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поступил","gloss":"Mavrikievich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"emphasizes поступил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"поступил","lemma":"поступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"сохранил","lemma":"сохранить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поступил","gloss":"preserved"},{"surface":"incognito","lemma":"incognito","morphology":"noun (indeclinable, foreign loanword)","role":"direct object of сохранил","gloss":"incognito"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"одного","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies Трифона","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одного","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"Трифона","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посвятил, specifies одного","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисовича","lemma":"Борисович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифона","gloss":"Borisovich"},{"surface":"старого","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знакомого","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of знакомого","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"знакомого","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Трифона","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"отчасти","lemma":"отчасти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посвятил","gloss":"partly"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посвятил","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"посвятил","lemma":"посвятить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сохранил","gloss":"let into"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тайну","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"тайну","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посвятил","gloss":"the secret"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies тайну","gloss":"of the matter"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b9-c2-s99","source":"Время это именно совпадало с тем, когда Митя встретил в темноте на галерейке разыскивавшего его хозяина, причем тут же заметил, что у Трифона Борисовича какая-то в лице и в речах вдруг перемена.","translation":"This was precisely the time when Mitya, out on the gallery in the dark, ran into the landlord, who was hunting for him, and at once noticed that there was some sudden change in Trifon Borisovich's face and in his speech.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"совпадало с тем, когда Митя встретил … хозяина","title":"Correlative «с тем, когда»","body":"«совпадать с» (to coincide with) takes the instrumental; here «с тем» (with that [time]) sets up a correlative clause «когда…». The demonstrative «тот» points forward to the moment the «когда»-clause defines."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"разыскивавшего его хозяина","title":"Past active participle «разыскивавшего»","body":"An imperfective -вший participle from «разыскивать» (to search for), genitive agreeing with «хозяина» — 'the landlord who was looking for him'. The imperfective stem keeps the searching ongoing in past time."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на галерейке","title":"«галерейка» — little gallery/porch","body":"Diminutive of «галерея»: a small open veranda or covered walkway of the inn at Mokroye. The cozy diminutive locates Mitya's uneasy encounter with the landlord in the dark."}],"words":[{"surface":"Время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of совпадало","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular (postpositive)","role":"determiner of Время","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совпадало","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"совпадало","lemma":"совпадать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"coincided"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of совпадало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встретил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of встретил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"встретил","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"ran into"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"темноте","lemma":"темнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встретил","gloss":"the dark"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking галерейке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"галерейке","lemma":"галерейка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встретил, coordinated with темноте","gloss":"the gallery"},{"surface":"разыскивавшего","lemma":"разыскивать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying хозяина","gloss":"who was looking for"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разыскивавшего","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"хозяина","lemma":"хозяин","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встретил","gloss":"the landlord"},{"surface":"причем","lemma":"причём","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb (part of тут же)","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle (part of тут же)","role":"modifies тут","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with встретил","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of перемена","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Трифона","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Трифона","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перемена","gloss":"Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисовича","lemma":"Борисович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифона","gloss":"Borisovich"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of перемена (indefinite: some)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle (suffix of indefinite pronoun какая-то)","role":"part of indefinite pronoun какая-то, modifies перемена","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique location, modifies перемена","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking речах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"речах","lemma":"речь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with лице","gloss":"his speech"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перемена","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"перемена","lemma":"перемена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of implied есть, complement of заметил","gloss":"a change"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b9-c2-s100","source":"Таким образом, ни Митя и никто не знали, что за ними наблюдают; ящик же его с пистолетами был давно уже похищен Трифоном Борисовичем и припрятан в укромное место.","translation":"Thus neither Mitya nor anyone else knew that they were being watched; while his box of pistols had long since been spirited away by Trifon Borisovich and hidden in some secluded spot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни Митя и никто не знали","title":"Negative concord «ни … никто … не»","body":"«ни Митя и никто … не знали» piles negatives — 'neither Mitya nor anyone knew'. Russian's obligatory negative concord keeps the verb «не знали» even with «ни» and «никто» present; English collapses them to one negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что за ними наблюдают","title":"Indefinite-personal «наблюдают» = 'they are being watched'","body":"«за ними наблюдают» — subjectless 3rd-plural with «за» + instrumental ('observe over them') — conveys the agentless passive sense 'they were being watched'. «же» on «ящик» below softly shifts the topic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ящик же его … был … похищен Трифоном Борисовичем","title":"Periphrastic passive + instrumental agent","body":"«был … похищен» (был + short past passive participle of «похитить', to steal/abduct) is a full agentive passive — and the agent stands in the instrumental: «Трифоном Борисовичем», 'by Trifon Borisovich'. A textbook passive-with-agent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies знали (idiom: thus)","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of наблюдают","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of наблюдают","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"наблюдают","lemma":"наблюдать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знали","gloss":"were watching"},{"surface":"ящик","lemma":"ящик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive похищен","gloss":"the box"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ящик","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ящик","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пистолетами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"пистолетами","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ящик","gloss":"pistols"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of похищен","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похищен","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies похищен","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"похищен","lemma":"похитить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause (passive)","gloss":"spirited away"},{"surface":"Трифоном","lemma":"Трифон","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"agent of похищен","gloss":"by Trifon"},{"surface":"Борисовичем","lemma":"Борисович","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Трифоном","gloss":"Borisovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"припрятан","lemma":"припрятать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with похищен","gloss":"hidden"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking место","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"укромное","lemma":"укромный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies место","gloss":"secluded"},{"surface":"место","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of припрятан","gloss":"a spot"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b9-c2-s101","source":"И только уже в пятом часу утра, почти на рассвете, прибыло всё начальство, исправник, прокурор и следователь, в двух экипажах и на двух тройках.","translation":"And it was only well past four in the morning, almost at daybreak, that all the authorities arrived — the police captain, the prosecutor, and the magistrate — in two carriages and two troikas.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже в пятом часу утра","title":"Ordinal-hour time again","body":"«в пятом часу утра» = 'in the fifth hour of the morning', i.e. some time after four. As earlier with «в девятом часу», Russian counts by the hour-in-progress, with the ordinal in the prepositional."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прибыло всё начальство, исправник, прокурор и следователь","title":"Collective subject + delayed apposition","body":"The neuter collective «всё начальство» (all the authorities) governs neuter singular «прибыло», then is unpacked in apposition — «исправник, прокурор и следователь». Russian agrees with the collective noun, not the listed individuals."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уже (idiom: not until)","gloss":"not until"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибыло","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часу","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"пятом","lemma":"пятый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies часу","gloss":"fifth"},{"surface":"часу","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибыло","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies часу","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассвете","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассвете","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"рассвете","lemma":"рассвет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with часу","gloss":"daybreak"},{"surface":"прибыло","lemma":"прибыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of начальство","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"начальство","lemma":"начальство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of прибыло","gloss":"the authorities"},{"surface":"исправник","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with начальство","gloss":"the police captain"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with начальство","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"следователь","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with начальство","gloss":"the magistrate"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking экипажах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies экипажах","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"экипажах","lemma":"экипаж","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of прибыло (manner)","gloss":"carriages"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тройках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies тройках","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"тройках","lemma":"тройка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with экипажах","gloss":"troikas"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b9-c2-s102","source":"Доктор же остался в доме Федора Павловича, имея в предмете сделать наутро вскрытие трупа убитого, но, главное, заинтересовался именно состоянием больного слуги Смердякова: «Такие ожесточенные и такие длинные припадки падучей, повторяющиеся беспрерывно в течение двух суток, редко встретишь, и это принадлежит науке», — проговорил он в возбуждении отъезжавшим своим партнерам, и те его поздравили, смеясь, с находкой.","translation":"The doctor, for his part, stayed behind in Fyodor Pavlovich's house, meaning to perform the autopsy of the murdered man's body in the morning, but chiefly he had become interested precisely in the condition of the sick servant Smerdyakov: \"Such ferocious and such prolonged fits of the falling sickness, recurring without interruption over two days running, you rarely come across, and it is a matter for science,\" he said in his excitement to his departing partners, and they, laughing, congratulated him on his find.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"имея в предмете сделать … вскрытие","title":"Present gerund «имея» + bookish idiom","body":"«имея в предмете» is a present gerund of «иметь» in a formal idiom 'having (it) in view / intending', followed by the perfective infinitive «сделать вскрытие» (to perform the autopsy). The phrasing is officialese, fitting the doctor's professional purpose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"припадки падучей","title":"«падучая» — the falling sickness","body":"«падучая» (болезнь), literally 'the falling (illness)', is the old popular name for epilepsy — «припадки падучей», 'fits of the falling sickness'. Smerdyakov's epilepsy, real or feigned, is central to the mystery, and the doctor's scientific fascination is darkly ironic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"редко встретишь","title":"Generalising 2sg «встретишь»","body":"«редко встретишь» uses the 2nd-person-singular perfective future as an impersonal generic — 'you rarely come across', meaning 'one seldom meets'. This generalising 'you' is a common idiom for a general truth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проговорил он … отъезжавшим своим партнерам","title":"Past active participle «отъезжавшим» in the dative","body":"«отъезжавшим» (past active participle of «отъезжать», to drive off) agrees in the dative with «партнерам» — 'to his departing partners', the indirect object of «проговорил». «своим» is the reflexive possessive ('his own')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остался","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Доктор","gloss":"for his part"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stayed behind"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остался","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"Fyodor's"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich's"},{"surface":"имея","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on остался","gloss":"meaning"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom в предмете (with the aim of)","gloss":"in","note":"иметь в предмете is an idiom meaning \"to have in view, to intend.\""},{"surface":"предмете","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom в предмете, complement of имея","gloss":"view"},{"surface":"сделать","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of имея","gloss":"to perform"},{"surface":"наутро","lemma":"наутро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделать","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"вскрытие","lemma":"вскрытие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделать","gloss":"the autopsy"},{"surface":"трупа","lemma":"труп","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вскрытие","gloss":"of the body"},{"surface":"убитого","lemma":"убитый","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies трупа","gloss":"of the murdered man"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical use of adjective)","role":"parenthetical, modifies заинтересовался","gloss":"chiefly"},{"surface":"заинтересовался","lemma":"заинтересоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остался","gloss":"became interested"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies состоянием","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"состоянием","lemma":"состояние","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of заинтересовался","gloss":"the condition"},{"surface":"больного","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слуги","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"слуги","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies состоянием","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"Смердякова","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слуги","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"Такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of ожесточенные","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ожесточенные","lemma":"ожесточённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies припадки","gloss":"fierce"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with ожесточенные","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"длинные","lemma":"длинный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies припадки","gloss":"prolonged"},{"surface":"припадки","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of встретишь","gloss":"fits"},{"surface":"падучей","lemma":"падучая","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies припадки","gloss":"of the falling sickness"},{"surface":"повторяющиеся","lemma":"повторяться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, accusative, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying припадки","gloss":"recurring"},{"surface":"беспрерывно","lemma":"беспрерывно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторяющиеся","gloss":"without interruption"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom в течение (over the course of)","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"течение","lemma":"течение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase в","gloss":"the course of"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies суток","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"суток","lemma":"сутки","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"object of the phrase в течение","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"редко","lemma":"редко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встретишь","gloss":"rarely"},{"surface":"встретишь","lemma":"встретить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted sentence","gloss":"you'll come across"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of принадлежит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"принадлежит","lemma":"принадлежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with встретишь","gloss":"belongs"},{"surface":"науке","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of принадлежит","gloss":"to science"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заинтересовался","gloss":"he said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возбуждении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"возбуждении","lemma":"возбуждение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"excitement"},{"surface":"отъезжавшим","lemma":"отъезжавший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, dative, plural, imperfective","role":"modifies партнерам","gloss":"departing"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of партнерам","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"партнерам","lemma":"партнёр","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of проговорил","gloss":"partners"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"те","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поздравили","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поздравили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"поздравили","lemma":"поздравить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with проговорил","gloss":"congratulated"},{"surface":"смеясь","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on поздравили","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking находкой","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"находкой","lemma":"находка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поздравили","gloss":"his find"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b9-c2-s103","source":"При сем прокурор и следователь очень хорошо запомнили, что доктор прибавил самым решительным тоном, что Смердяков до утра не доживет.","translation":"On this point the prosecutor and the magistrate remembered very well that the doctor had added, in the most decided tone, that Smerdyakov would not live to see the morning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"При сем","title":"«при сем» — archaic 'hereupon, on this point'","body":"«сем» is the prepositional of the bookish demonstrative «сей» ('this'). «При сем» — 'on this occasion / hereupon' — is an elevated, officialese turn, period-flavoured rather than ordinary «при этом»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что Смердяков до утра не доживет","title":"Perfective future «не доживёт»","body":"«доживёт» is the perfective simple future of «дожить» (to live until): negated, 'will not live to (see) morning'. «до утра» is «до» + genitive of the limit. The doctor's grimly confident forecast."}],"words":[{"surface":"При","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"сем","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner (archaic), locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of запомнили","gloss":"this","note":"сей is an archaic/formal demonstrative meaning \"this\"; при сем = \"on this point.\""},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of запомнили","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"следователь","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прокурор","gloss":"the magistrate"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запомнили","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"запомнили","lemma":"запомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of прибавил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of запомнили","gloss":"had added"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies решительным","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"решительным","lemma":"решительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тоном","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"тоном","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибавил","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of доживет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"Смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of доживет","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утра","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of доживет","gloss":"the morning"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies доживет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"доживет","lemma":"дожить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of прибавил","gloss":"would live"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b9-c2-s104","source":"Теперь, после долгого, но, кажется, необходимого объяснения мы возвратились именно к тому моменту нашего рассказа, на котором остановили его в предыдущей книге.","translation":"Now, after this long but, I think, necessary explanation, we have come back precisely to that moment of our narrative at which we left off in the previous book.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы возвратились именно к тому моменту … на котором остановили его","title":"Correlative «тот … на котором»","body":"«к тому моменту … на котором» — the demonstrative «тот» (dative «тому») is picked up by the relative «который» (prepositional «на котором»), 'that moment … at which'. The relative takes its own case from «на» while agreeing in gender/number with «моменту»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"после долгого, но … необходимого объяснения","title":"«после» + genitive across a parenthesis","body":"«после» governs the genitive «объяснения», whose adjectives «долгого … необходимого» agree in genitive, with the parenthetical «но, кажется» ('but, it seems') wedged between. The narrator's self-aware authorial aside closes the digression."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвратились","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking долгого","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"долгого","lemma":"долгий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies объяснения","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"необходимого","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies объяснения","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"объяснения","lemma":"объяснение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of после","gloss":"explanation"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of возвратились","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"возвратились","lemma":"возвратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have come back"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies моменту","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking моменту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of моменту","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"моменту","lemma":"момент","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвратились","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рассказа","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"рассказа","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies моменту","gloss":"narrative"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановили","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"остановили","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on моменту","gloss":"we left off"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of остановили","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking книге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"предыдущей","lemma":"предыдущий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies книге","gloss":"previous"},{"surface":"книге","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановили","gloss":"book"}]}]}