{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b9-c3","title":{"source":"III. Хождение души по мытарствам. Мытарство первое","translated":"The Sufferings of a Soul — The First Ordeal"},"section":"Book IX — The Preliminary Investigation","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b9-c3","lines":219},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b9-c2","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b9-c4","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b9-c3-s1","source":"Итак, Митя сидел и диким взглядом озирал присутствующих, не понимая, что ему говорят.","translation":"And so Mitya sat there, surveying those present with a wild look, not understanding what was being said to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"диким взглядом озирал","title":"Instrumental of manner","body":"«Диким взглядом» — 'with a wild look' — is the instrumental case used adverbially, naming the means or manner with which Mitya scans the room. The instrumental routinely turns a noun into the 'how' of an action without any preposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не понимая, что ему говорят","title":"Imperfective gerund «не понимая»","body":"«Не понимая» is a present (imperfective) деепричастие — 'not understanding' — describing a state that runs simultaneously with the main verb «озирал». Sharing Mitya as its subject, it folds a whole circumstance into one adverbial word, a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что ему говорят","title":"Dative recipient «ему»","body":"«Ему говорят» — 'they are saying to him' — puts the person addressed in the dative, the case of the one to or for whom something is done. The impersonal third-person plural «говорят» ('they say') has no named subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"озирал","title":"«озирать» — to gaze around","body":"A bookish, somewhat elevated verb meaning to survey or look all about. It carries more sweep than ordinary «смотреть», fitting the dazed, panoramic stare Dostoevsky gives Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Итак","lemma":"итак","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"диким","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of озирал","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"озирал","lemma":"озирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"surveyed"},{"surface":"присутствующих","lemma":"присутствующий","morphology":"noun (substantivized participle), accusative, plural","role":"direct object of озирал","gloss":"those present"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимая","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on озирал","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction/pronoun","role":"introduces the clause of говорят","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of говорят","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"говорят","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понимая","gloss":"was being said"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b9-c3-s2","source":"Вдруг он поднялся, вскинул вверх руки и громко прокричал:","translation":"Suddenly he rose, flung his arms up, and shouted aloud:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поднялся, вскинул вверх руки и громко прокричал","title":"A chain of perfectives","body":"Three perfective past verbs — «поднялся», «вскинул», «прокричал» — march the action forward as a sequence of single completed events: he rose, flung up his arms, and shouted. The perfective is narrative's engine, each verb one decisive step."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поднялся","title":"The reflexive «-ся» of intransitive motion","body":"«Подняться» ('to rise') is the -ся middle counterpart of transitive «поднять» ('to raise something'). Here -ся makes the verb intransitive — Mitya rises of his own accord, no object raised."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прокричал","title":"The prefix «про-» as 'cried out'","body":"The perfective prefix «про-» on «кричать» gives a single, completed burst of crying out. Dostoevsky's verbs of exclamation in this scene — «прокричал», «завопил», «воскликнул», «вскричал» — ring the changes on shouting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднялся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"поднялся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"вскинул","lemma":"вскинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднялся","gloss":"flung up"},{"surface":"вверх","lemma":"вверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскинул","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of вскинул","gloss":"his arms"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокричал","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"прокричал","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднялся","gloss":"shouted"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b9-c3-s3","source":"— Не повинен!","translation":"\"Not guilty!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"повинен","title":"«повинен» — guilty (bookish short form)","body":"«Повинен» is the short-form predicate adjective 'guilty / culpable', loftier and more juridical-archaic than the plainer «виноват». Mitya's choice of this elevated word lends his cry a solemn, almost liturgical ring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повинен","title":"Short-form predicate adjective","body":"«Повинен» is a short adjective — it has only gender/number, never declines for case, and can stand only as a predicate, never before a noun. The short form carries a categorical, declarative weight well suited to a courtroom-style denial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повинен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"повинен","lemma":"повинный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b9-c3-s4","source":"В этой крови не повинен!","translation":"\"Of this blood I am not guilty!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В этой крови не повинен","title":"Prepositional «в крови» of the charge","body":"«В этой крови» — 'in/of this blood' — uses в plus the prepositional case to name what one is or is not guilty in. Fronting it ahead of «не повинен» throws the emphatic weight onto 'this blood' specifically."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of крови","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повинен","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повинен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"повинен","lemma":"повинный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b9-c3-s5","source":"В крови отца моего не повинен…","translation":"\"Of my father's blood I am not guilty…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отца моего","title":"Genitive of possession, inverted","body":"«Крови отца моего» — 'of my father's blood' — stacks genitives: «крови» (the blood) and «отца» (of the father), with the possessive «моего» placed after its noun. Postposed «моего» is a bookish, emphatic word order common in 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"моего","title":"Possessive «мой» agreeing in the genitive","body":"«Моего» agrees with «отца» in masculine genitive singular — the possessive «мой» declines fully like an adjective to match its noun in gender, number, and case."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повинен","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крови","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повинен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"повинен","lemma":"повинный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b9-c3-s6","source":"Хотел убить, но не повинен!","translation":"\"I wanted to kill him, but I am not guilty!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хотел убить, но не повинен","title":"Subjectless verb, dropped pronoun","body":"«Хотел убить» drops the pronoun «я» entirely — the masculine -л ending of «хотел» already signals a male first-person speaker. Russian routinely omits subject pronouns when the verb's form makes them redundant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но","title":"Adversative «но»","body":"«Но» ('but') sets the willed intention against the disclaimed deed — the moral hinge of Mitya's whole defense: he wanted to kill, but is not guilty of the killing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I wanted"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Хотел","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повинен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"повинен","lemma":"повинный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Хотел","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b9-c3-s7","source":"Не я!","translation":"\"It was not I!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не я","title":"Negating a bare pronoun with «не»","body":"«Не я» — 'not I' — places «не» directly before the word it denies, the nominative pronoun «я». With the verb 'to be' unexpressed in the present, the whole assertion 'it was not I' compresses to two words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b9-c3-s8","source":"Но только что он успел прокричать это, как из-за занавесок выскочила Грушенька и так и рухнулась исправнику прямо в ноги.","translation":"But no sooner had he managed to shout this than Grushenka darted out from behind the curtains and threw herself down at the very feet of the police captain.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но только что он успел прокричать это, как","title":"«только что… как» — 'no sooner… than'","body":"The correlative frame «только что… как» renders 'no sooner had he… than…', pairing a just-completed action with the abrupt next event. «Успел прокричать» — 'managed to shout' — uses perfective «успеть» plus infinitive for an action accomplished just in time."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"рухнулась исправнику прямо в ноги","title":"Dative «исправнику» of the person at whose feet","body":"«Исправнику… в ноги» — 'at the police captain's feet' — puts «исправнику» in the dative, the affected person, while «в ноги» (accusative of motion-toward) marks where she falls. The combination is an idiomatic 'to throw oneself at someone's feet'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"так и рухнулась","title":"Expressive «так и» + «рухнуться»","body":"«Рухнуться» is to crash or collapse down heavily; the intensifying «так и» ('just simply') dramatizes the suddenness — she fairly hurled herself to the floor. This colloquial «так и» before a verb conveys an action done emphatically and all at once."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"no sooner"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had managed"},{"surface":"прокричать","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to shout"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прокричать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выскочила","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase из-за занавесок","gloss":"from behind"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase из-за занавесок","gloss":"from behind"},{"surface":"занавесок","lemma":"занавеска","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of выскочила","gloss":"the curtains"},{"surface":"выскочила","lemma":"выскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of как","gloss":"darted out"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выскочила","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рухнулась","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и (intensifier)","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"рухнулась","lemma":"рухнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выскочила","gloss":"threw herself down"},{"surface":"исправнику","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of рухнулась","gloss":"the captain's"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ноги","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноги","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of рухнулась","gloss":"feet"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b9-c3-s9","source":"— Это я, я, окаянная, я виновата!","translation":"\"It was I, I, accursed creature that I am, I am the guilty one!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это я, я… я виновата","title":"Emphatic «это» + zero copula","body":"«Это я» — 'it is I' — uses the invariable «это» as a presentative with no verb 'to be', the present-tense copula being simply absent in Russian. «Виновата» is the feminine short-form predicate, agreeing with Grushenka."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"окаянная","title":"«окаянная» — accursed, damned","body":"A Church-Slavonic-flavored word meaning 'accursed, reprobate', traditionally applied to sinners and to the devil (окаянный). Grushenka brands herself with it in a gesture of self-abasing penitence steeped in religious language."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject; forms it-is-I construction with я","gloss":"it's","note":"Это я = \"it is I,\" an emphatic identifying construction."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"coordinated with я","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"окаянная","lemma":"окаянный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying я","gloss":"accursed creature"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виновата","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"виновата","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective (short form), feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with я","gloss":"am guilty"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b9-c3-s10","source":"— прокричала она раздирающим душу воплем, вся в слезах, простирая ко всем руки, — это из-за меня он убил!..","translation":"she cried out in a wail that tore at the soul, all in tears, stretching out her arms to them all, \"it was because of me that he killed!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"раздирающим душу воплем","title":"Present active participle «раздирающим»","body":"«Раздирающим» — 'tearing, rending' — is a present active participle in the instrumental, agreeing with «воплем» ('with a wail'). It packs a whole который-clause ('a wail that tears at the soul') into one modifier, a bookish compression typical of Dostoevsky."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"простирая ко всем руки","title":"Gerund «простирая» of accompanying gesture","body":"«Простирая» is an imperfective present деепричастие — 'stretching out [her arms]' — describing the gesture that accompanies her cry. «Ко всем» uses к + dative, 'toward everyone'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из-за меня","title":"«из-за» + genitive: cause and blame","body":"«Из-за меня» — 'because of me' — uses из-за governing the genitive «меня» to assign cause, and with persons it leans toward blame ('it's my fault'). The same из-за meant literally 'from behind' in «из-за занавесок» a moment earlier."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вопль","title":"«вопль» — a wail, an anguished cry","body":"«Вопль» denotes a loud cry of grief or pain, far stronger than ordinary «крик». It belongs to the heightened, lacerating emotional register Dostoevsky reserves for his characters' moments of breakdown."}],"words":[{"surface":"прокричала","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of прокричала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"раздирающим","lemma":"раздирающий","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"clause modifying воплем","gloss":"soul-rending"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of раздирающим","gloss":"the soul"},{"surface":"воплем","lemma":"вопль","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокричала","gloss":"wail"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies она, coordinated with прокричала","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слезах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"слезах","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies вся","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"простирая","lemma":"простирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прокричала","gloss":"stretching out"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всем","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of ко","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of простирая","gloss":"her arms"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject of the clause","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase из-за меня","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase из-за меня","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of из-за","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"killed"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b9-c3-s11","source":"Это я его измучила и до того довела!","translation":"\"It was I who tormented him and drove him to it!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это я его измучила и до того довела","title":"Cleft «это я… кто» for emphasis","body":"«Это я… измучила» — 'it was I who tormented him' — fronts «это я» to single out the agent emphatically, the Russian equivalent of an English cleft 'it was I who…'. Word order, not a relative pronoun, carries the focus."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"до того довела","title":"«довести до того» — to drive to such a point","body":"The idiom «довести кого-то до того (что…)» means to drive or reduce someone to such a state — here, to push Mitya to the brink. «Измучила» ('tormented to exhaustion') intensifies «мучить» with the prefix из-."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject; forms it-was-I construction with я","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of измучила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of измучила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"измучила","lemma":"измучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of довела","gloss":"that point"},{"surface":"довела","lemma":"довести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with измучила","gloss":"drove him"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b9-c3-s12","source":"Я и того старичка-покойничка бедного измучила, со злобы моей, и до того довела!","translation":"\"And that poor little old man, now dead, I tormented him too, out of my own spite, and drove him to it as well!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старичка-покойничка бедного","title":"Pity-laden diminutives «старичок-покойничек»","body":"Both nouns carry the affectionate-pitying diminutive «-ичек/-ичок»: «старичок» (dear little old man) and «покойничек» (poor little dead one). Stacked together with «бедного», they drench old Grigory in tender, almost folk-lament pathos — diminutives here express pity, not size."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"со злобы моей","title":"«со злобы» — out of spite (genitive of cause)","body":"«Со злобы» uses с(о) + genitive to express the emotional cause of an act — 'out of / from my spite'. This causal с phrase ('из/со страху', 'со злости') is a common idiomatic way to name the feeling that drove a deed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"покойничек","title":"«покойник» — the deceased","body":"«Покойник» means 'the deceased, the late one' (from «покой», rest/peace — one who has gone to his rest). Grushenka's diminutive «покойничек» softens it into a grieving endearment for the murdered Fyodor Pavlovich."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of измучила","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старичка","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старичка","lemma":"старичок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of измучила","gloss":"little old man"},{"surface":"покойничка","lemma":"покойничек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to старичка","gloss":"now dead"},{"surface":"бедного","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старичка","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"измучила","lemma":"измучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобы","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"злобы","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of измучила","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies злобы","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of довела","gloss":"that point"},{"surface":"довела","lemma":"довести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with измучила","gloss":"drove him"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b9-c3-s13","source":"Я виноватая, я первая, я главная, я виноватая!","translation":"\"I am the guilty one, I first of all, I above all, I am to blame!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я первая, я главная, я виноватая","title":"Long-form predicates with feminine «-ая»","body":"«Первая», «главная», «виноватая» are all long-form adjectives in feminine nominative, used predicatively after an unexpressed copula. The drumbeat of «я… я… я…» with these agreeing forms makes the confession ring like a litany of self-accusation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виноватая","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"виноватая","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"am guilty"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of первая","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"первая","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with виноватая","gloss":"first of all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of главная","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"главная","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with виноватая","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виноватая","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"виноватая","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with виноватая","gloss":"am to blame"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b9-c3-s14","source":"— Да, ты виноватая!","translation":"\"Yes, you are the guilty one!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да, ты виноватая","title":"Colloquial long form «виноватая»","body":"Standard Russian would predicate guilt with the short form «виновата»; the исправник's long-form «виноватая» as a predicate is markedly colloquial and emphatic, almost echoing Grushenka's own phrasing back at her in accusation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"introductory particle","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виноватая","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"виноватая","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"are the guilty one"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b9-c3-s15","source":"Ты главная преступница!","translation":"\"You are the chief criminal!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"главная преступница","title":"«преступница» — the female criminal","body":"«Преступница» is the feminine of «преступник» ('criminal', literally 'one who steps across [the law]'), formed with the female agent suffix «-ница». «Главная» ('chief, principal') ranks her as the ringleader."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of преступница","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"главная","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies преступница","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"преступница","lemma":"преступница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"criminal"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b9-c3-s16","source":"Ты неистовая, ты развратная, ты главная виноватая, — завопил, грозя ей рукой, исправник, но тут уж его быстро и решительно уняли.","translation":"\"You are a wild thing, you are a wanton, you are the one most to blame,\" bawled the police captain, shaking his fist at her — but here he was quickly and firmly silenced.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"завопил, грозя ей рукой, исправник","title":"Gerund «грозя» + dative «ей»","body":"«Грозя ей рукой» is an imperfective gerund — 'shaking his fist at her' — running alongside «завопил». «Ей» is dative (the one threatened) and «рукой» instrumental (the means). Note the inverted order: verb, then the parenthetical gerund, then the subject «исправник»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его быстро и решительно уняли","title":"Subjectless third-person plural «уняли»","body":"«Уняли» ('they silenced him') has no stated subject — the bare third-person plural verb means 'people / they', leaving the silencers vague. «Его» is the accusative object; «уж» adds the sense 'at this point, finally'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неистовая… развратная… унять","title":"«неистовая», «развратная», «унять»","body":"«Неистовая» means frenzied, raging, unrestrained; «развратная» means depraved or wanton. «Унять» (perfective) is to quiet, check, or restrain someone who has lost control — the others physically calm the captain down."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of неистовая","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"неистовая","lemma":"неистовый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a wild thing"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of развратная","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"развратная","lemma":"развратный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with неистовая","gloss":"a wanton"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виноватая","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"главная","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies виноватая","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"виноватая","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with неистовая","gloss":"to blame"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb introducing the quote","gloss":"bawled"},{"surface":"грозя","lemma":"грозить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on завопил","gloss":"shaking"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of грозя","gloss":"at her"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of грозя","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"исправник","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"the police captain"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уняли","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уняли","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уняли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уняли","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уняли","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"уняли","lemma":"унять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with завопил","gloss":"silenced"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b9-c3-s17","source":"Прокурор даже обхватил его руками.","translation":"The prosecutor even threw his arms around him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обхватил его руками","title":"Instrumental «руками» of the means","body":"«Руками» — 'with his arms' — is the instrumental naming the bodily instrument of the embrace. The particle «даже» ('even') marks the prosecutor's act as a surprising extreme: he went so far as to physically pin the captain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обхватил","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обхватил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"обхватил","lemma":"обхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"threw around"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обхватил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обхватил","gloss":"his arms"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b9-c3-s18","source":"— Это уж совсем беспорядок будет, Михаил Макарович, — вскричал он, — вы положительно мешаете следствию… дело портите…","translation":"\"This is becoming quite a disorder, Mikhail Makarovich,\" he exclaimed, \"you are positively obstructing the inquiry… you are spoiling the case…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"беспорядок будет","title":"Simple future of «быть» (existential/copula)","body":"«Будет» here is the simple future of «быть» used existentially with the predicate noun «беспорядок» — 'this will be / there will be sheer disorder'. There is no infinitive, so it is not the compound future. With the particle «уж» ('truly, downright') and «совсем» ('utterly'), the prosecutor predicts the scene degenerating into chaos."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы положительно мешаете следствию","title":"Dative object of «мешать»","body":"«Мешать» ('to hinder, get in the way of') governs the dative: «мешаете следствию» — 'you are obstructing the inquiry'. The imperfective «мешаете» frames it as an ongoing interference, not a single act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies беспорядок","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"беспорядок","lemma":"беспорядок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of будет","gloss":"a disorder"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"Михаил","lemma":"Михаил","morphology":"proper noun, nominative/vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"Макарович","lemma":"Макарович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative/vocative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаил","gloss":"Makarovich"},{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to будет","gloss":"he exclaimed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of мешаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"положительно","lemma":"положительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мешаете","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"мешаете","lemma":"мешать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"are obstructing"},{"surface":"следствию","lemma":"следствие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of мешаете","gloss":"the inquiry"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of портите","gloss":"the case"},{"surface":"портите","lemma":"портить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мешаете","gloss":"you're spoiling"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b9-c3-s19","source":"— почти задыхался он.","translation":"he gasped, almost choking.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"почти задыхался","title":"Imperfective «задыхался» of a process","body":"«Задыхался» is imperfective past — 'he was gasping / choking for breath' — viewing the action as an ongoing state rather than a completed event. «Почти» ('almost') tempers it: he was nearly suffocating with agitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задыхался","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"задыхался","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was choking"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задыхался","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b9-c3-s20","source":"— Меры принять, меры принять, меры принять!","translation":"\"Measures must be taken, measures must be taken, measures must be taken!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Меры принять","title":"Infinitive «принять» as urgent command","body":"«Меры принять!» — literally 'measures to take!' — is a bare infinitive used as a peremptory, impersonal command, more forceful and excited than a polite imperative. The threefold repetition conveys the captain's frantic insistence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Меры принять","title":"Accusative object «меры»","body":"«Меры» ('measures') is the direct object of «принять» in the accusative; the fixed phrase «принять меры» means 'to take measures / steps'. Word order is inverted (object first) to throw all weight on what must be done."}],"words":[{"surface":"Меры","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of принять","gloss":"measures"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"must be taken"},{"surface":"меры","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of принять","gloss":"measures"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with принять","gloss":"must be taken"},{"surface":"меры","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of принять","gloss":"measures"},{"surface":"принять","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with принять","gloss":"must be taken"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b9-c3-s21","source":"— страшно закипятился и Николай Парфенович, — иначе положительно невозможно!..","translation":"Nikolai Parfenovich too boiled over dreadfully, \"otherwise it is positively impossible!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"страшно закипятился и Николай Парфенович","title":"Inclusive «и» 'too' + inverted subject","body":"Here «и» before «Николай Парфенович» means 'also, too' — the magistrate too boiled over. Russian places this additive «и» right before the word it adds, and the verb-before-subject order is the normal pattern after direct speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"закипятился","title":"«закипятиться» — to boil over","body":"From «кипеть» (to boil), the reflexive «закипятиться» with the inceptive prefix за- means to flare up, get heated, lose one's temper — to start 'boiling'. «Страшно» ('dreadfully') here is a colloquial intensifier, 'terribly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies закипятился","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"закипятился","lemma":"закипятиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"boiled over"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Николай","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of закипятился","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"Парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the quoted clause","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"положительно","lemma":"положительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невозможно","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the quoted clause","gloss":"impossible"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b9-c3-s22","source":"— Вместе судите нас!","translation":"\"Try us together!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вместе судите нас","title":"Imperative «судите» + accusative «нас»","body":"«Судите нас» — 'judge / try us' — is the plural-polite imperative (addressed to the officials) with «нас» as accusative object. «Вместе» ('together') is fronted to stress her plea to share Mitya's fate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies судите","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"судите","lemma":"судить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"try"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of судите","gloss":"us"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b9-c3-s23","source":"— продолжала исступленно восклицать Грушенька, всё еще на коленях.","translation":"Grushenka went on exclaiming in a frenzy, still on her knees.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"продолжала исступленно восклицать","title":"Imperfective «продолжала… восклицать»","body":"«Продолжать» ('to continue') is inherently imperfective and takes an imperfective infinitive «восклицать» — Grushenka 'went on exclaiming', the action stretched out and repeated. «Исступлённо» ('frenziedly') is the adverb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё еще на коленях","title":"«на коленях» — prepositional of location","body":"«На коленях» — 'on her knees' — uses на + prepositional to mark static position. «Всё ещё» ('still') stresses the continuing posture of her kneeling supplication."}],"words":[{"surface":"продолжала","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"исступленно","lemma":"исступлённо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восклицать","gloss":"in a frenzy"},{"surface":"восклицать","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжала","gloss":"exclaiming"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of продолжала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase всё ещё, modifies еще","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies коленях","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"коленях","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of продолжала","gloss":"her knees"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b9-c3-s24","source":"— Вместе казните нас, пойду с ним теперь хоть на смертную казнь!","translation":"\"Punish us together — I will go with him now even to the scaffold!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пойду с ним","title":"Perfective future «пойду»","body":"«Пойду» — 'I will go / set out' — is the simple (perfective) future: a perfective verb of motion conjugated with present-tense endings yields future meaning, no auxiliary needed. It names a single resolved departure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть на смертную казнь","title":"Concessive «хоть» — 'even to'","body":"«Хоть» here means 'even, if it comes to that' — 'I'll go with him even to execution'. «С ним» uses с + instrumental ('with him'); «на смертную казнь» is accusative of motion-toward, the destination of her vow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies казните","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"казните","lemma":"казнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"punish"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of казните","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"пойду","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with казните","gloss":"I will go"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойду","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пойду","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies казнь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking казнь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"смертную","lemma":"смертный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies казнь","gloss":"death","note":"смертная казнь together mean \"execution/the scaffold\", the translation's word choice."},{"surface":"казнь","lemma":"казнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пойду","gloss":"penalty"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b9-c3-s25","source":"— Груша, жизнь моя, кровь моя, святыня моя!","translation":"\"Grusha, my life, my blood, my holy one!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Груша","title":"«Груша» — pet form of Grushenka","body":"«Груша» is the short, intimate form behind the diminutive «Грушенька» (Agrafena). Mitya's bare «Груша», stripped to the affectionate core of her name, is a cry of raw tenderness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"святыня моя","title":"«святыня» — holy thing, sacred treasure","body":"«Святыня» means a holy object or relic, something sacred and inviolable (from «святой», holy). Mitya's heaping of «жизнь моя, кровь моя, святыня моя» fuses erotic and religious adoration — Grushenka as his life, his blood, his shrine."}],"words":[{"surface":"Груша","lemma":"Груша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Grusha"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Груша","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Груша","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кровь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"святыня","lemma":"святыня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Груша","gloss":"holy one"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of святыня","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b9-c3-s26","source":"— бросился подле нее на колени и Митя и крепко сжал ее в объятиях.","translation":"Mitya too threw himself down on his knees beside her and clasped her tightly in his arms.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросился подле нее на колени и Митя","title":"Reflexive «бросился» + inverted subject","body":"«Бросился» ('threw himself') is the -ся form of «бросить», making it intransitive and reflexive — he flings himself down. The subject «Митя» follows the verb, and «и» means 'too' (Mitya as well as Grushenka kneels)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сжал ее в объятиях","title":"«в объятиях» — prepositional of embrace","body":"«Сжал ее в объятиях» — 'clasped her in his arms' — pairs perfective «сжал» (a single firm clasp) with «в объятиях» (в + prepositional, the embrace as a location). «Подле неё» means 'beside her', with the н- prefixed pronoun after a preposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"threw himself"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подле","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колени","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"колени","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"his knees"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Митя","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сжал","gloss":"tightly"},{"surface":"сжал","lemma":"сжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросился","gloss":"clasped"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сжал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking объятиях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"объятиях","lemma":"объятие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of сжал","gloss":"his arms"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b9-c3-s27","source":"— Не верьте ей, — кричал он, — не виновата она ни в чем, ни в какой крови и ни в чем!","translation":"\"Don't believe her,\" he cried, \"she is not guilty of anything, not of any blood and not of anything at all!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не виновата она ни в чем, ни в какой крови и ни в чем","title":"Negative concord: «не… ни… ни…»","body":"Mitya piles up the «ни»-series — «ни в чём… ни в какой крови… ни в чём» — all reinforcing the single «не виновата». Russian demands this negative concord: the main «не» stands and each «ни» phrase ('not in anything, not in any blood') intensifies rather than cancels it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не верьте ей","title":"Negated imperative + dative «ей»","body":"«Не верьте ей» — 'do not believe her' — combines «не» with the polite-plural imperative «верьте». «Верить» governs the dative, so it is «ей» ('her') not an accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верьте","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"верьте","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of верьте","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to верьте","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виновата","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"виновата","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of она, parallel clause to верьте","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of виновата","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновата","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of крови","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with чем","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with чем","gloss":"anything"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b9-c3-s28","source":"Он помнил потом, что его оттащили от нее силой несколько человек, а что ее вдруг увели, и что опамятовался он уже сидя за столом.","translation":"He remembered afterward that several men had dragged him away from her by force, and that she had suddenly been led off, and that he came to his senses only when he was already sitting at the table.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"его оттащили… ее увели","title":"Impersonal third-person plural narration","body":"Both «оттащили» ('dragged away') and «увели» ('led off') are subjectless third-person plurals — 'they dragged him', 'she was led off' — with the acted-upon «его» and «её» in the accusative. This vague 'they' suits Mitya's hazy, passive memory of being overpowered."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"опамятовался он уже сидя за столом","title":"Gerund «сидя» of state","body":"«Сидя» is an imperfective gerund — 'while sitting' — describing the posture in which he came to himself. «Опамятовался» ('came to his senses') is a -ся perfective; «за столом» is за + instrumental, 'at the table'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"опамятовался","title":"«опамятоваться» — to come to one's senses","body":"A somewhat archaic-colloquial verb (from «память», memory) meaning to regain consciousness or composure after a daze or fit. It captures Mitya's surfacing from his fevered blackout."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помнил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"помнил","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помнил","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оттащили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of оттащили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"оттащили","lemma":"оттащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of помнил","gloss":"dragged away"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оттащили","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"силой","lemma":"сила","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оттащили","gloss":"by force"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on человек","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of оттащили","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увели","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of увели","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увели","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"увели","lemma":"увести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with оттащили","gloss":"led away"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of опамятовался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"опамятовался","lemma":"опамятоваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оттащили","gloss":"came to his senses"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опамятовался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидя","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"сидя","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on опамятовался","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"столом","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидя","gloss":"the table"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b9-c3-s29","source":"Подле и сзади него стояли люди с бляхами.","translation":"Beside him and behind him stood men wearing official badges.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подле и сзади него стояли люди","title":"Locative fronting, subject last","body":"The sentence opens with place — «подле и сзади него» ('beside and behind him') — and holds the subject «люди» to the end, the new information. This topic-comment ordering, location first and the newly-seen guards last, mirrors Mitya's dawning awareness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него, coordinated with сзади","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сзади","lemma":"сзади","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него, coordinated with Подле","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Подле and сзади","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"стояли","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of стояли","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бляхами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"бляхами","lemma":"бляха","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"badges"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b9-c3-s30","source":"Напротив него через стол на диване сидел Николай Парфенович, судебный следователь, и всё уговаривал его отпить из стоявшего на столе стакана немного воды: «Это освежит вас, это вас успокоит, не бойтесь, не беспокойтесь», — прибавлял он чрезвычайно вежливо.","translation":"Across the table from him, on the sofa, sat Nikolai Parfenovich, the examining magistrate, who kept urging him to take a little water from the glass standing on the table: \"It will refresh you, it will calm you, don't be afraid, don't be uneasy,\" he added with extreme courtesy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уговаривал его отпить… немного воды","title":"Imperfective «уговаривал» + genitive «воды»","body":"«Уговаривал» is imperfective past — he 'kept urging', a repeated, drawn-out effort (reinforced by «всё», 'kept on'). «Немного воды» takes the partitive genitive «воды» — 'a little (of the) water', a quantity-of construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"из стоявшего на столе стакана","title":"Past active participle «стоявшего»","body":"«Стоявшего на столе стакана» — 'the glass that stood on the table' — uses the past active participle «стоявший» in the genitive (after «из»), agreeing with «стакана». It condenses a который-clause into a single bookish modifier embedded before its noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не бойтесь, не беспокойтесь","title":"Negated imperatives of reflexive verbs","body":"«Не бойтесь, не беспокойтесь» — 'don't be afraid, don't be uneasy' — are negated polite imperatives of the -ся verbs «бояться» and «беспокоиться». Both verbs exist only in their reflexive form, the -ся here marking an inward state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"across from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"Парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the name Николай Парфенович","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"судебный","lemma":"судебный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies следователь","gloss":"examining"},{"surface":"следователь","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай","gloss":"magistrate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уговаривал","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"уговаривал","lemma":"уговаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"urging"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уговаривал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"отпить","lemma":"отпить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of уговаривал","gloss":"to drink"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стакана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стоявшего","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying стакана","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столе","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"столе","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоявшего","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"стакана","lemma":"стакан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отпить","gloss":"the glass"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on воды","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"воды","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отпить","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of освежит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"освежит","lemma":"освежить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to уговаривал","gloss":"will refresh"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of освежит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of успокоит","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of успокоит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"успокоит","lemma":"успокоить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with освежит","gloss":"will calm"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бойтесь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"бойтесь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with освежит","gloss":"be afraid"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies беспокойтесь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"беспокойтесь","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with освежит","gloss":"be uneasy"},{"surface":"прибавлял","lemma":"прибавлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to сидел","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавлял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вежливо","gloss":"extremely"},{"surface":"вежливо","lemma":"вежливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавлял","gloss":"politely"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b9-c3-s31","source":"Мите же вдруг, он помнил это, ужасно любопытны стали его большие перстни, один аметистовый, а другой какой-то ярко-желтый, прозрачный и такого прекрасного блеска.","translation":"And suddenly — he remembered this — Mitya became dreadfully curious about the magistrate's large rings, one set with an amethyst and the other with some bright-yellow stone, transparent and of such a beautiful luster.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мите же вдруг… ужасно любопытны стали его… перстни","title":"Dative experiencer «Мите»","body":"«Мите… любопытны стали… перстни» frames the curiosity impersonally: the rings 'became curious-making to Mitya', with «Мите» in the dative as the one the feeling happens to. This experiencer-in-the-dative pattern lets Dostoevsky render an involuntary, surfacing fascination."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"же","title":"Contrastive particle «же»","body":"«Мите же» — the particle «же» leans on «Мите» to mark a shift of focus back to Mitya ('as for Mitya, for his part'), setting his odd inner fixation against the surrounding bustle. «Же» colors the topic without adding lexical meaning."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"перстни","title":"«перстень» — a (signet) ring","body":"«Перстень» is a finger-ring, often a substantial gemmed or signet one, more formal than the band «кольцо». The magistrate's large amethyst and bright-yellow rings become Mitya's strange anchor of attention during the interrogation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"dative experiencer, oblique complement of любопытны","gloss":"to Mitya"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Мите","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стали","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помнил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"помнил","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of помнил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любопытны","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"любопытны","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of перстни","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"большие","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies перстни","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"перстни","lemma":"перстень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"rings"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to перстни","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"аметистовый","lemma":"аметистовый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"describes один (one of the перстни)","gloss":"amethyst"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to перстни (the other ring)","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of желтый, part of какой-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какой-то","gloss":"some","note":"какой-то is an indefinite pronoun/adjective, \"some kind of\"."},{"surface":"ярко","lemma":"яркий","morphology":"adjective, combining form","role":"modifies желтый","gloss":"bright"},{"surface":"желтый","lemma":"жёлтый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies другой","gloss":"yellow"},{"surface":"прозрачный","lemma":"прозрачный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies другой, coordinated with желтый","gloss":"transparent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"такого","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of блеска","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"прекрасного","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies блеска","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"блеска","lemma":"блеск","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies другой (genitive of quality)","gloss":"luster"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b9-c3-s32","source":"И долго еще он потом с удивлением вспоминал, что эти перстни привлекали его взгляд неотразимо даже во всё время этих страшных часов допроса, так что он почему-то всё не мог от них оторваться и их забыть, как совершенно неподходящую к его положению вещь.","translation":"And for a long time afterward he recalled with astonishment that those rings had drawn his gaze irresistibly even throughout all those terrible hours of interrogation, so that for some reason he could not tear himself away from them or forget them, as a thing utterly out of keeping with his situation.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"так что он почему-то всё не мог от них оторваться и их забыть","title":"Result clause «так что»","body":"«Так что» ('so that') opens a clause of result — the rings drew his gaze so that he could not tear himself away. «Всё не мог» pairs «всё» ('kept on') with negated «мог» to show a persistent inability."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему-то","title":"Indefinite «почему-то»","body":"«Почему-то» — 'for some reason' — uses the -то clitic on «почему» to mark a real but unknown cause: there was a reason, but Mitya cannot name it. This -то indefinite captures the irrational, unaccountable quality of his fixation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оторваться","title":"Reflexive «оторваться» — to tear oneself away","body":"«Оторваться» is the -ся form of «оторвать» ('to tear off'), turning it intransitive/reflexive: to tear oneself away, detach oneself. The -ся makes the subject both the one who tears and the one torn loose."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспоминал","gloss":"for a long time"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долго","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вспоминал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспоминал","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удивлением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"удивлением","lemma":"удивление","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспоминал","gloss":"astonishment"},{"surface":"вспоминал","lemma":"вспоминать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recalled"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of привлекали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of перстни","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"перстни","lemma":"перстень","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of привлекали","gloss":"rings"},{"surface":"привлекали","lemma":"привлекать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of вспоминал","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of взгляд","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of привлекали","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"неотразимо","lemma":"неотразимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies привлекали","gloss":"irresistibly"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies время","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of привлекали","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of часов","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"страшных","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies часов","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies время","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"допроса","lemma":"допрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies часов","gloss":"of interrogation"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase почему-то, modifies мог","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase почему-то","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the так-что result clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of оторваться","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"оторваться","lemma":"оторваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"tear himself away"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of забыть","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"забыть","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with оторваться","gloss":"forget"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison, modifies вещь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неподходящую","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"неподходящую","lemma":"неподходящий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вещь","gloss":"unsuited"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking положению","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of положению","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"положению","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of неподходящую","gloss":"situation"},{"surface":"вещь","lemma":"вещь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to их, describing the rings","gloss":"a thing"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b9-c3-s33","source":"Налево, сбоку от Мити, на месте, где сидел в начале вечера Максимов, уселся теперь прокурор, а по правую руку Мити, на месте, где была тогда Грушенька, расположился один румяный молодой человек, в каком-то охотничьем как бы пиджаке, и весьма поношенном, пред которым очутились чернильница и бумага.","translation":"To the left, at Mitya's side, in the place where Maximov had sat at the start of the evening, the prosecutor had now settled himself, while at Mitya's right hand, in the place where Grushenka had then been, a ruddy young man took his seat, in a sort of hunting jacket, and a very shabby one at that, before whom an inkstand and paper had appeared.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на месте, где сидел в начале вечера Максимов, уселся теперь прокурор","title":"Relative «где» + heavy participial scene-setting","body":"Dostoevsky stages the room with parallel place-clauses ('in the spot where X had sat, now Y settled'), the relative «где» tying each new occupant to a vacated seat. The subjects «прокурор» and «молодой человек» fall after their verbs, the new arrangement as comment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пред которым очутились чернильница и бумага","title":"Relative «который» in the instrumental after «пред»","body":"«Пред которым» — 'before whom' — shows «который» taking the case its preposition demands (пред + instrumental), while still pointing back to «молодой человек». «Пред» is the bookish/archaic variant of «перед»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в каком-то охотничьем как бы пиджаке","title":"Hedging «какой-то… как бы»","body":"The doubled hedges «в каком-то… как бы пиджаке» ('in some sort of… as it were… jacket') render the narrator's vague, approximate impression — a 'kind of huntsman's jacket, so to speak'. «Поношенном» means 'worn, shabby'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Налево","lemma":"налево","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уселся","gloss":"to the left"},{"surface":"сбоку","lemma":"сбоку","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with Налево","gloss":"at the side"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мити","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сбоку","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уселся","gloss":"the place"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on месте","gloss":"had sat"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начале","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"начале","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"the start"},{"surface":"вечера","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies начале","gloss":"of the evening"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"Максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"уселся","lemma":"усесться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seated himself"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уселся","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уселся","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"правую","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руку","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of расположился","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies руку","gloss":"Mitya's"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of расположился","gloss":"the place"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause on месте","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies была","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"расположился","lemma":"расположиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уселся","gloss":"settled himself"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies человек","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"румяный","lemma":"румяный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"ruddy"},{"surface":"молодой","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of расположился","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пиджаке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"каком","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пиджаке, part of каком-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase каком-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"охотничьем","lemma":"охотничий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пиджаке","gloss":"hunting"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы, modifies пиджаке","gloss":"as if","note":"как бы = \"a sort of\", softening the description of the jacket."},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"пиджаке","lemma":"пиджак","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of в, describing человек","gloss":"jacket"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поношенном","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"поношенном","lemma":"поношенный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with пиджаке","gloss":"worn"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of очутились","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"очутились","lemma":"очутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on человек","gloss":"had appeared"},{"surface":"чернильница","lemma":"чернильница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of очутились","gloss":"an inkstand"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бумага","lemma":"бумага","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with чернильница","gloss":"paper"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b9-c3-s34","source":"Оказалось, что это был письмоводитель следователя, которого привез тот с собою. Исправник же стоял теперь у окна, в другом конце комнаты, подле Калганова, который тоже уселся на стуле у того же окна.","translation":"He turned out to be the magistrate's clerk, whom the latter had brought with him. The police captain, meanwhile, now stood by the window, at the other end of the room, beside Kalganov, who had also taken a seat on a chair by that same window.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого привез тот с собою","title":"Relative «которого» in the accusative","body":"«Которого привёз тот» — 'whom the latter had brought' — puts «который» in the animate accusative (= genitive form «которого») as the object of «привёз». «Тот» ('the latter, that one') refers back to the magistrate, a tidy correlative for tracking who is who."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Исправник же стоял теперь у окна","title":"Topic-switching «же»","body":"«Исправник же» uses «же» to swing the camera to a new subject — 'the police captain, for his part…' — contrasting his new position by the window with the seating just described. «У окна» is у + genitive, 'by the window'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"письмоводитель","title":"«письмоводитель» — clerk, scribe","body":"Literally 'one who conducts the writing' (письмо + водить), a «письмоводитель» is a clerk or recording secretary who keeps the official paperwork. This is the man with inkstand and paper, brought to transcribe Mitya's interrogation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it turned out"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to письмоводитель","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"письмоводитель","lemma":"письмоводитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"the clerk"},{"surface":"следователя","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies письмоводитель","gloss":"of the magistrate"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of привез","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"привез","lemma":"привезти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on письмоводитель","gloss":"had brought"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of привез","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of привез","gloss":"him","note":"собою is an alternate instrumental form of the reflexive pronoun себя."},{"surface":"Исправник","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"the police captain"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Исправник","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоял","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конце","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies конце","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"конце","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял, in apposition to у окна","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies конце","gloss":"of the room"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Калганова","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"Калганова","lemma":"Калганов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подле","gloss":"Kalganov"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уселся","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уселся","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"уселся","lemma":"усесться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on Калганова","gloss":"had seated himself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стуле","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стуле","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уселся","gloss":"a chair"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окна","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of окна","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies того","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"окна","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of уселся","gloss":"window"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b9-c3-s35","source":"— Выпейте воды!","translation":"\"Drink some water!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выпейте воды","title":"Perfective imperative + partitive genitive","body":"«Выпейте» is the perfective polite imperative ('drink [it down]', a single completed act), and «воды» is the partitive genitive — 'some water', an indefinite amount. The pairing is the idiomatic way to offer a drink."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выпейте","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"воды","lemma":"вода","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Выпейте","gloss":"some water"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b9-c3-s36","source":"— мягко повторил в десятый раз следователь.","translation":"the magistrate repeated gently, for the tenth time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мягко повторил в десятый раз","title":"Perfective «повторил» of a completed repetition","body":"«Повторил» is perfective — one completed act of repeating — even as «в десятый раз» ('for the tenth time') tells us how often it has happened. Russian can count discrete completed events this way; «мягко» ('gently') sets the patient tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"мягко","lemma":"мягко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторил","gloss":"gently"},{"surface":"повторил","lemma":"повторить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"десятый","lemma":"десятый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"tenth"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повторил","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"следователь","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторил","gloss":"the magistrate"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b9-c3-s37","source":"— Выпил, господа, выпил… но… что ж, господа, давите, казните, решайте судьбу!","translation":"\"I have drunk, gentlemen, I have drunk… but… well, gentlemen, crush me, execute me, decide my fate!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выпил, господа, выпил","title":"Perfective past «выпил» of a finished act","body":"«Выпил» — 'I have drunk [it]' — is the perfective past, the completed result the magistrate had urged. The bare repeated verb, subject «я» dropped, answers the command with weary completion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"давите, казните, решайте судьбу","title":"A triad of imperatives","body":"«Давите, казните, решайте» — 'crush, execute, decide' — three imperatives hurled at the officials, mixing perfective and imperfective for headlong intensity. «Что ж» is an exclamatory 'well then', resigning himself to their judgment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давите","title":"«давить» — to crush, press","body":"«Давить» means to press, squeeze, or crush. Mitya's 'crush me!' is the language of self-immolation, inviting them to grind him down — part of his theatrical surrender to punishment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выпил","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I have drunk"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"выпил","lemma":"выпить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Выпил","gloss":"I have drunk"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom что ж","gloss":"well","note":"'что ж' is an idiomatic filler meaning 'well, then', not a literal clause."},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom что ж","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"давите","lemma":"давить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crush me"},{"surface":"казните","lemma":"казнить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with давите","gloss":"execute me"},{"surface":"решайте","lemma":"решать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with давите","gloss":"decide"},{"surface":"судьбу","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of решайте","gloss":"my fate"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b9-c3-s38","source":"— воскликнул Митя со страшно неподвижным выпучившимся взглядом на следователя.","translation":"exclaimed Mitya, fixing the magistrate with a dreadfully motionless, bulging stare.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"со страшно неподвижным выпучившимся взглядом","title":"Past active participle «выпучившимся»","body":"«Выпучившимся» is a past active participle of the -ся verb «выпучиться» ('to bulge'), in the instrumental agreeing with «взглядом» — a 'bulging stare'. Stacked with the adjective «неподвижным» ('motionless'), it builds a dense modifier on the noun «взглядом»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выпучившимся взглядом на следователя","title":"Instrumental of accompanying manner","body":"«Со… взглядом на следователя» — 'with a… stare fixed on the magistrate' — uses с + instrumental to attach a vivid manner to «воскликнул». The whole phrase paints how Mitya exclaims rather than what he holds."}],"words":[{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взглядом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страшно","lemma":"страшно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неподвижным","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"неподвижным","lemma":"неподвижный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"motionless"},{"surface":"выпучившимся","lemma":"выпучиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"bulging"},{"surface":"взглядом","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскликнул","gloss":"stare"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking следователя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"следователя","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взглядом","gloss":"the magistrate"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b9-c3-s39","source":"— Итак, вы положительно утверждаете, что в смерти отца вашего, Федора Павловича, вы не виновны? — мягко, но настойчиво спросил следователь.","translation":"\"And so, you positively maintain that you are not guilty of the death of your father, Fyodor Pavlovich?\" the magistrate asked gently but insistently.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в смерти отца вашего… вы не виновны","title":"«виновен в» + prepositional","body":"«Виновны в смерти» — 'guilty of the death' — governs в + prepositional to name the charge, with «не виновны» the short-form predicate. «Отца вашего» is genitive ('of your father'), the possessive «вашего» postposed for solemnity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Итак","lemma":"итак","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"And so"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of утверждаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"положительно","lemma":"положительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утверждаете","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"утверждаете","lemma":"утверждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"maintain"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of виновны","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновны","gloss":"the death"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отца","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of виновны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виновны","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"виновны","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"clausal complement of утверждаете","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"мягко","lemma":"мягко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"gently"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"настойчиво","lemma":"настойчиво","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"insistently"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"следователь","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"the magistrate"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b9-c3-s40","source":"— Не виновен!","translation":"\"Not guilty!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Не виновен","title":"«виновен» vs «повинен»","body":"Here Mitya answers with the everyday short form «виновен» ('guilty'), where earlier in his outburst he reached for the loftier «повинен». Both are short-form predicate adjectives of guilt; «виновен» is the plain, current legal word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виновен","gloss":"Not"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b9-c3-s41","source":"Виновен в другой крови, в крови другого старика, но не отца моего.","translation":"\"Guilty of other blood, of the blood of another old man, but not of my father's.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Виновен в другой крови, в крови другого старика","title":"Antithetical «другой… но не»","body":"Mitya draws a sharp line with «в другой крови… но не отца моего» — guilty of one blood, not the other. «Другого старика» is genitive ('of another old man'); the repeated «кровь» in the prepositional («в крови») frames each charge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Guilty"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies крови","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Виновен","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking крови","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"крови","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with крови (w4)","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"другого","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старика","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies крови","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the elided крови","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with старика","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b9-c3-s42","source":"И оплакиваю!","translation":"\"And I mourn it!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И оплакиваю","title":"Imperfective present «оплакиваю»","body":"«Оплакиваю» — 'I mourn / weep for [it]' — is imperfective present, the subject «я» dropped, presenting his grief as an ongoing present state. The suffix «-ива-» marks the imperfective of «оплакать»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"оплакиваю","title":"«оплакивать» — to bewail, mourn","body":"From «плакать» (to weep) with the prefix о-, «оплакивать» means to weep over, lament, mourn someone or something. Mitya mourns the blood he did shed — the beating of Grigory — even as he denies the murder."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"оплакиваю","lemma":"оплакивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I mourn it"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b9-c3-s43","source":"Убил, убил старика, убил и поверг…","translation":"\"I killed, I killed the old man, killed him and laid him low…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Убил, убил старика, убил и поверг","title":"Hammering perfectives","body":"Four perfective verbs — «убил… убил… убил… поверг» — pound out the confessed deed as completed fact, the repetition itself a kind of self-flagellation. «Старика» is the animate accusative (= genitive form) object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поверг","title":"«повергнуть» — to strike down, lay low","body":"«Повергнуть» (past «поверг») is an elevated, almost biblical verb meaning to cast down, fell, lay low. Beside the plain «убил», it lifts Mitya's confession into a grander, more tragic key."}],"words":[{"surface":"Убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил (w2)","gloss":"I killed"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил (w2)","gloss":"killed him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поверг","lemma":"повергнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убил (w4)","gloss":"laid low"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b9-c3-s44","source":"Но тяжело отвечать за эту кровь другою кровью, страшною кровью, в которой не повинен… Страшное обвинение, господа, точно по лбу огорошили!","translation":"\"But it is hard to answer for that blood with other blood, with terrible blood, of which I am not guilty… It is a terrible accusation, gentlemen, as though I had been struck a blow on the forehead!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тяжело отвечать за эту кровь другою кровью","title":"Impersonal «тяжело» + infinitive","body":"«Тяжело отвечать» — 'it is hard to answer' — is an impersonal construction: the neuter predicative «тяжело» plus an infinitive, with no nominative subject. «Другою кровью» is instrumental ('with other blood'), the means of answering."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в которой не повинен","title":"Relative «в которой» + genitive of negation echo","body":"«В которой не повинен» — 'of which I am not guilty' — sends «который» into в + prepositional (feminine, agreeing with «кровью»). «Не повинен» recurs as Mitya's signature short-form disclaimer."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"точно по лбу огорошили","title":"«огорошить» — to stun, dumbfound","body":"«Огорошить» is a colloquial verb 'to take aback, flabbergast, hit out of the blue'. With «точно по лбу» ('as if on the forehead') and the impersonal plural «огорошили», Mitya describes the accusation as a stunning blow between the eyes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"тяжело","lemma":"тяжело","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"отвечать","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on тяжело","gloss":"to answer"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кровь","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кровь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечать","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"другою","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кровью (w8)","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"кровью","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечать","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"страшною","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кровью (w10)","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"кровью","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to кровью (w8)","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повинен","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повинен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"повинен","lemma":"повинный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"relative clause on кровью","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"Страшное","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обвинение","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies огорошили","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лбу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лбу","lemma":"лоб","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of огорошили","gloss":"the forehead"},{"surface":"огорошили","lemma":"огорошить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck me","note":"Impersonal plural verb ('they struck') used for 'I was struck' — no explicit subject."}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b9-c3-s45","source":"Но кто же убил отца, кто же убил? Кто же мог убить, если не я?","translation":"\"But who, then, killed my father, who killed him? Who could have killed him, if not I?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто же убил отца, кто же убил?","title":"Emphatic interrogative «кто же»","body":"«Кто же убил?» — 'who, then, killed?' — fuses the interrogative «кто» with the particle «же», which presses the question with baffled urgency ('who on earth?'). The doubled «кто же» turns Mitya's bewilderment into incantation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кто же мог убить, если не я?","title":"Conditional «если не я»","body":"«Если не я» — 'if not I' — is an elliptical condition: 'who could have killed, if it was not I?'. «Мог убить» pairs the modal «мог» with a perfective infinitive for the capacity to have done the single deed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of убил (w4)","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of убил (w8)","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the repeated question","gloss":"killed him"},{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have killed"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of я","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elided verb in the conditional clause introduced by если (\"if not I [who killed]\")","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b9-c3-s46","source":"Чудо, нелепость, невозможность!..","translation":"\"A marvel, an absurdity, an impossibility!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Чудо, нелепость, невозможность","title":"Nominative exclamation, zero copula","body":"Three bare nominatives — «чудо, нелепость, невозможность» — stand as a verbless exclamation, the copula absent in the present. The abstract nouns in -ость pile up the sense of something both miraculous and impossible."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нелепость","title":"«нелепость» — an absurdity","body":"«Нелепость» means absurdity, nonsense, something preposterous (from «нелепый», absurd). Flanked by «чудо» (marvel) and «невозможность» (impossibility), it casts the whole charge as a senseless impossibility."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чудо","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"A marvel"},{"surface":"нелепость","lemma":"нелепость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Чудо","gloss":"an absurdity"},{"surface":"невозможность","lemma":"невозможность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Чудо","gloss":"an impossibility"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b9-c3-s47","source":"— Да, вот кто мог убить…","translation":"\"Yes, as for who could have killed him…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да, вот кто мог убить","title":"Presentative «вот кто»","body":"«Вот кто мог убить» — 'here is who could have killed' — uses the deictic «вот» with the interrogative «кто» to point toward an answer the magistrate is about to supply. The trailing «…» leaves the leading remark deliberately suspended."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the sentence","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"have killed him"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b9-c3-s48","source":"— начал было следователь, но прокурор Ипполит Кириллович (товарищ прокурора, но и мы будем его называть для краткости прокурором), переглянувшись со следователем, произнес, обращаясь к Мите:","translation":"the magistrate began, but the prosecutor Ippolit Kirillovich (the deputy prosecutor, though we too shall call him the prosecutor for brevity's sake), exchanging a glance with the magistrate, said, turning to Mitya:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начал было следователь","title":"The particle «было» of the interrupted start","body":"«Начал было» uses the special particle «было», which marks an action begun but broken off or undone — 'the magistrate had just started to… (but)'. It signals that the prosecutor cuts in before the magistrate can finish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"переглянувшись со следователем","title":"Perfective gerund «переглянувшись»","body":"«Переглянувшись» is a perfective past деепричастие — 'having exchanged a glance' — a completed action prior to the main «произнёс». «Со следователем» is с + instrumental ('with the magistrate'); the reciprocal -ся makes it a mutual look."}],"words":[{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the interrupted action of начал","gloss":"about to","note":"'начал было' marks an action begun and then interrupted — 'began to, but stopped'."},{"surface":"следователь","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"the magistrate"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to прокурор","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"товарищ","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to прокурор","gloss":"deputy"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies товарищ","gloss":"prosecutor"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of называть","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of называть","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of называть","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"называть","lemma":"называть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking краткости","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"краткости","lemma":"краткость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of называть","gloss":"brevity"},{"surface":"прокурором","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of называть","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"переглянувшись","lemma":"переглянуться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес","gloss":"exchanging a glance"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking следователем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"следователем","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переглянувшись","gloss":"the magistrate"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b9-c3-s49","source":"— Вы напрасно беспокоитесь за старика слугу Григория Васильева.","translation":"\"You are needlessly distressing yourself over the old servant Grigory Vasilyev.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"напрасно беспокоитесь за старика слугу Григория Васильева","title":"«беспокоиться за» + accusative","body":"«Беспокоитесь за старика» — 'you are worrying about / on behalf of the old man' — the -ся verb «беспокоиться» takes за + accusative for the person one frets over. «Напрасно» ('in vain, needlessly') gently undercuts Mitya's distress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of беспокоитесь","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"напрасно","lemma":"напрасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies беспокоитесь","gloss":"needlessly"},{"surface":"беспокоитесь","lemma":"беспокоиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are distressing yourself"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старика","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of беспокоитесь","gloss":"the old"},{"surface":"слугу","lemma":"слуга","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старика","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to слугу","gloss":"Grigory","note":"Animate masculine accusative is identical in form to the genitive."},{"surface":"Васильева","lemma":"васильев","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Григория","gloss":"Vasilyev"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b9-c3-s50","source":"Узнайте, что он жив, очнулся и, несмотря на тяжкие побои, причиненные ему вами, по его и вашему теперь показанию, кажется, останется жив несомненно, по крайней мере по отзыву доктора.","translation":"\"You should know that he is alive, that he has come round, and that, in spite of the grievous beating dealt him by you — by his account and now by your own — it seems he will undoubtedly remain alive, at least according to the doctor's opinion.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Узнайте, что он жив, очнулся","title":"Imperative «узнайте» + reported «что»-clause","body":"«Узнайте, что…» — 'know that…' — pairs the polite imperative «узнайте» with «что» introducing reported fact. «Жив» is a short-form predicate adjective ('alive'); «очнулся» is the -ся perfective 'came round'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тяжкие побои, причиненные ему вами","title":"Passive participle «причинённые» + instrumental agent","body":"«Причинённые ему вами» — 'inflicted on him by you' — is a past passive participle agreeing with «побои», with the dative «ему» (recipient) and the instrumental «вами» as agent. The agent-in-the-instrumental is the signature of the Russian passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"останется жив несомненно","title":"Perfective future «останется»","body":"«Останется» — 'he will remain / stay [alive]' — is the simple perfective future, the prognosis stated as a single settled outcome. «По отзыву доктора» ('according to the doctor's opinion') uses по + dative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тяжкие побои","title":"«тяжкие побои» — grievous blows","body":"«Побои» (plural only) means a beating, blows; «тяжкий» is the elevated, somewhat archaic form of «тяжёлый» ('grave, grievous'), common in legal and biblical diction. Together they name the assault on Grigory in solemn juridical terms."}],"words":[{"surface":"Узнайте","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жив","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жив","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"жив","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of Узнайте","gloss":"is alive"},{"surface":"очнулся","lemma":"очнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with жив","gloss":"came round"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking побои (with на)","gloss":"in spite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"тяжкие","lemma":"тяжкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies побои","gloss":"grievous"},{"surface":"побои","lemma":"побои","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of несмотря","gloss":"beating"},{"surface":"причиненные","lemma":"причинить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying побои","gloss":"dealt"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of причиненные","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"agent of причиненные","gloss":"by you"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking показанию","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of показанию","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вашему","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with его","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вашему","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"показанию","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of по","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical to останется","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"останется","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with жив","gloss":"will remain"},{"surface":"жив","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of останется","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"несомненно","lemma":"несомненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies останется","gloss":"undoubtedly"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the fixed phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the fixed phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"measure","note":"'по крайней мере' is a fixed idiom meaning 'at least'."},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отзыву","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"отзыву","lemma":"отзыв","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of по","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"доктора","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отзыву","gloss":"doctor's"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b9-c3-s51","source":"— Жив?","translation":"\"Alive?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Жив?","title":"Short adjective «жив» as one-word question","body":"«Жив?» — 'alive?' — is the masculine short-form predicate adjective alone, the copula and subject understood. A single short adjective can carry a whole astonished question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Жив","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Alive"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b9-c3-s52","source":"Так он жив! — завопил вдруг Митя, всплеснув руками.","translation":"\"So he is alive!\" Mitya suddenly wailed, throwing up his hands.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так он жив!","title":"Consequential «так» — 'so then'","body":"Here «так» means 'so, then' — drawing a triumphant conclusion: 'so he is alive!'. It is distinct from the «так и» of dramatic emphasis seen earlier; this «так» is an inferential connective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"завопил вдруг Митя, всплеснув руками","title":"Perfective gerund «всплеснув» + instrumental","body":"«Всплеснув руками» is a perfective past gerund — 'having thrown up his hands' — a completed gesture that coincides with the cry «завопил». «Руками» is instrumental, the limbs flung up."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всплеснув руками","title":"«всплеснуть руками» — to throw up one's hands","body":"An idiomatic gesture of surprise or strong emotion — to clasp and fling up the hands (as one splashes water, «всплеснуть»). Here it marks Mitya's overwhelming joy that Grigory lives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жив","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of жив","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"жив","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is alive"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wailed"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завопил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завопил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"всплеснув","lemma":"всплеснуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on завопил","gloss":"throwing up"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of всплеснув","gloss":"his hands"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b9-c3-s53","source":"Всё лицо его просияло.","translation":"His whole face lit up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всё лицо его просияло","title":"Perfective «просиял» of sudden change","body":"«Просияло» — 'lit up, shone forth' — is perfective, marking the single instant his face changed. The prefix про- with «сиять» (to shine) gives the inceptive flash of radiance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of просияло","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"просияло","lemma":"просиять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lit up"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b9-c3-s54","source":"— Господи, благодарю тебя за величайшее чудо, содеянное тобою мне, грешному и злодею, по молитве моей!..","translation":"\"Lord, I thank Thee for the greatest of miracles, wrought by Thee for me, a sinner and a villain, in answer to my prayer!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Господи, благодарю тебя","title":"Vocative «Господи»","body":"«Господи» is the Church-Slavonic vocative of «Господь» ('Lord') — the special address form that survives only in prayer and exclamation. Modern Russian has otherwise lost the vocative case, but devotional cries keep it alive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"содеянное тобою мне, грешному и злодею","title":"Passive participle «содеянное» + instrumental agent + dative","body":"«Содеянное тобою мне» — 'wrought by Thee for me' — is a past passive participle agreeing with «чудо», the agent «тобою» in the instrumental and the beneficiary «мне» in the dative. «Грешному и злодею» stand in apposition to «мне», also dative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"содеянное","title":"«содеянное» — wrought, done (Slavonic)","body":"«Содеять» is a high, Church-Slavonic verb for 'to do, accomplish', its participle «содеянное» belonging to scriptural register. Coupled with «величайшее чудо» (superlative 'greatest miracle') and «грешному» ('sinner'), Mitya's thanksgiving speaks pure liturgical Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господи","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"благодарю","lemma":"благодарить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I thank"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of благодарю","gloss":"Thee"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чудо","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"величайшее","lemma":"великий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular, superlative","role":"modifies чудо","gloss":"the greatest"},{"surface":"чудо","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of благодарю","gloss":"miracle"},{"surface":"содеянное","lemma":"содеять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying чудо","gloss":"wrought"},{"surface":"тобою","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"agent of содеянное","gloss":"by Thee"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of содеянное","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"грешному","lemma":"грешный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мне","gloss":"a sinner"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"злодею","lemma":"злодей","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with мне (in apposition, like грешному)","gloss":"a villain"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молитве","gloss":"in answer to"},{"surface":"молитве","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of содеянное","gloss":"my prayer"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of молитве","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b9-c3-s55","source":"Да, да, это по молитве моей, я молился всю ночь!..","translation":"\"Yes, yes, it is in answer to my prayer, I prayed all night long!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это по молитве моей","title":"«по молитве» — по + dative of cause","body":"«По молитве моей» — 'in answer to / by virtue of my prayer' — uses по + dative to mean 'in accordance with, as a result of'. The postposed possessive «моей» lends the phrase a prayerful, formal cadence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я молился всю ночь","title":"Imperfective «молился» of duration","body":"«Молился» (imperfective past of the -ся verb «молиться») views the praying as a process spread over time — fitting «всю ночь» ('all night long'), the accusative of duration. Imperfective is the natural aspect for an action that filled a stretch of time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker introducing the sentence","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"repeats the discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the clause","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молитве","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"молитве","lemma":"молитва","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"prayer"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of молитве","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of молился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"молился","lemma":"молиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with это clause","gloss":"prayed"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молился","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b9-c3-s56","source":"— и он три раза перекрестился.","translation":"and he crossed himself three times.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"три раза перекрестился","title":"Reflexive «перекреститься» + count of times","body":"«Перекрестился» is the -ся perfective 'crossed himself' (the action turned back on the doer), and «три раза» ('three times') counts the completed gesture. The numeral phrase «три раза» takes «раза» in the genitive singular after «три»."}],"words":[{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перекрестился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on раза","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перекрестился","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"перекрестился","lemma":"перекреститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"crossed himself"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b9-c3-s57","source":"Он почти задыхался.","translation":"He was almost choking.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Он почти задыхался","title":"Imperfective «задыхался» repeated","body":"The narrator returns to imperfective «задыхался» — 'he was choking [with emotion]' — presenting Mitya's breathlessness as a continuing state, echoing the earlier «почти задыхался» of the prosecutor. The repetition links their shared agitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задыхался","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задыхался","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"задыхался","lemma":"задыхаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was choking"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b9-c3-s58","source":"— Так вот от этого-то самого Григория мы и получили столь значительные показания на ваш счет, что…","translation":"\"Well, it is precisely from this same Grigory that we have received such weighty testimony against you that…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от этого-то самого Григория","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» on «этого»","body":"«От этого-то самого Григория» — 'from this very Grigory' — uses the emphatic «-то» clitic (distinct from the indefinite -то) to underline a known referent: 'this same one, mind you'. Reinforced by «самого» ('the very'), it drives the irony home."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"получили столь значительные показания на ваш счет","title":"Bookish «столь» + «на ваш счёт»","body":"«Столь значительные» — 'such weighty' — uses the bookish «столь» ('so, to such a degree') for «такие». «На ваш счёт» idiomatically means 'concerning you, against you' (на + accusative), here the incriminating testimony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies получили","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Так","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Григория","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Григория","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes этого","gloss":"very","note":"The clitic '-то' attached to 'этого' is an emphatic particle ('this very')."},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Григория","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of получили","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of получили","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes получили","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"получили","lemma":"получить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"столь","lemma":"столь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies значительные","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"значительные","lemma":"значительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies показания","gloss":"weighty"},{"surface":"показания","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of получили","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счет","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of счет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"счет","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies показания","gloss":"account","note":"'на ваш счёт' is an idiom meaning 'concerning/against you'."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the interrupted clause","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b9-c3-s59","source":"— стал было продолжать прокурор, но Митя вдруг вскочил со стула.","translation":"the prosecutor began to continue, but Mitya suddenly leapt up from his chair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал было продолжать прокурор","title":"«стал было» — began but was cut off","body":"Again the particle «было» marks an action started and at once thwarted — 'the prosecutor was just beginning to go on (but…)'. Paired with «стал» ('began') and the interruption that follows, it is a favorite device for stop-and-start dialogue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митя вдруг вскочил со стула","title":"Perfective «вскочил» + «со стула»","body":"«Вскочил» is a perfective verb of sudden upward motion — 'leapt up' — one abrupt completed jump. «Со стула» uses с + genitive for motion off/from a surface ('up from the chair')."}],"words":[{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the interrupted action of стал","gloss":"about to"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"continue"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стал","gloss":"leapt up"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стула","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"стула","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочил","gloss":"his chair"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b9-c3-s60","source":"— Одну минуту, господа, ради бога одну лишь минутку; я сбегаю к ней… — Позвольте!","translation":"\"One minute, gentlemen, for God's sake, just one little minute; I'll run to her…\" — \"Permit me!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я сбегаю к ней","title":"Perfective future «сбегаю»","body":"«Сбегаю» — 'I'll run [there and back]' — is the simple perfective future of «сбегать», whose prefix с- gives a quick there-and-back trip. «К ней» (к + dative) marks the goal, Grushenka."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"одну лишь минутку","title":"Diminutive «минутку» of pleading","body":"«Минутку» is the diminutive of «минута» — 'just one little minute' — softening the request into an entreaty. Combined with «ради бога» ('for God's sake') and «лишь» ('only'), it makes Mitya's plea urgent yet humble."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Позвольте!","title":"Polite imperative «позвольте»","body":"«Позвольте!» — 'Permit (me)! / Allow!' — is the perfective polite imperative of «позволить», used both to ask leave and, as here, to check or interrupt someone. Its clipped courtesy cuts Mitya's dash short."}],"words":[{"surface":"Одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies минуту","gloss":"One"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"minute"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"ради","lemma":"ради","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бога","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ради","gloss":"God's sake","note":"'ради бога' is a fixed idiom meaning 'for God's sake'."},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies минутку","gloss":"just one"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минутку","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with минуту","gloss":"little minute"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сбегаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сбегаю","lemma":"сбегать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"will run"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сбегаю","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Permit me"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b9-c3-s61","source":"В эту минуту никак нельзя!","translation":"\"At this moment it is absolutely impossible!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никак нельзя","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» — no subject","body":"«нельзя» (it is impossible / not allowed) heads a subjectless impersonal clause: there is no nominative, and any person affected would stand in the dative. Doubled with «никак» (in no way), it slams the door absolutely — \"absolutely impossible.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нельзя","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"никак","lemma":"никак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"impossible"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b9-c3-s62","source":"— даже чуть не взвизгнул Николай Парфенович и тоже вскочил на ноги.","translation":"Nikolai Parfenovich very nearly shrieked, and he too sprang to his feet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чуть не взвизгнул","title":"«чуть не» + perfective past = 'all but'","body":"«чуть не» plus a perfective past verb means an action that almost-but-didn't happen: «чуть не взвизгнул» — he very nearly shrieked. The perfective «взвизгнул» pictures the single completed yelp that was on the verge of bursting out."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"взвизгнул","title":"«взвизгнуть» — to give a sudden shriek","body":"An expressive, semelfactive verb: the prefix «вз-» (up, sudden onset) plus the «-ну-» suffix of a one-off act gives \"to let out a single shrill yelp.\" Used of the magistrate, it is faintly comic and undignified."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вскочил на ноги","title":"«вскочить на ноги» — to spring up","body":"Literally \"to leap onto one's feet.\" The prefix «вс-/вз-» again marks an abrupt upward jerk; the idiom conveys a startled, involuntary jump rather than a calm rising."}],"words":[{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чуть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взвизгнул","gloss":"nearly","note":"'чуть не' idiomatically means 'almost/very nearly'."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom чуть не","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"взвизгнул","lemma":"взвизгнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shrieked"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взвизгнул","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочил","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взвизгнул","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ноги","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ноги","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вскочил","gloss":"his feet"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b9-c3-s63","source":"Митю обхватили люди с бляхами на груди, впрочем он и сам сел на стул…","translation":"Men with badges on their chests seized Mitya, though he sat down on the chair of his own accord…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Митю обхватили люди","title":"Object first: «Митю» fronted","body":"The accusative «Митю» (animate, so it borrows the genitive-style ending) opens the sentence ahead of its subject «люди». Russian's free word order lets the patient stand as topic — \"Mitya — men seized him\" — keeping the spotlight on Mitya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он и сам сел","title":"«сам» — '(him)self', of his own accord","body":"The intensifier «сам» stresses that the subject acted on his own: \"he sat down himself,\" i.e. without being forced. Paired with «и» it concedes the point — though they grabbed him, he was already sitting down willingly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обхватили","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"обхватили","lemma":"обхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of обхватили","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бляхами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"бляхами","lemma":"бляха","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"badges"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бляхами","gloss":"their chests"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сел","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"сел","lemma":"сесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обхватили (contrastive)","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стул","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сел","gloss":"the chair"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b9-c3-s64","source":"— Господа, как жаль! Я хотел к ней на одно лишь мгновение… хотел возвестить ей, что смыта, исчезла эта кровь, которая всю ночь сосала мне сердце, и что я уже не убийца!","translation":"\"Gentlemen, what a pity! I only wanted to go to her for a single moment… I wanted to bring her word that the blood is washed away, gone, that blood which sucked at my heart all night long, and that I am no longer a murderer!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"на одно лишь мгновение","title":"«на» + accusative for a span of time","body":"«на одно мгновение» (for a single instant) uses «на» with the accusative to mark the intended duration of an effect — he wanted to go to her for just one moment. The particle «лишь» ('only') sharpens the smallness of the request."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"возвестить","title":"«возвестить» — to proclaim, announce","body":"A bookish, solemn verb (lit. \"to bring tidings\"), with the elevated «воз-» prefix and a faintly Scriptural ring — to herald glad news. Mitya casts his message to Grushenka as an annunciation, fitting his rapturous mood."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смыта, исчезла эта кровь","title":"Short passive participle «смыта»","body":"«смыта» is the short (predicative) form of the past passive participle «смытый» (washed away), agreeing in feminine singular with «кровь». The short form states a resulting condition — the blood stands washed-off — and is the bookish core of the periphrastic passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которая всю ночь сосала мне сердце","title":"Relative «которая» + dative of the affected part","body":"«которая» agrees with feminine «кровь» but takes nominative as subject of its own clause. Note «сосала мне сердце» — the dative «мне» marks the possessor whose heart was being gnawed, a vivid Russian way of saying \"sucked at my heart.\""},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сосала мне сердце","title":"«сосать сердце» — to gnaw at the heart","body":"An expressive idiom: «сосать» (to suck) used of a dull, draining ache that \"sucks\" or gnaws at one's heart. The imperfective past «сосала» stretches the torment across «всю ночь» (all night long)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies жаль","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"жаль","lemma":"жаль","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate of the exclamation","gloss":"a pity"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies мгновение","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мгновение","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хотел","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хотел (w5), same subject Я","gloss":"I wanted"},{"surface":"возвестить","lemma":"возвестить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of возвестить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смыта","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"смыта","lemma":"смыть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of кровь (postposed subject), clausal complement of возвестить","gloss":"is washed away"},{"surface":"исчезла","lemma":"исчезнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with смыта","gloss":"gone"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of кровь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кровь","lemma":"кровь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of смыта and исчезла","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сосала","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration with сосала","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"сосала","lemma":"сосать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on кровь","gloss":"sucked at"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"possessive dative on сердце","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сосала","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убийца","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убийца","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не убийца","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates убийца","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"убийца","lemma":"убийца","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate nominative of я, coordinated with смыта/исчезла under что","gloss":"a murderer"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b9-c3-s65","source":"Господа, ведь она невеста моя!","translation":"\"Gentlemen, she is my betrothed, after all!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь","title":"Particle «ведь» — 'after all, you see'","body":"«ведь» appeals to what the speaker takes as shared, self-evident knowledge: \"she is my betrothed, after all — surely you understand!\" It carries no literal English word, only the urgency of an obvious truth pressed on the listener."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"она невеста моя","title":"Zero copula: \"she [is] my betrothed\"","body":"The present-tense \"is\" is simply absent; «она невеста моя» links subject and nominative predicate with no verb. The possessive «моя» trails after its noun for emphasis — a warm, slightly elevated rhythm."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"невеста","title":"«невеста» — bride / betrothed","body":"More than \"fiancée\": «невеста» covers the whole span from betrothed woman to bride at the altar. Mitya's claim on Grushenka as his «невеста» is half-defiant, half-exultant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies невеста моя","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of невеста","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"невеста","lemma":"невеста","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominative of она","gloss":"betrothed"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of невеста","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b9-c3-s66","source":"— восторженно и благоговейно проговорил он вдруг, обводя всех глазами.","translation":"he suddenly pronounced, rapturous and reverent, casting his eyes over them all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обводя всех глазами","title":"Gerund «обводя» — simultaneous action","body":"«обводя» is an imperfective present gerund («деепричастие»): \"casting his eyes round.\" Indeclinable, it pins an attendant action onto the main verb «проговорил», sharing its subject — he spoke while sweeping his gaze over them all."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благоговейно","title":"«благоговейно» — with reverent awe","body":"A Church-flavoured adverb from «благоговение» (reverent awe before the holy). Pairing «восторженно» (rapturously) with «благоговейно» casts Mitya's outburst in the key of religious ecstasy."}],"words":[{"surface":"восторженно","lemma":"восторженно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"rapturously"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"благоговейно","lemma":"благоговейно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with восторженно","gloss":"reverently"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"обводя","lemma":"обводить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"sweeping"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of обводя","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental of means with обводя","gloss":"with his eyes"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b9-c3-s67","source":"— О, благодарю вас, господа!","translation":"\"Oh, I thank you, gentlemen!\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"благодарю","lemma":"благодарить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I thank"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of благодарю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b9-c3-s68","source":"О, как вы возродили, как вы воскресили меня в одно мгновение!..","translation":"\"Oh, how you have revived me, how you have raised me from the dead in a single instant!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как вы возродили, как вы воскресили меня","title":"Perfective «возродили / воскресили» — instant result","body":"Both verbs are perfective past, viewing the rebirth as a single accomplished act — \"how you have revived, how you have resurrected me\" — and the phrase «в одно мгновение» (in one instant) underlines that completeness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воскресили","title":"«воскресить» — to raise from the dead","body":"The verb of Christ's Resurrection («Воскресение»), here applied to Mitya's relief: the gentlemen have \"resurrected\" him. The religious charge is deliberate — his exoneration feels like rising from the grave."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamative, modifies возродили","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of возродили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"возродили","lemma":"возродить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the first как-clause","gloss":"have revived"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamative, modifies воскресили","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of воскресили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"воскресили","lemma":"воскресить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with возродили","gloss":"have raised"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of воскресили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies мгновение","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of воскресили","gloss":"instant"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b9-c3-s69","source":"Этот старик — ведь он носил меня на руках, господа, мыл меня в корыте, когда меня трехлетнего ребенка все покинули, был отцом родным!..","translation":"\"That old man — why, he used to carry me about in his arms, gentlemen, he washed me in the tub when, a three-year-old child, everyone had abandoned me — he was a true father to me!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь он носил меня на руках","title":"«ведь» + multidirectional «носил»","body":"«носил» is the multidirectional motion verb (carrying about, to and fro), the right choice for habitual cradling rather than one trip. With «ведь» Mitya pleads a shared memory: \"why, he used to carry me in his arms.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда меня трехлетнего ребенка все покинули","title":"«меня… ребенка» in apposition (accusative)","body":"«меня трехлетнего ребенка» stacks the pronoun and a full agreeing phrase in the accusative — \"me, a three-year-old child\" — all governed by «покинули». The adjective «трехлетнего» and noun «ребенка» take the animate accusative ending matching the genitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"был отцом родным","title":"«отец родной» — a true, blood father","body":"«родной» means one's own by blood / dearly one's own; «отец родной» is the very father Mitya lacked. Note the instrumental «отцом родным» after «был» — the predicate-instrumental framing the role Grigory filled."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старик","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of носил","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies носил","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of носил, in apposition to старик","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"носил","lemma":"носить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"used to carry"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of носил","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руках","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руках","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of носил","gloss":"his arms"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"мыл","lemma":"мыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with носил","gloss":"washed"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of мыл","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking корыте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"корыте","lemma":"корыто","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мыл","gloss":"the tub"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of покинули","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of покинули","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"трехлетнего","lemma":"трёхлетний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ребенка","gloss":"three-year-old"},{"surface":"ребенка","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to меня","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of покинули","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"покинули","lemma":"покинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on мыл","gloss":"had abandoned"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to отцом","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"отцом","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of он (implicit subject), copula был","gloss":"a father"},{"surface":"родным","lemma":"родной","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отцом","gloss":"true","note":"«отец родной» is idiomatic for a true, loving father — not a blood relative here."}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b9-c3-s70","source":"— Итак вы…","translation":"\"And so you…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Итак","title":"«итак» — 'and so, therefore'","body":"A bookish discourse connector, \"and so / thus,\" gathering up what came before to draw a conclusion. The magistrate's measured «Итак вы…» (\"And so you…\") sets a procedural tone against Mitya's flood of feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Итак","lemma":"итак","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of the trailing, unfinished clause","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b9-c3-s71","source":"— начал было следователь. — Позвольте, господа, позвольте еще одну минутку, — прервал Митя, поставив оба локтя на стол и закрыв лицо ладонями, — дайте же чуточку сообразиться, дайте вздохнуть, господа.","translation":"the magistrate began, but \"Permit me, gentlemen, permit me just one more little minute,\" Mitya interrupted, planting both elbows on the table and burying his face in his hands, \"do let me collect myself a little, let me catch my breath, gentlemen.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начал было следователь","title":"Particle «было» — an action begun and cut off","body":"The frozen particle «было» after a perfective past marks an action that was just begun or about to happen but was interrupted: «начал было» — \"he had begun, but…\" Here it neatly captures the magistrate starting to speak only for Mitya to break in."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поставив… и закрыв лицо","title":"Two perfective gerunds «поставив», «закрыв»","body":"Both are perfective past gerunds in «-в» («деепричастие»), naming completed actions accompanying «прервал»: having planted his elbows and buried his face, he interrupted. They compress two prior gestures into adverbial modifiers of the main verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Позвольте… дайте же… дайте","title":"Imperatives + the urging «же»","body":"A volley of polite plural imperatives — «позвольте» (permit), «дайте» (give/let) — softens his demand. The particle «же» in «дайте же» adds insistent appeal: \"do let me,\" pressing the request without rudeness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сообразиться","title":"«сообразиться» — to collect one's wits","body":"Reflexive «-ся» form: to get one's bearings, gather one's thoughts. Mitya begs a moment «сообразиться… вздохнуть» — to pull himself together and catch his breath."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чуточку","title":"«чуточку» — 'just a tiny bit'","body":"A coaxing diminutive of «чуть» (a little): \"a wee bit, just a smidgen.\" The expressive «-очк-» suffix makes the plea childlike and disarming."}],"words":[{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"particle","role":"marks an interrupted action with начал","gloss":"but stopped","note":"«начал было» marks an action begun and then broken off — here, by Mitya's interruption."},{"surface":"следователь","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"the magistrate"},{"surface":"Позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of Mitya's sentence","gloss":"allow me"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis, coordinated with Позвольте","gloss":"allow"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одну минутку","gloss":"one more"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies минутку","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"минутку","lemma":"минутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of позвольте","gloss":"little minute"},{"surface":"прервал","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"interrupted"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прервал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"поставив","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on прервал","gloss":"planting"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies локтя","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"локтя","lemma":"локоть","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of поставив","gloss":"elbows"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставив","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"закрыв","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with поставив","gloss":"burying"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of закрыв","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"ладонями","lemma":"ладонь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"instrumental of means with закрыв","gloss":"in his hands"},{"surface":"дайте","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Позвольте, resumes Mitya's speech","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дайте","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"чуточку","lemma":"чуточку","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сообразиться","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"сообразиться","lemma":"сообразиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дайте","gloss":"collect myself"},{"surface":"дайте","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with дайте","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"вздохнуть","lemma":"вздохнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дайте","gloss":"catch my breath"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b9-c3-s72","source":"Всё это ужасно потрясает, ужасно, не барабанная же шкура человек, господа!","translation":"\"All of this shakes one terribly, terribly — a man is not a drumhide, gentlemen!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не барабанная же шкура человек","title":"Particle «же» + zero copula","body":"\"A man is not, after all, a drumhide!\" — «же» insists on the obvious, and the present \"is not\" is unspoken, leaving the bare negation «не… человек». The negated predicate noun stays nominative because the verb \"to be\" is absent."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"барабанная шкура","title":"«барабанная шкура» — a drumhide","body":"Literally the stretched hide of a drum («барабан»). Mitya's image: a man is not a senseless skin to be pounded on without flinching — he feels every blow of this ordeal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of потрясает","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of потрясает, in apposition to Всё","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies потрясает","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"потрясает","lemma":"потрясать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shakes"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"exclamatory repetition","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates the predicate шкура","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"барабанная","lemma":"барабанный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шкура","gloss":"drum-"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic, modifies шкура","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"шкура","lemma":"шкура","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate nominative of человек","gloss":"hide","note":"«барабанная шкура» (drumhide) is a figure for someone thick-skinned or unfeeling — 'a man is not a drumhide.'"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шкура (copula omitted)","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b9-c3-s73","source":"— Вы бы опять водицы…","translation":"\"You might have a little more water…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Вы бы опять водицы","title":"Bare «бы» — a gentle suggestion","body":"An elliptical conditional: «вы бы… водицы» implies a softened \"you might [take] a little water.\" The particle «бы», with the verb left unsaid, turns a command into a tactful nudge — exactly the timid magistrate's manner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"водицы","title":"Partitive genitive «водицы»","body":"The genitive «водицы» (rather than accusative «водицу») gives a partitive sense — \"some water, a little of it.\" The diminutive «водица» (dear little water) makes the offer homely and kind."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"водицы","title":"«водица» — affectionate 'water'","body":"A folk-tender diminutive of «вода» built with «-иц-». It softens the offering of water, the kind of caressing form heard in solicitous everyday speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of implied verb (drink)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the polite conditional","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the implied verb","gloss":"some more"},{"surface":"водицы","lemma":"водица","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"partitive object of implied verb (drink)","gloss":"water","note":"Verb omitted: «Вы бы опять водицы [выпили]» — 'You might have some more water.'"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b9-c3-s74","source":"— пролепетал Николай Парфенович.","translation":"Nikolai Parfenovich murmured.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пролепетал","title":"«пролепетать» — to murmur falteringly","body":"From «лепетать» (to babble, prattle), with «про-» marking the brief utterance: to murmur or stammer out a few words. It paints Nikolai Parfenovich as hesitant and tongue-tied beside the surging Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"пролепетал","lemma":"пролепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"murmured"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пролепетал","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b9-c3-s75","source":"Митя отнял от лица руки и рассмеялся.","translation":"Mitya took his hands away from his face and burst out laughing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"отнял от лица руки и рассмеялся","title":"Two perfectives chain the events","body":"«отнял» (took away) and «рассмеялся» (burst out laughing) are perfective pasts that push the narrative forward step by step. The «рас-» prefix on «рассмеяться» marks the sudden bursting-into of laughter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отнял","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"отнял","lemma":"отнять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took away"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лица","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отнял","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of отнял","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассмеялся","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отнял","gloss":"burst out laughing"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b9-c3-s76","source":"Взгляд его был бодр, он весь как бы изменился в одно мгновение.","translation":"His look was buoyant; he seemed altogether changed in a single instant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Взгляд его был бодр","title":"Short adjective «бодр» as predicate","body":"«бодр» is the short (predicative) form of «бодрый» (brisk, buoyant, cheerful), agreeing with masculine «взгляд». Short adjectives serve only as predicates and lend a clipped, literary tone — \"his look was buoyant.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы изменился","title":"«как бы» — 'as it were', hedging","body":"«как бы» softens the verb to a seeming: \"he seemed, as it were, to have changed.\" It signals the narrator's qualified observation rather than a flat fact — a favourite Dostoevskian hedge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Взгляд","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бодр","gloss":"his look"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Взгляд","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to бодр","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"бодр","lemma":"бодрый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of Взгляд","gloss":"buoyant"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изменился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of он","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of как бы idiom, modifies изменился","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"part of как бы idiom","gloss":"if","note":"«как бы» = 'as if, seemingly' — he seemed changed."},{"surface":"изменился","lemma":"измениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"had changed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies мгновение","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of изменился","gloss":"instant"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b9-c3-s77","source":"Изменился и весь тон его: это сидел уже опять равный всем этим людям человек, всем этим прежним знакомым его, вот точно так, как если бы все они сошлись вчера, когда еще ничего не случилось, где-нибудь в светском обществе.","translation":"His whole tone had changed as well: here sat once more a man on equal terms with all these people, with all these former acquaintances of his, exactly as if they had all met the day before, when nothing had yet happened, somewhere in polite society.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Изменился и весь тон его","title":"Verb-first inversion for emphasis","body":"The clause leads with the verb «Изменился» before the subject «весь тон его» — \"changed too had his whole tone.\" Fronting the verb, picked up from the previous sentence, gives the shift rhetorical weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это сидел уже опять равный всем этим людям человек","title":"Heavy modifier before its noun «человек»","body":"The noun «человек» (a man) sits at the end after a long preceding modifier «равный всем этим людям» (equal to all these people), with «равный» governing the dative «всем этим людям». The end-weighted noun keeps the new, key word last."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как если бы все они сошлись вчера","title":"Counterfactual «как если бы» + «бы»","body":"\"As if they had all met yesterday\" — «как если бы» plus the past-form verb «сошлись» with «бы» builds an irrealis comparison. The conditional «бы» makes the gathering purely hypothetical, framing Mitya's odd new ease."}],"words":[{"surface":"Изменился","lemma":"измениться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had changed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies весь, 'also'","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of тон","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"тон","lemma":"тон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Изменился","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of тон","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, expletive","role":"introduces сидел, demonstrative 'here'","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опять","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies равный человек","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"равный","lemma":"равный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"equal"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of людям","gloss":"to all"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of людям","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"людям","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of равный","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of знакомым","gloss":"to all"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of знакомым","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"прежним","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies знакомым","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"знакомым","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to людям","gloss":"acquaintances"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of знакомым","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies точно так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"точно","lemma":"точно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies так","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of как если бы idiom, introduces сошлись","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of как если бы idiom","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks the subjunctive with сошлись","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of они","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сошлись","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"сошлись","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of как если бы","gloss":"had met"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошлись","gloss":"the day before"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of случилось","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ничего не случилось","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of случилось","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates случилось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on сошлись","gloss":"had happened"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of где-нибудь, modifies обществе","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of где-нибудь","gloss":"-where"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обществе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"светском","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обществе","gloss":"polite"},{"surface":"обществе","lemma":"общество","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошлись","gloss":"society"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b9-c3-s78","source":"Заметим, однако, кстати, что у исправника Митя, в начале его прибытия к нам, был принят радушно, но потом, в последний месяц особенно, Митя почти не посещал его, а исправник, встречаясь с ним, на улице например, сильно хмурился и только лишь из вежливости отдавал поклон, что очень хорошо заприметил Митя.","translation":"Let us note, however, in passing, that at the police captain's house Mitya, in the early days of his arrival among us, had been received cordially, but later, in the last month especially, Mitya had scarcely visited him at all, while the captain, meeting him in the street, for instance, would frown heavily and return his bow only out of politeness — a thing Mitya had marked very well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Заметим, однако, кстати","title":"Authorial «Заметим» — 'let us note'","body":"A 1st-person-plural perfective («let us note»), the narrator's intrusive aside that turns aside from the scene to supply background. The chatty «однако» (however) and «кстати» (by the way) are hallmarks of Dostoevsky's gossipy chronicler-narrator."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"был принят радушно","title":"Periphrastic passive «был принят»","body":"«был принят» is «быть» plus the short past passive participle of «принять» (to receive) — \"was received\" — agreeing masculine with Mitya. The instrumental agent is unspoken; the host «исправник» is understood. The whole sentence then pivots on «но потом» to the cooling that followed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"встречаясь с ним, на улице например","title":"Imperfective gerund «встречаясь» — repeated meetings","body":"«встречаясь» (meeting), an imperfective present gerund of the reflexive «встречаться», attaches a recurring circumstance to the main clause: whenever the captain met Mitya, he would frown. The imperfective suits the habitual sense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"заприметил","title":"«заприметить» — to take careful note of","body":"A colloquial perfective from «приметить» (to spot, notice) with an extra «за-»: to mark, to clock something for oneself. \"A thing Mitya had marked very well\" — he had registered the captain's coldness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Заметим","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let us note"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Заметим","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Заметим","gloss":"incidentally"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking исправника","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"исправника","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принят","gloss":"the police captain's"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of принят","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начале","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"начале","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of принят","gloss":"the early days"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of прибытия","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"прибытия","lemma":"прибытие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начале","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"modifies прибытия","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of принят","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"принят","lemma":"принять","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"радушно","lemma":"радушно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принят","gloss":"cordially"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посещал","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative with посещал","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месяц","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посещал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не посещал","gloss":"hardly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates посещал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"посещал","lemma":"посещать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принят","gloss":"visited"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of посещал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"исправник","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хмурился","gloss":"the police captain"},{"surface":"встречаясь","lemma":"встречаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on хмурился","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встречаясь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"улице","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встречаясь","gloss":"the street"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies улице","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хмурился","gloss":"heavily"},{"surface":"хмурился","lemma":"хмуриться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принят","gloss":"would frown"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лишь из вежливости","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies из вежливости","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вежливости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"вежливости","lemma":"вежливость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдавал","gloss":"politeness"},{"surface":"отдавал","lemma":"отдавать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принят","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"поклон","lemma":"поклон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отдавал","gloss":"his bow"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"introduces the clause of заприметил, refers to the preceding clause","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хорошо","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заприметил","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"заприметил","lemma":"заприметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заприметил","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b9-c3-s79","source":"С прокурором был знаком еще отдаленнее, но к супруге прокурора, нервной и фантастической даме, иногда хаживал с самыми почтительными, однако, визитами, и даже сам не совсем понимая, зачем к ней ходит, и она всегда ласково его принимала, почему-то интересуясь им до самого последнего времени.","translation":"With the prosecutor he was even less closely acquainted, but to the prosecutor's wife, a nervous and fanciful lady, he sometimes paid the most respectful visits, though without quite knowing himself why he called on her, and she always received him kindly, taking an interest in him for some reason right up until the most recent times.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"к супруге прокурора… хаживал","title":"Iterative «хаживал» — 'used to go'","body":"«хаживал» is a special iterative-habitual past of «ходить», with the «-ива-» suffix marking repeated action long ago: \"he used to call now and then.\" Such frequentatives are bookish and faintly archaic, colouring the chronicle's retrospection."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам не совсем понимая, зачем к ней ходит","title":"Gerund «понимая» + embedded question","body":"The imperfective gerund «понимая» (understanding) governs an indirect question «зачем… ходит» (why he goes). «сам» stresses that even he himself did not quite grasp his motive — a typically Dostoevskian flicker of self-opacity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"интересуясь им","title":"«интересоваться» + instrumental","body":"The reflexive verb «интересоваться» (to take an interest in) governs the instrumental: «интересуясь им» — \"taking an interest in him.\" Here in gerund form, it names the prosecutor's wife's lingering curiosity about Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прокурором","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"прокурором","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаком","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to знаком","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"знаком","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, implicit subject он (Mitya)","gloss":"acquainted"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдаленнее","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"отдаленнее","lemma":"отдалённый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies знаком","gloss":"less closely"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking супруге","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"супруге","lemma":"супруга","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хаживал","gloss":"the wife"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies супруге","gloss":"of the prosecutor"},{"surface":"нервной","lemma":"нервный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies даме","gloss":"nervous"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"фантастической","lemma":"фантастический","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with нервной","gloss":"fanciful"},{"surface":"даме","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to супруге","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хаживал","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"хаживал","lemma":"хаживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаком","gloss":"would call"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking почтительными","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"самыми","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies почтительными (superlative)","gloss":"the most"},{"surface":"почтительными","lemma":"почтительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies визитами","gloss":"respectful"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies визитами","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"визитами","lemma":"визит","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of хаживал","gloss":"visits"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes the implicit subject of понимая","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"negates совсем понимая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимая","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"понимая","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаком","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ходит","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходит","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ходит","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понимая","gloss":"he calls"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of принимала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимала","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"ласково","lemma":"ласково","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимала","gloss":"kindly"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of принимала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"принимала","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знаком","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of почему-то, modifies интересуясь","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of почему-то","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"интересуясь","lemma":"интересоваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on принимала","gloss":"taking interest"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of интересуясь","gloss":"in him"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking времени","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies последнего","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"последнего","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies времени","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"times"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b9-c3-s80","source":"Со следователем же познакомиться еще не успел, но, однако, встречал и его и даже говорил с ним раз или два, оба раза о женском поле.","translation":"With the magistrate he had not yet managed to become acquainted, but he had nonetheless met him too, and had even spoken with him once or twice, both times about the fair sex.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"познакомиться еще не успел","title":"«не успел» + perfective infinitive","body":"«успеть» (to manage in time) plus a perfective infinitive means \"to get round to / manage to\"; negated, «не успел познакомиться» = \"had not yet managed to get acquainted.\" The construction frames the acquaintance as a goal not reached."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"о женском поле","title":"«женский пол» — the fair sex","body":"Literally \"the female sex,\" a slightly arch, dated turn for women in general. That Mitya's only talks with the magistrate had been «о женском поле» is a quietly comic touch, given the womanizing at the heart of his troubles."}],"words":[{"surface":"Со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking следователем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"следователем","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of успел","gloss":"the magistrate"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes следователем","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"познакомиться","lemma":"познакомиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to become acquainted"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had managed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встречал","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"встречал","lemma":"встречать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with успел","gloss":"had met"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies его","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of встречал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with встречал","gloss":"had spoken"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of говорил","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"coordinated with раз","gloss":"twice"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"modifies раза","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"раза","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial complement of говорил","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking поле","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"женском","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies поле","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"поле","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies раза","gloss":"sex","note":"пол (\"sex/gender\") declines locative о поле, unrelated to поле \"field\"; the tagger's lemma поле is a false-friend homograph."}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b9-c3-s81","source":"— Вы, Николай Парфеныч, искуснейший, как я вижу, следователь, — весело рассмеялся вдруг Митя, — но я вам теперь сам помогу.","translation":"\"You, Nikolai Parfenych, are a most skillful magistrate, as I can see,\" Mitya suddenly laughed merrily, \"but I shall help you myself now.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"искуснейший… следователь","title":"Superlative suffix «-ейший»","body":"«искуснейший» is the bookish synthetic superlative of «искусный» (skillful), formed with «-ейш-»: \"a most skillful magistrate.\" This suffixal superlative is more elevated than the everyday «самый искусный» and suits Mitya's grandiloquent flattery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of следователь (elided copula)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition to Вы","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфеныч","lemma":"парфеныч","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenych"},{"surface":"искуснейший","lemma":"искусный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies следователь","gloss":"most skillful","note":"Superlative adjective, not a participle — the tagger mistook искуснейший for a participial form."},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of вижу","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the parenthetical как-clause","gloss":"can see"},{"surface":"следователь","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Вы","gloss":"magistrate"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмеялся","gloss":"merrily"},{"surface":"рассмеялся","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмеялся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассмеялся","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of помогу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of помогу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помогу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"помогу","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the но-clause","gloss":"shall help"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b9-c3-s82","source":"О господа, я воскрешен… и не претендуйте на меня, что я так запросто и так прямо к вам обращаюсь.","translation":"\"Oh gentlemen, I am risen from the dead… and don't hold it against me that I address you so casually and so directly.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не претендуйте на меня","title":"Negated imperative «не претендуйте»","body":"An imperfective imperative under negation, the usual form for a request not to do something: \"don't hold it against me.\" «претендовать на кого-то» here colloquially means to take offence at / have a grievance against someone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что я так запросто… обращаюсь","title":"«что» — reporting the reason","body":"The subordinator «что» (\"that\") introduces the content of the reproach he wards off: \"that I address you so casually.\" The reflexive «обращаюсь» («обращаться к кому-то» — to address someone) governs «к вам»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"я воскрешен","title":"«воскрешён» — 'I am resurrected'","body":"The short past passive participle of «воскресить»: \"I am risen from the dead.\" Mitya keeps reaching for Easter language to name his sudden relief, casting the night's ordeal as death and his exoneration as resurrection."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation before господа","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of воскрешен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"воскрешен","lemma":"воскресить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am risen"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies претендуйте","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"претендуйте","lemma":"претендовать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with воскрешен","gloss":"hold it against"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of претендуйте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обращаюсь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of обращаюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запросто","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"запросто","lemma":"запросто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обращаюсь","gloss":"casually"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прямо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"прямо","lemma":"прямо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обращаюсь","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of обращаюсь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обращаюсь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause, clausal complement of претендуйте","gloss":"I address"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b9-c3-s83","source":"К тому же я немного пьян, я это вам скажу откровенно.","translation":"\"Besides, I am a little drunk, I'll tell you that frankly.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"К тому же","title":"«к тому же» — 'besides, what's more'","body":"A common additive connector, \"besides / moreover,\" tacking on a further admission. Mitya uses it to confess, almost cheerfully, that he is also a little drunk."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom к тому же (\"besides\")","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"besides","note":"к тому же is a fixed phrase meaning \"besides/moreover\"; glossed across the three words together."},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пьян","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пьян","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скажу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"I'll tell"},{"surface":"откровенно","lemma":"откровенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"frankly"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b9-c3-s84","source":"Я, кажется, имел честь… честь и удовольствие встречать вас, Николай Парфеныч, у родственника моего Миусова…","translation":"\"I believe I had the honor… the honor and the pleasure of meeting you, Nikolai Parfenych, at the house of my kinsman Miusov…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"имел честь… встречать вас… у родственника моего","title":"«у» + genitive = 'at the house of'","body":"«у родственника моего Миусова» uses «у» with the genitive to mean \"at the home of my kinsman Miusov.\" The phrase «имел честь» (had the honour) is a set polite formula of drawing-room courtesy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause, parallel to имел","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"честь","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with честь (w4), direct object of имел","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"удовольствие","lemma":"удовольствие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with честь","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"встречать","lemma":"встречать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies честь and удовольствие","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of встречать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфеныч","lemma":"парфеныч","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenych"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родственника","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"родственника","lemma":"родственник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of встречать","gloss":"kinsman"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of родственника","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Миусова","lemma":"миусов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to родственника","gloss":"Miusov"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b9-c3-s85","source":"Господа, господа, я не претендую на равенство, я ведь понимаю же, кто я такой теперь пред вами сижу.","translation":"\"Gentlemen, gentlemen, I lay no claim to equality, for I do understand who I am, sitting here now before you.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ведь понимаю же","title":"Stacked particles «ведь… же»","body":"Mitya piles up both modal particles — «ведь» (after all) and «же» (insistent) — around «понимаю»: \"for I do understand, you know.\" The doubling is colloquial, almost ungrammatically emphatic, conveying his agitated earnestness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто я такой теперь пред вами сижу","title":"Archaic «пред» + instrumental","body":"«пред вами» is the elevated, shortened form of «перед вами» (before you), governing the instrumental — a bookish, slightly solemn variant. The clause «кто я такой… сижу» (who I am, sitting here) folds an embedded identity-question into self-abasement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, repeated","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of претендую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies претендую","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"претендую","lemma":"претендовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"claim"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking равенство","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"равенство","lemma":"равенство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of претендую","gloss":"equality"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with претендую","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"predicate nominal, heads the clausal complement of понимаю","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of такой and сижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of я, coordinated with кто","gloss":"such (a man)"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сижу","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of сижу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сижу","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying я, coordinated with такой","gloss":"sitting"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b9-c3-s86","source":"На мне лежит… если только показания на меня дал Григорий… то лежит — о, конечно, уж лежит — страшное подозрение!","translation":"\"There lies upon me… if it really is Grigory who has given testimony against me… then there lies — oh, of course, there surely lies — a terrible suspicion!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На мне лежит… страшное подозрение","title":"«лежать на ком-то» — to weigh upon","body":"«на мне лежит подозрение» — literally \"a suspicion lies upon me\" — frames suspicion as a weight pressing down, with «на мне» (prepositional) marking the one it rests on. The subject «подозрение» is held back to the very end for dramatic suspense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если только показания на меня дал Григорий","title":"Conditional «если только» — 'if indeed'","body":"«если только» (if indeed / if it really is the case) opens a real conditional with the indicative «дал» — no «бы» here, since it is a possible fact, not a hypothetical. Mitya is reasoning about whether Grigory really testified."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"показания… дал","title":"«дать показания» — to give testimony","body":"A fixed legal collocation: «давать/дать показания» — to give evidence, make a deposition. «показания» is the plural noun for formal testimony, the very thing the inquest is built on."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, prepositional, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежит","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дал","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дал","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"показания","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"modifies показания","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the если-clause","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"Григорий","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лежит","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the то-clause","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies лежит","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лежит","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"лежит","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with лежит (w12)","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"страшное","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подозрение","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"подозрение","lemma":"подозрение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of лежит","gloss":"suspicion"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b9-c3-s87","source":"Ужас, ужас — я ведь понимаю же это!","translation":"\"Horror, horror — for I do understand it!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ведь понимаю же это","title":"Doubled «ведь… же» again","body":"Mitya repeats his stacked-particle tic — «ведь… же» bracketing «понимаю» — for the second time in as many breaths. The verbal echo characterizes his feverish, looping speech under stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ужас","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation","gloss":"horror"},{"surface":"ужас","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamation, repeated","gloss":"horror"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b9-c3-s88","source":"Но к делу, господа, я готов, и мы это в один миг теперь и покончим, потому что, послушайте, послушайте, господа.","translation":"\"But to business, gentlemen, I am ready, and we shall finish it now in a single instant, because — listen, listen, gentlemen.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в один миг… покончим","title":"Perfective future «покончим»","body":"«покончим» is a perfective verb in present-form endings, which yields future meaning: \"we shall finish (and be done) in a single instant.\" The perfective insists on completion — the matter wrapped up at one stroke."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"послушайте, послушайте","title":"Repeated imperative «послушайте»","body":"The polite plural imperative of «послушать», doubled for urgency: \"listen, listen.\" Such emphatic repetition of commands is a constant rhythm of Mitya's pleading speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"к делу","title":"«к делу» — 'to business / to the point'","body":"An idiomatic call to get down to the matter at hand, \"to business.\" «дело» (affair, matter, case) here carries the legal flavour of the «дело» being conducted against him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"elliptical phrase, \"к делу\" = to business","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of готов","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"готов","lemma":"готовый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of покончим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of покончим","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies миг","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покончим","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покончим","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"покончим","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the и-clause","gloss":"shall finish"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom потому что (\"because\"), trails off unfinished","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"послушайте","lemma":"послушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with the following послушайте","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"послушайте","lemma":"послушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"repeated for emphasis","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b9-c3-s89","source":"Ведь если я знаю, что я не виновен, то уж, конечно, в один миг покончим!","translation":"\"For if I know that I am not guilty, then of course we shall finish in a single instant!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь если я знаю… то уж, конечно… покончим","title":"«если… то» conditional frame","body":"A correlative conditional: «если… то» (\"if… then\") pairs the protasis «если я знаю» with the apodosis «то… покончим». Opening «Ведь» (after all) and «уж, конечно» (why, of course) load the inference with Mitya's certainty."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я не виновен","title":"Short adjective «виновен» — 'guilty'","body":"«виновен» is the short predicative form of «виновный/виноватый» (guilty), the form proper to verdicts and confessions of fault. Negated «не виновен» it states the plea — \"I am not guilty\" — that the whole chapter circles."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покончим","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знаю","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on покончим","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of виновен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виновен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виновен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of покончим","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покончим","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies покончим","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking миг","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies миг","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"миг","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покончим","gloss":"instant"},{"surface":"покончим","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall finish"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b9-c3-s90","source":"Так ли?","translation":"\"Is that not so?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так ли?","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«Так ли?» — \"Is that so? / Is it not so?\" The enclitic «ли» turns the affirmation «так» (so) into a tense yes/no question, more pointed and literary than mere rising intonation. Mitya presses for assent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"turns Так into a tag question","gloss":"right?"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b9-c3-s91","source":"Так ли?","translation":"\"Is that not so?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так ли?","title":"«ли» repeated — anxious insistence","body":"The same «Так ли?» fired off a second time. Repetition of the «ли»-question intensifies Mitya's craving for agreement, a small grammatical signal of his rattled state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"turns Так into a tag question","gloss":"right?"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b9-c3-s92","source":"Митя говорил скоро и много, нервно и экспансивно и как бы решительно принимая своих слушателей за лучших друзей своих.","translation":"Mitya spoke fast and at length, nervously and expansively, as though resolutely taking his listeners for his very best friends.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы решительно принимая","title":"«как бы» + gerund «принимая»","body":"«как бы» (as it were) hedges the narrator's reading, while the imperfective gerund «принимая» (taking) names Mitya's attitude as he talked: \"as though resolutely taking his listeners for his best friends.\" The gerund shares the subject of «говорил»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"принимая… за лучших друзей","title":"«принимать за» — to take someone for","body":"The idiom «принимать кого-то за кого-то» (to take X for Y) governs «за» plus accusative: «за лучших друзей своих» — for his best friends. Note reflexive «своих» (his own), pointing back to Mitya as subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"экспансивно","title":"«экспансивно» — expansively, effusively","body":"A bookish Latinate adverb (rare in plain speech), naming an outpouring, demonstrative manner. Paired with «нервно», it captures Mitya's overflowing, unguarded volubility."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"fast"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with скоро","gloss":"at length"},{"surface":"нервно","lemma":"нервно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with скоро","gloss":"nervously"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"экспансивно","lemma":"экспансивный","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with скоро","gloss":"expansively"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимая","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы (\"as though\")","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принимая","gloss":"resolutely"},{"surface":"принимая","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорил","gloss":"taking"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of слушателей","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"слушателей","lemma":"слушатель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of принимая","gloss":"listeners"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking друзей","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"лучших","lemma":"лучший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies друзей","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"друзей","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of принимая","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of друзей","gloss":"his own"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b9-c3-s93","source":"— Итак, мы пока запишем, что вы отвергаете взводимое на вас обвинение радикально, — внушительно проговорил Николай Парфенович и, повернувшись к писарю, вполголоса продиктовал ему, что надо записать.","translation":"\"And so, for now we shall record that you radically reject the accusation brought against you,\" Nikolai Parfenovich pronounced impressively, and, turning to the clerk, dictated to him in an undertone what was to be set down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы отвергаете взводимое на вас обвинение","title":"Present passive participle «взводимое»","body":"«взводимое» is the rare bookish present passive participle in «-мое», from «взводить» (here \"to level / bring [a charge]\"): \"the accusation being brought against you.\" It agrees neuter with «обвинение» and condenses a whole который-clause into one solemn modifier."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повернувшись к писарю… продиктовал","title":"Gerund «повернувшись» — prior action","body":"The perfective past gerund «повернувшись» (having turned) precedes the main verb «продиктовал» (dictated): first he turned to the clerk, then dictated. The reflexive «-сь» marks the middle/change-of-orientation sense of «повернуться»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Итак","lemma":"итак","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies запишем","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of запишем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запишем","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"запишем","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall record"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отвергаете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отвергаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"отвергаете","lemma":"отвергать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of запишем","gloss":"reject"},{"surface":"взводимое","lemma":"взводить","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, neuter, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying обвинение","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of взводимое","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отвергаете","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"радикально","lemma":"радикально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвергаете","gloss":"radically"},{"surface":"внушительно","lemma":"внушительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"impressively"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to запишем","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"повернувшись","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on продиктовал","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking писарю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"писарю","lemma":"писарь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернувшись","gloss":"clerk"},{"surface":"вполголоса","lemma":"вполголоса","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продиктовал","gloss":"in an undertone","note":"Tagger mistook this adverb for a proper noun."},{"surface":"продиктовал","lemma":"продиктовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проговорил","gloss":"dictated"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of продиктовал","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of продиктовал","gloss":"was to"},{"surface":"записать","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"set down"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b9-c3-s94","source":"— Записывать?","translation":"\"Record it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Записывать?","title":"Bare imperfective infinitive as question","body":"A one-word incredulous question, the imperfective infinitive «записывать» (to be writing down) standing alone: \"Record [it]?\" The imperfective stresses the ongoing process of taking it all down, which alarms Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Записывать","lemma":"записывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"record"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b9-c3-s95","source":"Вы хотите это записывать?","translation":"\"You wish to record that?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотите это записывать","title":"«хотеть» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«хотите… записывать» pairs the modal «хотеть» with the imperfective infinitive, viewing the writing-down as an activity rather than a single act — \"you wish to be recording that?\" His dismay is at the ongoing documentation itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хотите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of записывать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"записывать","lemma":"записывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотите","gloss":"to record"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b9-c3-s96","source":"Что ж, записывайте, я согласен, даю полное мое согласие, господа…","translation":"\"Well, record it then, I agree, I give my full consent, gentlemen…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ж, записывайте","title":"Imperfective imperative «записывайте» — go ahead","body":"The imperfective imperative «записывайте» grants permission for an ongoing activity: \"go on, write it down.\" Imperfective imperatives often signal acquiescence or invitation, where the perfective «запишите» would order a single completed jotting."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Что ж","title":"«что ж» — resigned 'well then'","body":"A worn-smooth particle phrase («что» + «ж», reduced «же») meaning \"well, all right then,\" marking grudging assent. It opens Mitya's capitulation: very well, record it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom Что ж (\"well then\")","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom Что ж","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"записывайте","lemma":"записывать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"record it"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of согласен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"согласен","lemma":"согласный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with записывайте","gloss":"agree"},{"surface":"даю","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"полное","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies согласие","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of согласие","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"согласие","lemma":"согласие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of даю","gloss":"consent"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b9-c3-s97","source":"Только видите…","translation":"\"Only, you see…\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видите","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b9-c3-s98","source":"Стойте, стойте, запишите так: «В буйстве он виновен, в тяжких побоях, нанесенных бедному старику, виновен».","translation":"\"Wait, wait, write it down like this: 'Of violent assault he is guilty, of the grievous beating inflicted on the poor old man, guilty.'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Стойте, стойте, запишите так","title":"Imperfective vs perfective imperative side by side","body":"«Стойте» (imperfective, \"stop, hold on\") halts the action, while «запишите» (perfective, \"write down [this one thing]\") demands a single specific entry. The contrast shows aspect at work in commands — one ongoing, one a discrete deed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"В буйстве он виновен… в тяжких побоях… виновен","title":"«виновен в» + prepositional","body":"Guilt is constructed with «виновен в чём-то» — «в буйстве», «в… побоях» — the offences in the prepositional case after «в». Mitya frames his own formal confession, fronting each charge before the verdict «виновен»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"буйство","title":"«буйство» — violent disorder","body":"«буйство» denotes a furious, riotous rampage — wild, uncontrolled violence. Mitya readily owns the «буйство» and the «побои» (a beating, blows) dealt to Grigory, while denying the murder itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Стойте","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wait","note":"Tagger mistook стоять (\"stand/wait\") for стоить (\"cost\")."},{"surface":"стойте","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Стойте","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"запишите","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Стойте","gloss":"write it down"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запишите","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking буйстве","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"буйстве","lemma":"буйство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновен","gloss":"violent assault"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of виновен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate of он","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking побоях","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"тяжких","lemma":"тяжкий","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies побоях","gloss":"grievous"},{"surface":"побоях","lemma":"побои","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of виновен","gloss":"beating"},{"surface":"нанесенных","lemma":"нанести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, locative, perfective","role":"clause modifying побоях","gloss":"inflicted"},{"surface":"бедному","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies старику","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"старику","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of нанесенных","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with виновен (w8)","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b9-c3-s99","source":"Ну там еще про себя, внутри, в глубине сердца своего виновен — но это уж не надо писать, — повернулся он вдруг к писарю, — это уже моя частная жизнь, господа, это уже вас не касается, эти глубины-то сердца то есть…","translation":"\"Well, and then within himself, inside, in the depths of his own heart, guilty too — but that need not be written down,\" he turned suddenly to the clerk, \"that is now my private life, gentlemen, that is now no concern of yours, those depths of the heart, that is to say…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это уж не надо писать","title":"Impersonal «не надо» + infinitive","body":"«не надо писать» — \"that need not be written\" — is an impersonal necessity construction: the invariable «надо» (one must / it is needed) with a bare infinitive and no nominative subject. The particle «уж» softens it to \"that, now, needn't be put down.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в глубине сердца своего","title":"Reflexive possessive «своего»","body":"«сердца своего» — \"of his own heart,\" with «свой» pointing back to the clause's subject. Placed after its noun, «своего» gives the phrase a meditative, slightly elevated fall: in the depths of one's own heart."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"эти глубины-то сердца","title":"Topic-marking clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «глубины-то» singles out and dwells on a known topic — \"those depths of the heart, I mean.\" This emphatic «-то» (distinct from the indefinite «кто-то») is a feature of intimate, musing speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"это уже вас не касается","title":"«касаться» — to concern, to be one's business","body":"«это вас не касается» is the set phrase \"that's no concern of yours / none of your business.\" The reflexive «касаться» governs the genitive «вас» (its genitive and accusative forms coincide). Mitya draws a sharp line between the punishable deed and the private guilt of the heart."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, modifies виновен","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ну","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies себя","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of виновен","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"внутри","lemma":"внутри","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies себя","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глубине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глубине","lemma":"глубина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with себя","gloss":"depths"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies глубине","gloss":"heart's"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердца","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, coordinated with себя-clause","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"писать","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"be written"},{"surface":"повернулся","lemma":"повернуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause, parallel to надо","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повернулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повернулся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking писарю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"писарю","lemma":"писарь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of повернулся","gloss":"clerk"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of жизнь (elided copula)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"частная","lemma":"частный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"private"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of это","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of касается","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies касается","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of касается","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies касается","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"касается","lemma":"касаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with повернулся","gloss":"concern"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of глубины","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"глубины","lemma":"глубина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head noun, parenthetical","gloss":"depths"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic suffix on глубины","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies глубины","gloss":"of the heart"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то есть (\"that is\")","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b9-c3-s100","source":"Но в убийстве старика отца — не виновен!","translation":"\"But of the murder of my father, the old man — not guilty!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в убийстве старика отца — не виновен","title":"Charge fronted before the verdict","body":"Again «виновен в чём-то»: «в убийстве» (in the murder) stands first in the prepositional, then the dash and «не виновен». Fronting the dreadful charge and holding back the denial mirrors Mitya's rhetorical staging of his plea."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"убийстве старика отца","title":"Genitive of the object: «старика отца»","body":"«убийство» (murder) takes a genitive complement naming the victim — «старика отца», \"of the old man, my father,\" both animate-masculine genitives in apposition. The piling of «старика» and «отца» heightens the horror of patricide."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking убийстве","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"убийстве","lemma":"убийство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of виновен","gloss":"the murder"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to отца","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies убийстве","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies виновен","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"виновен","lemma":"виновный","morphology":"adjective (short form), masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b9-c3-s101","source":"Это дикая мысль!","translation":"\"It is a wild notion!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дикая мысль","title":"«дикий» — wild, monstrous, absurd","body":"«дикий» literally means \"wild, feral,\" but applied to «мысль» (a thought / notion) it means outlandish, monstrous, preposterous. \"A wild notion\" — Mitya recoils from the very idea as savage and unthinkable."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мысль","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"дикая","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"notion"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b9-c3-s102","source":"Это совершенно дикая мысль!..","translation":"\"It is an utterly wild notion!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"совершенно дикая мысль","title":"Intensifier «совершенно»","body":"«совершенно» (utterly, completely) ramps the repeated «дикая мысль» up a notch: \"an utterly wild notion.\" The near-verbatim repetition of s101 with one added intensifier mimics Mitya's mounting agitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мысль","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дикая","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"дикая","lemma":"дикий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысль","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"мысль","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"notion"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b9-c3-s103","source":"Я вам докажу, и вы убедитесь мгновенно.","translation":"\"I will prove it to you, and you will be convinced in an instant.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"докажу… убедитесь","title":"Perfective futures «докажу», «убедитесь»","body":"Both are perfective verbs in present-form endings giving future sense: «докажу» (I will prove [it]) and «убедитесь» (you will be convinced). The reflexive «убедиться» means \"to become convinced for oneself,\" governing «в чём-то»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of докажу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of докажу","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"докажу","lemma":"доказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will prove"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of убедитесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"убедитесь","lemma":"убедиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with докажу","gloss":"will be convinced"},{"surface":"мгновенно","lemma":"мгновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убедитесь","gloss":"instantly"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b9-c3-s104","source":"Вы будете смеяться, господа, сами будете хохотать над вашим подозрением!..","translation":"\"You will laugh, gentlemen, you yourselves will roar with laughter at your own suspicion!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будете смеяться… будете хохотать","title":"Compound future «будете + infinitive»","body":"«будете смеяться» / «будете хохотать» is the imperfective compound future: «быть» conjugated plus an imperfective infinitive, naming a sustained future action — \"you will [go on] laughing.\" The imperfective fits the prolonged, helpless mirth Mitya predicts."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"хохотать","title":"«хохотать» — to roar with laughter","body":"Stronger than «смеяться»: «хохотать» is loud, full-throated, helpless laughter — to guffaw, roar. The escalation from «смеяться» to «сами будете хохотать» promises that the suspicion will collapse into outright absurdity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of смеяться","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"будете","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, second, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of смеяться","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"смеяться","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"emphatic apposition to the (implied) subject of хохотать","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"будете","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, second, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of хохотать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"хохотать","lemma":"хохотать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеяться","gloss":"roar with laughter"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подозрением","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вашим","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of подозрением","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"подозрением","lemma":"подозрение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of хохотать","gloss":"suspicion"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b9-c3-s105","source":"— Успокойтесь, Дмитрий Федорович, — напомнил следователь, как бы, видимо, желая победить исступленного своим спокойствием.","translation":"\"Calm yourself, Dmitri Fyodorovich,\" the magistrate reminded him, evidently wishing, as it were, to subdue the frantic man by his own composure.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"победить исступленного своим спокойствием","title":"Instrumental of means «спокойствием»","body":"«победить… своим спокойствием» — \"to subdue [him] by his own composure\" — uses the instrumental «спокойствием» to name the means. The substantivized adjective «исступленного» (the frenzied one) is the animate-accusative object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"исступленного","title":"«исступлённый» — frenzied, beside oneself","body":"«исступление» is a state of frenzy, transport, raving — being utterly beside oneself. Substantivized here as \"the frantic man,\" it names Mitya as the magistrate sees him: a man to be calmed by cool deliberation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Успокойтесь","lemma":"успокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"calm yourself"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"Дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"Фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative), masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"напомнил","lemma":"напомнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"reminded"},{"surface":"следователь","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of напомнил","gloss":"the magistrate"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"it were","note":"как бы is a fixed idiom meaning \"as if, as it were\"."},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желая","gloss":"evidently"},{"surface":"желая","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on напомнил","gloss":"wishing"},{"surface":"победить","lemma":"победить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желая","gloss":"to subdue"},{"surface":"исступленного","lemma":"исступлённый","morphology":"adjective (substantive), accusative animate, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of победить","gloss":"the frantic man"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of спокойствием","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"спокойствием","lemma":"спокойствие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of победить (instrument)","gloss":"composure"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b9-c3-s106","source":"— Прежде чем будем продолжать допрос, я бы желал, если вы только согласитесь ответить, слышать от вас подтверждение того факта, что, кажется, вы не любили покойного Федора Павловича, были с ним в какой-то постоянной ссоре…","translation":"\"Before we go on with the interrogation, I should like, if only you will agree to answer, to hear from you a confirmation of the fact that, it seems, you did not love the late Fyodor Pavlovich, that you were in some sort of constant quarrel with him…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я бы желал… слышать","title":"Conditional «я бы желал» — polite softening","body":"«я бы желал» (\"I should like\") is the past-form verb «желал» plus «бы» — the subjunctive used to soften a wish into deferential politeness. The magistrate's request is framed as a tentative would-wish, not a demand."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если вы только согласитесь ответить","title":"Real conditional «если… согласитесь»","body":"A genuine (not hypothetical) condition: «если… согласитесь» with the perfective future «согласитесь» — \"if you will (consent to) agree.\" No «бы», because the magistrate treats Mitya's consent as a live possibility."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"были с ним в какой-то постоянной ссоре","title":"Indefinite «какой-то» — 'some sort of'","body":"«какой-то» (some, a certain — specific but vague) softens the magistrate's careful insinuation: \"in some sort of constant quarrel.\" The «-то» marks a real but unspecified state, a diplomatically blurred way to raise the feud."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the temporal clause modifying желал","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Прежде чем","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of продолжать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on желал","gloss":"continue"},{"surface":"допрос","lemma":"допрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of продолжать","gloss":"the interrogation"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of желал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of желал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"желал","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would like"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of согласитесь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of согласитесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies согласитесь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"согласитесь","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"conditional clause modifying желал","gloss":"agree"},{"surface":"ответить","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of согласитесь","gloss":"to answer"},{"surface":"слышать","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of желал","gloss":"to hear"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of слышать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"подтверждение","lemma":"подтверждение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of слышать","gloss":"confirmation"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of факта","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"факта","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подтверждение","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the appositive clause of факта","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies любили","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of любили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любили","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"appositive clause to факта","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"покойного","lemma":"покойный","morphology":"adjective (substantive), accusative animate, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любили","gloss":"the late"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"Фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to покойного","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"Павлович","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любили","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of были","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ссоре","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ссоре (part of какой-то)","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle, part of какой-то","role":"part of the phrase какой-то","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"постоянной","lemma":"постоянный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ссоре","gloss":"constant"},{"surface":"ссоре","lemma":"ссора","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of были","gloss":"quarrel"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b9-c3-s107","source":"Здесь, по крайней мере, четверть часа назад, вы, кажется, изволили произнести, что даже хотели убить его: «Не убил, — воскликнули вы, — но хотел убить!»","translation":"\"Here, at least a quarter of an hour ago, you were pleased, it seems, to declare that you had even wanted to kill him: 'I did not kill him,' you exclaimed, 'but I wanted to kill him!'\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы… изволили произнести","title":"«изволить» — deferential 'were pleased to'","body":"«изволить» plus an infinitive is an old courtly auxiliary meaning \"to deign / be pleased to\" do something — «изволили произнести», \"you were pleased to declare.\" In the magistrate's mouth it is studiedly polite, with a faint ironic formality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не убил… но хотел убить","title":"Aspect contrast: «не убил» vs «хотел убить»","body":"The perfective «убил» (killed — as a completed deed) is negated — \"I did not kill\" — and set against «хотел убить» (wanted to kill), where the wish is imperfective but its object «убить» perfective. The whole drama of the chapter sits in that gap between deed and desire."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"четверть часа назад","title":"«четверть часа» — a quarter of an hour","body":"«четверть» is a fourth/quarter; «четверть часа» = fifteen minutes. The magistrate fixes the time precisely to confront Mitya with his own recent words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Здесь","lemma":"здесь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изволили","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"крайней","lemma":"крайний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по крайней мере","gloss":"measure","note":"по крайней мере is the fixed idiom \"at least\"."},{"surface":"четверть","lemma":"четверть","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies изволили (temporal adverbial)","gloss":"a quarter"},{"surface":"часа","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies четверть","gloss":"of an hour"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies четверть часа","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of изволили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical, modifies изволили","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"изволили","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were pleased"},{"surface":"произнести","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of изволили","gloss":"to declare"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотели","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотели","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"хотели","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of произнести","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотели","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"quoted clause, parallel to хотели","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"воскликнули","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"attribution clause, parallel to убил","gloss":"you exclaimed"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of воскликнули","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with убил","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to kill"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b9-c3-s108","source":"— Я это воскликнул?","translation":"\"I exclaimed that?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я это воскликнул?","title":"Word order makes the question","body":"With no «ли» and no inversion, «Я это воскликнул?» is marked as a question by intonation alone — fronting «Я» throws the stress onto the astonished \"I\": did I exclaim that? The bare structure conveys genuine surprise."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of воскликнул","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b9-c3-s109","source":"Ох, это может быть, господа!","translation":"\"Oh, it may well be so, gentlemen!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это может быть","title":"«может быть» — 'it may be / perhaps'","body":"An impersonal modal phrase, \"it may be (so), perhaps,\" with «может» as 3rd-person «мочь» and a bare «быть». Mitya half-concedes the magistrate's point without quite committing to the memory."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ох","title":"Interjection «ох» — a heavy sigh","body":"«ох» voices a sigh of distress, weariness, or rueful acknowledgement — heavier and more inward than «ах». It marks Mitya's pained admission: \"oh, it may well be so.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Ох","lemma":"ох","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be so"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b9-c3-s110","source":"Да, к несчастию, я хотел убить его, много раз хотел… к несчастию, к несчастию!","translation":"\"Yes, to my misfortune, I did want to kill him, I wanted to many times… to my misfortune, to my misfortune!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"много раз хотел","title":"Imperfective «хотел» — repeated desire","body":"«хотел» here is imperfective past for a recurring state — \"I wanted to many times.\" The adverbial «много раз» (many times) leans naturally on the imperfective's habitual/iterative reading: the wish came back again and again."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к несчастию","title":"«к несчастию» — 'to my misfortune'","body":"«к несчастию» (older spelling of «к несчастью») is a fixed parenthetical, \"unfortunately / to one's misfortune,\" using «к» plus dative. Repeated three times, it turns the admission into a refrain of self-reproach."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"affirmation, modifies хотел","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking несчастию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"несчастию","lemma":"несчастие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical adverbial, modifies хотел","gloss":"my misfortune"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies second хотел (frequency adverbial)","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking несчастию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"несчастию","lemma":"несчастие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical exclamation","gloss":"my misfortune"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking несчастию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"несчастию","lemma":"несчастие","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with несчастию","gloss":"my misfortune"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b9-c3-s111","source":"— Хотели.","translation":"\"You wanted to.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Хотели.","title":"Bare imperfective past as a flat echo","body":"A single word: «Хотели» (you wanted to), the imperfective past, returned to Mitya by the magistrate as a quiet, conclusive restatement. With the subject and object dropped, the verb alone coolly seals the admission."}],"words":[{"surface":"Хотели","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you wanted to"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b9-c3-s112","source":"Не согласитесь ли вы объяснить, какие, собственно, принципы руководствовали вас в такой ненависти к личности вашего родителя?","translation":"\"Would you not agree to explain what principles, precisely, guided you in such hatred toward the person of your parent?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не согласитесь ли вы объяснить","title":"Negated «ли»-question for politeness","body":"«Не согласитесь ли вы…?» — \"Would you not agree to…?\" — combines negation «не» with the interrogative «ли» to make an extra-courteous request. This negative-interrogative softening is the magistrate's habitual delicate register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какие… принципы руководствовали вас","title":"«руководствовать» + accusative object","body":"«руководствовали вас» — \"guided you\" — with «вас» as accusative object and «принципы» as nominative subject. The interrogative «какие» (which / what sort of) agrees with «принципы», opening an embedded question about Mitya's motives."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"к личности вашего родителя","title":"«родитель» — formal 'parent'","body":"«родитель» (parent) and «личность» (the person, personality) are coolly formal, even bureaucratic, words. The magistrate's stiff phrasing — \"hatred toward the person of your parent\" — clinically distances the raw fact of father and son."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies согласитесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"согласитесь","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would you agree"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies согласитесь (yes/no question marker)","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of согласитесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"объяснить","lemma":"объяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of согласитесь","gloss":"to explain"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of принципы","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"собственно","lemma":"собственно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies руководствовали","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"принципы","lemma":"принцип","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of руководствовали","gloss":"principles"},{"surface":"руководствовали","lemma":"руководствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объяснить","gloss":"guided"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of руководствовали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ненависти","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ненависти","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ненависти","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of руководствовали","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking личности","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"личности","lemma":"личность","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ненависти","gloss":"the person"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of родителя","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies личности","gloss":"parent"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b9-c3-s113","source":"— Что ж объяснять, господа!","translation":"\"What is there to explain, gentlemen!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что ж объяснять","title":"«что объяснять» — rhetorical infinitive","body":"A bare infinitive «объяснять» under interrogative «что» forms a rhetorical question with no subject: \"what is there to explain?\" The particle «ж» adds weary exasperation. The imperfective treats explaining as a pointless activity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of объяснять","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Что","gloss":"[emphatic particle]"},{"surface":"объяснять","lemma":"объяснять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is there to explain"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b9-c3-s114","source":"— угрюмо вскинул плечами Митя, потупясь.","translation":"Mitya shrugged his shoulders gloomily, casting his eyes down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскинул плечами… потупясь","title":"Gerund «потупясь» — manner accompanying","body":"«потупясь» is a perfective gerund (variant of «потупившись», from reflexive «потупиться» — to drop one's eyes) attached to «вскинул плечами»: he shrugged, eyes cast down. The «-ясь» form is the older/bookish gerund ending."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"угрюмо вскинул плечами","title":"«вскинуть плечами» — to shrug","body":"«вскинуть плечами» (to jerk the shoulders up) is the gesture of a shrug; «угрюмо» (gloomily, sullenly) colours it. Together with «потупясь» (eyes lowered) it paints Mitya's sudden sullen withdrawal."}],"words":[{"surface":"угрюмо","lemma":"угрюмо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскинул","gloss":"gloomily"},{"surface":"вскинул","lemma":"вскинуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shrugged"},{"surface":"плечами","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of вскинул","gloss":"his shoulders"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскинул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"потупясь","lemma":"потупиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on вскинул","gloss":"casting his eyes down"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b9-c3-s115","source":"— Я ведь не скрывал моих чувств, весь город об этом знает — знают все в трактире.","translation":"\"After all, I never concealed my feelings — the whole town knows of it, everyone in the tavern knows.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ведь не скрывал моих чувств","title":"Genitive of negation «чувств»","body":"Under negation «не скрывал», the object shifts to the genitive «(моих) чувств» rather than accusative «чувства» — the genitive of negation, natural with an abstract object. «ведь» pleads the obviousness: \"after all, I never hid my feelings.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скрывал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скрывал","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скрывал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скрывал","lemma":"скрывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"concealed"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of чувств","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"чувств","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of скрывал","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of город","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знает","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to скрывал","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"знают","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to знает","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знают","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"трактире","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of знают","gloss":"the tavern"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b9-c3-s116","source":"Еще недавно в монастыре заявил в келье старца Зосимы…","translation":"\"Only the other day I declared it at the monastery, in the cell of the elder Zosima…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заявил в келье старца","title":"«в келье» — prepositional of location","body":"«в келье» (in the cell), prepositional after «в» for location, locates the scene. The verb «заявил» (declared, made known) is perfective — a single public declaration Mitya now recalls."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старца","title":"«старец» — a holy elder","body":"«старец» (genitive «старца») is not merely \"old man\" but the technical title of a monastic elder of recognized spiritual authority — a «старчество» tradition central to the novel. Zosima is its embodiment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недавно","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"недавно","lemma":"недавно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заявил","gloss":"recently"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking монастыре","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"монастыре","lemma":"монастырь","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заявил","gloss":"the monastery"},{"surface":"заявил","lemma":"заявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking келье","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"келье","lemma":"келья","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заявил","gloss":"the cell"},{"surface":"старца","lemma":"старец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies келье","gloss":"of the elder"},{"surface":"Зосимы","lemma":"Зосима","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старца","gloss":"Zosima"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b9-c3-s117","source":"В тот же день, вечером, бил и чуть не убил отца и поклялся, что опять приду и убью, при свидетелях…","translation":"\"That very same day, in the evening, I beat my father and all but killed him, and I swore that I would come again and kill him, before witnesses…\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бил и чуть не убил… поклялся… приду и убью","title":"Aspect telling the story","body":"«бил» (imperfective — was beating, hammered away) gives way to «чуть не убил» (perfective — all but killed, a single near-deed); then the future vow «приду и убью» chains two perfective futures: \"I'll come and kill.\" Aspect alone choreographs the whole violent memory."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поклялся, что… приду и убью","title":"Reported vow with «что»","body":"«поклялся, что…» (swore that…) introduces direct-style reported speech keeping Mitya's own 1st-person futures «приду», «убью». Russian often preserves the original tense in such reports, so the vow stays vivid and present."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тот","gloss":"very same"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бил","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"вечером","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бил (temporal adverbial)","gloss":"in the evening"},{"surface":"бил","lemma":"бить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase чуть не","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чуть не","gloss":"almost","note":"чуть не убил is idiomatic for \"almost killed\" — не does not negate here."},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бил","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поклялся","lemma":"поклясться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бил","gloss":"swore"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приду","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of поклялся","gloss":"would come"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приду","gloss":"would kill"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking свидетелях","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"свидетелях","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of приду and убью","gloss":"witnesses"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b9-c3-s118","source":"О, тысяча свидетелей!","translation":"\"Oh, a thousand witnesses!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тысяча свидетелей","title":"«тысяча» + genitive plural","body":"«тысяча» (a thousand) governs the genitive plural «свидетелей» (witnesses), like other large numerals. Hyperbolically thrown out — \"a thousand witnesses!\" — it is Mitya damning himself with reckless honesty."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"тысяча","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"свидетелей","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies тысяча","gloss":"witnesses"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b9-c3-s119","source":"Весь месяц кричал, все свидетели!..","translation":"\"The whole month long I shouted it, everyone is a witness!..\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Весь месяц кричал","title":"Imperfective «кричал» over a span","body":"«кричал» (was shouting / kept shouting) is imperfective past, stretched across «весь месяц» (the whole month) — durative, repeated action. The accusative «весь месяц» marks the time-span filled by the shouting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of месяц","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кричал (duration)","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I shouted it"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of свидетели","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"свидетели","lemma":"свидетель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun (elliptical clause)","gloss":"witnesses"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b9-c3-s120","source":"Факт налицо, факт говорит, кричит, но — чувства, господа, чувства, это уж другое.","translation":"\"The fact is plain, the fact speaks, it cries out — but feelings, gentlemen, feelings, that is another matter altogether.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"факт говорит, кричит","title":"Personified «факт» with present verbs","body":"The imperfective presents «говорит, кричит» (speaks, cries out) personify «факт» (the fact) as a living accuser. Asyndetic piling — «говорит, кричит» — gives the line a hammering, rhetorical rhythm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"это уж другое","title":"Zero copula + «уж»: 'that's another matter'","body":"«это уж другое» — \"that's quite another thing\" — links «это» to the neuter «другое» with no verb, while «уж» (a worn form of «уже») adds emphatic finality. Mitya pivots from the damning facts to the separate question of inner feeling."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Факт налицо","title":"«налицо» — present, in evidence","body":"«налицо» is an adverb meaning \"on hand, plainly present, in evidence\" — \"the fact is there for all to see.\" It is the language of officialdom and reckoning, here turned by Mitya against himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of налицо","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"налицо","lemma":"налицо","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"is plain"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with налицо","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"кричит","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорит","gloss":"cries out"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"exclamatory topic, coordinated with факт","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with чувства","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of другое","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies другое","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective (substantive), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun of это","gloss":"another matter"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b9-c3-s121","source":"Видите, господа, — нахмурился Митя, — мне кажется, что про чувства вы не имеете права меня спрашивать.","translation":"You see, gentlemen,\" Mitya frowned, \"it seems to me that you have no right to question me about my feelings.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не имеете права","title":"Genitive after negation","body":"«Иметь право» (to have the right) is negated as «не имеете права» — the object «право» shifts from accusative to genitive «права» under negation, a classic genitive of negation with an abstract noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне кажется","title":"Dative experiencer «мне кажется»","body":"«Кажется» (it seems) is impersonal: there is no nominative subject, and the one to whom it seems stands in the dative — «мне» (to me). This subjectless, dative-first framing is the natural Russian way to voice a perception."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нахмурился","title":"«нахмуриться» — to frown","body":"A perfective reflexive verb in -ся: «нахмурился» means he knit his brows, frowned over. The -ся here marks a change of facial state rather than a true reflexive action on oneself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"нахмурился","lemma":"нахмуриться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Видите","gloss":"frowned"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нахмурился","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative complement of кажется","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Видите","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имеете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувства","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of спрашивать","gloss":"my feelings"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of имеете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имеете","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of кажется","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеете","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of спрашивать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"спрашивать","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of права","gloss":"to question"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b9-c3-s122","source":"Вы хоть и облечены, я понимаю это, но это дело мое, мое внутреннее дело, интимное, но… так как я уж не скрывал моих чувств прежде… в трактире, например, и говорил всем и каждому, то… то не сделаю и теперь из этого тайны.","translation":"You may be vested with authority, I understand that, but this is my affair, my own inner affair, an intimate one, and yet… since I never hid my feelings before — in the tavern, for instance, and told everyone, every last person — then… then I shall make no secret of it now either.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"облечены","title":"«облечён» — vested with authority","body":"From bookish «облечь» (to invest, clothe with), the short passive participle «облечены» means 'you are vested/clothed [with office]'. Mitya means the officials are robed in legal authority; the word carries an almost ceremonial, ecclesiastical ring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и облечены","title":"Concessive «хоть и»","body":"«Хоть и… но…» is a concessive frame: 'although you are vested…, still this is my affair.' «Хоть» (even though) sets up the concession that «но» then answers."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"трактире","title":"«трактир» — the tavern","body":"A «трактир» was a traditional Russian inn or eating-house serving food, tea, and drink to ordinary folk and travellers — a notch lower and earthier than a restaurant, and a recurring stage for the public scenes Mitya here recalls."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всем и каждому","title":"Idiom «всем и каждому»","body":"«Всем и каждому» — literally 'to everyone and to each' — is a fixed emphatic idiom meaning 'to anyone and everyone, every last soul', stressing how indiscriminately Mitya broadcast his feelings."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не сделаю","title":"Perfective future «не сделаю»","body":"«Сделаю» is a perfective form conjugated with present-tense endings, which yields future meaning: 'I shall (not) make.' The perfective frames the act of making-a-secret as a single completed event he refuses to perform."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of облечены","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть и","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть и","gloss":"even","note":"хоть и is a concessive idiom, \"although / even though\"."},{"surface":"облечены","lemma":"облечь","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are vested"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with облечены","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun of это","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner (predicate), nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate possessive modifying дело","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"внутреннее","lemma":"внутренний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"inner"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to дело (мое дело)","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"интимное","lemma":"интимный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with внутреннее","gloss":"intimate"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of скрывал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скрывал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скрывал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скрывал","lemma":"скрывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the так как clause","gloss":"hid"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of чувств","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"чувств","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of скрывал","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скрывал","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трактире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"трактире","lemma":"трактир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"the tavern"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies говорил","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with скрывал","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"каждому","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with всем","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlative resumption of так как, modifies сделаю","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of сделаю","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сделаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сделаю","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will make"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделаю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тайны","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of тайны","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тайны","lemma":"тайна","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделаю","gloss":"a secret"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b9-c3-s123","source":"Видите, господа, я ведь понимаю, что в этом случае на меня улики страшные: всем говорил, что его убью, а вдруг его и убили: как же не я в таком случае?","translation":"You see, gentlemen, I do understand that in this case the evidence against me is terrible: I told everyone I would kill him, and then suddenly he is killed — so how could it not be me in such a case?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ведь понимаю","title":"The appealing particle «ведь»","body":"«Ведь» appeals to shared knowledge — 'you see, after all'. It softens Mitya's admission into something he and his listeners both already grasp, a hallmark of his confiding, headlong speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"улики страшные","title":"«улика» — a piece of evidence","body":"An «улика» is specifically incriminating evidence, a clue pointing to guilt (not neutral «доказательство»). «Улики страшные» — terrible evidence — with the adjective placed after the noun for spoken emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его убью… его и убили","title":"Aspect: «убью» vs «убили»","body":"Both forms are perfective «убить»: «убью» is perfective future ('I will kill [him dead]'), «убили» perfective past ('they killed him'). The pair makes Mitya's grim logic — threat fulfilled — turn on the same completed-act verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как же не я","title":"Insistent «же» in «как же»","body":"«Как же» — 'how then, how indeed' — uses the particle «же» to press the rhetorical question. The elliptical «как же не я?» ('how then could it not be me?') has no verb, the «я» alone carrying the predication."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"discourse marker addressing the gentlemen","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of понимаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies страшные clause","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of страшные","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"улики","lemma":"улика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of страшные","gloss":"the evidence"},{"surface":"страшные","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate of что-clause (complement of понимаю)","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"I told"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убью","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убью","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"убью","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of говорил","gloss":"I would kill"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убили","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убили","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"убили","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the а-clause","gloss":"he is killed"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the rhetorical question","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate, answers как же не я","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of the rhetorical clause","gloss":"a case"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b9-c3-s124","source":"Ха-ха!","translation":"Ha-ha!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ha"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with Ха","gloss":"ha"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b9-c3-s125","source":"Я вас извиняю, господа, вполне извиняю.","translation":"I forgive you, gentlemen, I forgive you entirely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"извиняю… вполне извиняю","title":"Imperfective for the bare act","body":"«Извиняю» is imperfective present ('I forgive / I excuse you'), repeated with «вполне» (entirely). The imperfective here states the act flatly and fully, without the resultative 'once and for all' colour a perfective «извиню» would add."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of извиняю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of извиняю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"извиняю","lemma":"извинять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies извиняю (second)","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"извиняю","lemma":"извинять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"repeats извиняю for emphasis","gloss":"forgive"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b9-c3-s126","source":"Я ведь и сам поражен до эпидермы, потому что кто ж его убил, наконец, в таком случае, если не я?","translation":"For I myself am struck to the very skin, because who, after all, could have killed him in such a case, if not I?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поражён до эпидермы","title":"Mock-learned «до эпидермы»","body":"«Эпидерма» (epidermis) is a Latinate medical word Mitya tosses in for 'to the very skin' — a comic, self-dramatising flourish typical of his half-educated, theatrical eloquence under pressure. The native idiom would be «до глубины души» (to the depths of the soul)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ведь и сам поражён","title":"Intensive «сам» + short participle","body":"«Сам» ('[my]self') intensifies the subject — 'I myself am struck'. «Поражён» is a short passive participle in predicate use, stating Mitya's resulting state of shock rather than naming an agent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто ж его убил","title":"«ж» as clipped «же»","body":"«Ж» is the reduced spoken form of the particle «же», fused onto «кто» to give the question urgency: 'who on earth killed him?' Dostoevsky writes the spoken contraction to catch Mitya's breathless delivery."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поражен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поражен","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"intensifies Я","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"поражен","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am struck"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эпидермы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"эпидермы","lemma":"эпидерма","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поражен","gloss":"the very skin","note":"Mock-scientific for \"to the skin\" — i.e. utterly astonished."},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of убил (with что)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of потому что-clause","gloss":"killed"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таком","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of убил","gloss":"a case"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the если-clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"predicate of если-clause","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b9-c3-s127","source":"Ведь не правда ли?","translation":"Isn't that so?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь не правда ли?","title":"Tag question «не правда ли?» with «ведь»","body":"«Не правда ли?» is the standard tag — 'isn't that so?' — and «ли» here is the interrogative particle seeking agreement. Opening «ведь» piles on the appeal to the hearer: 'after all, isn't it true?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"is it"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b9-c3-s128","source":"Если не я, так кто же, кто же?","translation":"If not I, then who else, who else?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если не я, так кто же","title":"«если… так…» and emphatic «кто же»","body":"Colloquial «так» here answers «если» like 'then' ('if not I, then who'). The doubled «кто же, кто же?» drives the question home with the particle «же», a rhetorical structure Dostoevsky loves for a cornered, insistent voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of я","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies я","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"predicate of так-clause","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"repeats кто for emphasis","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"else"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b9-c3-s129","source":"Господа, — вдруг воскликнул он, — я хочу знать, я даже требую от вас, господа: где он убит?","translation":"Gentlemen,\" he suddenly exclaimed, \"I want to know, I even demand it of you, gentlemen: where was he killed?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"воскликнул","title":"Perfective «воскликнуть» — exclaimed","body":"«Воскликнул» is perfective past of «воскликнуть» (to exclaim, cry out): a single, punctual outburst that moves the scene forward, against the imperfective background of the dialogue."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"требую от вас","title":"«требовать от» + genitive","body":"«Требовать» (to demand) governs the person demanded-from with «от» + genitive: «от вас» ('of you'). The preposition «от» always takes the genitive, fixing the source of the demand."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где он убит","title":"Short passive participle «убит»","body":"«Убит» is the short form of the past passive participle «убитый» (killed), used predicatively: 'where was he killed?' The short participle states the result as a fact, the standard way to build a Russian passive of result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of хочу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"хочу","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хочу","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of требую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies требую","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"требую","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of требую","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убит","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive убит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убит","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of где-clause","gloss":"was killed"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b9-c3-s130","source":"Как он убит, чем и как?","translation":"How was he killed, with what, and how?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем","title":"Instrumental «чем» — with what","body":"«Чем» is the instrumental of «что», asking 'with what [instrument]?' — the case of means and tool. Mitya wants to know the murder weapon, and Russian marks that 'with-what' purely by case, no preposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убит","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive убит","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"убит","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was killed"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of убит (elided)","gloss":"with what"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of убит (elided)","gloss":"how"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b9-c3-s131","source":"Скажите мне, — быстро спросил он, обводя прокурора и следователя глазами.","translation":"Tell me,\" he asked quickly, running his eyes over the prosecutor and the investigator.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"обводя… глазами","title":"Imperfective gerund «обводя»","body":"«Обводя» is the present (imperfective) деепричастие of «обводить» — 'running [his eyes] over', an action simultaneous with «спросил». The gerund shares Mitya's subject and economically layers a second, attendant action onto the main verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обводя… глазами","title":"Instrumental of means «глазами»","body":"«Глазами» (with [his] eyes) is instrumental, the means by which he 'runs over' the two men. Russian routinely puts the body part or instrument of such verbs in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Скажите","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Скажите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Скажите","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"обводя","lemma":"обводить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on спросил","gloss":"sweeping over"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обводя","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"следователя","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прокурора","gloss":"the investigator"},{"surface":"глазами","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обводя","gloss":"with his eyes"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b9-c3-s132","source":"— Мы нашли его лежащим на полу, навзничь, в своем кабинете, с проломленною головой, — проговорил прокурор.","translation":"— We found him lying on the floor, on his back, in his study, his skull battered in,\" said the prosecutor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"нашли его лежащим","title":"Participle «лежащим» as object complement","body":"«Лежащим» is the present active participle of «лежать» (lying), in the instrumental to agree as a secondary predicate after «нашли его» — 'found him [in a state of] lying'. This participle-in-the-instrumental complement is a bookish, precise touch of the prosecutor's speech."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"навзничь","title":"«навзничь» — flat on the back","body":"An adverb meaning 'on his back, face up' (its opposite is «ничком», face down). A single dense word doing what English needs a phrase for; here it pins the grim posture of the corpse."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с проломленною головой","title":"«проломленный» — with skull battered in","body":"Past passive participle of «проломить» (to break/stave in): 'with his skull broken open'. Note the bookish long-form instrumental ending «-ою» (= modern «-ой»), an archaic flavour typical of 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кабинете","title":"«кабинет» — the study","body":"Here «кабинет» is the private study or office of the house — Fyodor Pavlovich's own room — not a 'cabinet' in the English political or furniture sense. A common false friend."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of нашли","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"нашли","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нашли","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"лежащим","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, imperfective","role":"complement of нашли","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежащим","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"навзничь","lemma":"навзничь","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with лежащим","gloss":"flat on his back"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кабинете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of кабинете","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"кабинете","lemma":"кабинет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with лежащим","gloss":"study"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking проломленною","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"проломленною","lemma":"проломленный","morphology":"adjective, participle, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies головой","gloss":"battered-in"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition с","gloss":"skull"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to нашли","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"the prosecutor"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b9-c3-s133","source":"— Страшно это, господа!","translation":"— This is terrible, gentlemen!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Страшно это","title":"Short neuter «страшно» as predicate","body":"«Страшно» is the short/adverbial neuter form used predicatively — 'this is terrible/frightful'. Russian states such impersonal evaluations with the bare neuter predicative, here fronted for emotional weight before «это»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Страшно","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Страшно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b9-c3-s134","source":"— вздрогнул вдруг Митя и, облокотившись на стол, закрыл лицо правою рукой.","translation":"— Mitya shuddered suddenly and, propping himself on the table with his elbow, covered his face with his right hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вздрогнул… закрыл","title":"Chain of perfectives","body":"«Вздрогнул» (gave a shudder) and «закрыл» (covered) are both perfective pasts — instantaneous, completed gestures strung in sequence. The perfective chain renders Mitya's quick, punctual reaction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"облокотившись на стол","title":"Past gerund «облокотившись»","body":"«Облокотившись» is a perfective past деепричастие in -вшись of the reflexive «облокотиться» (to lean on one's elbow): 'having propped himself [on the table]', a completed action just prior to «закрыл лицо»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"закрыл лицо правою рукой","title":"Instrumental of means «рукой»","body":"«Рукой» (with [his] hand) is instrumental — the means of covering the face. The archaic long ending «правою» (= «правой») matches the elevated narration; «правая рука» is the right hand."}],"words":[{"surface":"вздрогнул","lemma":"вздрогнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shuddered"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздрогнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрогнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"облокотившись","lemma":"облокотиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on закрыл","gloss":"leaning on his elbow"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of облокотившись","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"закрыл","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вздрогнул","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of закрыл","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"правою","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рукой","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement of закрыл","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b9-c3-s135","source":"— Мы будем продолжать, — прервал Николай Парфенович.","translation":"— We shall continue,\" interrupted Nikolai Parfenovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"будем продолжать","title":"Compound future «будем продолжать»","body":"The imperfective future: «будем» (we shall be) + the imperfective infinitive «продолжать» (to continue). It names an ongoing resumption — 'we shall go on' — rather than a single completed act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of продолжать","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of продолжать","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"continue"},{"surface":"прервал","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to продолжать","gloss":"interrupted"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"Николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прервал","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"Парфенович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b9-c3-s136","source":"— Итак, что же тогда руководило вас в ваших чувствах ненависти?","translation":"— So then, what was it that guided you in these feelings of hatred?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что же тогда руководило вас","title":"Period syntax «руководить» + accusative","body":"Modern Russian has «руководить» govern the instrumental, but the 19th-century construction here takes the accusative «вас» — 'what guided you'. This older government is a small but telling archaism of the period."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в ваших чувствах ненависти","title":"Genitive «ненависти» qualifying a noun","body":"«Чувствах ненависти» — 'feelings of hatred' — uses the genitive «ненависти» (of hatred) to specify the feelings, the genitive's basic 'of' relation between two nouns."}],"words":[{"surface":"Итак","lemma":"итак","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker introducing the question","gloss":"so then"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of руководило","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies руководило","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"руководило","lemma":"руководить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"guided"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of руководило","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувствах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of чувствах","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"чувствах","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of руководило","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"ненависти","lemma":"ненависть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чувствах","gloss":"of hatred"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b9-c3-s137","source":"Вы, кажется, заявляли публично, что чувство ревности?","translation":"You declared publicly, it seems, that it was a feeling of jealousy?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что чувство ревности","title":"«что» introducing reported content","body":"Subordinating «что» (that) opens the reported claim — 'declared… that it was a feeling of jealousy'. The bare nominative «чувство ревности», with no copula, supplies the zero-copula predicate of the embedded statement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заявляли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"заявляли","lemma":"заявлять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"публично","lemma":"публично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заявляли","gloss":"publicly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of чувство","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of заявляли","gloss":"it was a feeling"},{"surface":"ревности","lemma":"ревность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"of jealousy"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b9-c3-s138","source":"— Ну да, ревность, и не одна только ревность.","translation":"— Well, yes, jealousy, and not jealousy alone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не одна только ревность","title":"«не… только» — not only","body":"«Не одна только ревность» — 'not jealousy alone'. «Не» negates, «одна только» ('one only / merely') is the scalar focus, together meaning 'not just jealousy [but more besides]'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"ревность","lemma":"ревность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"jealousy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одна","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ревность (second)","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ревность (second)","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ревность","lemma":"ревность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ревность (first)","gloss":"jealousy"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b9-c3-s139","source":"— Споры из-за денег?","translation":"— Disputes over money?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из-за денег","title":"«из-за» + genitive — because of / over","body":"The compound preposition «из-за» governs the genitive «денег» (money) and here means 'over, on account of' — 'disputes over money'. «Деньги» is a plurale tantum whose genitive is «денег»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Споры","lemma":"спор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"disputes"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition из-за","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition из-за","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies Споры","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b9-c3-s140","source":"— Ну да, и из-за денег.","translation":"— Well, yes, over money too.","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition из-за","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"из-за","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition из-за","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of из-за","gloss":"money"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b9-c3-s141","source":"— Кажется, спор был в трех тысячах, будто бы недоданных вам по наследству.","translation":"— The quarrel, it seems, concerned three thousand, supposedly owed to you and withheld from your inheritance.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"в трех тысячах","title":"Numeral phrase declined in the prepositional","body":"«В трёх тысячах» — 'about/concerning three thousand'. After «в» the whole numeral phrase declines into the prepositional: «трёх» (of три) and «тысячах» both take prepositional endings. The number governs «тысяча», and the preposition then governs the number."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"будто бы недоданных","title":"«будто бы» — supposedly","body":"«Будто бы» (as if, supposedly) flags the claim as reported and not vouched for by the speaker — the investigator's careful distancing. The participle «недоданных» (under-paid, withheld) is a past passive participle in the genitive agreeing with «тысячах»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"спор","lemma":"спор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"the dispute"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking спор to тысячах","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячах","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies тысячах","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячах","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of недоданных","gloss":"supposedly"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase будто","gloss":"(supposedly)"},{"surface":"недоданных","lemma":"недоданный","morphology":"adjective, participle, locative, plural","role":"modifies тысячах","gloss":"withheld"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of недоданных","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking наследству","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"наследству","lemma":"наследство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of недоданных","gloss":"inheritance"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b9-c3-s142","source":"— Какое трех!","translation":"— What do you mean, three!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Какое трех!","title":"Dismissive exclamatory «какое!»","body":"«Какое!» here is not a question but an indignant brush-off — 'what three! / three nothing!' The neuter «какое» idiomatically rejects the figure just quoted, a vivid spoken-Russian gesture of denial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of трех","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"three"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b9-c3-s143","source":"Больше, больше, — вскинулся Митя, — больше шести, больше десяти может быть.","translation":"More, more,\" Mitya flared up, \"more than six, more than ten, perhaps.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вскинулся","title":"«вскинуться» — to flare up","body":"A perfective -ся verb meaning to start up suddenly, fly out, bristle — 'flared up'. The -ся and the prefix «вс-» (sharply upward) give the sense of a quick, jerking emotional eruption fitting Mitya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"больше шести, больше десяти","title":"«больше» + genitive of the numeral","body":"Comparative «больше» (more than) governs the genitive, so the numerals appear as «шести» and «десяти» (genitive of шесть, десять). 'More than six, more than ten' — quantity compared via the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with Больше","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"вскинулся","lemma":"вскинуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Больше","gloss":"flared up"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскинулся","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies шести","gloss":"more than"},{"surface":"шести","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"complement of больше","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies десяти","gloss":"more than"},{"surface":"десяти","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"complement of больше","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical (может быть = perhaps)","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b9-c3-s144","source":"Я всем говорил, всем кричал!","translation":"I told everyone, I shouted it to everyone!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я всем говорил, всем кричал","title":"Imperfective for repeated shouting","body":"Both «говорил» and «кричал» are imperfective past — 'I kept telling, kept shouting'. The imperfective conveys the habitual, repeated broadcasting of his grievance, with «всем» (to everyone, dative) the indiscriminate audience."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of говорил","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of кричал","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"кричал","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"shouted"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b9-c3-s145","source":"Но я решился, уж так и быть, помириться на трех тысячах.","translation":"But I resolved — so be it — to settle for three thousand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"уж так и быть","title":"Idiom «так и быть» — so be it","body":"«(Уж) так и быть» is a fixed resigned concession — 'oh, all right then; so be it' — used when one grudgingly agrees to settle. «Уж» adds the weary, final note of giving in."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"решился… помириться","title":"Perfective resolve «решился помириться»","body":"«Решился» (perfective, made up his mind) + the perfective infinitive «помириться» (to make peace, settle) — a single resolved decision. The reflexive -ся on «помириться» gives the reciprocal 'come to terms' sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of решился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"решился","lemma":"решиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom так и быть","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom так и быть","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"part of idiom так и быть","gloss":"be it","note":"так и быть = \"so be it, very well.\""},{"surface":"помириться","lemma":"помириться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of решился","gloss":"to settle"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячах","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies тысячах","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячах","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of помириться","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b9-c3-s146","source":"Мне до зарезу нужны были эти три тысячи… так что тот пакет с тремя тысячами, который, я знал, у него под подушкой, приготовленный для Грушеньки, я считал решительно как бы у меня украденным, вот что, господа, считал своим, всё равно как моею собственностью…","translation":"I needed those three thousand desperately… so that that packet with the three thousand in it, which I knew was under his pillow, made ready for Grushenka, I counted as good as stolen from me — that is the thing, gentlemen — I counted it as my own, exactly as if it were my own property…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"до зарезу","title":"Idiom «до зарезу» — desperately","body":"«До зарезу нужны» means 'needed to the point of being cut/slaughtered' — i.e. desperately, badly, vitally. A vivid colloquial idiom: the money was needed as if his life depended on it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы у меня украденным… своим… как моею собственностью","title":"Instrumental predicates after «считал»","body":"«Считать» (to consider X [as] Y) puts the predicate Y in the instrumental: «украденным» (stolen), «своим» (one's own), «собственностью» (property). The string of instrumentals shows Mitya reclassifying the money as already his."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы… как бы","title":"Hedging «как бы»","body":"«Как бы» ('as if, as it were') hedges each claim — 'as good as stolen', 'as if it were my own'. Mitya half-acknowledges the legal fiction even as he insists on it, and the repeated «как бы» marks his uneasy self-justification."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of нужны","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking зарезу","gloss":"desperately"},{"surface":"зарезу","lemma":"зарез","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of до (idiom до зарезу)","gloss":"desperately","note":"до зарезу is an idiom meaning \"desperately, badly.\""},{"surface":"нужны","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нужны","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of три","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нужны (with три)","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase так что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пакет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пакет","lemma":"пакет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"topicalized direct object of считал","gloss":"packet"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тремя","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies тысячами","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячами","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies пакет","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical relative clause modifying пакет","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition у","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подушкой","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"подушкой","lemma":"подушка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate location, complement of elided был","gloss":"his pillow"},{"surface":"приготовленный","lemma":"приготовленный","morphology":"adjective, participle, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пакет","gloss":"prepared"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушеньки","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of приготовленный","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of считал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"считал","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"considered"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies считал","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom как бы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of украденным","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"украденным","lemma":"украденный","morphology":"adjective, participle, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of считал","gloss":"stolen"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom вот что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical interjection (вот что = \"that's the thing\")","gloss":"the thing"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"считал","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with считал (first)","gloss":"considered"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of считал (second)","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom всё равно как","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"равно","lemma":"равно","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom всё равно как","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"моею","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of собственностью","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"собственностью","lemma":"собственность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of как (comparison object)","gloss":"property"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b9-c3-s147","source":"Прокурор значительно переглянулся со следователем и успел незаметно мигнуть ему.","translation":"The prosecutor exchanged a meaningful glance with the investigator and managed to wink at him unnoticed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"переглянулся со следователем","title":"Reciprocal -ся + «с» instrumental","body":"«Переглянуться с кем-то» (to exchange a glance with someone) is a reciprocal -ся verb; the partner stands after «с» (with) in the instrumental — «со следователем». The mutual glance is built into the verb's reflexive form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"успел незаметно мигнуть","title":"«успеть» + perfective infinitive","body":"«Успеть» (to manage / have time to) takes a perfective infinitive «мигнуть» (to wink, once): 'managed to wink'. The pairing stresses a single, completed action accomplished just in time and unnoticed («незаметно»)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of переглянулся","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"значительно","lemma":"значительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переглянулся","gloss":"meaningfully"},{"surface":"переглянулся","lemma":"переглянуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exchanged a glance"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking следователем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"следователем","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of переглянулся","gloss":"the investigator"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with переглянулся","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"незаметно","lemma":"незаметно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мигнуть","gloss":"unnoticed"},{"surface":"мигнуть","lemma":"мигнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to wink"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of мигнуть","gloss":"at him"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b9-c3-s148","source":"— Мы к этому предмету еще возвратимся, — проговорил тотчас следователь, — вы же позволите нам теперь отметить и записать именно этот пунктик: что вы считали эти деньги, в том конверте, как бы за свою собственность.","translation":"— We shall return to this matter later,\" the investigator said at once, \"but for now you will permit us to note and record precisely this point: that you considered this money, in that envelope, as if it were your own property.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы же позволите","title":"Polite «же» softening a request","body":"«Вы же позволите нам» — 'you will, of course, permit us' — where «же» lends a coaxing, taken-for-granted tone. «Позволите» is perfective future used as a courteous near-imperative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пунктик","title":"Diminutive «пунктик»","body":"«Пунктик» is the diminutive of «пункт» (point, item) — 'this little point'. The -ик suffix here is faintly bureaucratic and ingratiating, the investigator making the damaging admission sound like a trivial formality."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы за свою собственность","title":"Reflexive possessive «свою»","body":"«Свою собственность» — 'one's own property', where «свой» points back to the clause's subject (Mitya). The investigator quotes Mitya's own framing precisely, and «свой» (not «его») is what locks the ownership to Mitya himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of возвратимся","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предмету","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of предмету","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"предмету","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвратимся","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвратимся","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"возвратимся","lemma":"возвратиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall return"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to возвратимся","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"следователь","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"the investigator"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of позволите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"позволите","lemma":"позволите","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to возвратимся","gloss":"will permit"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"нам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of позволите","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отметить","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"отметить","lemma":"отметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позволите","gloss":"to note"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"записать","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with отметить","gloss":"record"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies этот","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пунктик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"пунктик","lemma":"пунктик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отметить","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of считали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of считали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"считали","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to позволите","gloss":"considered"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of деньги","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"деньги","lemma":"деньги","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of считали","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конверте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of конверте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"конверте","lemma":"конверт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считали","gloss":"envelope"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies собственность","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собственность","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of собственность","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"собственность","lemma":"собственность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считали","gloss":"property"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b9-c3-s149","source":"— Пишите, господа, я ведь понимаю же, что это опять-таки на меня улика, но я не боюсь улик и сам говорю на себя.","translation":"— Write it down, gentlemen, for I understand quite well that this too is evidence against me, but I am not afraid of evidence and testify against myself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Пишите","title":"Imperative «пишите»","body":"«Пишите!» is the plural/polite imperative of imperfective «писать» — 'write [it down]!'. The imperfective imperative invites them to get on with the ongoing act of recording, a shade more inviting than a perfective «запишите»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я ведь понимаю же","title":"Doubled particles «ведь… же»","body":"Mitya stacks «ведь» (after all) and «же» (insistent) in one clause for maximum spoken emphasis — 'why, I do understand'. Such particle clusters are pure texture of excited, sincere speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"опять-таки","title":"Emphatic «опять-таки»","body":"«Опять-таки» — 'yet again, once more (you see)' — where the clitic «-таки» reinforces «опять» with a note of 'even so'. It flags that this is, once more, evidence stacking against him."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам говорю на себя","title":"«сам» and reflexive «на себя»","body":"«Сам» ('myself, of my own accord') plus «на себя» ('against myself', the reflexive pronoun себя after на) — Mitya stresses that he testifies against his own self voluntarily. «Себя» has no nominative and points back to the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пишите","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"write it down"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Пишите","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"quite well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of меня","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of улика (nominal predicate)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки, modifies улика","gloss":"once again"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase опять-таки","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of улика","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"улика","lemma":"улика","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"nominal predicate, with это as subject","gloss":"is evidence"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of боюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with улика clause","gloss":"am afraid"},{"surface":"улик","lemma":"улика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of боюсь","gloss":"of evidence"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes subject я of говорю","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Пишите","gloss":"testify"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b9-c3-s150","source":"Слышите, сам!","translation":"Do you hear — against myself!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сам","title":"Elliptical emphatic «сам»","body":"The whole exclamation is the bare intensifier «сам!» ('against myself — myself!'), the verb left out and the single word carrying all the force. Mitya seizes on his own self-incrimination as proof of his honesty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышите","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you hear"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Слышите","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b9-c3-s151","source":"Видите, господа, вы, кажется, принимаете меня совсем за иного человека, чем я есть, — прибавил он вдруг мрачно и грустно.","translation":"You see, gentlemen, you seem to take me for an altogether different man than I am,\" he added suddenly, gloomy and sorrowful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"принимаете меня… за иного человека, чем я есть","title":"«принимать за» — to take for","body":"«Принимать кого-то за кого-то» means 'to take someone for [someone else]'; the second person follows «за» in the accusative — «за иного человека» (for a different man). The archaic «чем я есть» ('than I am') uses the rare overt copula «есть»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"иного","title":"Bookish «иной» — other, different","body":"«Иной» (other, a different one) is a more literary, elevated synonym of «другой». «Совсем за иного человека» — 'for an altogether different man' — lends Mitya's complaint a touch of formal pathos."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мрачно и грустно","title":"Adverbs of manner «мрачно и грустно»","body":"«Мрачно и грустно» (gloomily and sorrowfully) are adverbs modifying how «прибавил» (he added). The neuter -о adverbial forms describe the emotional manner of the speech, a frequent Dostoevskian way of coloring dialogue tags."}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to принимаете","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of принимаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to принимаете","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"принимаете","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of принимаете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иного","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking человека","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"иного","lemma":"иного","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человека","gloss":"a different"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимаете","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on принимаете","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"прибавил","lemma":"прибавить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to принимаете","gloss":"added"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прибавил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"мрачно","lemma":"мрачно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прибавил","gloss":"gloomily"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"грустно","lemma":"грустно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with мрачно","gloss":"sorrowfully"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b9-c3-s152","source":"— С вами говорит благородный человек, благороднейшее лицо, главное — этого не упускайте из виду — человек, наделавший бездну подлостей, но всегда бывший и остававшийся благороднейшим существом, как существо, внутри, в глубине, ну, одним словом, я не умею выразиться…","translation":"— The man speaking to you is an honorable man, a most honorable being — and this is the chief thing, do not lose sight of it — a man who has done a whole abyss of vile things, but who has always been and remained a most honorable being, as a being, within, in his depths — well, in a word, I cannot express myself…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"благороднейшее лицо… благороднейшим существом","title":"Superlative suffix «-ейший»","body":"«Благороднейший» is the bookish synthetic superlative of «благородный» (noble, honorable) formed with «-ейш-»: 'a most noble [person/being]'. This elevated superlative, repeated, raises Mitya's self-defense to almost solemn pitch."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лицо","title":"«лицо» — a person, a 'figure'","body":"Beyond 'face', «лицо» means a person regarded formally — an individual, a personage. «Благороднейшее лицо» here = 'a most honorable individual/being', a slightly official, weighty word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бездну подлостей","title":"«бездна подлостей» — an abyss of vile deeds","body":"«Бездна» (abyss, chasm) is used hyperbolically for 'a vast amount', and «подлость» is a base, mean, despicable act. «Наделавший бездну подлостей» — 'who has done a whole abyss of vile things' — is vintage Karamazov self-flagellation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"наделавший… бывший… остававшийся","title":"Chain of past active participles","body":"Three past active participles in «-вший» — «наделавший» (having done), «бывший» (having been), «остававшийся» (having remained) — pile up to describe the one «человек». Such participial chains, condensing several который-clauses, are a signature of dense literary Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вами","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорит","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"говорит","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is speaking"},{"surface":"благородный","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"an honorable"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорит","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"благороднейшее","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"a most honorable"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with человек","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to упускайте","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of упускайте","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упускайте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"упускайте","lemma":"упускать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорит","gloss":"lose sight of"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виду","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"виду","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, partitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упускайте","gloss":"sight","note":"«из виду» is a fixed idiom, 'out of sight'."},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to человек (w5)","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"наделавший","lemma":"наделать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying человек","gloss":"who has done"},{"surface":"бездну","lemma":"бездна","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of наделавший","gloss":"a whole abyss"},{"surface":"подлостей","lemma":"подлость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies бездну","gloss":"of vile things"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывший","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"бывший","lemma":"быть","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек (w14), taking существом as complement","gloss":"having been"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"остававшийся","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бывший","gloss":"remaining"},{"surface":"благороднейшим","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular, superlative","role":"modifies существом","gloss":"most honorable"},{"surface":"существом","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of бывший/остававшийся","gloss":"a being"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking существо","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"существо","lemma":"существо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to существом, appositive comparison","gloss":"a being"},{"surface":"внутри","lemma":"внутри","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with в глубине","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глубине","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глубине","lemma":"глубина","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with внутри","gloss":"the depths"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"одним","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies словом","gloss":"in a","note":"«одним словом» is an idiom meaning 'in a word'."},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial phrase modifying умею (idiom: одним словом, 'in a word')","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of умею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умею","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"умею","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with говорит","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"выразиться","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умею","gloss":"express myself"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b9-c3-s153","source":"Именно тем-то и мучился всю жизнь, что жаждал благородства, был, так сказать, страдальцем благородства и искателем его с фонарем, с Диогеновым фонарем, а между тем всю жизнь делал одни только пакости, как и все мы, господа… то есть, как я один, господа, не все, а я один, я ошибся, один, один!..","translation":"It is precisely this that has tormented me all my life, that I thirsted for honor, was, so to speak, a martyr to honor and a seeker of it with a lantern, with Diogenes' lantern, and yet all my life I did nothing but base things, like all of us, gentlemen… that is, like me alone, gentlemen, not all — I alone, I was mistaken — alone, alone!..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"страдальцем благородства","title":"«страдалец» — a martyr, sufferer","body":"A «страдалец» is one who suffers, a martyr — religiously tinged. «Страдалец благородства», 'a martyr to honor' (genitive «благородства»), casts Mitya's longing for nobility as a kind of passion endured."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пакости","title":"«пакость» — a dirty, nasty trick","body":"«Пакость» is a mean, dirty, shabby act — petty filth rather than grand sin. «Делал одни только пакости» — 'did nothing but base/dirty things' — a deliberately self-debasing word against the lofty «благородство»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тем-то и мучился","title":"Emphatic «тем-то» + reflexive «мучился»","body":"«Тем-то» (instrumental «тем» of тот + the clitic «-то») foregrounds the cause — 'it is precisely by this that I was tormented'. «Мучился» is the reflexive «мучиться» (to be tormented, suffer), the -ся turning the verb inward on the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мучился","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"-то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to тем","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мучился","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"мучился","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was tormented"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration modifying мучился","gloss":"my life"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of жаждал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"жаждал","lemma":"жаждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to мучился","gloss":"thirsted for"},{"surface":"благородства","lemma":"благородство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of жаждал","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мучился","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with мучился","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"страдальцем","lemma":"страдалец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a martyr"},{"surface":"благородства","lemma":"благородство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies страдальцем","gloss":"to honor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"искателем","lemma":"искатель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with страдальцем","gloss":"a seeker"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies искателем","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фонарем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"фонарем","lemma":"фонарь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies искателем","gloss":"a lantern"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фонарем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Диогеновым","lemma":"Диогенов","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фонарем","gloss":"Diogenes'"},{"surface":"фонарем","lemma":"фонарь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with фонарем","gloss":"lantern"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of делал","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration modifying делал","gloss":"my life"},{"surface":"делал","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мучился","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies пакости","gloss":"nothing but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пакости","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"пакости","lemma":"пакость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of делал","gloss":"base things"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking мы","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мы","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мы","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"comparison clause modifying делал","gloss":"of us"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ошибся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of один","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of один","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of я, comparison with как","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies все","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"contrasted with один (not everyone, but I alone)","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of один","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with один","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ошибся","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ошибся","lemma":"ошибиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was mistaken"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies ошибся","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"elliptical dependent of один","gloss":"alone"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b9-c3-s154","source":"Господа, у меня голова болит, — страдальчески поморщился он, — видите, господа, мне не нравилась его наружность, что-то бесчестное, похвальба и попирание всякой святыни, насмешка и безверие, гадко, гадко!","translation":"Gentlemen, my head aches,\" he grimaced in suffering, \"you see, gentlemen, I did not like the look of him, there was something dishonorable in it, boastfulness and the trampling of every sacred thing, mockery and unbelief — loathsome, loathsome!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у меня голова болит","title":"Possessor «у меня» for body states","body":"Russian says 'with me the head aches' — «у меня голова болит» — using «у» + genitive «меня» for the possessor of an aching body part, with «голова» the nominative subject of «болит». The English 'my head aches' restructures this entirely."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне не нравилась его наружность","title":"Dative experiencer with «нравиться»","body":"«Нравиться» (to please) takes the one who likes in the dative «мне» and the thing liked as nominative subject «наружность» — literally 'his appearance was not pleasing to me'. Under negation it reads 'I did not like'. A core dative-experiencer pattern."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"похвальба и попирание всякой святыни… безверие","title":"Charged moral-religious vocabulary","body":"Mitya's catalogue of Fyodor's repellence is steeped in religious language: «святыня» (a sacred/holy thing), «попирание» (a trampling-under-foot, a bookish verbal noun), and «безверие» (unbelief, godlessness). The 'trampling of every holy thing' frames the father's cynicism as sacrilege."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гадко, гадко","title":"«гадко» — loathsome","body":"«Гадко» (from «гадкий», vile, disgusting; cf. «гад», a reptile/vermin) is an adverbial-predicative 'it is loathsome'. The doubling — «гадко, гадко!» — is Mitya's visceral recoil, repetition standing in for intensity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, not subject of болит","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"(I have)"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of болит","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"голова","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of болит","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"болит","lemma":"болеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"aches"},{"surface":"страдальчески","lemma":"страдальчески","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поморщился","gloss":"painfully"},{"surface":"поморщился","lemma":"поморщиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to болит","gloss":"grimaced"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поморщился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to нравилась","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of нравилась","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нравилась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нравилась","lemma":"нравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with болит","gloss":"liked"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of наружность","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"наружность","lemma":"наружность","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of нравилась","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of что-то (something), in apposition to наружность","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of что-то (something), in apposition to наружность","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"бесчестное","lemma":"бесчестный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies то","gloss":"dishonorable"},{"surface":"похвальба","lemma":"похвальба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with то","gloss":"boastfulness"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"попирание","lemma":"попирание","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with то","gloss":"trampling"},{"surface":"всякой","lemma":"всякой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of святыни","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"святыни","lemma":"святыня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies попирание","gloss":"sacred thing"},{"surface":"насмешка","lemma":"насмешка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with то","gloss":"mockery"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"безверие","lemma":"безверие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with то","gloss":"unbelief"},{"surface":"гадко","lemma":"гадко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with то","gloss":"loathsome"},{"surface":"гадко","lemma":"гадко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with то","gloss":"loathsome"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b9-c3-s155","source":"Но теперь, когда уж он умер, я думаю иначе.","translation":"But now that he is dead, I think otherwise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда уж он умер","title":"«когда» clause and finalizing «уж»","body":"«Когда» (now that / when) opens the temporal clause; «уж» (= «уже», already) marks the death as an accomplished fact that has changed everything. «Умер» is perfective past — the completed event behind Mitya's new feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of умер","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies умер","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of умер","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"умер","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on думаю","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of думаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"думаю","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думаю","gloss":"differently"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b9-c3-s156","source":"— Как это иначе?","translation":"— How otherwise?","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies иначе","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of иначе","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"otherwise"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b9-c3-s157","source":"— Не иначе, но я жалею, что так его ненавидел.","translation":"— Not otherwise, but I am sorry that I hated him so.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"жалею, что так его ненавидел","title":"«жалеть, что…» — to be sorry that","body":"«Жалею, что…» introduces the cause of regret with «что» (that): 'I am sorry that I hated him so'. «Ненавидел» is imperfective past — the sustained, ongoing state of hatred he now regrets."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies иначе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of жалею","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"жалею","lemma":"жалеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with иначе","gloss":"am sorry"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ненавидел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ненавидел","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of ненавидел","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ненавидел","lemma":"ненавидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of жалею","gloss":"hated"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b9-c3-s158","source":"— Чувствуете раскаяние?","translation":"— Do you feel remorse?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"раскаяние","title":"«раскаяние» — repentance","body":"«Раскаяние» is repentance, contrition — a word with strong moral-religious weight, the inner turning the novel everywhere probes. The magistrate's clinical question 'do you feel repentance?' invites exactly the confession Mitya then declines to give."}],"words":[{"surface":"Чувствуете","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do you feel"},{"surface":"раскаяние","lemma":"раскаяние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Чувствуете","gloss":"remorse"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b9-c3-s159","source":"— Нет, не то чтобы раскаяние, этого не записывайте.","translation":"— No, not exactly remorse — don't write that down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то чтобы раскаяние","title":"Hedge «не то чтобы»","body":"«Не то чтобы…» is a fixed hedging frame — 'not exactly / not that it's…'. Mitya half-rejects the word «раскаяние», qualifying rather than denying outright, a finely calibrated spoken evasion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"этого не записывайте","title":"Negated imperative + genitive object","body":"«Не записывайте» is a negative imperfective imperative ('don't write down'), and its object appears in the genitive «этого» (of this) — the genitive of negation typical with negated verbs and a pronoun object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to записывайте","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom не то чтобы (not exactly)","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of idiom не то чтобы (not exactly)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"раскаяние","lemma":"раскаяние","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of idiom не то чтобы","gloss":"remorse"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of записывайте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies записывайте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"записывайте","lemma":"записывать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"write down"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b9-c3-s160","source":"Сам-то я нехорош, господа, вот что, сам-то я не очень красив, а потому права не имел и его считать отвратительным, вот что!","translation":"I myself am no good, gentlemen, that's the thing, I myself am not very handsome, and therefore I had no right to consider him repulsive either — that's the thing!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сам-то я нехорош… сам-то я не очень красив","title":"Topic clitic «-то» on «сам»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «сам» ('I, for my part / as for myself') flags Mitya himself as the contrastive topic — 'I'm no great prize myself'. Short predicative adjectives «нехорош» and «красив» state his self-assessment bluntly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"права не имел","title":"Genitive of negation «права»","body":"Again «не имел права» — 'had no right' — with «право» in the genitive «права» under the negated «иметь». Word order fronts «права» before «не имел» for emphasis, the case still signalling the negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"его считать отвратительным","title":"Instrumental predicate «отвратительным»","body":"«Считать его отвратительным» — 'to consider him repulsive' — puts the predicate adjective in the instrumental «отвратительным», the case Russian uses for the second term of «считать кого-то кем/каким»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нехорош","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic particle attached to сам","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of нехорош","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"нехорош","lemma":"нехороший","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"am no good"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom вот что (that's the thing)","gloss":"the thing"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying красив","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphatic particle attached to сам","gloss":"(emphatic)"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of красив","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies красив","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"красив","lemma":"красивый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on нехорош","gloss":"handsome"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with красив","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of считать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"считать","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with имел","gloss":"to consider"},{"surface":"отвратительным","lemma":"отвратительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of считать","gloss":"repulsive"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom вот что (that's the thing)","gloss":"the thing"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b9-c3-s161","source":"Это, пожалуй, запишите.","translation":"That, perhaps, you may write down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пожалуй, запишите","title":"Hedging particle «пожалуй» + imperative","body":"«Пожалуй» means 'perhaps, I suppose, if you like' — a mild concessive hedge. With the perfective imperative «запишите» ('write [this] down') it grants permission half-willingly: 'that, perhaps, you may record'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of запишите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пожалуй","lemma":"пожалуй","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to запишите","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"запишите","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"write down"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b9-c3-s162","source":"Проговорив это, Митя стал вдруг чрезвычайно грустен.","translation":"Having said this, Mitya suddenly grew exceedingly sorrowful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Проговорив это","title":"Past gerund «проговорив»","body":"«Проговорив это» — 'having said this' — is a perfective past деепричастие in «-в», naming the completed action just before «стал… грустен». It shares Mitya's subject and frames the sequence in one tight clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал вдруг чрезвычайно грустен","title":"«стать» + short adjective","body":"«Стал… грустен» — 'grew sorrowful' — pairs the perfective «стать» (to become) with the short adjective «грустен», which states the new resulting state. The short form, predicative only, is the bookish choice here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Проговорив","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on стал","gloss":"having said"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Проговорив","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies грустен","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies грустен","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"грустен","lemma":"грустный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"sorrowful"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b9-c3-s163","source":"Уже давно постепенно с ответами на вопросы следователя он становился всё мрачнее и мрачнее.","translation":"For a long while now, gradually, as he answered the investigator's questions, he had been growing gloomier and gloomier.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"становился всё мрачнее и мрачнее","title":"«всё» + repeated comparative","body":"«Всё мрачнее и мрачнее» — 'gloomier and gloomier' — uses «всё» before a comparative to mean 'progressively more', and doubles the comparative «мрачнее» for the sense of a steady, deepening change. «Становился» is imperfective, the process unfolding over time."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с ответами на вопросы","title":"«с» + instrumental marking accompaniment in time","body":"«С ответами» here means 'as/along with [his] answers' — the preposition «с» governs the instrumental «ответами» to mark concurrent progression, woven with «постепенно» (gradually)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies становился","gloss":"for a long while"},{"surface":"постепенно","lemma":"постепенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies становился","gloss":"gradually"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ответами","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of постепенно","gloss":"answers"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies ответами","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"следователя","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопросы","gloss":"the investigator's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of становился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"становился","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was growing"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мрачнее (intensifier)","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"мрачнее","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"complement of становился","gloss":"gloomier"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мрачнее","lemma":"мрачный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with мрачнее","gloss":"gloomier"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b9-c3-s164","source":"И вдруг как раз в это мгновение разразилась опять неожиданная сцена.","translation":"And suddenly, at just that moment, an unexpected scene broke out once more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"разразилась","title":"«разразиться» — to break out, burst forth","body":"A vivid perfective -ся verb used of storms and outbursts ('разразилась гроза' — a storm broke). «Разразилась… сцена» — 'a scene broke out' — lends the sudden disturbance the force of a thunderclap."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как раз в это мгновение","title":"«как раз» — at just [this moment]","body":"«Как раз» means 'exactly, precisely, just'; «как раз в это мгновение» pins the timing — 'at just that very instant'. A common adverbial intensifier of coincidence."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разразилась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom как раз (just, exactly)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of idiom как раз","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновение","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of мгновение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мгновение","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of разразилась","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"разразилась","lemma":"разразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke out"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разразилась","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"неожиданная","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сцена","gloss":"unexpected"},{"surface":"сцена","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of разразилась","gloss":"scene"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b9-c3-s165","source":"Дело в том, что Грушеньку хоть давеча и удалили, но увели не очень далеко, всего только в третью комнату от той голубой комнаты, в которой происходил теперь допрос.","translation":"The point was that, although Grushenka had been removed earlier, she had not been led far away — only as far as the third room from that blue room in which the interrogation was now taking place.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть давеча и удалили, но увели","title":"Concessive «хоть… и… но»","body":"«Хоть… и… но…» frames the concession — 'although she had been removed earlier, still they had led her only…'. The impersonal third-person plurals «удалили» and «увели» (they removed / led away) leave the agent unnamed, a common Russian way to render an English passive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — a little while ago","body":"«Давеча» is a folksy, now-archaic adverb meaning 'earlier today, a little while back'. Its homely register colours the narration with the everyday speech of the provincial setting."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"допрос","title":"«допрос» — the interrogation","body":"«Допрос» is a formal interrogation or examination of a suspect or witness — the legal procedure now underway. The whole chapter is structured as Mitya's «допрос», his 'ordeal' before prosecutor and magistrate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of том","gloss":"the point"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of удалили","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Грушеньку","lemma":"Грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of удалили","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the concessive clause with но","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удалили","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the concessive phrase хоть...и","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"удалили","lemma":"удалить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"predicate of the concessive clause","gloss":"removed"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"увели","lemma":"увести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"contrasted with удалили","gloss":"led away"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очень","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies далеко","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"далеко","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увели","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies комнату","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies комнату","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"третью","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнату","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of увели","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of комнаты","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"голубой","lemma":"голубой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнаты","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition от","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of происходил","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"происходил","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on комнаты","gloss":"was taking place"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходил","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"допрос","lemma":"допрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of происходил","gloss":"the interrogation"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b9-c3-s166","source":"Это была маленькая комнатка в одно окно, сейчас за тою большою комнатой, в которой ночью танцевали и шел пир горой.","translation":"It was a little room with a single window, just beyond that large room in which they had danced in the night and the feast had gone on in full swing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"комнатка","title":"Diminutive «комнатка»","body":"«Комнатка» is the diminutive of «комната» (room) — 'a little room'. The -ка suffix conveys smallness with a touch of homely intimacy, suiting the cramped 'one-window' space."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шёл пир горой","title":"Idiom «пир горой»","body":"«Пир горой» — literally 'a feast [piled] in a mountain' — is a set idiom for a lavish, riotous banquet in full swing. With «шёл» (went on) it recalls the wild revelry of the night before at Mokroye."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of комнатка","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to комнатка","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"маленькая","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнатка","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"комнатка","lemma":"комнатка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окно","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"одно","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies окно","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies комнатка","gloss":"window"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies за (right beyond)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнатой","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"тою","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of комнатой","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"большою","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies комнатой","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"комнатой","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition за","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of танцевали","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of танцевали","gloss":"at night"},{"surface":"танцевали","lemma":"танцевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on комнатой","gloss":"they had danced"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with танцевали","gloss":"was going"},{"surface":"пир","lemma":"пир","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шел","gloss":"the feast"},{"surface":"горой","lemma":"гора","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шел","gloss":"in full swing","note":"Idiom «пир горой», literally \"feast like a mountain\" — a lively, abundant feast."}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b9-c3-s167","source":"Там сидела она, а с ней пока один только Максимов, ужасно пораженный, ужасно струсивший и к ней прилепившийся, как бы ища около нее спасения.","translation":"There she sat, and with her, so far, only Maximov, terribly shaken, terribly frightened and clinging to her, as though seeking his salvation beside her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ужасно пораженный, ужасно струсивший и… прилепившийся","title":"Stacked past active participles","body":"Three participles describe Maximov: «пораженный» (struck/shaken), «струсивший» (having lost his nerve), «прилепившийся» (having clung). Two are past active participles in «-вший/-ший», compressing several clauses about him into one richly modified phrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"струсивший","title":"«струсить» — to lose one's nerve","body":"From «трус» (a coward), «струсить» means to take fright, to chicken out. «Струсивший» — 'having grown frightened/cowardly' — paints the timid Maximov clinging to Grushenka for safety, half comic, half pathetic."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы ища около нее спасения","title":"Gerund «ища» + «как бы»","body":"«Ища» is the present (imperfective) деепричастие of «искать» (to seek): 'as if seeking salvation beside her', simultaneous with his clinging. «Как бы» hedges it to 'as though', and «спасения» is the genitive object «искать» often governs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидела","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"сидела","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сидела","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Максимов","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies один","gloss":"so far"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies Максимов","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Максимов","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сидела","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пораженный","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"пораженный","lemma":"пораженный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Максимов","gloss":"shaken"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies струсивший","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"струсивший","lemma":"струсить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Максимов","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прилепившийся","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"прилепившийся","lemma":"прилепиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"coordinated with струсивший","gloss":"clinging"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ища","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ища","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on прилепившийся","gloss":"seeking"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition около","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"спасения","lemma":"спасение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ища","gloss":"salvation"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b9-c3-s168","source":"У ихней двери стоял какой-то мужик с бляхой на груди.","translation":"At their door stood some peasant with a badge on his chest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"У ихней двери","title":"Non-standard «ихней» for «их»","body":"«Ихний» (here «ихней», genitive) is a colloquial, substandard possessive 'their' in place of the invariable literary «их». Dostoevsky lets it slip into the narrative voice to catch a folk, lower-class coloring around the peasant guard."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двери","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"ихней","lemma":"ихний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies двери","gloss":"their","note":"«ихней» is a colloquial nonstandard possessive ('their'); standard Russian uses «их»."},{"surface":"двери","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стоял","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мужик","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the indefinite pronoun какой-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"мужик","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"peasant"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бляхой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"бляхой","lemma":"бляха","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мужик","gloss":"a badge"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking груди","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"груди","lemma":"грудь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бляхой","gloss":"his chest"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b9-c3-s169","source":"Грушенька плакала, и вот вдруг, когда горе уж слишком подступило к душе ее, она вскочила, всплеснула руками и, прокричав громким воплем: «Горе мое, горе!», бросилась вон из комнаты к нему, к своему Мите, и так неожиданно, что ее никто не успел остановить.","translation":"Grushenka was weeping, and then suddenly, when grief had pressed too hard upon her soul, she sprang up, threw up her hands and, crying aloud in a loud wail, \"My grief, my grief!\", rushed out of the room toward him, toward her Mitya, and so unexpectedly that no one had time to stop her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда горе уж слишком подступило к душе ее","title":"«подступить к» + dative","body":"«Подступить к чему-то» (to come up close to, press upon) governs «к» + dative «душе» — 'when grief had pressed too close to her soul'. The prefixed perfective «подступило» marks the completed onset that triggers her cry."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочила, всплеснула руками… бросилась","title":"Perfective chain of sudden acts","body":"A rapid string of perfective pasts — «вскочила» (sprang up), «всплеснула» (threw up [her hands]), «бросилась» (rushed) — each a single completed motion. The perfectives fire off Grushenka's burst of action one after another."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"всплеснула руками","title":"Idiom «всплеснуть руками»","body":"«Всплеснуть руками» is the characteristic Russian gesture of throwing up one's hands and clasping them in grief or astonishment. «Руками» is instrumental (with [her] hands). The phrase instantly signals a folk lament."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Горе мое, горе!","title":"Folk lament «Горе мое, горе!»","body":"Grushenka's cry 'My grief, my grief!' echoes the cadence of traditional Russian keening (причитание) over the dead. «Горе» (grief, woe) repeated in this vocative-like apostrophe gives her outburst the ring of peasant lament."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"к нему, к своему Мите","title":"Diminutive + «свой» in apposition","body":"«К своему Мите» — 'to her [own] Mitya' — uses the reflexive possessive «свой» (belonging to the clause subject, Grushenka) plus the affectionate diminutive «Митя» of Дмитрий. Together they wrap the rush toward him in tenderness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of плакала","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"плакала","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was weeping"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскочила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of подступило","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of подступило","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слишком","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подступило","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"подступило","lemma":"подступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the clause introduced by когда, modifying вскочила","gloss":"had pressed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подступило","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"её","morphology":"possessive pronoun, indeclinable","role":"determiner of душе","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскочила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вскочила","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with плакала","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"всплеснула","lemma":"всплеснуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочила","gloss":"threw up"},{"surface":"руками","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of всплеснула","gloss":"her hands"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прокричав","lemma":"прокричать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with всплеснула","gloss":"crying out"},{"surface":"громким","lemma":"громкий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воплем","gloss":"loud"},{"surface":"воплем","lemma":"вопль","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прокричав","gloss":"a wail"},{"surface":"Горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quoted exclamation, content of прокричав","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Горе","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Горе","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочила","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"вон","lemma":"вон","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бросилась","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнаты","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"комнаты","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросилась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Мите","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with нему","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданный","morphology":"adverb","role":"so...that construction, correlates with что-clause (успел)","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of успел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"ее","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of остановить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies успел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of неожиданно","gloss":"had time"},{"surface":"остановить","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to stop"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b9-c3-s170","source":"Митя же, заслышав вопль ее, так и задрожал, вскочил, завопил и стремглав бросился к ней навстречу, как бы не помня себя.","translation":"And Mitya, hearing her wail, trembled all over, sprang up, gave a shout, and dashed headlong to meet her, as if beside himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"заслышав вопль ее","title":"Past gerund «заслышав»","body":"«Заслышав» — 'on catching the sound of, having heard' — is a perfective past деепричастие of «заслышать», the prefix «за-» giving the sense of the first moment of hearing. It marks the instant cause of all the verbs that follow."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стремглав","title":"«стремглав» — headlong","body":"«Стремглав» is a vivid bookish adverb meaning 'headlong, at breakneck speed' (from an old root for 'rushing head-first'). «Стремглав бросился» — 'dashed headlong' — gives Mitya's lunge its reckless velocity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как бы не помня себя","title":"Idiom «не помня себя»","body":"«Не помнить себя» — literally 'not remembering oneself' — means to be beside oneself, out of one's wits with emotion. «Помня» is the gerund of «помнить»; «как бы… не помня себя» = 'as if beside himself'. «Себя» is the reflexive pronoun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задрожал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Митя","gloss":"for his part"},{"surface":"заслышав","lemma":"заслышав","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on задрожал","gloss":"hearing"},{"surface":"вопль","lemma":"вопль","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заслышав","gloss":"the wail"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"ее","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of вопль","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies задрожал (idiom так и)","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"задрожал","lemma":"задрожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with задрожал","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"завопил","lemma":"завопить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with задрожал","gloss":"gave a shout"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стремглав","lemma":"стремглав","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"headlong"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with задрожал","gloss":"dashed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"навстречу","lemma":"навстречу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросился","gloss":"meet her"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помня","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как бы","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помня","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"помня","lemma":"помнить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бросился","gloss":"remembering"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of помня","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b9-c3-s171","source":"Но им опять сойтись не дали, хотя они уже увидели друг друга.","translation":"But again they were not allowed to come together, though they had already caught sight of each other.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"им… сойтись не дали","title":"Impersonal «не дали» + dative","body":"«Им… не дали сойтись» — 'they were not allowed to come together' — is an agentless third-person plural ('they didn't let'), with the prevented persons in the dative «им». «Дать» + infinitive means 'let/allow', here negated. A natural Russian rendering of the English passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя они уже увидели друг друга","title":"Reciprocal «друг друга»","body":"«Друг друга» ('each other') is the reciprocal pronoun: the first «друг» is frozen, the second declines for case (here accusative). «Увидели друг друга» — 'caught sight of each other', the concession «хотя» introduces."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of сойтись","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сойтись","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"сойтись","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дали","gloss":"to come together"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дали","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were not allowed"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увидели","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of увидели","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies увидели","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"увидели","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on дали","gloss":"had caught sight of"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the reciprocal pronoun друг друга (each other)","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"друга","lemma":"друга","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of увидели","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b9-c3-s172","source":"Его крепко схватили за руки: он бился, рвался, понадобилось троих или четверых, чтобы удержать его.","translation":"They seized him firmly by the arms: he struggled and tore at them, and it took three or four men to hold him back.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его крепко схватили за руки","title":"«схватить за» + accusative body part","body":"«Схватить кого-то за руки» — to seize someone by the arms — names the person as direct object «его» and the gripped part after «за» in the accusative «руки». Russian regularly marks the grasped body part this way."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"понадобилось троих или четверых","title":"Animate genitive after the numeral","body":"«Троих или четверых» are the animate accusative/genitive forms of three and four (referring to men): with animate beings the numeral takes these special forms. The impersonal «понадобилось» ('it took, was needed') governs them."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"он бился, рвался","title":"Imperfective reflexives of struggle","body":"«Бился» (struggled, thrashed) and «рвался» (tore/strained to break free) are imperfective -ся verbs in the past — the ongoing, durative effort of resistance against the perfective grip of «схватили»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"крепко","lemma":"крепко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватили","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"схватили","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руки","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of схватили","gloss":"the arms"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"бился","lemma":"биться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause after the colon","gloss":"struggled"},{"surface":"рвался","lemma":"рваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бился","gloss":"tore at them"},{"surface":"понадобилось","lemma":"понадобиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бился","gloss":"it took"},{"surface":"троих","lemma":"трое","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"subject of понадобилось","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"четверых","lemma":"четверо","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"coordinated with троих","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of удержать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"удержать","lemma":"удержать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on понадобилось","gloss":"hold back"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of удержать","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b9-c3-s173","source":"Схватили и ее, и он видел, как она с криком простирала к нему руки, когда ее увлекали.","translation":"They seized her too, and he saw how she stretched out her arms to him with a cry as she was dragged away.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"он видел, как она… простирала… руки","title":"«видел, как…» — saw how/that","body":"Russian renders 'saw her stretching out her arms' as «видел, как она простирала руки» — 'saw how she was stretching out her arms', with «как» introducing the perceived action and the imperfective «простирала» giving its ongoing nature."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"простирала… руки","title":"«простирать» — to stretch forth","body":"«Простирать руки» (to stretch out, hold forth one's arms) is a somewhat elevated, almost liturgical verb of supplication or yearning. It lends Grushenka's gesture as she is «увлекали» (dragged off) a note of imploring pathos."}],"words":[{"surface":"Схватили","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"They seized"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with Схватили","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of видел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"видел","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Схватили","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of простирала","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of простирала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking криком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"криком","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простирала","gloss":"a cry"},{"surface":"простирала","lemma":"простирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видел","gloss":"stretched out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простирала","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of простирала","gloss":"her arms"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of увлекали","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of увлекали","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"увлекали","lemma":"увлекать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on простирала","gloss":"was dragged away"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b9-c3-s174","source":"Когда кончилась сцена, он опомнился опять на прежнем месте, за столом, против следователя, и выкрикивал, обращаясь к ним:","translation":"When the scene was over, he came to himself again in his former place, at the table, opposite the investigator, and he was crying out, turning to them:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"опомнился опять на прежнем месте","title":"«опомниться» — to come to one's senses","body":"«Опомнился» is a perfective -ся verb: 'he came to himself / recovered his wits'. The -ся turns the action inward, and the perfective marks the single moment of regaining awareness «на прежнем месте» (in his former place)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обращаясь к ним","title":"Gerund «обращаясь» + «к» dative","body":"«Обращаясь к ним» — 'turning to them' — is the present gerund of «обращаться» (to turn/address oneself), simultaneous with «выкрикивал». «Обращаться к кому-то» governs «к» + dative «ним»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выкрикивал","title":"Imperfective «выкрикивал»","body":"«Выкрикивал» is imperfective past — 'was crying out, kept shouting out' — durative and repeated, the background against which the sudden scene had just played out. Contrast the perfective «выкрикнуть» (to shout out once)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of кончилась","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"кончилась","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on опомнился","gloss":"was over"},{"surface":"сцена","lemma":"сцена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of кончилась","gloss":"the scene"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опомнился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опомнился","lemma":"опомниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to himself"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"прежнем","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"his former"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of опомнился","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"столом","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with месте","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking следователя","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"следователя","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with месте","gloss":"the investigator"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выкрикивал","lemma":"выкрикивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with опомнился","gloss":"was crying out"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on выкрикивал","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b9-c3-s175","source":"— Что вам в ней?","translation":"— What is she to you?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что вам в ней?","title":"Idiomatic dative «что вам в ней?»","body":"An elliptical idiom — literally 'what [is] to you in her?' — meaning 'what do you want with her? what is she to you?'. «Вам» is dative (to you), «в ней» prepositional (in her), and the verb 'is' is omitted entirely."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"topic, correlates with ней","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of ней","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b9-c3-s176","source":"Зачем вы ее мучаете?","translation":"Why do you torment her?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мучаете","title":"Imperfective «мучить» — to torment","body":"«Мучаете» (you torment) is imperfective present — the continuing, repeated cruelty Mitya accuses them of. Note the active «мучить» here, versus the reflexive «мучиться» (to be tormented) he used of himself earlier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мучаете","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of мучаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of мучаете","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"мучаете","lemma":"мучить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"torment"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b9-c3-s177","source":"Она невинна, невинна!..","translation":"She is innocent, innocent!..","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"невинна, невинна","title":"Short adjective «невинна»","body":"«Невинна» is the short feminine form of «невинный» (innocent), used predicatively — 'she is innocent'. The short form, doubled for emphasis, asserts the state absolutely, a more emphatic and bookish choice than the long «невинная»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of невинна","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"невинна","lemma":"невинный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"innocent"},{"surface":"невинна","lemma":"невинный","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with невинна","gloss":"innocent"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b9-c3-s178","source":"Его уговаривали прокурор и следователь.","translation":"The prosecutor and the investigator tried to calm him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уговаривали","title":"Imperfective «уговаривать» — tried to persuade","body":"«Уговаривали» is imperfective past, and here carries the 'conative' sense of an attempt — 'were trying to calm/talk him round'. The imperfective leaves the outcome open, where perfective «уговорили» would mean they succeeded."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of уговаривали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"уговаривали","lemma":"уговаривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tried to calm"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уговаривали","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"следователь","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прокурор","gloss":"the investigator"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b9-c3-s179","source":"Так прошло некоторое время, минут десять; наконец в комнату поспешно вошел отлучившийся было Михаил Макарович и громко, в возбуждении, проговорил прокурору:","translation":"Some time passed in this way, about ten minutes; at last Mikhail Makarovich, who had been absent, came hurrying into the room and said aloud to the prosecutor, in agitation:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"минут десять","title":"Approximation by inversion «минут десять»","body":"Reversing noun and numeral — «минут десять» instead of «десять минут» — signals approximation: 'about ten minutes'. The noun «минут» stays in the genitive plural the numeral demands; only the word order changes the meaning to 'roughly'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отлучившийся было Михаил Макарович","title":"Past participle + the particle «было»","body":"«Отлучившийся» is a past active participle ('who had stepped away') modifying Mikhail Makarovich; the particle «было» signals an action begun or completed but then reversed — he had absented himself but has now returned. This «было» of the interrupted/undone action is a distinctly literary touch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошло","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"прошло","lemma":"пройти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of прошло","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"quantified by десять (approximation)","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"quantifies минут","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вошел","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вошел","gloss":"the room"},{"surface":"поспешно","lemma":"поспешно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вошел","gloss":"hurrying"},{"surface":"вошел","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прошло","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"отлучившийся","lemma":"отлучиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies Михаил Макарович","gloss":"who had been absent"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"marks an undone/reversed past action, modifies отлучившийся","gloss":"briefly","note":"«было» after a past participle marks a temporarily interrupted/undone action — \"had briefly stepped out\" (and had now returned)."},{"surface":"Михаил","lemma":"михаил","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вошел","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"Макарович","lemma":"макарович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаил","gloss":"Makarovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возбуждении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"возбуждении","lemma":"возбуждение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies проговорил (manner)","gloss":"agitation"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вошел","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"прокурору","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of проговорил","gloss":"to the prosecutor"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b9-c3-s180","source":"— Она удалена, она внизу, не позволите ли мне сказать, господа, всего одно слово этому несчастному человеку?","translation":"— She has been taken away, she is downstairs — will you not allow me, gentlemen, to say just one word to this unhappy man?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она удалена","title":"Short passive participle «удалена»","body":"«Удалена» is the short feminine past passive participle of «удалить» (to remove): 'she has been taken away'. With an implied «была/есть» this short participle builds the resultative passive — the standard Russian way to state 'X has been done'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не позволите ли мне","title":"Polite request «не… ли»","body":"«Не позволите ли мне…?» — 'will you not allow me…?' — combines negation «не», the interrogative particle «ли», and a perfective future to make a deferential request. This «не… ли?» pattern is the courteous, tentative way to ask permission."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"этому несчастному человеку","title":"«несчастный» — unhappy, wretched","body":"«Несчастный» means unfortunate, wretched, poor — pitying rather than merely 'unhappy'. The captain's choice of «несчастный человек» for the accused Mitya quietly reveals his sympathy, the warmth that prompts his plea."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of passive удалена","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"удалена","lemma":"удалить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has been taken away"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (she is downstairs)","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"внизу","lemma":"внизу","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of она (downstairs)","gloss":"downstairs"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"позволите","lemma":"позволите","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the polite question","gloss":"will you allow"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволите","gloss":"(question marker)"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of позволите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позволите","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies одно","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"одно","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies слово","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of человеку","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"несчастному","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"unhappy"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b9-c3-s181","source":"При вас, господа, при вас!","translation":"In your presence, gentlemen, in your presence!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"При вас","title":"«при» + prepositional","body":"The preposition «при» governs the prepositional case (here «вас»), expressing 'in the presence of' / 'in the time of'. The phrase «при вас» means 'in your presence', with the police captain insisting he speak openly before the officials."}],"words":[{"surface":"При","lemma":"При","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"your presence"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to вас","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"coordinated with вас","gloss":"your presence"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b9-c3-s182","source":"— Сделайте милость, Михаил Макарович, — ответил следователь, — в настоящем случае мы не имеем ничего сказать против.","translation":"— By all means, Mikhail Makarovich,\" the investigator answered, \"in the present case we have nothing to say against it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Сделайте милость","title":"«сделайте милость» — 'be so kind'","body":"A polite, slightly old-fashioned formula of assent, literally 'do (me) the kindness'. «милость» (favour, mercy, grace) gives it a courtly, deferential warmth typical of period speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не имеем ничего сказать против","title":"Negative concord with «ничего»","body":"Russian requires double negation: the verb keeps «не» even though «ничего» ('nothing') is already negative — literally 'we do not have nothing to say against'. The genitive «ничего» is the standard negated form of «что»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сделайте","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Do"},{"surface":"милость","lemma":"милость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Сделайте","gloss":"the favor","note":"Idiom «сделайте милость» = \"be so kind\" / \"by all means.\""},{"surface":"Михаил","lemma":"михаил","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Сделайте","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"Макарович","lemma":"макарович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаил","gloss":"Makarovich"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Сделайте","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"следователь","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"the investigator"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"настоящем","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"the present"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имеем","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of имеем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имеем","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to ответил","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of имеем","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"против","lemma":"против","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"against"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b9-c3-s183","source":"— Дмитрий Федорович, слушай, батюшка, — начал, обращаясь к Мите, Михаил Макарович, и всё взволнованное лицо его выражало горячее отеческое почти сострадание к несчастному, — я твою Аграфену Александровну отвел вниз сам и передал хозяйским дочерям, и с ней там теперь безотлучно этот старичок Максимов, и я ее уговорил, слышь ты?","translation":"— Dmitri Fyodorovich, listen, my dear fellow,\" Mikhail Makarovich began, turning to Mitya, his whole agitated face expressing an ardent, almost fatherly compassion for the unhappy man, \"I took your Agrafena Alexandrovna downstairs myself and handed her over to the landlord's daughters, and that little old man Maximov is with her there now, never leaving her side, and I talked her round — do you hear me?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"батюшка","title":"«батюшка» — affectionate 'my dear fellow'","body":"Literally 'little father' (a diminutive of «батя»), but here used as a warm, fatherly form of address to a younger man, not a kinship term. The same word also titles an Orthodox priest; tone decides the sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обращаясь к Мите","title":"Imperfective gerund «обращаясь»","body":"«обращаясь» is a present (imperfective) деепричастие in -я, marking an action simultaneous with the main verb «начал» — 'turning to Mitya, he began'. It shares the main clause's subject and is a hallmark of literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"старичок","title":"«старичок» — the affectionate 'little old man'","body":"A diminutive of «старик» with the suffix -ок, conveying tender, slightly amused warmth toward old Maximov rather than mere smallness. English 'that little old man' catches the affectionate tinge."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"слышь ты","title":"«слышь ты» — colloquial 'd'you hear'","body":"«слышь» is a contracted, folksy form of «слышишь» ('you hear'), used as a buttonholing tag in speech. With «ты» it underscores the captain's plain, intimate, almost peasant manner of talking to Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"imperative, addressing Дмитрий Федорович","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"батюшка","lemma":"батюшка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Дмитрий","gloss":"my dear fellow"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"мите","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"Михаил","lemma":"михаил","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"Макарович","lemma":"макарович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаил","gloss":"Makarovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лицо","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"взволнованное","lemma":"взволнованный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"agitated"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выражало","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"possessive determiner of лицо","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"выражало","lemma":"выражать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"expressed"},{"surface":"горячее","lemma":"горячий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сострадание","gloss":"ardent"},{"surface":"отеческое","lemma":"отеческий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сострадание","gloss":"fatherly"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сострадание","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"сострадание","lemma":"сострадание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выражало","gloss":"compassion"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking несчастному","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"несчастному","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сострадание","gloss":"the unhappy man"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отвел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"твою","lemma":"твою","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Аграфену","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Аграфену","lemma":"аграфена","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отвел","gloss":"Agrafena"},{"surface":"Александровну","lemma":"александровну","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Аграфену","gloss":"Alexandrovna"},{"surface":"отвел","lemma":"отвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with выражало","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвел","gloss":"downstairs"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отвел (myself)","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"передал","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвел","gloss":"handed over"},{"surface":"хозяйским","lemma":"хозяйский","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies дочерям","gloss":"landlord's"},{"surface":"дочерям","lemma":"дочь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of передал","gloss":"daughters"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"ней","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of безотлучно","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies безотлучно","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies безотлучно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"безотлучно","lemma":"безотлучный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elliptical clause (is with her)","gloss":"never leaving her side"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of старичок","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"старичок","lemma":"старичок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of an implied есть (is with her)","gloss":"little old man"},{"surface":"Максимов","lemma":"максимов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to старичок","gloss":"Maximov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of уговорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"ее","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of уговорил","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"уговорил","lemma":"уговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвел","gloss":"talked her round"},{"surface":"слышь","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"discourse particle, addressing ты","gloss":"you hear","note":"Colloquial contracted form of слышать, used as a tag like \"y'hear\"."},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of слышь","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b9-c3-s184","source":"— уговорил и успокоил, внушил, что тебе надо же оправдаться, так чтоб она не мешала, чтоб не нагоняла на тебя тоски, не то ты можешь смутиться и на себя неправильно показать, понимаешь?","translation":"— I talked her round and calmed her, I impressed on her that you have to clear yourself, so that she should not get in the way, should not bring despondency down on you, or else you might grow flustered and testify wrongly against yourself — do you understand?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тебе надо же оправдаться","title":"Dative subject of necessity","body":"«надо» (must, one has to) is an impersonal predicate with no nominative subject; the person obliged stands in the dative — «тебе надо» = 'you have to'. The particle «же» adds insistence ('you do have to, after all')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб она не мешала","title":"«чтоб» + past form for purpose","body":"«чтоб» (a colloquial «чтобы») introduces a purpose clause whose verb takes the irrealis past form: «чтоб она не мешала» = 'so that she should not interfere'. This что-+-бы fusion always governs the past-form subjunctive, never a present."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нагоняла на тебя тоски","title":"«нагонять тоску» — to bring on dejection","body":"«нагонять/нагнать тоску» idiomatically means to induce gloom or anguish in someone. «тоска» is the famous, near-untranslatable Russian word for a heavy spiritual longing or ache; the genitive «тоски» is the partitive/negated object here."}],"words":[{"surface":"уговорил","lemma":"уговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"talked her round"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"успокоил","lemma":"успокоить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уговорил","gloss":"calmed her"},{"surface":"внушил","lemma":"внушить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with уговорил","gloss":"impressed on her"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of внушил","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"оправдаться","lemma":"оправдаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"clear yourself"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of мешала","gloss":"so","note":"так чтоб together = \"so that\"."},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мешала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of мешала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мешала","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мешала","lemma":"мешать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on оправдаться","gloss":"get in the way"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of нагоняла","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нагоняла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нагоняла","lemma":"нагонять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on мешала","gloss":"bring on"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of нагоняла","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тоски","lemma":"тоски","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of нагоняла (genitive after negation)","gloss":"despondency"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"or","note":"не то together = \"or else / otherwise\"."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можешь","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of можешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нагоняла","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"смутиться","lemma":"смутиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можешь","gloss":"grow flustered"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of показать","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"неправильно","lemma":"неправильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies показать","gloss":"wrongly"},{"surface":"показать","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with смутиться","gloss":"testify"},{"surface":"понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нагоняла","gloss":"do you understand"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b9-c3-s185","source":"Ну, одним словом, говорил, и она поняла.","translation":"Well, in a word, I spoke to her, and she understood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"одним словом","title":"«одним словом» — 'in a word'","body":"A fixed adverbial phrase, 'in short / to sum up', in the instrumental case («одним словом», 'with one word'). It marks the speaker drawing his rambling explanation to a point."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"говорил, и она поняла","title":"Aspect contrast: process vs result","body":"Imperfective «говорил» views the talking as an ongoing process ('I kept speaking'), while perfective «поняла» marks a single completed result ('she grasped it'). The pairing is classic Russian narrative: a stretch of activity capped by its outcome."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"одним","lemma":"одним","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies словом","gloss":"in a"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies говорил (idiom: in a word)","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I talked to her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поняла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"поняла","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with говорил","gloss":"understood"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b9-c3-s186","source":"Она, брат, умница, она добрая, она руки у меня, старого, полезла было целовать, за тебя просила.","translation":"She is a clever one, brother, she is kind-hearted — she made to kiss the hands of an old man like me, she pleaded for you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умница","title":"«умница» — 'a clever one'","body":"A warm noun of praise for an intelligent, sensible person, applicable to either sex (it stays grammatically feminine in -а). Here, affectionate admiration for Grushenka's good sense."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"руки у меня, старого, полезла было целовать","title":"The particle «было» — an aborted action","body":"«было» after a perfective verb marks an action that was begun or about to happen but was checked or undone — 'she started to kiss my hands (but I stopped her)'. «у меня, старого» = 'of me, an old man', genitive of possession with the adjective agreeing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of умница","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"брат","lemma":"брат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, parenthetical","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"умница","lemma":"умница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun (she is clever)","gloss":"a clever one"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of добрая","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"добрая","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"kind-hearted"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of полезла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"руки","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of целовать","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"modifies руки","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"старого","lemma":"старый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"полезла","lemma":"полезть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with просила","gloss":"made to"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to полезла","gloss":"started to"},{"surface":"целовать","lemma":"целовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of полезла","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тебя","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"тебя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of просила","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"просила","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with полезла","gloss":"pleaded"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b9-c3-s187","source":"Сама послала меня сюда сказать тебе, чтоб ты за нее был спокоен, да и надо, голубчик, надо, чтоб я пошел и сказал ей, что ты спокоен и за нее утешен.","translation":"She sent me here herself to tell you to be at peace about her, and indeed I must, my dear boy, I must go and tell her that you are at peace and consoled on her account.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтоб ты за нее был спокоен","title":"Indirect command with «чтоб» + short adjective","body":"After «сказать» (tell), «чтоб» introduces a reported command in the irrealis past form. «спокоен» is the predicative short form of «спокойный», stating a temporary state ('be at ease'); short adjectives are the bookish, predicate-only form."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"голубчик","title":"«голубчик» — 'my dear (little dove)'","body":"A tender diminutive vocative built on «голубь» (dove), one of Russian's most affectionate endearments — 'dear fellow, my dear'. It pours the captain's fatherly tenderness over Mitya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надо, голубчик, надо, чтоб я пошел","title":"Impersonal «надо» + purpose clause","body":"The bare «надо» ('it is necessary') is again impersonal; the duty falls to a dative-understood speaker, and the «чтоб»-clause spells out the act with a past-form verb «пошел и сказал». The repetition «надо… надо» conveys urgent insistence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сама","lemma":"сама","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of послала","gloss":"she herself"},{"surface":"послала","lemma":"послать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of послала","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies послала (destination of the sending, not сказать)","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of послала","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"тебе","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спокоен","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спокоен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"нее","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спокоен","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to спокоен","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"спокоен","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of сказать","gloss":"at peace"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and indeed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of the phrase да","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the clause (I must)","gloss":"I must"},{"surface":"голубчик","lemma":"голубчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, parenthetical","gloss":"my dear boy"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with надо (repetition for emphasis)","gloss":"I must"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пошел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of надо","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"ей","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of спокоен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спокоен","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"спокоен","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"at peace"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"on account of"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"нее","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of утешен","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"утешен","lemma":"утешить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with спокоен","gloss":"consoled"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b9-c3-s188","source":"Итак, успокойся, пойми ты это.","translation":"So calm yourself, understand that.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"успокойся","title":"Reflexive imperative «успокойся»","body":"A perfective imperative with reflexive -ся: 'calm yourself'. The -ся makes the verb intransitive/middle (the calming happens to oneself), and the perfective stem asks for a single decisive settling-down."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пойми ты это","title":"Imperative with emphatic «ты»","body":"«пойми» is the perfective imperative of «понять» (understand). The normally-dropped pronoun «ты» is added for insistence — 'do understand this, you' — a colloquial intensifier in commands."}],"words":[{"surface":"Итак","lemma":"итак","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker, introduces the sentence","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"успокойся","lemma":"успокоиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пойми","gloss":"calm yourself"},{"surface":"пойми","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with успокойся","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пойми","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пойми","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b9-c3-s189","source":"Я пред ней виноват, она христианская душа, да, господа, это кроткая душа и ни в чем не повинная.","translation":"I am at fault before her — she is a Christian soul, yes, gentlemen, hers is a gentle soul and one guilty of nothing.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я пред ней виноват","title":"«виноват перед» + instrumental; archaic «пред»","body":"«виноват» is the short adjective 'guilty/at fault'; one is guilty 'before' someone — «перед ней» (instrumental). «пред» is the elevated, bookish short form of «перед», common in 19th-century prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ни в чем не повинная","title":"«ни… не» — emphatic double negation","body":"«ни в чем не повинная» = 'guilty in nothing', with «ни» intensifying the «не» before the adjective in obligatory negative concord. «повинный» (culpable, guilty) is a bookish near-synonym of «виноватый»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of виноват","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"ней","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of виноват","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"виноват","lemma":"виноватый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"at fault"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of душа","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"христианская","lemma":"христианский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душа","gloss":"Christian"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of она","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, parenthetical","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of душа","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"кроткая","lemma":"кроткий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душа","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of это","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повинная","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повинная","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"повинная","lemma":"повинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with кроткая, modifies душа","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b9-c3-s190","source":"Так как же ей сказать, Дмитрий Федорович, будешь сидеть спокоен аль нет?","translation":"So what shall I tell her, Dmitri Fyodorovich — will you sit quietly or not?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так как же ей сказать","title":"Dative infinitive question + «же»","body":"A subjectless deliberative construction: dative «ей» ('to her') plus infinitive «сказать» asks 'what am I to tell her?'. «как же» fronts the modal particle «же», lending exasperated insistence ('so what on earth am I to say?')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"аль","title":"«аль» — folk 'or'","body":"«аль» is a colloquial, dialectal variant of «или» / «али» ('or'), here in «спокоен аль нет» ('quiet or not'). It paints the captain's homely, popular speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Так","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"ей","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of сказать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb (infinitive) of the question","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, parenthetical","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of сидеть","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"сидеть","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of будешь","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"спокоен","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicative adjective, modifies ты (secondary predicate)","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"аль","lemma":"аль","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates alternative with нет","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with спокоен (alternative: not)","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b9-c3-s191","source":"Добряк наговорил много лишнего, но горе Грушеньки, горе человеческое, проникло в его добрую душу, и даже слезы стояли в глазах его.","translation":"The good fellow had said much that was beside the point, but Grushenka's grief, the grief of a human being, had pierced his kind soul, and there were even tears standing in his eyes.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Добряк","title":"«добряк» — 'the good-natured fellow'","body":"A noun for a kindly, soft-hearted man, formed from «добрый» with the suffix -як. Mildly affectionate, faintly amused — the narrator's wry warmth toward the rambling captain."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наговорил много лишнего","title":"«наговорить лишнего» — to say too much","body":"The prefix на- on «говорить» gives a perfective of accumulated quantity ('to talk a lot of'); «лишнего» (genitive of «лишнее», 'the superfluous') means he said much that was unnecessary or out of place."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"горе Грушеньки, горе человеческое, проникло","title":"Word order and apposition","body":"The subject «горе» is restated in apposition («горе Грушеньки, горе человеческое») before the verb «проникло», broadening one woman's grief into 'human grief'. The neuter «проникло» agrees with neuter «горе»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Добряк","lemma":"добряк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наговорил","gloss":"the good fellow"},{"surface":"наговорил","lemma":"наговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had said"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лишнего","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"лишнего","lemma":"лишний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of наговорил","gloss":"beside the point"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of проникло","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"Грушеньки","lemma":"грушеньки","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies горе","gloss":"Grushenka's"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to горе","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"человеческое","lemma":"человеческий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies горе","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"проникло","lemma":"проникнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with наговорил","gloss":"pierced"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душу","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"добрую","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душу","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проникло","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слезы","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of стояли","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"стояли","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with наговорил","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of стояли","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular, possessive","role":"modifies глазах","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b9-c3-s192","source":"Митя вскочил и бросился к нему.","translation":"Mitya sprang up and rushed to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочил и бросился к нему","title":"Perfectives of sudden motion; reflexive «бросился»","body":"Two perfective past verbs chain abrupt completed events. «бросился» (rushed, threw himself) is reflexive -ся, marking the self-directed movement, and «к нему» ('toward him') takes the dative after «к»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprang up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"нему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросился","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b9-c3-s193","source":"— Простите, господа, позвольте, о, позвольте!","translation":"— Forgive me, gentlemen, allow me — oh, allow me!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Простите… позвольте","title":"Polite imperatives in -ите","body":"Both «простите» (forgive) and «позвольте» (allow, permit) are polite/plural imperatives in -те, addressed to the gentlemen. «позвольте» + infinitive is the courtly way to ask leave to do something."}],"words":[{"surface":"Простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive me"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, parenthetical","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Простите","gloss":"allow me"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with Простите","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Простите","gloss":"allow me"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b9-c3-s194","source":"— вскричал он, — ангельская, ангельская вы душа, Михаил Макарович, благодарю за нее!","translation":"— he cried out, \"you have an angelic, an angelic soul, Mikhail Makarovich, I thank you for her sake!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ангельская, ангельская вы душа","title":"Fronting and repetition for emphasis","body":"The predicate adjective «ангельская» ('angelic') is fronted and doubled before the subject «вы душа», a passionate inversion that throws the weight onto the quality. Russian's free word order lets emotion reorder the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"благодарю за нее","title":"«благодарить за» + accusative","body":"'To thank for' is «благодарить за» + accusative; «за нее» = 'for her (sake)'. Mitya thanks the captain on Grushenka's behalf."}],"words":[{"surface":"вскричал","lemma":"вскричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскричал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ангельская","lemma":"ангельский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies душа","gloss":"angelic"},{"surface":"ангельская","lemma":"ангельский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with ангельская, modifies душа","gloss":"angelic"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of душа","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"душа","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of вы","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"Михаил","lemma":"михаил","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, parenthetical","gloss":"Mikhail"},{"surface":"Макарович","lemma":"макарович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Михаил","gloss":"Makarovich"},{"surface":"благодарю","lemma":"благодарить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вскричал","gloss":"I thank you"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"нее","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of благодарю","gloss":"her sake"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b9-c3-s195","source":"Буду, буду спокоен, весел буду, передайте ей по безмерной доброте души вашей, что я весел, весел, смеяться даже начну сейчас, зная, что с ней такой ангел-хранитель, как вы.","translation":"I will, I will be calm, I will be cheerful — tell her, out of the boundless kindness of your soul, that I am cheerful, cheerful, that I shall even begin to laugh this very moment, knowing that she has such a guardian angel as you with her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Буду, буду спокоен, весел буду","title":"Compound future of «быть» + short adjectives","body":"«буду» is the future of «быть» (I will be); with short-form adjectives «спокоен», «весел» it states future states ('I will be calm, cheerful'). The triple repetition with shifting word order is sheer agitated insistence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зная, что с ней такой ангел-хранитель","title":"Present gerund «зная»","body":"«зная» is the imperfective present деепричастие of «знать», 'knowing' — an attendant circumstance simultaneous with the main verbs, sharing Mitya's subject. It compresses 'because I know' into one adverbial word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"emphatic repetition, coordinated with буду","gloss":"I will"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of спокоен","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"спокоен","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"весел","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with спокоен","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"буду","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of весел","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"передайте","lemma":"передать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"tell her"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"ей","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of передайте","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доброте","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"безмерной","lemma":"безмерный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доброте","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"доброте","lemma":"доброта","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of передайте","gloss":"kindness"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доброте","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of весел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of весел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"весел","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of передайте","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"весел","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with весел (repetition for emphasis)","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"смеяться","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начну","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начну","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"начну","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with передайте (new clause)","gloss":"shall begin"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начну","gloss":"this moment"},{"surface":"зная","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on начну","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ней","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"ней","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of зная","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ангел","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ангел","lemma":"ангел","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of implied есть (is with her)","gloss":"angel"},{"surface":"хранитель","lemma":"хранитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ангел (compound: guardian angel)","gloss":"guardian"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking вы","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"compared to ангел-хранитель (as you)","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b9-c3-s196","source":"Сейчас всё покончу и только что освобожусь, сейчас и к ней, она увидит, пусть ждет!","translation":"I shall finish everything at once, and the moment I am free, I'll go straight to her — she shall see, let her wait!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сейчас всё покончу… освобожусь","title":"Perfective futures with «сейчас»","body":"«покончу» and «освобожусь» are perfective verbs conjugated like a present but meaning the future — 'I'll finish' / 'I'll be free' — each a single completed act. «сейчас» ('at once, in a moment') reinforces the imminence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть ждет","title":"Third-person imperative with «пусть»","body":"Russian forms a 'let him/her' command with «пусть» (or «пускай») plus a third-person verb: «пусть ждет» = 'let her wait'. It is the standard way to issue an imperative to someone not directly addressed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покончу","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of покончу","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"покончу","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll finish"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies освобожусь","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase только","gloss":"as","note":"только что together = \"just / the moment (that)\"."},{"surface":"освобожусь","lemma":"освободиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with покончу","gloss":"I am free"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elided verb (I'll go) — at once to her","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ней","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"ней","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with сейчас","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of увидит","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"увидит","lemma":"увидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with покончу","gloss":"will see"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ждет","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ждет","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with покончу","gloss":"wait"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b9-c3-s197","source":"Господа, — оборотился он вдруг к прокурору и следователю, — теперь всю вам душу мою открою, всю изолью, мы это мигом покончим, весело покончим — под конец ведь будем же смеяться, будем?","translation":"Gentlemen,\" he turned suddenly to the prosecutor and the investigator, \"now I will open my whole soul to you, I will pour out everything, we shall finish this in a flash, finish it cheerfully — in the end we shall be laughing, shan't we?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"оборотился он вдруг","title":"Archaic «оборотился»; reflexive turn","body":"«оборотиться» is an older, more literary variant of «обернуться/повернуться» ('to turn round'), with reflexive -ся marking the self-directed movement. The inverted «оборотился он» (verb before subject) is narrative period style."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всю вам душу мою открою, всю изолью","title":"Emphatic fronting and perfective futures","body":"The object «всю… душу мою» is split and fronted around the dative «вам» for passionate emphasis; «открою» and «изолью» are perfective futures ('I will open / pour out'). The discontinuous word order is pure spoken urgency."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"под конец ведь будем же смеяться, будем?","title":"Particles «ведь» and «же»; tag question","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared understanding ('after all, surely'), «же» insists, and the repeated «будем?» turns the compound future «будем смеяться» into a coaxing tag question ('we shall be laughing, shan't we?'). The pile-up of particles is the texture of Dostoevsky's dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, parenthetical","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"оборотился","lemma":"оборотиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration clause","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оборотился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оборотился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прокурору","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"прокурору","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оборотился","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"следователю","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прокурору","gloss":"the investigator"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies открою","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of открою","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of открою","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душу","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"открою","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will open"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of elided душу (ellipsis)","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"изолью","lemma":"излить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with открою","gloss":"I will pour out"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of покончим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of покончим","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of покончим","gloss":"in a flash"},{"surface":"покончим","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll finish"},{"surface":"весело","lemma":"весело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покончим","gloss":"cheerfully"},{"surface":"покончим","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with покончим","gloss":"finish"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking конец","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"конец","lemma":"конец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies смеяться (temporal: in the end)","gloss":"the end"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеяться","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of смеяться","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеяться","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"смеяться","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of будем","gloss":"laughing"},{"surface":"будем","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with покончим","gloss":"won't we"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b9-c3-s198","source":"Но, господа, эта женщина — царица души моей!","translation":"But, gentlemen, this woman is the queen of my soul!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"царица души моей","title":"Zero copula + genitive of possession","body":"'This woman is the queen of my soul' has no verb 'to be' in the present — Russian leaves the copula unexpressed («эта женщина — царица»). «души моей» is genitive 'of my soul', the possessor following its head in elevated order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address, parenthetical","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщина","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of царица","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"царица","lemma":"царица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"queen"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies царица","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"my"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b9-c3-s199","source":"О, позвольте мне это сказать, это-то я уж вам открою…","translation":"Oh, let me say this — this much at least I will reveal to you…","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это-то я уж вам открою","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то» and «уж»","body":"The hyphenated clitic «-то» on «это» stresses a known topic — 'this much, at any rate' — distinct from the indefinite «-то» of «кто-то». The particle «уж» adds further emphatic resolve to the perfective future «открою»."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker (interjection before positive imperative)","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of позвольте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of позвольте","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"particle","role":"subject of открою","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"determiner of открою","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of открою","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies открою","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of открою","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"открою","lemma":"открыть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to позвольте","gloss":"will reveal"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b9-c3-s200","source":"Я ведь вижу же, что я с благороднейшими людьми: это свет, это святыня моя, и если б вы только знали!","translation":"For I do see that I am among the most honorable of men: she is light, she is my holy thing, and if only you knew!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я ведь вижу же","title":"Stacked particles «ведь» and «же»","body":"Mitya stacks two modal particles in one breath: «ведь» ('after all, you see') and «же» (insistence), wrapping the plain «вижу» ('I see/realise') in earnest appeal. Such particle clusters are a signature of excited spoken Russian."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с благороднейшими людьми","title":"Superlative suffix «-ейш-»","body":"«благороднейшими» is the bookish synthetic superlative of «благородный» ('noble, honourable'), formed with -ейш- — 'the most honourable'. The instrumental plural follows «с» ('among/with'). The -ейший superlative is markedly literary."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б вы только знали","title":"Conditional with «если б»","body":"«если б» (= «если бы») plus the past-form verb «знали» builds an unreal conditional / wistful exclamation — 'if only you knew'. The particle «бы» here is clipped to «б», and «только» ('only') heightens the longing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of свет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (с людьми)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking людьми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"благороднейшими","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies людьми","gloss":"most honorable"},{"surface":"людьми","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"object of с, predicate of я","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with свет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"свет","lemma":"свет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of святыня","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"святыня","lemma":"святыня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with свет","gloss":"holy thing"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of святыня","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знали","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"б","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"knew"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b9-c3-s201","source":"Слышали ее крики: «С тобой хоть на казнь!» А что я ей дал, я, нищий, голяк, за что такая любовь ко мне, стою ли я, неуклюжая, позорная тварь и с позорным лицом, такой любви, чтоб со мной ей в каторгу идти?","translation":"You heard her cries: \"With you, even to the scaffold!\" And what did I ever give her — I, a beggar, a pauper — why such love for me, am I worth it, a clumsy, shameful creature with a shameful face, worth such love that she would go to penal servitude with me?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нищий, голяк","title":"«нищий», «голяк» — beggar and pauper","body":"«нищий» is a beggar/destitute; «голяк» is a more colloquial, expressive word for a penniless wretch (from «голый», 'bare, naked'). The pairing dramatizes Mitya's sense of his own worthlessness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стою ли я… такой любви","title":"Question particle «ли»; genitive after «стоить»","body":"«стою ли я» fronts the focused verb with the enclitic «ли» to form the self-questioning 'am I worth…'. The verb «стоить» ('to be worth') governs the genitive «такой любви» ('such love')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"неуклюжая, позорная тварь","title":"«тварь» — 'creature' (self-abasing)","body":"«тварь» originally means 'creature, created being' (from «творить», to create); used of a person it is a harsh, self-debasing or abusive word ('vile creature'). Mitya turns it against himself: 'a clumsy, shameful creature'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слышали","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you heard"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of крики","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"крики","lemma":"крик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Слышали","gloss":"cries"},{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тобой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тобой","lemma":"тобой","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of the quoted exclamation","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies казнь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking казнь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"казнь","lemma":"казнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тобой","gloss":"the scaffold"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"ей","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of дал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"in apposition to я (repeats subject for emphasis, coordinated with нищий/голяк)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"нищий","lemma":"нищий","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying я","gloss":"a beggar"},{"surface":"голяк","lemma":"голяк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with я","gloss":"a pauper"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"preposition phrase modifying любовь (why)","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любовь","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"любовь","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical clause (is there)","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"modifies любовь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"стою","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on любовь","gloss":"am worth"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стою","gloss":"question marker"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стою","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"неуклюжая","lemma":"неуклюжий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with позорная, modifies тварь","gloss":"clumsy"},{"surface":"позорная","lemma":"позорный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тварь","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"тварь","lemma":"тварь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to я, predicate description of the subject (not coordinated with любовь)","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"позорным","lemma":"позорный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies лицом","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"лицом","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of тварь (with a shameful face)","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of любви","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"любви","lemma":"любовь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"genitive object of стою (worth such love)","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of идти","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"мной","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"ей","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative subject of infinitive идти (dative + infinitive construction, not object)","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking каторгу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"каторгу","lemma":"каторга","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"penal servitude"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"result clause modifying такой любви (not \"на что\")","gloss":"go"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b9-c3-s202","source":"За меня в ногах у вас давеча валялась, она, гордая и ни в чем не повинная!","translation":"Just now she grovelled at your feet for my sake — she, who is proud and guilty of nothing!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"давеча","title":"«давеча» — 'just now, a while ago'","body":"A colloquial, old-fashioned adverb meaning 'a little while ago, earlier today'. It dates the speech as 19th-century and folksy; modern Russian would say «недавно» or «только что»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в ногах… валялась","title":"«валяться в ногах» — to grovel at someone's feet","body":"«валяться в ногах (у кого-то)» is a vivid idiom for abasing oneself, throwing oneself at someone's feet to beg. «у вас» ('at your feet', genitive after «у») makes the officials the addressees of her pleading."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"гордая и ни в чем не повинная","title":"Negative concord «ни… не» again","body":"The same emphatic double negation as earlier: «ни в чем не повинная» = 'guilty in nothing', the «ни»-word demanding «не» before «повинная». The pairing with «гордая» ('proud') sharpens the pathos of her self-abasement."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of валялась","gloss":"my sake"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ногах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ногах","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of валялась","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of валялась","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"давеча","lemma":"давеча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies валялась","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"валялась","lemma":"валяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grovelled"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of валялась (postposed)","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"гордая","lemma":"гордый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with она","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повинная","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повинная","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"повинная","lemma":"повинный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with гордая, modifies она","gloss":"guilty"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b9-c3-s203","source":"Как же мне не обожать ее, не вопить, не стремиться к ней, как сейчас?","translation":"How can I not adore her, not cry out, not strain toward her, as I did just now?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же мне не обожать ее, не вопить, не стремиться","title":"Dative + negated infinitives; rhetorical «как же»","body":"A rhetorical-question pattern: dative «мне» plus a string of negated infinitives ('how am I not to adore, not cry out, not strain…'). «как же» fronts the insistent «же», and the triple «не + infinitive» means he cannot help doing these things."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вопить","title":"«вопить» — to wail, cry out","body":"«вопить» is an expressive imperfective verb for crying out loudly, wailing or howling — far more violent than «кричать». It conveys the raw, unrestrained pitch of Mitya's feeling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обожать","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of обожать","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обожать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обожать","lemma":"обожать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"adore"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"ее","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обожать","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вопить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"вопить","lemma":"вопить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with обожать","gloss":"cry out"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стремиться","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стремиться","lemma":"стремиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of вопить","gloss":"strain"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"ней","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стремиться","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сейчас","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стремиться","gloss":"just now"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b9-c3-s204","source":"О господа, простите!","translation":"Oh, gentlemen, forgive me!","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господа","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgive me"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b9-c3-s205","source":"Но теперь, теперь я утешен!","translation":"But now, now I am consoled!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"я утешен","title":"Short passive participle «утешен»","body":"«утешен» is the short (predicative) form of the past passive participle «утешённый» ('consoled'), from perfective «утешить». With an implied present 'to be' it states a resulting condition — 'I am consoled' — the standard periphrastic passive of result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утешен","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утешен","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of утешен","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"утешен","lemma":"утешить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am consoled"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b9-c3-s206","source":"И он упал на стул и, закрыв обеими ладонями лицо, навзрыд заплакал.","translation":"And he sank down on a chair and, covering his face with both palms, wept aloud.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"закрыв обеими ладонями лицо","title":"Perfective gerund «закрыв» + instrumental of means","body":"«закрыв» is a perfective past деепричастие ('having covered'), marking an action completed just before or as he sinks down. «обеими ладонями» is the instrumental of means — 'with both palms', the instrument of covering."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"навзрыд заплакал","title":"«навзрыд» — sobbing aloud","body":"«навзрыд» is an expressive adverb meaning 'with sobs, breaking down in tears'; «заплакал» is the inceptive perfective ('burst into tears'). Together: he broke into loud, convulsive weeping."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of упал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"упал","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sank down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стул","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упал","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"закрыв","lemma":"закрыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on заплакал","gloss":"covering"},{"surface":"обеими","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, instrumental, feminine","role":"modifies ладонями","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ладонями","lemma":"ладонь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of закрыв","gloss":"palms"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of закрыв","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"навзрыд","lemma":"навзрыд","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заплакал","gloss":"with sobs"},{"surface":"заплакал","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with упал","gloss":"wept"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b9-c3-s207","source":"Но это были уже счастливые слезы.","translation":"But these were already happy tears.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но это были уже счастливые слезы","title":"«это были» — agreement with the plural complement","body":"The demonstrative «это» ('these were…') stays invariable, but the verb «были» and adjective «счастливые» agree with the plural predicate noun «слезы». «уже» ('already, by now') marks the turn from grief to joy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of слезы","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"были","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to слезы","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies счастливые","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"счастливые","lemma":"счастливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies слезы","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"слезы","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"tears"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b9-c3-s208","source":"Он мигом опомнился.","translation":"In a moment he had collected himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"опомнился","title":"Reflexive perfective «опомниться»","body":"«опомниться» (to come to oneself, collect oneself) exists only with -ся and is perfective — a single recovery of composure. «мигом» ('in a flash', instrumental of «миг') stresses how suddenly Mitya steadies himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of опомнился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of опомнился","gloss":"in a moment"},{"surface":"опомнился","lemma":"опомниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"collected himself"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b9-c3-s209","source":"Старик исправник был очень доволен, да, кажется, и юристы тоже: они почувствовали, что допрос вступит сейчас в новый фазис.","translation":"The old police captain was very pleased, and so, it seemed, were the lawyers too: they sensed that the interrogation was about to enter a new phase.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"они почувствовали, что допрос вступит","title":"Reported clause with «что»; perfective future","body":"«что» introduces a reported-fact clause after «почувствовали» ('they sensed'). Inside it, perfective «вступит» ('will enter') is a perfective future viewed from the past — the interrogation was about to enter a new phase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Старик","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of доволен","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"исправник","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Старик","gloss":"police captain"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to доволен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies доволен","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"доволен","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to кажется","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to доволен","gloss":"it seemed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"юристы","lemma":"юрист","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with доволен","gloss":"the lawyers"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies юристы","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of почувствовали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"почувствовали","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to доволен","gloss":"sensed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вступит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"допрос","lemma":"допрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вступит","gloss":"the interrogation"},{"surface":"вступит","lemma":"вступить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of почувствовали","gloss":"was about to enter"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вступит","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking фазис","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"новый","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фазис","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"фазис","lemma":"фазис","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вступит","gloss":"phase"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b9-c3-s210","source":"Проводив исправника, Митя просто повеселел.","translation":"Having seen the captain out, Mitya simply grew merry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Проводив исправника","title":"Perfective gerund «проводив»","body":"«проводив» is a perfective past деепричастие ('having seen out'), naming an action completed before the main verb «повеселел». It shares the subject (Mitya) and neatly subordinates one event to the next."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повеселел","title":"Inceptive perfective «повеселел»","body":"Built from «весёлый» (merry) with the prefix по-, «повеселеть» is an inceptive perfective — 'to grow/become merry', the onset of a new state. «просто» ('simply') underlines the completeness of the change of mood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Проводив","lemma":"проводить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on повеселел","gloss":"having seen out"},{"surface":"исправника","lemma":"исправник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Проводив","gloss":"the captain"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повеселел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повеселел","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"повеселел","lemma":"повеселеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew merry"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b9-c3-s211","source":"— Ну, господа, теперь ваш, ваш вполне.","translation":"— Well, gentlemen, now I am yours, entirely yours.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"теперь ваш, ваш вполне","title":"Possessive predicate with zero copula","body":"'Now I am yours, entirely yours' has no verb: the possessive «ваш» stands as predicate with the present copula unexpressed. The repetition «ваш, ваш вполне» drives home Mitya's wholehearted surrender to the questioning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ваш","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with господа","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with господа","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ваш","gloss":"entirely"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b9-c3-s212","source":"И… если б только не все эти мелочи, то мы бы сейчас же и сговорились.","translation":"And… if only it weren't for all these trifles, we would come to an understanding this very instant.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если б только не все эти мелочи, то мы бы… сговорились","title":"Counterfactual with «бы» in both clauses","body":"A full unreal conditional: «если б… не» sets the hypothetical condition ('if only it weren't for…'), and the main clause «мы бы… сговорились» carries its own «бы» with a past-form perfective ('we would come to terms'). The correlative «то» ('then') links them."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мелочи","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"б","lemma":"б","morphology":"particle","role":"conditional particle within если-clause (не marks the conditional, not a preposition governing мелочи)","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies все","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мелочи","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мелочи","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"мелочи","lemma":"мелочь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"adverbial clause on сговорились","gloss":"trifles"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сговорились","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сговорились","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of сговорились","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сговорились","gloss":"right now"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"this very"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies сговорились","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сговорились","lemma":"сговориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come to an understanding"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b9-c3-s213","source":"Я опять про мелочи.","translation":"There I go about the trifles again.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Я опять про мелочи","title":"«про» — colloquial 'about'; «мелочи»","body":"«про» + accusative is the conversational equivalent of «о» + prepositional, 'about/concerning'. «мелочи» ('trifles, petty details') becomes Mitya's running refrain — the minor facts he keeps dismissing yet cannot stop returning to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мелочи","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мелочи","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мелочи","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"мелочи","lemma":"мелочь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the trifles"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b9-c3-s214","source":"Я ваш, господа, но, клянусь, нужно взаимное доверие — ваше ко мне и мое к вам — иначе мы никогда не покончим.","translation":"I am yours, gentlemen, but, I swear, there must be mutual trust — yours toward me and mine toward you — otherwise we shall never finish.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"клянусь","title":"Deponent-style reflexive «клянусь»","body":"«клясться» ('to swear, vow') exists only in the -ся form; «клянусь» = 'I swear'. Such verbs have no non-reflexive counterpart, the -ся being part of the lexical verb itself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ваше ко мне и мое к вам","title":"Possessives with «к» + dative","body":"The neuter possessives «ваше» and «мое» stand for «доверие» ('trust'), each modified by «к» + dative ('toward me' / 'toward you'). The chiastic balance «ваше ко мне — мое к вам» mirrors the reciprocity Mitya demands."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ваш","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with ваш","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on нужно","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"нужно","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with ваш","gloss":"there must be"},{"surface":"взаимное","lemma":"взаимный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies доверие","gloss":"mutual"},{"surface":"доверие","lemma":"доверие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нужно","gloss":"trust"},{"surface":"ваше","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to доверие (yours toward me)","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"ко","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мне","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"modifies ваше","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to доверие, parallel to ваше (\"mine toward you\"), not a determiner of ваше","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вам","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"modifies ваше","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покончим","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of покончим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies покончим","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies покончим","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"покончим","lemma":"покончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to нужно","gloss":"shall finish"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b9-c3-s215","source":"Для вас же говорю.","translation":"I say this for your own sake.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Для вас же говорю","title":"«для» + genitive; emphatic «же»","body":"«для вас» ('for your sake') is «для» + genitive, the case this preposition always governs. The particle «же» adds insistence — 'it is for you that I say it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорю","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"говорю","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I say"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b9-c3-s216","source":"К делу, господа, к делу, и, главное, не ройтесь вы так в душе моей, не терзайте ее пустяками, а спрашивайте одно только дело и факты, и я вас сейчас же удовлетворю.","translation":"To the matter, gentlemen, to the matter, and, above all, do not go rummaging so in my soul, do not torment it with trifles, but ask me only about the matter and the facts, and I shall satisfy you at once.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не ройтесь вы так в душе моей","title":"Negated imperative with emphatic «вы»","body":"«не ройтесь» is the negated imperative of reflexive «рыться» ('to rummage, dig'); the added pronoun «вы» and «так» ('so') intensify the rebuke. Negated imperatives in Russian are typically imperfective, fitting the sense 'don't keep rummaging'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не терзайте ее пустяками","title":"Imperfective imperative + instrumental of means","body":"«не терзайте» ('do not torment') is an imperfective negated command; «пустяками» ('with trifles') is the instrumental of means/instrument. «пустяки» joins «мелочи» as Mitya's contemptuous word for petty details."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"я вас сейчас же удовлетворю","title":"Perfective future «удовлетворю»","body":"«удовлетворю» is a perfective future ('I shall satisfy [you]'), a single completed act promised for the immediate moment («сейчас же», 'right away'). The accusative «вас» is its object."}],"words":[{"surface":"К","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with делу","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with делу","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to ройтесь","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ройтесь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ройтесь","lemma":"рыться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with делу","gloss":"go rummaging"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ройтесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies душе","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking душе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душе","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ройтесь","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of душе","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies терзайте","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"терзайте","lemma":"терзать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with делу","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"ее","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of терзайте","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"пустяками","lemma":"пустяк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of терзайте","gloss":"with trifles"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"спрашивайте","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with терзайте","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"одно","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of спрашивайте","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of спрашивайте","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"факты","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with дело","gloss":"facts"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of удовлетворю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of удовлетворю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удовлетворю","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"удовлетворю","lemma":"удовлетворить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with терзайте","gloss":"shall satisfy"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b9-c3-s217","source":"А мелочи к черту!","translation":"And the trifles to the devil!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"к черту","title":"«к черту!» — 'to the devil!'","body":"An emphatic dismissive exclamation, «к чёрту» = 'to the devil with it / damn it', here a verbless cry ('and the trifles — to the devil!'). «чёрт» (devil) anchors a whole family of Russian curses and oaths."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мелочи","lemma":"мелочь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the trifles"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черту","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"черту","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мелочи","gloss":"the devil"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b9-c3-s218","source":"Так восклицал Митя.","translation":"So Mitya exclaimed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так восклицал Митя","title":"Inverted word order; imperfective «восклицал»","body":"Verb-before-subject inversion («восклицал Митя») is the narrator's framing style. Imperfective «восклицал» ('was exclaiming') views the outburst as a stretch of impassioned speech rather than one finished act."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies восклицал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"восклицал","lemma":"восклицать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of восклицал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b9-c3-s219","source":"Допрос начался вновь.","translation":"The interrogation began anew.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Допрос начался вновь","title":"Reflexive «начался»; bookish «вновь»","body":"«начался» is the perfective reflexive of «начаться» ('to begin', intransitive) — the interrogation begins of itself, with -ся giving the middle/inchoative sense. «вновь» ('anew, again') is the more literary equivalent of «снова»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Допрос","lemma":"допрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начался","gloss":"the interrogation"},{"surface":"начался","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начался","gloss":"anew"}]}]}