{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b9-c4","title":{"source":"IV. Мытарство второе","translated":"The Second Ordeal"},"section":"Book IX — The Preliminary Investigation","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b9-c4","lines":111},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b9-c3","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b9-c5","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b9-c4-s1","source":"— Вы не поверите, как вы нас самих ободряете, Дмитрий Федорович, вашею этою готовностью…— заговорил Николай Парфенович с оживленным видом и с видимым удовольствием, засиявшим в больших светло-серых навыкате, очень близоруких впрочем, глазах его, с которых он за минуту пред тем снял очки.— И вы справедливо сейчас заметили насчет этой взаимной нашей доверенности, без которой иногда даже и невозможно в подобной важности делах, в том случае и смысле, если подозреваемое лицо действительно желает, надеется и может оправдать себя.","translation":"\"You would not believe how you yourself encourage us, Dmitri Fyodorovich, by this readiness of yours,\" began Nikolai Parfenovich with an animated air and with a visible pleasure that shone in his big, light-grey, slightly protruding — though very near-sighted — eyes, from which a moment before he had removed his spectacles. \"And you have just rightly remarked upon this mutual confidence of ours, without which it is sometimes simply impossible to proceed in matters of such gravity — in the case and in the sense, that is, where the suspected person genuinely wishes, hopes, and is able to clear himself.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вашею этою готовностью","title":"Archaic instrumental in -ою","body":"«вашею этою готовностью» is the instrumental of means — 'by this readiness of yours'. Note the old bookish feminine instrumental ending -ою (modern -ой): «вашею», «этою» in place of «вашей», «этой». This longer ending is a deliberately elevated, 19th-century literary flavour, fitting the magistrate's florid courtesy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"засиявшим","title":"Past active participle «засиявшим»","body":"«засиявшим» (from perfective «засиять», to begin to shine) is a past active participle in the suffix -вш-, agreeing with «удовольствием» in the instrumental — 'a pleasure that shone'. Such participles compress a whole «который»-clause into one adjective and are a hallmark of Dostoevsky's dense descriptive sentences."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"навыкате","title":"«навыкате» — bulging eyes","body":"«глаза навыкате» means protruding, slightly bulging eyes. The frozen adverbial «навыкате» (from «выкатить», to roll out) survives almost only in this set phrase — a precise physiognomic detail Dostoevsky uses to fix the magistrate's face."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"без которой иногда даже и невозможно","title":"Relative «который» in the genitive","body":"«без которой» — 'without which' — shows «который» taking the case its own clause demands: the preposition «без» forces the genitive, while the gender/number (feminine singular) still agree with the antecedent «доверенности» (confidence). The clause then runs impersonally — «невозможно» with no nominative subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of поверите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверите","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would believe"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ободряете","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ободряете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"нас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of ободряете","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"самих","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"intensifies нас","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"ободряете","lemma":"ободрять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by как","gloss":"you encourage"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address to Митя","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"вашею","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of готовностью","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"этою","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of готовностью, coordinated with вашею","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"готовностью","lemma":"готовность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ободряете","gloss":"readiness"},{"surface":"заговорил","lemma":"заговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, speech tag introducing the quote","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заговорил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking видом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"оживленным","lemma":"оживлённый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies видом","gloss":"animated"},{"surface":"видом","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заговорил","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking удовольствием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"видимым","lemma":"видимый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies удовольствием","gloss":"visible"},{"surface":"удовольствием","lemma":"удовольствие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with видом","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"засиявшим","lemma":"засиять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"clause modifying удовольствием","gloss":"that shone"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глазах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"больших","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies глазах","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"светло","lemma":"светло","morphology":"combining form, invariant (first element of compound светло-серых)","role":"part of compound светло-серых, modifies серых","gloss":"light-"},{"surface":"серых","lemma":"серый","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies глазах","gloss":"grey"},{"surface":"навыкате","lemma":"навыкате","morphology":"adjective, indeclinable","role":"modifies глазах","gloss":"protruding"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies близоруких","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"близоруких","lemma":"близорукий","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies глазах","gloss":"near-sighted"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies близоруких","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"глазах","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of засиявшим","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of глазах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которых","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"которых","lemma":"которых","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of снял","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of снял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of снял","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of снял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"снял","lemma":"снять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on глазах","gloss":"had removed"},{"surface":"очки","lemma":"очки","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of снял","gloss":"his spectacles"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of заметили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"справедливо","lemma":"справедливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметили","gloss":"rightly"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметили","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"заметили","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доверенности","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of доверенности","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"взаимной","lemma":"взаимный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доверенности","gloss":"mutual"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of доверенности","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"доверенности","lemma":"доверенность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заметили","gloss":"confidence"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"которой","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of невозможно","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies невозможно","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies невозможно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies невозможно","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"невозможно","lemma":"невозможный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of the relative clause introduced by которой","gloss":"is impossible"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking важности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подобной","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies важности","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"важности","lemma":"важность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies делах","gloss":"gravity"},{"surface":"делах","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of невозможно","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with смысле, oblique complement of невозможно","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смысле","lemma":"смысл","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of невозможно","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of желает","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"подозреваемое","lemma":"подозревать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies лицо","gloss":"suspected"},{"surface":"лицо","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of желает","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желает","gloss":"genuinely"},{"surface":"желает","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on невозможно","gloss":"wishes"},{"surface":"надеется","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with желает","gloss":"hopes"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with желает","gloss":"is able"},{"surface":"оправдать","lemma":"оправдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"to clear"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of оправдать","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b9-c4-s2","source":"С нашей стороны мы употребим всё, что от нас зависит, и вы сами могли видеть даже и теперь, как мы ведем это дело… Вы одобряете, Ипполит Кириллович?— обратился он вдруг к прокурору.","translation":"For our part, we will do everything that depends on us, and you have been able to see for yourself, even now, how we are conducting this affair... Do you approve, Ippolit Kirillovich?\" he asked, turning suddenly to the prosecutor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мы употребим всё, что от нас зависит","title":"Perfective future «употребим»","body":"«употребим» is a perfective verb conjugated like a present, which yields future meaning — 'we will apply/do everything'. There is no auxiliary; the completed future sits in the ending itself, against the imperfective «зависит» (depends), an ongoing state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обратился он вдруг к прокурору","title":"Reflexive «обратиться» + dative","body":"«обратился» carries the reflexive clitic -ся and means 'turned (to address someone)'; it governs «к прокурору», where the preposition «к» takes the dative. The -ся here is the middle/intransitive type, not a true reflexive object."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"нашей","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of употребим","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of употребим","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"употребим","lemma":"употребить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will do"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of употребим","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of зависит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"нас","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of зависит","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"зависит","lemma":"зависеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying всё","gloss":"depends"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of могли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"intensifies вы","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"могли","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with употребим","gloss":"have been able"},{"surface":"видеть","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of могли","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies теперь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of даже и construction","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ведем","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ведем","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ведем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"ведем","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the как-clause, complement of видеть","gloss":"are conducting"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ведем","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of одобряете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"одобряете","lemma":"одобрять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"approve"},{"surface":"Ипполит","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кириллович","lemma":"кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполит","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, narration tag","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обратился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прокурору","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"прокурору","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"the prosecutor"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b9-c4-s3","source":"— О, без сомнения,— одобрил прокурор, хотя и несколько суховато сравнительно с порывом Николая Парфеновича.","translation":"\"Oh, beyond a doubt,\" the prosecutor approved, though somewhat more dryly than the burst of feeling from Nikolai Parfenovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"суховато","title":"«суховато» — a touch dryly","body":"«суховато» softens «сухо» (dryly, curtly) with the attenuating suffix -оват-, meaning 'somewhat / a touch dry'. It captures the prosecutor's measured coolness against the magistrate's warmer «порыв» (burst of feeling)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотя и несколько суховато","title":"Concessive «хотя и»","body":"«хотя и» is the bookish concessive 'although, even if', opening a dependent clause that grants a contrast — here, that the prosecutor agreed but did so 'somewhat dryly'. The reinforcing particle «и» is idiomatic with «хотя»."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, exclamation","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сомнения","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"сомнения","lemma":"сомнение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"одобрил","lemma":"одобрить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"approved"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of одобрил","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of суховато","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"though (intensifier)"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies суховато","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"суховато","lemma":"суховато","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause modifying одобрил","gloss":"dryly"},{"surface":"сравнительно","lemma":"сравнительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies суховато","gloss":"compared"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking порывом","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"порывом","lemma":"порыв","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of суховато","gloss":"the burst [of feeling]"},{"surface":"Николая","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies порывом","gloss":"of Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфеновича","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николая","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b9-c4-s4","source":"Замечу раз навсегда: новоприбывший к нам Николай Парфенович, с самого начала своего у нас поприща, почувствовал к нашему Ипполиту Кирилловичу, прокурору, необыкновенное уважение и почти сердцем сошелся с ним.","translation":"Let me note, once and for all: Nikolai Parfenovich, newly arrived among us, had from the very outset of his career here conceived an extraordinary respect for our prosecutor, Ippolit Kirillovich, and had come to feel almost a kinship of heart with him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Замечу раз навсегда","title":"Perfective future as narrator's aside","body":"«Замечу» (perfective «заметить») is again a perfective-future form used by the chronicler-narrator — 'let me note'. The completed sense fits a single deliberate remark; «раз навсегда» means 'once and for all'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"поприще","title":"«поприще» — career, field of endeavour","body":"«поприще» is an elevated, Church-Slavonic-flavoured word for one's field of activity or career (originally a measure of distance, a 'course' or 'arena'). «с самого начала своего у нас поприща» — 'from the very outset of his career here' — lends the sentence a stately, bookish register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сердцем сошелся с ним","title":"Instrumental of manner «сердцем»","body":"«сердцем» is the instrumental of «сердце» (heart), here adverbial — 'in his heart / by way of the heart he grew close to him'. The instrumental routinely marks the means or respect in which something is true."}],"words":[{"surface":"Замечу","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Let me note"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Замечу","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"навсегда","lemma":"навсегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"and for all"},{"surface":"новоприбывший","lemma":"новоприбывший","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Николай","gloss":"newly arrived"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нам","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"нам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of новоприбывший","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of почувствовал","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начала","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самого","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of почувствовал","gloss":"outset"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of поприща","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"нас","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of поприща","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"поприща","lemma":"поприще","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"career"},{"surface":"почувствовал","lemma":"почувствовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"conceived"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ипполиту","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нашему","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Ипполиту","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Ипполиту","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of почувствовал","gloss":"Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кирилловичу","lemma":"кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполиту","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"прокурору","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Ипполиту","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"необыкновенное","lemma":"необыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies уважение","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"уважение","lemma":"уважение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of почувствовал","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сердцем","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошелся","gloss":"in heart"},{"surface":"сошелся","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with почувствовал","gloss":"came to feel a kinship"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"ним","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошелся","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b9-c4-s5","source":"Это был почти единственный человек, который безусловно поверил в необычайный психологический и ораторский талант нашего «обиженного по службе» Ипполита Кирилловича и вполне верил и в то, что тот обижен.","translation":"He was nearly the only man who believed unconditionally in the uncommon psychological and oratorical gift of our \"wronged in the service\" Ippolit Kirillovich, and who fully believed, too, that the man had indeed been wronged.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обиженный по службе","title":"«обиженный по службе» — passed over in the service","body":"«обиженный по службе» — literally 'wronged/aggrieved in the service' — is the running epithet for the prosecutor, a man who feels his official career has cheated him of due recognition. The author wraps it in quotation marks as a fixed, half-ironic label."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поверил в … талант … и … верил и в то, что","title":"«поверить в» vs «верить, что»","body":"Note the two constructions: «поверил в талант» (perfective, 'came to believe in the talent', with «в» + accusative) versus «верил в то, что тот обижен» (imperfective, 'believed that he was wronged', with the correlative «то, что»). The aspect contrast pairs a single act of conviction with a standing belief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of человек","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to человек","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies единственный","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"единственный","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"the only"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поверил","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"безусловно","lemma":"безусловно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверил","gloss":"unconditionally"},{"surface":"поверил","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on человек","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking талант","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"необычайный","lemma":"необычайный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies талант","gloss":"uncommon"},{"surface":"психологический","lemma":"психологический","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies талант","gloss":"psychological"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ораторский","lemma":"ораторский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with психологический","gloss":"oratorical"},{"surface":"талант","lemma":"талант","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поверил","gloss":"gift"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Ипполита","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"обиженного","lemma":"обидеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies Ипполита","gloss":"wronged"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking службе","gloss":"in [his]"},{"surface":"службе","lemma":"служба","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обиженного","gloss":"service"},{"surface":"Ипполита","lemma":"ипполит","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies талант","gloss":"of Ippolit"},{"surface":"Кирилловича","lemma":"кириллович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Ипполита","gloss":"Kirillovich"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верил","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with поверил","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of верил","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обижен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обижен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"обижен","lemma":"обиженный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying то","gloss":"had indeed been wronged"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b9-c4-s6","source":"О нем слышал он еще в Петербурге.","translation":"He had heard of him even back in Petersburg.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"О нем слышал он еще в Петербурге","title":"Topic-fronting word order","body":"The sentence opens with «О нем» ('about him') rather than the subject «он», throwing the new emphasis onto the object and onto «еще в Петербурге» (already back in Petersburg). Free case-marked word order lets Russian lead with the topic and end on the news."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"нем","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"слышал","lemma":"слышать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had heard"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слышал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Петербурге","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Петербурге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Петербурге","lemma":"петербург","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слышал","gloss":"Petersburg"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b9-c4-s7","source":"Зато в свою очередь молоденький Николай Парфенович оказался единственным тоже человеком в целом мире, которого искренно полюбил наш «обиженный» прокурор.","translation":"And in his turn the youthful Nikolai Parfenovich proved to be likewise the one man in all the world whom our \"wronged\" prosecutor sincerely came to love.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зато … тоже … единственным … человеком","title":"Predicate instrumental «единственным человеком»","body":"«оказался единственным … человеком» — 'proved to be the one man' — puts the predicate complement in the instrumental after «оказаться». Verbs like «оказаться», «стать», «быть» frame an assumed or revealed role in the instrumental rather than the nominative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молоденький","title":"«молоденький» — endearingly young","body":"«молоденький» adds the affectionate diminutive suffix -еньк- to «молодой» (young), giving 'young and slight / endearingly youthful'. The suffix colours the magistrate with a touch of the narrator's amused tenderness rather than mere age."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которого искренно полюбил","title":"Animate accusative in «которого»","body":"«которого» is the relative pronoun in the accusative (= genitive form, because its referent is animate) — 'whom … came to love'. «полюбил» is perfective: the inceptive 'came to love', a single shift into the state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking очередь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of очередь","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"очередь","lemma":"очередь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оказался","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"молоденький","lemma":"молоденький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Николай","gloss":"youthful"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оказался","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"оказался","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"proved to be"},{"surface":"единственным","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"человеком","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of оказался","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"целом","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мире","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеком","gloss":"the world"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"которого","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of полюбил","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полюбил","gloss":"sincerely"},{"surface":"полюбил","lemma":"полюбить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on человеком","gloss":"came to love"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of прокурор","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"обиженный","lemma":"обиженный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies прокурор","gloss":"wronged"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of полюбил","gloss":"prosecutor"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b9-c4-s8","source":"Доро́гой сюда они успели кое в чем сговориться и условиться насчет предстоящего дела, и теперь, за столом, востренький ум Николая Парфеновича схватывал на лету и понимал всякое указание, всякое движение в лице своего старшего сотоварища, с полуслова, со взгляда, с подмига глазком.","translation":"On the way here the two had managed to confer about a few things and to come to an understanding regarding the business ahead, and now, at the table, the keen mind of Nikolai Parfenovich caught on the wing and grasped every hint, every shift in the face of his senior colleague — from half a word, from a glance, from a wink of the eye.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Доро́гой","title":"«дорогой» as 'on the way'","body":"Here «Доро́гой» is not the adjective 'dear' but the instrumental of «дорога» (road) used adverbially — 'on the road, along the way'. The stress mark on о distinguishes it for the reader; the bare instrumental of a path-noun regularly means 'by way of / during the journey'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"схватывал на лету","title":"Idiom «схватывать на лету»","body":"«схватывать на лету» — literally 'to catch on the fly/wing' — means to grasp instantly, to be quick on the uptake. Paired with «востренький ум» (a sharp little mind), it paints the magistrate's nimble, almost telepathic reading of his senior."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"востренький","title":"«востренький» — keen, sharp (colloquial)","body":"«востренький» is a colloquial, diminutive form of «вострый/острый» (sharp), with the affectionate -еньк-. Applied to «ум» (mind) it means 'keen, quick-witted', with a faintly familiar, fond tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с подмига глазком","title":"«глазком» — a flick of the eye","body":"«глазком» is the diminutive «глазок» of «глаз» (eye) in the instrumental — here 'with a wink of the eye'. The diminutive, with «подмиг» (a wink), conveys the intimate, conspiratorial shorthand between the two officials."}],"words":[{"surface":"Доро́гой","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of успели","gloss":"on the way"},{"surface":"сюда","lemma":"сюда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies успели","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of успели","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"успели","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had managed"},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое-что","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, split by preposition, locative","role":"part of oblique phrase, complement of сговориться","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сговориться","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"сговориться","lemma":"сговориться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of успели","gloss":"to confer"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"условиться","lemma":"условиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with сговориться","gloss":"come to an understanding"},{"surface":"насчет","lemma":"насчёт","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дела","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"предстоящего","lemma":"предстоящий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дела","gloss":"the ahead"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of условиться","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies схватывал","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"столом","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватывал","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"востренький","lemma":"востренький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ум","gloss":"keen"},{"surface":"ум","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of схватывал","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"Николая","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ум","gloss":"of Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфеновича","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николая","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"схватывал","lemma":"схватывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with успели","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лету","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"лету","lemma":"лёт","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватывал","gloss":"the wing"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with схватывал","gloss":"grasped"},{"surface":"всякое","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of указание","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"указание","lemma":"указание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимал","gloss":"hint"},{"surface":"всякое","lemma":"всякое","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of движение","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"движение","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with указание","gloss":"shift"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies движение","gloss":"the face"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сотоварища","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"старшего","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сотоварища","gloss":"senior"},{"surface":"сотоварища","lemma":"сотоварищ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лице","gloss":"colleague"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полуслова","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"полуслова","lemma":"полуслово","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of схватывал (means)","gloss":"half a word"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking взгляда","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"взгляда","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with полуслова","gloss":"a glance"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подмига","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"подмига","lemma":"подмиг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with полуслова","gloss":"a wink"},{"surface":"глазком","lemma":"глазок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подмига","gloss":"of the eye"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b9-c4-s9","source":"— Господа, предоставьте мне только самому рассказать и не перебивайте пустяками, и я вам мигом всё изложу,— кипятился Митя.","translation":"\"Gentlemen, only let me tell it myself and don't keep interrupting with trifles, and I'll lay the whole thing out for you in a flash,\" Mitya seethed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"предоставьте … не перебивайте","title":"Imperatives, perfective vs imperfective","body":"Two commands frame Mitya's plea: perfective «предоставьте» ('let me, grant me' — a single act) and imperfective «не перебивайте» ('don't keep interrupting'). Negated imperatives default to the imperfective, stressing the ongoing 'don't be doing this' — exactly Mitya's grievance."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кипятился","title":"«кипятиться» — to boil over","body":"«кипятился» (imperfective «кипятиться», from «кипеть», to boil) means to seethe, to fly into a heat — literally 'was boiling'. It is the perfect verb for Mitya, whose impatience keeps bubbling up; the imperfective shows the state in progress."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мигом","title":"«мигом» — in a flash","body":"«мигом» is the instrumental of «миг» (an instant) frozen as an adverb — 'in a trice, in a flash'. Such bare-instrumental time adverbs (мигом, разом, шагом) are a common, lively colloquial pattern."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"предоставьте","lemma":"предоставить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb (imperative)","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of предоставьте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самому","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"самому","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рассказать","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"рассказать","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of предоставьте","gloss":"tell it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies перебивайте","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"перебивайте","lemma":"перебивать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with предоставьте","gloss":"keep interrupting"},{"surface":"пустяками","lemma":"пустяк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of перебивайте","gloss":"with trifles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of изложу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of изложу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мигом","lemma":"миг","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies изложу","gloss":"in a flash"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of изложу","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"изложу","lemma":"изложить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"will lay out"},{"surface":"кипятился","lemma":"кипятиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, narration tag","gloss":"seethed"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of кипятился","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b9-c4-s10","source":"— Прекрасно-с. Благодарю вас.","translation":"\"Splendid, sir. Thank you.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Прекрасно-с","title":"The deferential particle -с","body":"The little -с tacked onto «прекрасно-с» is a clipped relic of «сударь» (sir). In 19th-century Russian, adding -с to words signaled deference or polite formality — here from the examining magistrate. English has no exact equivalent, so we render the deference with an added \"sir\"; the particle colors the speaker as respectful, even slightly obsequious."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прекрасно","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective","role":"interjection, exclamation","gloss":"Splendid"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с.","morphology":"particle (deferential enclitic -с)","role":"attached politeness particle, modifies Прекрасно","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Благодарю","lemma":"благодарить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thank"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Благодарю","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b9-c4-s11","source":"Но прежде чем перейдем к выслушанию вашего сообщения, вы бы позволили мне только констатировать еще один фактик, для нас очень любопытный, именно о тех десяти рублях, которые вы вчера, около пяти часов; взяли взаймы под заклад пистолетов ваших у приятеля вашего Петра Ильича Перхотина.","translation":"But before we pass on to hearing your account, would you permit me only to establish one more little fact, very curious to us — namely, about those ten roubles which yesterday, around five o'clock, you borrowed against the pledge of your pistols from your friend Pyotr Ilyich Perkhotin.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прежде чем перейдем","title":"Temporal «прежде чем» + perfective","body":"«прежде чем перейдем» — 'before we pass on to' — is the bookish temporal conjunction «прежде чем» with a perfective verb «перейдём» (here in the perfective future). The completed aspect frames the transition as a single forthcoming step."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы бы позволили мне","title":"Polite conditional «вы бы позволили»","body":"«вы бы позволили» uses the particle «бы» with a past-tense form to soften a request into a deferential 'would you permit me'. This conditional-as-politeness is the magistrate's habitual register, smoothing the interrogation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"фактик","title":"«фактик» — a little fact","body":"«фактик» is the diminutive of «факт», 'a little fact'. The magistrate minimizes the matter — 'one more little fact' — to seem unthreatening, a calculated softening just before a pointed question about the pawned pistols."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тех десяти рублях, которые вы … взяли взаймы","title":"Numeral + noun in an oblique case","body":"In «о тех десяти рублях» the whole numeral phrase is governed by the preposition «о» and stands in the prepositional: «рублях» is the prepositional plural (the genitive plural would be «рублей»), agreeing with the oblique numeral «десяти». The 'five-and-above takes the genitive plural' rule holds only in the nominative/accusative; under a preposition the entire numeral phrase re-declines. «взять взаймы под заклад» = 'to borrow against a pledge'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of перейдем","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase прежде","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"перейдем","lemma":"перейти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on позволили","gloss":"we pass on"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking выслушанию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"выслушанию","lemma":"выслушание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of перейдем","gloss":"the hearing"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сообщения","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"сообщения","lemma":"сообщение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выслушанию","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of позволили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of позволили","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"позволили","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"permit"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of позволили","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies констатировать","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"констатировать","lemma":"констатировать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of позволили","gloss":"to establish"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies один","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"quantifies фактик","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"фактик","lemma":"фактик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of констатировать","gloss":"little fact"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"нас","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of любопытный","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любопытный","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"любопытный","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фактик (descriptive apposition)","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рублях","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рублях","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of десяти","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"десяти","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies рублях","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"рублях","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies фактик (further specifies the fact)","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"которые","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of взяли","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of взяли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вчера","lemma":"вчера","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взяли","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часов","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"пяти","lemma":"пять","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies часов","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of взяли (time)","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"взяли","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on рублях","gloss":"borrowed"},{"surface":"взаймы","lemma":"взаймы","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взяли (idiom: взять взаймы = to borrow)","gloss":"as a loan"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заклад","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"заклад","lemma":"заклад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взяли","gloss":"the pledge"},{"surface":"пистолетов","lemma":"пистолет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies заклад","gloss":"pistols"},{"surface":"ваших","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies пистолетов","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приятеля","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"приятеля","lemma":"приятель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взяли (source of the loan)","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приятеля","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Петра","lemma":"пётр","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to приятеля","gloss":"Pyotr"},{"surface":"Ильича","lemma":"ильич","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петра","gloss":"Ilyich"},{"surface":"Перхотина","lemma":"перхотина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Петра","gloss":"Perkhotin"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b9-c4-s12","source":"— Заложил, господа, заложил, за десять рублей, и что ж дальше? Вот и всё, как только воротился в город с дороги, так и заложил.","translation":"\"I pawned them, gentlemen, I pawned them, for ten roubles — and what of it? That's all there is to it: the moment I got back to town from the road, I pawned them.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Заложил … заложил","title":"«заложить» — to pawn","body":"«заложить» (perfective) means to pawn or pledge as security. Mitya's blunt repetition — «Заложил, господа, заложил» — meets the magistrate's delicate phrasing with a defiant plainness: 'I pawned them, gentlemen, I pawned them'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как только воротился … так и заложил","title":"Correlative «как только … так и»","body":"«как только … так и» — 'the moment … (then) straightaway' — is a correlative pair binding two perfective events: «воротился» (returned) and «заложил» (pawned). Perfective past here moves the action forward in two crisp, completed steps. «воротился» is an archaic/folksy variant of «возвратился»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Заложил","lemma":"заложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I pawned them"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"заложил","lemma":"заложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Заложил","gloss":"I pawned them"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рублей","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of заложил","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дальше","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"then","note":"ж is an emphatic particle, roughly \"then/well\"."},{"surface":"дальше","lemma":"далеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies что (idiom «что ж дальше» = so what next?)","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Вот","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воротился","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"soon as"},{"surface":"воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on Вот","gloss":"he got back"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking город","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротился","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороги","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дороги","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротился","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"right away"},{"surface":"заложил","lemma":"заложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with воротился","gloss":"I pawned them"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b9-c4-s13","source":"— А вы воротились с дороги? Вы ездили за город?","translation":"\"So you got back from the road? You had been out of town?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А вы воротились … Вы ездили за город?","title":"Multidirectional «ездить» of motion","body":"«ездили» is the multidirectional motion verb «ездить» (to go by vehicle, round trips/habit), as against unidirectional «ехать». Here it asks about the fact of a there-and-back trip — 'you had been out of town' — which the round-trip member naturally conveys."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"А вы воротились с дороги?","title":"The hinge-particle «а»","body":"The magistrate's «А вы воротились…» opens with «а», the mild contrastive 'and/so' that pivots the topic — here pouncing gently on the new fact Mitya let slip. It signals a turn of attention, not real opposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of воротились","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"воротились","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you got back"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороги","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дороги","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of воротились","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ездили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ездили","lemma":"ездить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you had been (traveling)"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking город","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ездили","gloss":"town"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b9-c4-s14","source":"— Ездил, господа, за сорок верст ездил, а вы и не знали?","translation":"\"I had been out, gentlemen, forty versts I'd driven — and you didn't even know it?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"за сорок верст ездил","title":"Genitive plural «верст» after a numeral","body":"After «сорок» (forty) the noun takes the genitive plural, here with a zero ending: «верст» (of «верста»). «за сорок верст» = 'forty versts off'. The fronted «Ездил … ездил» repeats the motion verb for emphatic, boastful confirmation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а вы и не знали?","title":"Emphatic «и не знали»","body":"The «и» before «не знали» is the emphatic 'even' — 'and you didn't even know it'. Combined with the contrastive «а», Mitya scores a small point of triumph over his interrogators."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ездил","lemma":"ездить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I had gone"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сорок","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сорок","lemma":"сорок","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on верст","gloss":"forty"},{"surface":"верст","lemma":"верста","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of за, modifies ездил (distance)","gloss":"versts"},{"surface":"ездил","lemma":"ездить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Ездил","gloss":"I'd driven"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Ездил","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b9-c4-s15","source":"Прокурор и Николай Парфенович переглянулись.","translation":"The prosecutor and Nikolai Parfenovich exchanged glances.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"переглянулись","title":"Reciprocal -ся in «переглянулись»","body":"«переглянулись» ('exchanged glances') carries the reciprocal -ся: the prefix «пере-» plus -ся means the two did the action to each other. The perfective marks a single completed exchange — a charged, wordless beat between the officials."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of переглянулись","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Прокурор","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"переглянулись","lemma":"переглянуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exchanged glances"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b9-c4-s16","source":"— И вообще, если бы вы начали вашу повесть со систематического описания всего вашего вчерашнего дня с самого утра? Позвольте, например, узнать: зачем вы отлучались из города и когда именно поехали и приехали… и все эти факты…","translation":"\"And in general, might you begin your tale with a systematic account of your whole day yesterday, from the very morning? Permit me, for instance, to learn: why did you absent yourself from town, and when exactly did you set out and return... and all these facts...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы вы начали вашу повесть","title":"Hypothetical «если бы» as a soft suggestion","body":"«если бы вы начали…» is a conditional with «бы» + past-tense «начали», but used not as a real condition; left hanging, it floats a polite proposal — 'might you begin…'. The magistrate again wraps a directive in irrealis courtesy."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда именно поехали и приехали","title":"Prefixed motion verbs «поехали / приехали»","body":"«поехали» (set off) and «приехали» (arrived) are prefixed perfectives of the motion verb «ехать»: the prefixes «по-» and «при-» add direction and make completed events. Russian thus splits English 'when you went and came' into a departure and an arrival."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"повесть","title":"«повесть» — a tale, a narrative","body":"Calling Mitya's account a «повесть» — a 'tale' or literary narrative — is gently ironic: the magistrate frames the testimony as if it were a story to be told. The word is the very genre-name of works like Pushkin's tales."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начали","gloss":"in general"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начали","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of начали","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of начали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of повесть","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"повесть","lemma":"повесть","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of начали","gloss":"tale"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking описания","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"систематического","lemma":"систематический","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies описания","gloss":"systematic"},{"surface":"описания","lemma":"описание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of начали","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дня","gloss":"your whole"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дня","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"вчерашнего","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies описания","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утра","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самого","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies утра","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of начали","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"Позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"permit me"},{"surface":"например","lemma":"например","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to узнать","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Позвольте","gloss":"to learn"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отлучались","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of отлучались","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"отлучались","lemma":"отлучаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of узнать","gloss":"did you absent yourself"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking города","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отлучались","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поехали","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies когда","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"поехали","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with отлучались","gloss":"did you set out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"приехали","lemma":"приехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with отлучались","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of факты","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of факты","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"факты","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of Позвольте","gloss":"facts"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b9-c4-s17","source":"— Так вы бы так и спросили с самого начала,— громко рассмеялся Митя,— и если хотите, то дело надо начать не со вчерашнего, а с третьеводнишнего дня, с самого утра, тогда и поймете, куда, как и почему я пошел и поехал.","translation":"\"Well then, you should have asked it that way from the start,\" Mitya laughed out loud, \"and if you like, the affair has to be begun not from yesterday but from the day before, from the very morning — then you'll understand where, how, and why I went and drove.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так вы бы так и спросили","title":"Reproachful conditional «вы бы … спросили»","body":"«вы бы так и спросили» — 'you should have just asked it that way' — uses «бы» + past to voice a reproach about an unfulfilled past possibility. The irrealis past with «бы» does the work English does with 'should have'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"третьеводнишнего","title":"«третьеводнишний» — of the day before yesterday","body":"«третьеводнишний» is a colloquial adjective from «третьего дня» ('the day before yesterday', literally 'the third day'). Mitya's folksy, compressed coinage — 'the day-before-yesterday's day' — marks his rushed, vernacular speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"куда, как и почему я пошел и поехал","title":"Paired prefixed motion «пошёл и поехал»","body":"«пошёл» (set off on foot) and «поехал» (set off by vehicle) are both perfectives with «по-», distinguishing manner of going. The doublet 'I went and drove' captures a journey on foot then by carriage — a distinction Russian motion verbs make obligatory."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросили","gloss":"well then"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of спросили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of спросили","gloss":"should have"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросили","gloss":"that way"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"спросили","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начала","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самого","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies начала","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"начала","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of спросили","gloss":"start"},{"surface":"громко","lemma":"громко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассмеялся","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"рассмеялся","lemma":"рассмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to спросили","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассмеялся","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотите","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on надо","gloss":"you like"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of надо","gloss":"the affair"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal predicate governing начать","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"начать","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"be begun"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вчерашнего","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вчерашнего","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вчерашнего","lemma":"вчерашний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начать","gloss":"yesterday's"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дня","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"третьеводнишнего","lemma":"третьеводнишнего","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"the day-before-yesterday's","note":"third'evodnishnego is a colloquial/dialectal form of позавчерашнего, \"the day before yesterday's\"."},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with вчерашнего","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утра","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самого","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies утра","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"утра","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with вчерашнего","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поймете","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поймете","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поймете","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with спросили","gloss":"you'll understand"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with куда, modifies пошел","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of поймете","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поехал","lemma":"поехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошел","gloss":"drove"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b9-c4-s18","source":"Пошел я, господа, третьего дня утром к здешнему купчине Самсонову занимать у него три тысячи денег под вернейшее обеспечение,— это вдруг приспичило, господа, вдруг приспичило…","translation":"The day before yesterday, gentlemen, in the morning, I went to the local merchant Samsonov to borrow three thousand from him against the surest security — it came over me all at once, gentlemen, all at once it came over me...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"купчине","title":"«купчина» — the big merchant","body":"«купчина» is an expressive augmentative of «купец» (merchant), with the suffix -ин-: a hulking, weighty merchant — half-respectful, half-mocking. Samsonov is precisely such a coarse, rich provincial trader, so the form fits him exactly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"занимать у него три тысячи","title":"«занимать у» + genitive of the lender","body":"«занимать у него» — 'to borrow from him' — uses «у» + genitive to mark the person one borrows from. «три тысячи» takes its own quantified construction; «под вернейшее обеспечение» = 'against the surest security'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"приспичило","title":"«приспичить» — to come over one suddenly","body":"«приспичило» is a vivid, colloquial impersonal verb: 'it suddenly came over me / I urgently had to'. It is used impersonally, with no nominative subject, conveying an irresistible, almost bodily urge — pure Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I went"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Пошел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Пошел (time idiom «третьего дня» = the day before yesterday)","gloss":"the day before"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Пошел (time idiom «третьего дня»)","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies Пошел (time adverbial, parallel to третьего дня)","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking купчине","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"здешнему","lemma":"здешний","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies купчине","gloss":"the local"},{"surface":"купчине","lemma":"купчина","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Пошел","gloss":"merchant"},{"surface":"Самсонову","lemma":"самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to купчине","gloss":"Samsonov"},{"surface":"занимать","lemma":"занимать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Пошел","gloss":"to borrow"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of занимать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on денег","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of занимать","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обеспечение","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"вернейшее","lemma":"верный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обеспечение","gloss":"surest"},{"surface":"обеспечение","lemma":"обеспечение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of занимать","gloss":"security"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of приспичило","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приспичило","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"приспичило","lemma":"приспичить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Пошел","gloss":"came over me"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приспичило","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"приспичило","lemma":"приспичить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приспичило","gloss":"it came over me"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b9-c4-s19","source":"— Позвольте прервать вас,— вежливо перебил прокурор,— почему вам так вдруг понадобилась, и именно такая сумма, то есть в три тысячи рублей?","translation":"\"Permit me to interrupt you,\" the prosecutor broke in politely, \"why did you so suddenly need it, and precisely such a sum — that is, three thousand roubles?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Позвольте прервать вас","title":"Imperative «позвольте» of courtesy","body":"«Позвольте» (perfective imperative, 'permit/allow') plus an infinitive is the standard formula for a polite interjection — 'allow me to interrupt you'. The prosecutor's whole manner is built from such deferential imperatives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"почему вам так вдруг понадобилась","title":"Dative experiencer with «понадобиться»","body":"«вам … понадобилась … сумма» frames need impersonally for the experiencer: the person stands in the dative «вам» while the thing needed («сумма») is the grammatical subject the verb agrees with. Russian voices necessity as something that happens to you."}],"words":[{"surface":"Позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"permit me"},{"surface":"прервать","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Позвольте","gloss":"to interrupt"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of прервать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вежливо","lemma":"вежливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перебил","gloss":"politely"},{"surface":"перебил","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Позвольте","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перебил","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понадобилась","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of понадобилась","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вдруг","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понадобилась","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"понадобилась","lemma":"понадобиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Позвольте","gloss":"did you need"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies такая","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сумма","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"сумма","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of понадобилась","gloss":"a sum"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рублей","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рублей","gloss":"amounting to"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to сумма","gloss":"roubles"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b9-c4-s20","source":"— Э, господа, не надо бы мелочи: как, когда и почему, и почему именно денег столько, а не столько, и вся эта гамазня… ведь эдак в трех томах не упишешь, да еще эпилог потребуется!","translation":"\"Ah, gentlemen, we shouldn't bother with the petty details: how, when, and why, and why exactly so much money and not some other amount, and all this rigmarole... why, at this rate you couldn't get it into three volumes, and an epilogue would be wanted on top!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не надо бы мелочи","title":"Softened «не надо бы» with «бы»","body":"«не надо бы» adds «бы» to the impersonal «не надо» (one shouldn't) for a softened, grumbling 'we really oughtn't to'. The dative-experiencer modal «надо» needs no nominative subject; «бы» tilts it from flat prohibition to weary opinion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"гамазня","title":"«гамазня» — rigmarole, hubbub","body":"«гамазня» is a rare, expressive colloquialism for a noisy muddle or fuss — a 'rigmarole', a tangle of trivial bother. Mitya sweeps the magistrates' fine questions aside as so much «гамазня»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в трех томах не упишешь","title":"Generalizing 2nd-person «не упишешь»","body":"«не упишешь» is a 2nd-person singular used impersonally/generically — 'one couldn't fit it (in)', not addressed to anyone in particular. This 'you = one' generalizing form is highly idiomatic; «эдак» is a colloquial «так» ('at this rate')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Э","lemma":"э","morphology":"interjection","role":"sets the tone, no syntactic role","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"need to"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of надо","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"мелочи","lemma":"мелочь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of надо","gloss":"the petty details"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of столько","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with как","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with когда","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies столько","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies почему","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"quantified by столько","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"quantifier, correlates with денег","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столько","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with столько","gloss":"that much"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of гамазня","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of гамазня","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"гамазня","lemma":"гамазня","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with столько","gloss":"rigmarole","note":"гамазня is a colloquial word for noisy fuss/commotion."},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of упишешь","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"эдак","lemma":"эдак","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies упишешь","gloss":"at this rate"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking томах","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"трех","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, locative","role":"quantifies томах","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"томах","lemma":"том","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of упишешь","gloss":"volumes"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упишешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"упишешь","lemma":"уписать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on потребуется","gloss":"you'd manage to fit it"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies эпилог","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"эпилог","lemma":"эпилог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of потребуется","gloss":"an epilogue"},{"surface":"потребуется","lemma":"потребоваться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would be needed"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b9-c4-s21","source":"Всё это проговорил Митя с добродушною, но нетерпеливою фамильярностью человека, желающего сказать всю истину и исполненного самыми добрыми намерениями.","translation":"All this Mitya rattled off with the good-natured but impatient familiarity of a man who wishes to tell the whole truth and is filled with the best of intentions.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"проговорил Митя с добродушною … фамильярностью","title":"Archaic instrumental «-ою» of manner","body":"«с добродушною, но нетерпеливою фамильярностью» pairs «с» + instrumental for manner with the elevated long endings -ою (modern -ой). The instrumental of accompanying manner — 'with good-natured but impatient familiarity' — is the narrator's stately characterizing tool."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"человека, желающего … и исполненного … намерениями","title":"Present active participle «желающего»","body":"«желающего» is a present active participle (suffix -ющ-) in the genitive, agreeing with «человека» — 'of a man wishing'. It stacks with «исполненного» (a past passive participle, 'filled') to compress two relative clauses into the noun phrase, the layered syntax of literary description."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of проговорил","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of проговорил","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rattled off"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking добродушною","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"добродушною","lemma":"добродушный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies фамильярностью","gloss":"good-natured"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"нетерпеливою","lemma":"нетерпеливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with добродушною, modifies фамильярностью","gloss":"impatient"},{"surface":"фамильярностью","lemma":"фамильярность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нетерпеливою","gloss":"familiarity"},{"surface":"человека","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies фамильярностью","gloss":"of a man"},{"surface":"желающего","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying человека","gloss":"wishing"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желающего","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of истину","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"истину","lemma":"истина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"исполненного","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with желающего, modifies человека","gloss":"filled with"},{"surface":"самыми","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies добрыми","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"добрыми","lemma":"добрый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies намерениями","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"намерениями","lemma":"намерение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of исполненного","gloss":"intentions"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b9-c4-s22","source":"— Господа,— как бы спохватился он вдруг,— вы на меня не ропщите за мою брыкливость, опять прошу: поверьте еще раз, что я чувствую полную почтительность и понимаю настоящее положение дела.","translation":"\"Gentlemen,\" he said, as if suddenly recollecting himself, \"don't be vexed with me for my balkiness; once again I ask you: believe me one more time that I feel the fullest respect and understand the real position of this affair.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы спохватился он вдруг","title":"Reflexive «спохватиться» + «как бы»","body":"«спохватился» carries -ся (to catch oneself, suddenly recollect); «как бы» ('as if, as it were') softens it into a narrator's hedge — 'as if suddenly recollecting himself'. «как бы» with «бы» is a frequent literary marker of seeming or approximation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"брыкливость","title":"«брыкливость» — balkiness, kicking out","body":"«брыкливость» (from «брыкаться», to kick, of a horse) means a restive, balky, kicking-out temper. Mitya self-deprecatingly likens himself to an unruly horse — 'don't be vexed at my balkiness' — a homely, animal image of his own waywardness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы на меня не ропщите","title":"Negated imperative «не ропщите»","body":"«не ропщите» is a negative imperative of «роптать» (to murmur, grumble against) — 'don't be vexed with me'. The verb is bookish and biblical in tone (the Israelites 'murmuring' in the wilderness), lending Mitya's apology a faint scriptural color."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спохватился","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"auxiliary of спохватился","gloss":"if (as if)"},{"surface":"спохватился","lemma":"спохватиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical aside","gloss":"he caught himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спохватился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спохватился","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ропщите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"oblique complement of ропщите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ропщите","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"ропщите","lemma":"роптать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the вы-clause","gloss":"be vexed"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking брыкливость","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of брыкливость","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"брыкливость","lemma":"брыкливость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ропщите","gloss":"balkiness"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошу","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"прошу","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I ask"},{"surface":"поверьте","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of прошу","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поверьте","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of чувствую","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of чувствую","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"чувствую","lemma":"чувствовать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of поверьте","gloss":"I feel"},{"surface":"полную","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies почтительность","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"почтительность","lemma":"почтительность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of чувствую","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with чувствую","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"настоящее","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies положение","gloss":"real"},{"surface":"положение","lemma":"положение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"position"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies положение","gloss":"of this affair"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b9-c4-s23","source":"Не думайте, что и пьян. Я уж теперь отрезвился.","translation":"Don't think I'm drunk. I've sobered up by now.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я уж теперь отрезвился","title":"Reflexive «отрезвиться» + particle «уж»","body":"«отрезвился» ('sobered up') has -ся as a change-of-state middle: the perfective marks the completed shift from drunk to sober. «уж» (a reduced «уже», 'already/by now') nudges the timing — 'I've sobered up by now'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies думайте","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"думайте","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пьян","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пьян","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of думайте","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of отрезвился","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies теперь","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отрезвился","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"отрезвился","lemma":"отрезвиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sobered up"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b9-c4-s24","source":"Да и что пьян не мешало бы вовсе. У меня ведь как:","translation":"And anyway, being drunk wouldn't be a hindrance at all. With me, you see, it goes like this:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что пьян не мешало бы вовсе","title":"Short adjective «пьян» + impersonal «бы»","body":"«пьян» is the predicative short adjective of «пьяный» (drunk), used here as a noun-clause subject — 'that (I'm) drunk wouldn't be a hindrance at all'. «не мешало бы» is impersonal with «бы», softening to 'wouldn't hurt / wouldn't be a hindrance'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"У меня ведь как:","title":"Appeal-particle «ведь»","body":"«ведь» appeals to shared understanding — 'you see / after all'. In «У меня ведь как:» Mitya leans on the listener's complicity before delivering his little rhyme: 'With me, you see, it goes like this:'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пьян","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пьян","lemma":"пьяный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мешало","gloss":"drunk"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мешало","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мешало","lemma":"мешать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would hinder"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of мешало","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мешало","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"depends on меня","gloss":"it's like this"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b9-c4-s25","source":"Отрезвел, поумнел— стал глуп, Напился, оглупел— стал умен.","translation":"Sobered up, grew wise — turned stupid; Got drunk, turned foolish — grew wise.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отрезвел, поумнел— стал глуп","title":"Inceptive perfectives in a paradox","body":"The little verse strings inceptive perfectives — «отрезвел» (grew sober), «поумнел» (grew wiser), «оглупел» (grew foolish) — each marking a single completed turn into a new state. «стал глуп / стал умен» use «стать» + short adjective for 'became stupid / wise', the paradox hinging on the abrupt aspectual switches."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отрезвел","lemma":"отрезветь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to стал","gloss":"sobered up"},{"surface":"поумнел","lemma":"поумнеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Отрезвел","gloss":"grew wiser"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"глуп","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"Напился","lemma":"напиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Отрезвел","gloss":"got drunk"},{"surface":"оглупел","lemma":"оглупеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Напился","gloss":"turned foolish"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to стал","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"умен","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"wise"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b9-c4-s26","source":"Ха-ха! А впрочем, я вижу, господа, что мне пока еще неприлично острить пред вами, пока то есть не объяснимся.","translation":"Ha-ha! But never mind, I see, gentlemen, that it's still unseemly for me to crack jokes in front of you — that is, until we've come to an understanding.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне … неприлично острить","title":"Dative-subject «мне неприлично»","body":"«мне … неприлично острить» is the classic impersonal pattern: the experiencer in the dative «мне», an invariable predicate «неприлично» (it's unseemly), and an infinitive — 'it's unseemly for me to crack jokes'. No nominative subject anywhere."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пока то есть не объяснимся","title":"«пока … не» + reflexive perfective future","body":"«пока … не объяснимся» means 'until we have come to an understanding': the conjunction «пока» with «не» expresses 'until', and the reciprocal -ся perfective future «объяснимся» marks the completed mutual clearing-up to come."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ha"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to Ха","gloss":"ha"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to вижу","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of неприлично","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of неприлично","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неприлично","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неприлично","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"неприлично","lemma":"неприличный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"modifies острить","gloss":"unseemly"},{"surface":"острить","lemma":"острить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вижу","gloss":"to joke"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"in front of"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вами","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"indirect object of острить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of объяснимся","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of объяснимся","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies объяснимся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"объяснимся","lemma":"объясниться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, plural, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on острить","gloss":"we've come to an understanding"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b9-c4-s27","source":"Позвольте наблюсти и собственное достоинство.","translation":"Allow me to keep up my own dignity, too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"наблюсти","title":"«наблюсти» — to observe/keep up (bookish)","body":"«наблюсти» is a bookish perfective of «наблюдать», here in the older sense 'to observe, maintain, keep up' (one's dignity) rather than 'to watch'. The slightly archaic, elevated choice fits Mitya's mock-formal plea to be allowed his «собственное достоинство»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allow"},{"surface":"наблюсти","lemma":"наблюсти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of Позвольте","gloss":"to keep up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"собственное","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies достоинство","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"достоинство","lemma":"достоинство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of наблюсти","gloss":"dignity"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b9-c4-s28","source":"Понимаю же я теперешнюю разницу: ведь я все-таки пред вами преступник сижу, вам, стало быть, в высшей степени неровня, а вам поручено меня наблюдать: не погладите же вы меня по головке за Григория, нельзя же в самом деле безнаказанно головы ломать старикам, ведь упрячете же вы меня за него по суду, ну на полгода, ну на год в смирительный, не знаю, как там у вас присудят, хотя и без лишения прав, ведь без лишения прав, прокурор?","translation":"I do understand the present difference between us: after all, I'm sitting here before you as a criminal, and so I'm in the highest degree not your equal, while you've been charged to keep watch over me — you're hardly going to pat me on the head over Grigory; one really cannot go about smashing old men's heads with impunity. You'll be packing me off over him by sentence of the court, well, for half a year, well, for a year in the house of correction — I don't know how it's decided in your line, though without loss of civil rights, surely without loss of rights, prosecutor?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ведь … стало быть … ведь … ведь","title":"A chain of «ведь» appeals","body":"Mitya threads the long sentence with «ведь» ('after all, you see') and «стало быть» ('therefore, so then'), constantly appealing to the officials' shared grasp of his situation. These particles give his speech its breathless, button-holing intimacy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не погладите же вы меня по головке","title":"Idiom «погладить по головке»","body":"«погладить по головке» — literally 'to pat (someone) on the little head' — means to treat indulgently, to let off lightly. Mitya knows they won't 'pat him on the head' over the beaten Grigory. The diminutive «головка» heightens the patronizing image."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"упрячете … в смирительный","title":"«смирительный (дом)» — the house of correction","body":"«упрятать» is colloquial for 'to shut away, lock up'; «в смирительный» elides «дом», the «смирительный дом» — a house of correction or workhouse for milder offenders. Mitya gauges his likely sentence in its homely period vocabulary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I understand"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Понимаю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"теперешнюю","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies разницу","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"разницу","lemma":"разница","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Понимаю","gloss":"difference"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сижу","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"все","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сижу","gloss":"still (nonetheless)"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сижу","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вами","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of сижу","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"преступник","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun describing я (subject of сижу)","gloss":"a criminal"},{"surface":"сижу","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the ведь-clause","gloss":"I sit"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of стало","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of idiom стало быть","gloss":"so (idiom стало быть)"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"(idiom: consequently)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"высшей","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of неровня","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"неровня","lemma":"неровня","morphology":"noun, nominative, common gender, singular","role":"predicate noun with вам (I am not your equal)","gloss":"not an equal"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of поручено","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"поручено","lemma":"поручить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сижу","gloss":"you've been charged"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of наблюдать","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"наблюдать","lemma":"наблюдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on поручено","gloss":"to watch"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погладите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"погладите","lemma":"погладить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to наблюдать","gloss":"you won't pat"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies погладите","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of погладите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of погладите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking головке","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"головке","lemma":"головка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of погладите","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Григория","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"Григория","lemma":"григорий","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies погладите (reason)","gloss":"Grigory"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of new clause (impersonal)","gloss":"one cannot"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"indeed (idiom в самом деле)"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нельзя","gloss":"indeed (idiom)"},{"surface":"безнаказанно","lemma":"безнаказанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ломать","gloss":"with impunity"},{"surface":"головы","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ломать","gloss":"heads"},{"surface":"ломать","lemma":"ломать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to smash"},{"surface":"старикам","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of ломать","gloss":"old men"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of упрячете","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"упрячете","lemma":"упрятать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the ведь-clause","gloss":"you'll pack off"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies упрячете","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of упрячете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of упрячете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упрячете","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking суду","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"суду","lemma":"суд","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упрячете","gloss":"sentence of court"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полгода","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"полгода","lemma":"полгода","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of упрячете","gloss":"half a year"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking год","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упрячете","gloss":"a year"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смирительный","gloss":"in(to)"},{"surface":"смирительный","lemma":"смирительный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упрячете (elliptical: смирительный дом)","gloss":"house of correction"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of new clause","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies присудят","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies присудят","gloss":"there (in your line)"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of присудят","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"присудят","lemma":"присудить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знаю","gloss":"they'll decide"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лишения","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лишения","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лишения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"лишения","lemma":"лишение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of присудят","gloss":"loss"},{"surface":"прав","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies лишения","gloss":"of rights"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лишения","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лишения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"лишения","lemma":"лишение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of присудят","gloss":"loss"},{"surface":"прав","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies лишения","gloss":"of rights"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"prosecutor"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b9-c4-s29","source":"Ну так вот, господа, понимаю же я это различие… Но согласитесь и в том, что ведь вы можете самого бога сбить с толку такими вопросами: где ступил, как ступил, когда ступил и во что ступил?","translation":"Well then, gentlemen, I do understand this distinction... But you must agree, too, that you could throw God Himself off the scent with questions like these: where did you step, how did you step, when did you step, and into what did you step?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы можете самого бога сбить с толку","title":"Animate accusative «самого бога»","body":"«самого бога» is the animate accusative (= genitive form) — 'God Himself' as the object of «сбить с толку» (to throw off, confuse). «сбить с толку» is an idiom, literally 'to knock off the sense'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"где ступил, как ступил, когда ступил и во что ступил","title":"Anaphoric perfective «ступил» in a litany","body":"Mitya parodies the interrogation as a drumbeat of identical perfectives «ступил» (took a step / stepped) under shifting question-words — where, how, when, into what. The repeated single-completed-act verb mocks the pedantic dissection of every footfall."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ну","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I understand"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of различие","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"различие","lemma":"различие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"distinction"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"согласитесь","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"agree"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"том","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of согласитесь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies можете","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of можете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"you could"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies бога","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of сбить","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"сбить","lemma":"сбить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можете","gloss":"throw off"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking толку","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"толку","lemma":"толк","morphology":"noun, partitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сбить","gloss":"the scent"},{"surface":"такими","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of вопросами","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"вопросами","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сбить","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ступил","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ступил","lemma":"ступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"elaborates on вопросами","gloss":"did [you] step"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies ступил","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ступил","lemma":"ступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel to где ступил","gloss":"did [you] step"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ступил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ступил","lemma":"ступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel to где ступил","gloss":"did [you] step"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ступил","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ступил","lemma":"ступить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ступил","gloss":"did [you] step"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b9-c4-s30","source":"Ведь я собьюсь, если так, а вы сейчас лыко в строку и запишете, и что ж выйдет? Ничего не выйдет!","translation":"I'll get muddled if it's like that, and you'll be ready at once to fault my every word and write it all down — and what will come of it? Nothing will come of it!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лыко в строку","title":"Idiom: ставить лыко в строку","body":"«Лыко в строку» (literally \"a strip of bast into the row\") comes from weaving bast shoes: every flaw shows in the finished row. The idiom «ставить лыко в строку» means to hold every slip against someone, to nitpick. Mitya accuses the magistrates of pouncing on his every word — which is why we render it \"fault my every word and write it all down.\""},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь я собьюсь, если так","title":"Reflexive perfective future «собьюсь»","body":"«собьюсь» is the perfective future of «сбиться» (with -ся, to get muddled / lose one's thread) — 'I'll get muddled'. The completed future warns of a single inevitable result if the questioning stays so finicky; «ведь» again appeals to the listeners."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies собьюсь","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of собьюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"собьюсь","lemma":"сбиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll get confused"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of так","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on собьюсь","gloss":"so (like that)"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of запишете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies запишете","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"лыко","lemma":"лыко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom лыко в строку (find fault with every word)","gloss":"every word (idiom лыко в строку)"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking строку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"строку","lemma":"строка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лыко","gloss":"the line (idiom)"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"запишете","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the а-clause","gloss":"write it down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выйдет","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"ж","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"выйдет","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with собьюсь","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"Ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"subject of выйдет","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выйдет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"выйдет","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will come"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b9-c4-s31","source":"Да наконец, если уж я начал теперь врать, то и докончу, а вы, господа, как высшего образования и благороднейшие люди, меня простите.","translation":"And besides, since I've now begun to spin it out, I'll finish it too — and you, gentlemen, being men of the highest education and the noblest sort, will forgive me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если уж я начал … то и докончу","title":"«если … то» with aspectual sequence","body":"«если уж я начал … то и докончу» binds a perfective past «начал» (have begun) to a perfective future «докончу» (I'll finish off) under «если … то». The matched perfectives stage a single resolve: having started, he'll see it through. «уж» adds 'now that, since'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"врать","title":"«врать» — to spin a yarn / lie","body":"«врать» means both 'to lie' and, colloquially, 'to ramble on, talk nonsense, spin a tale'. Mitya half-confesses to 'spinning it out', the looser sense, with a self-aware, performative shrug."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies наконец","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies простите","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начал","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on докончу","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies врать","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"врать","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"spinning tales"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of докончу","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"докончу","lemma":"докончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the то-clause","gloss":"I'll finish it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of простите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to вы","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"preposition marking образования","gloss":"as (being)"},{"surface":"высшего","lemma":"высокий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies образования","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"образования","lemma":"образование","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"education"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"благороднейшие","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"noblest"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with вы","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of простите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"простите","lemma":"простить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will forgive"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b9-c4-s32","source":"Именно закончу просьбой: разучитесь вы, господа, этой казенщине допроса, то есть сперва-де, видите ли, начинай с чего-нибудь мизерного, с ничтожного: как, дескать, встал, что съел, как плюнул, и, «усыпив внимание преступника», вдруг накрывай его ошеломляющим вопросом: «Кого убил, кого обокрал?»","translation":"Let me end precisely with a request: unlearn, gentlemen, that bureaucratic routine of interrogation — that is, the way you first, you see, begin with something paltry, something trifling: how, say, the man got up, what he ate, how he spat, and then, having \"lulled the criminal's vigilance,\" you suddenly pounce on him with the staggering question: \"Whom did you murder, whom did you rob?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"разучитесь вы … этой казенщине","title":"Imperative «разучитесь» + dative object","body":"«разучитесь» is the imperative of «разучиться» (-ся: to unlearn, forget how) and governs the dative «казенщине» — 'unlearn that bureaucratic routine'. The «раз-» prefix gives the sense of un-doing an acquired habit."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"казенщина","title":"«казёнщина» — soulless officialdom","body":"«казёнщина» (from «казённый», state-owned, official) is a contemptuous noun for dreary bureaucratic routine — wooden, formulaic 'officialese'. Mitya flings it at the whole method of interrogation; it recurs in the next segment as his keyword."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сперва-де … как, дескать, встал","title":"Reportative particles «-де» and «дескать»","body":"«-де» and «дескать» are reportative particles meaning roughly 'so they say / supposedly', marking words as a quoted or imagined script — here the imagined interrogator's patter. Mitya ventriloquizes the magistrates' method, tagging it as hearsay he's mimicking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"усыпив внимание … накрывай его … вопросом","title":"Past gerund «усыпив» + imperative «накрывай»","body":"«усыпив» is a perfective past gerund (-ив, 'having lulled') giving the prior circumstance, then the imperfective imperative «накрывай» ('keep pouncing'). The gerund sharing the subject with the command lets Mitya stage the trap in one breath: 'having lulled his vigilance, you spring on him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies закончу","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"закончу","lemma":"закончить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll end"},{"surface":"просьбой","lemma":"просьба","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"complement of закончу","gloss":"with a request"},{"surface":"разучитесь","lemma":"разучиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, perfective","role":"content of the request (просьбой)","gloss":"unlearn"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of разучитесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of казенщине","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"казенщине","lemma":"казёнщина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разучитесь","gloss":"bureaucratic routine"},{"surface":"допроса","lemma":"допрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies казенщине","gloss":"of interrogation"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сперва","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"сперва","lemma":"сперва","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb introducing the explanation","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"де","lemma":"де","morphology":"particle, reportative","role":"reportative particle attached to сперва","gloss":"(they say)"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to начинай","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видите","gloss":"(idiom: you see)"},{"surface":"начинай","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to разучитесь","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of начинай","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"part of чего-нибудь, oblique complement of начинай (via с)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"мизерного","lemma":"мизерный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нибудь","gloss":"paltry"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ничтожного","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ничтожного","lemma":"ничтожный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with мизерного (elliptical: с чего-нибудь ничтожного)","gloss":"trifling"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of встал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"дескать","lemma":"дескать","morphology":"particle, reportative","role":"parenthetical reportative particle","gloss":"(so to speak)"},{"surface":"встал","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"illustrates the routine (parallel item)","gloss":"did [he] get up"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of съел","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"съел","lemma":"съесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"second item, parallel to встал","gloss":"did [he] eat"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of плюнул","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"плюнул","lemma":"плюнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"third item, parallel to встал","gloss":"did [he] spit"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"усыпив","lemma":"усыпить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on накрывай","gloss":"having lulled"},{"surface":"внимание","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of усыпив","gloss":"the attention"},{"surface":"преступника","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies внимание","gloss":"of the criminal"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies накрывай","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"накрывай","lemma":"накрывать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with начинай (culminating action)","gloss":"pounce on"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of накрывай","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ошеломляющим","lemma":"ошеломляющий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вопросом","gloss":"staggering"},{"surface":"вопросом","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of накрывай","gloss":"a question"},{"surface":"Кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to вопросом","gloss":"did [you] kill"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of обокрал","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"обокрал","lemma":"обокрасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to убил","gloss":"did [you] rob"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b9-c4-s33","source":"Ха-ха! Ведь вот ваша казенщина, это ведь у вас правило, вот на чем вся ваша хитрость-то зиждется!","translation":"Ha-ha! There it is, your routine, that's the rule with you, that's the very thing your whole cunning rests upon!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот на чем вся ваша хитрость-то зиждется","title":"Topic-clitic «-то» on «хитрость»","body":"The clitic «-то» on «хитрость-то» underlines a known topic with an insinuating nudge — 'that whole cunning of yours'. Combined with the bookish verb «зиждется» (rests upon, is founded), it gives Mitya's gibe a mock-solemn ring."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зиждется","title":"«зиждиться» — to be founded upon","body":"«зиждется» (from the archaic «зиждиться», to be founded/based) is a lofty, Slavonic-flavoured verb for 'rests upon, is grounded in'. Mitya drops it ironically into his taunt, dressing up the magistrates' 'cunning' in elevated language."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ha"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to Ха","gloss":"ha"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse particle introducing the clause","gloss":"there (you see)"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies ваша","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ваша","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of казенщина","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"казенщина","lemma":"казёнщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun (this is your routine)","gloss":"routine"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject (this is...)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вас","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of правило (idiom: у вас = your custom)","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"правило","lemma":"правило","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun (это is subject)","gloss":"a rule"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies чем","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of зиждется","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of хитрость","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ваша","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of хитрость","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"хитрость","lemma":"хитрость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of зиждется","gloss":"cunning"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"emphatic particle attached to хитрость","gloss":"(emphatic particle)"},{"surface":"зиждется","lemma":"зиждиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rests"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b9-c4-s34","source":"Да ведь это вы мужиков усыпляйте подобными хитростями, а не меня.","translation":"It's peasants you ought to be lulling with tricks like that — not me.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"это вы мужиков усыпляйте … а не меня","title":"Fronted object + imperative «усыпляйте»","body":"Word order throws «мужиков» (peasants, animate accusative) to the front for contrast — 'it's peasants you should be lulling, not me'. «усыпляйте» is an imperfective imperative (keep doing it generally); the «а не меня» caps the topic-comment contrast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies усыпляйте","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"cleft particle emphasizing вы (w4)","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of усыпляйте","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мужиков","lemma":"мужик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of усыпляйте","gloss":"peasants"},{"surface":"усыпляйте","lemma":"усыплять","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lull to sleep"},{"surface":"подобными","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies хитростями","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"хитростями","lemma":"хитрость","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of усыпляйте","gloss":"tricks"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies меня","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"coordinated with мужиков (contrastive object: lull the peasants, not me)","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b9-c4-s35","source":"Я ведь понимаю дело, сам служил, ха-ха-ха! Не сердитесь, господа, прощаете дерзость?— крикнул он, смотря на них с удивительным почти добродушием.","translation":"I understand the business, you see, I've served myself, ha-ha-ha! Don't be angry, gentlemen, will you forgive the impertinence?\" he cried, looking at them with an almost astonishing good nature.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотря на них","title":"Present gerund «смотря»","body":"«смотря на них» is an imperfective present gerund (-я) of «смотреть» — 'looking at them', an attendant simultaneous action sharing Mitya's subject. The gerund neatly attaches his manner of looking to the act of crying out."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дерзость","title":"«дерзость» — impudence, boldness","body":"«дерзость» spans 'insolence, cheek' and 'daring, audacity' — Mitya begs pardon for his «дерзость», the brazen lecturing he's just delivered. The word's double edge fits a man whose impudence is also a kind of reckless courage."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаю","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of понимаю","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"emphasizes я (w1), subject of служил","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"служил","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with понимаю","gloss":"served"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation, independent of the clause","gloss":"ha"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"repeats ха (w7)","gloss":"ha"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"repeats ха (w7)","gloss":"ha"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердитесь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"сердитесь","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, imperative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be angry"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"parallel clause to сердитесь","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"прощаете","lemma":"прощать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сердитесь","gloss":"will you forgive"},{"surface":"дерзость","lemma":"дерзость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прощаете","gloss":"the impertinence"},{"surface":"крикнул","lemma":"крикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, introduces the quoted speech","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крикнул","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"смотря","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on крикнул","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"них","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking добродушием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"удивительным","lemma":"удивительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies добродушием","gloss":"astonishing"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies удивительным (\"almost astonishing,\" not \"almost good-natured\")","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"добродушием","lemma":"добродушие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотря","gloss":"good nature"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b9-c4-s36","source":"— Ведь Митька Карамазов сказал, стало быть, можно и извинить, потому умному человеку не извинительно, а Митьке извинительно! Ха-ха!","translation":"\"It was Mitka Karamazov who said it, after all, so it can be excused — for what's unforgivable in a clever man is forgivable in Mitka! Ha-ha!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Митька … Митьке","title":"«Митька» — the rough diminutive","body":"«Митька», with the suffix -к-, is the blunt, lowly diminutive of Dmitri — coarser and more self-deprecating than the warm «Митя». By calling himself «Митька Карамазов», Mitya casts himself as a wild, unbuttoned fellow from whom folly is only to be expected."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"умному человеку не извинительно, а Митьке извинительно","title":"Dative + impersonal «извинительно»","body":"«умному человеку … извинительно / Митьке извинительно» is the dative-experiencer pattern with an invariable predicate: 'for a clever man it's unforgivable, for Mitka it's excusable'. The contrastive «а» pivots between the two datives — the whole joke turns on who is excused."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказал","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"Митька","lemma":"митька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"Mitka"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Митька","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to можно","gloss":"so","note":"стало быть is a fixed phrase meaning \"so, consequently\"."},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of сказал","gloss":"it's permissible"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"извинить","lemma":"извинить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with можно","gloss":"excuse"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies извинительно","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"умному","lemma":"умный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"a clever"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of извинительно","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies извинительно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"извинительно","lemma":"извинительный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to можно (w7), explaining why","gloss":"forgivable"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Митьке","lemma":"митьке","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of извинительно","gloss":"Mitka"},{"surface":"извинительно","lemma":"извинительный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause, coordinated with не извинительно (w14)","gloss":"forgivable"},{"surface":"Ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ha"},{"surface":"ха","lemma":"ха","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to Ха","gloss":"ha"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b9-c4-s37","source":"Николай Парфенович слушал и тоже смеялся.","translation":"Nikolai Parfenovich listened and laughed too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слушал и тоже смеялся","title":"Imperfective past for background","body":"Both «слушал» (listened) and «смеялся» (laughed, with middle -ся) are imperfective pasts, painting an ongoing, simultaneous scene rather than discrete events — the magistrate is steadily listening and laughing along."}],"words":[{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слушал","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеялся","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"смеялся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with слушал","gloss":"laughed"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b9-c4-s38","source":"Прокурор хоть и не смеялся, но зорко, не спуская глаз, разглядывал Митю, как бы не желая упустить ни малейшего словечка, ни малейшего движения его, ни малейшего сотрясения малейшей черточки в лице его.","translation":"The prosecutor, though he did not laugh, scrutinized Mitya keenly, never taking his eyes off him, as if not wishing to let slip the smallest word, the smallest movement of his, the smallest twitch of the smallest feature in his face.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не спуская глаз","title":"Negated gerund «не спуская глаз»","body":"«не спуская глаз» is a negated present gerund — 'not taking his eyes off (him)', a simultaneous circumstance to «разглядывал». «спускать глаз» idiomatically means to look away; under negation it takes the genitive «глаз». The gerund keeps the prosecutor's fixed stare running through the sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как бы не желая упустить ни малейшего словечка","title":"«ни малейшего» + genitive of negation","body":"Under the negated «не желая упустить», the objects fall into the genitive and chain with intensifying «ни» — «ни малейшего словечка, ни малейшего движения, ни малейшего сотрясения». This triple «ни … ни … ни» is negative concord at full literary stretch: 'not the smallest word, not the smallest movement…'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"словечка … черточки","title":"Diminutives «словечко», «черточка»","body":"«словечко» (tiny word) and «черточка» (tiny line/feature) are diminutives of «слово» and «черта». Heaped under «ни малейшего» ('not the smallest'), they sharpen the prosecutor's microscopic vigilance — he misses not even the least flicker."}],"words":[{"surface":"Прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of разглядывал (main verb); also of смеялся","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеялся","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase хоть","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеялся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеялся","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зорко","lemma":"зорко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разглядывал","gloss":"keenly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies спуская","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"спуская","lemma":"спускать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on зорко","gloss":"taking"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спуская","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"разглядывал","lemma":"разглядывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence, contrasted with смеялся via но","gloss":"scrutinized"},{"surface":"Митю","lemma":"митю","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разглядывал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies желая","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies желая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"желая","lemma":"желать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on разглядывал","gloss":"wishing"},{"surface":"упустить","lemma":"упустить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of желая","gloss":"to miss"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies малейшего","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"малейшего","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies словечка","gloss":"the slightest"},{"surface":"словечка","lemma":"словечко","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of упустить","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"малейшего","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies движения","gloss":"slightest"},{"surface":"движения","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with словечка","gloss":"movement"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies движения","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"малейшего","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сотрясения","gloss":"slightest"},{"surface":"сотрясения","lemma":"сотрясение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with словечка","gloss":"twitch"},{"surface":"малейшей","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies черточки","gloss":"slightest"},{"surface":"черточки","lemma":"чёрточка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сотрясения","gloss":"feature"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лице","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"лице","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies черточки","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies лице","gloss":"his"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b9-c4-s39","source":"— Мы, однако, так и начали с вами первоначально,— отозвался, всё продолжая смеяться, Николай Парфенович,— что не стали сбивать вас вопросами: как вы встали поутру и что скушали, а начали даже со слишком существенного.","translation":"\"And yet that is just how we began with you from the first,\" Nikolai Parfenovich responded, still laughing, \"in that we did not set about confusing you with questions like how you got up in the morning and what you ate, but began straight off with something rather too essential.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не стали сбивать вас вопросами","title":"«стать» as inceptive auxiliary","body":"«не стали сбивать» uses «стать» (perfective) as an inceptive auxiliary with an imperfective infinitive — 'did not set about / take to confusing you'. «вопросами» is the instrumental of means (with questions). The magistrate insists they skipped the trivial run-up."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"что скушали","title":"«скушать» — the polite 'eat'","body":"«скушать» is a softened, genteel perfective for 'to eat' (vs. plain «съесть»), often used in solicitous or childlike speech. Quoting the imagined trivial question 'what you ate', the magistrate adopts exactly the dainty register Mitya mocked."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of начали","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to начали","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начали (idiom так и)","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вами","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of начали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"первоначально","lemma":"первоначально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начали","gloss":"from the first"},{"surface":"отозвался","lemma":"отозваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, introduces the attribution","gloss":"responded"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies продолжая (still, continuously)","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"продолжая","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отозвался","gloss":"continuing"},{"surface":"смеяться","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжая","gloss":"to laugh"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отозвался","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to начали","gloss":"set about"},{"surface":"сбивать","lemma":"сбивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"confusing"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of сбивать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"вопросами","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of сбивать","gloss":"with questions"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встали","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of встали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"встали","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to сбивать","gloss":"got up"},{"surface":"поутру","lemma":"поутру","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies встали","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of скушали","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"скушали","lemma":"скушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with встали","gloss":"ate"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with стали (w17)","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies существенного","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking существенного","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies существенного","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"существенного","lemma":"существенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of начали","gloss":"essential"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b9-c4-s40","source":"— Понимаю, понял и оценил, и еще более ценю настоящую вашу доброту со мной, беспримерную, достойную благороднейших душ.","translation":"\"I understand — I understood and appreciated it, and I value still more this genuine kindness of yours toward me, unexampled, worthy of the noblest souls.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Понимаю, понял и оценил","title":"Imperfective/perfective in one breath","body":"Mitya juxtaposes imperfective present «понимаю» ('I understand', the standing state) with perfective pasts «понял» and «оценил» ('I grasped and appreciated', completed acts). The slide from present comprehension to past completed insight is pure aspect at work."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"беспримерную","title":"«беспримерный» — unexampled","body":"«беспримерный» (without precedent, 'unexampled') is an elevated adjective Mitya lavishes on the officials' kindness. The hyperbole — 'unexampled, worthy of the noblest souls' — is typical of his swinging emotional generosity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Понимаю","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I understand"},{"surface":"понял","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Понимаю","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оценил","lemma":"оценить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with понял","gloss":"appreciated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ценю","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"ценю","lemma":"ценить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Понимаю","gloss":"value"},{"surface":"настоящую","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доброту","gloss":"genuine"},{"surface":"вашу","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of доброту","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"доброту","lemma":"доброта","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ценю","gloss":"kindness"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"мной","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"modifies доброту","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"беспримерную","lemma":"беспримерный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доброту","gloss":"unexampled"},{"surface":"достойную","lemma":"достойный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with доброту","gloss":"worthy"},{"surface":"благороднейших","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural, superlative","role":"modifies душ","gloss":"noblest"},{"surface":"душ","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of ценю","gloss":"souls"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b9-c4-s41","source":"Мы тут трое сошлись люди благородные, и пусть всё у нас так и будет на взаимном доверии образованных и светских людей, связанных дворянством и честью.","translation":"Here the three of us have come together as men of honor, and let everything between us go on like this, on the mutual trust of educated men of the world, bound by gentle birth and honor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"пусть всё … так и будет на взаимном доверии","title":"Hortative «пусть … будет»","body":"«пусть … будет» is the 3rd-person imperative formed with the particle «пусть» plus a future — 'let everything be / go on'. It voices a wish or exhortation for someone/something other than 'you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сошлись","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошлись (locative adverb on the verb, not on трое)","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"трое","lemma":"трое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on сошлись","gloss":"three of us"},{"surface":"сошлись","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came together"},{"surface":"люди","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of сошлись (in apposition to Мы)","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"благородные","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies люди","gloss":"honorable"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пусть","lemma":"пусть","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the jussive clause with будет","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of будет","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"нас","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies будет (у нас = between us)","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies будет","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"будет","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to доверии","gloss":"will go on"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доверии","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"взаимном","lemma":"взаимный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies доверии","gloss":"mutual"},{"surface":"доверии","lemma":"доверие","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of будет","gloss":"trust"},{"surface":"образованных","lemma":"образованный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies людей","gloss":"educated"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"светских","lemma":"светский","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"coordinated with образованных","gloss":"of the world"},{"surface":"людей","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies доверии","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"связанных","lemma":"связать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying людей","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"дворянством","lemma":"дворянство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of связанных","gloss":"gentle birth"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"честью","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with дворянством","gloss":"honor"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b9-c4-s42","source":"Во всяком случае, позвольте мне считать вас за лучших друзей моих в эту минуту жизни моей, в эту минуту унижения чести моей! Ведь не обидно это вам, господа, не обидно?","translation":"In any case, allow me to count you among my best friends at this moment of my life, at this moment of the humbling of my honor! It's not offensive to you, gentlemen, is it — not offensive?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"позвольте мне считать вас за лучших друзей","title":"«считать за» + accusative","body":"«считать вас за … друзей» — 'to count you as my best friends' — uses «считать за» + accusative for 'reckon someone as'. «вас» and «лучших друзей» are animate accusatives; «позвольте мне» again frames the wish as a humble request."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ведь не обидно это вам … не обидно?","title":"Dative «вам» with impersonal «обидно»","body":"«не обидно это вам?» — 'it's not offensive to you?' — is the dative-experiencer pattern: «вам» feels the offense, «обидно» is the invariable predicate. The fronted «ведь» and the anxious repetition beg reassurance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всяком","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to позвольте","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"allow"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of позвольте","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"считать","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of позвольте","gloss":"to count"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of считать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking друзей","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"лучших","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies друзей","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"друзей","lemma":"друг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of считать","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"моих","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of друзей","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of считать","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуту","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуту","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with минуту","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"унижения","lemma":"унижение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of считать","gloss":"of the humbling"},{"surface":"чести","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies унижения","gloss":"of honor"},{"surface":"моей","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies чести","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обидно","gloss":"isn't it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обидно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обидно","lemma":"обидный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"offensive"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обидно","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of обидно","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with обидно","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обидно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обидно","lemma":"обидный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with обидно","gloss":"offensive"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b9-c4-s43","source":"— Напротив, вы всё это так прекрасно выразили, Дмитрий Федорович,— важно и одобрительно согласился Николай Парфенович.","translation":"\"On the contrary, you have put all this so beautifully, Dmitri Fyodorovich,\" Nikolai Parfenovich agreed gravely and approvingly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"важно","title":"«важно» — gravely, with weight","body":"As a manner adverb «важно» means 'gravely, with dignity / self-importance' — not 'importantly'. Paired with «одобрительно» ('approvingly') over «согласился» (agreed), it fixes the magistrate's solemn, gratified assent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to выразили","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of выразили","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of это","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выразили","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прекрасно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"прекрасно","lemma":"прекрасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выразили","gloss":"beautifully"},{"surface":"выразили","lemma":"выразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"expressed"},{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address, not the subject","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies согласился","gloss":"gravely"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"одобрительно","lemma":"одобрительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies согласился","gloss":"approvingly"},{"surface":"согласился","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (reporting verb)","gloss":"agreed"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of согласился","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b9-c4-s44","source":"— А мелочи, господа, все эти крючкотворные мелочи прочь,— восторженно воскликнул Митя,— а то это просто выйдет черт знает что, ведь не правда ли?","translation":"\"And away with the trifles, gentlemen, all these hairsplitting trifles,\" Mitya exclaimed rapturously, \"otherwise it'll simply turn into the devil knows what, isn't that so?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"крючкотворные мелочи","title":"«крючкотворство» — pettifoggery","body":"«крючкотворный» (from «крючкотворство», literally 'hook-making') is a scornful word for legalistic hairsplitting, pettifoggery, bureaucratic quibbling. Mitya wants all these 'hairsplitting trifles' swept away — «прочь!»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"все эти … мелочи прочь","title":"Verbless imperative «прочь»","body":"«прочь» ('away! off!') stands as a verbless command — 'away with all these trifles'. Such bare directional adverbs functioning as imperatives (вон!, долой!, прочь!) give Mitya's outburst its explosive brevity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"черт знает что","title":"Idiom «чёрт знает что»","body":"«чёрт знает что» — literally 'the devil knows what' — is a set exclamation for an absurd, chaotic mess. Mitya warns the inquiry will degenerate into 'the devil knows what', invoking the devil as casually as his father and brothers do throughout the novel."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мелочи","lemma":"мелочь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"topic of the exclamation (away with...)","gloss":"the trifles"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with мелочи","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мелочи","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of мелочи","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"крючкотворные","lemma":"крючкотворный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies мелочи","gloss":"hairsplitting"},{"surface":"мелочи","lemma":"мелочь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with мелочи","gloss":"trifles"},{"surface":"прочь","lemma":"прочь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мелочи","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"восторженно","lemma":"восторженно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воскликнул","gloss":"rapturously"},{"surface":"воскликнул","lemma":"воскликнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, introduces the attribution","gloss":"exclaimed"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воскликнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or else"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выйдет","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of выйдет","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"просто","lemma":"просто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies выйдет","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"выйдет","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause, subject это (not coordinated with мелочи)","gloss":"will turn out"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"devil"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знает","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces the clause of правда","gloss":"isn't it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on знает","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies правда","gloss":"right"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b9-c4-s45","source":"— Вполне последую вашим благоразумным советам,— ввязался вдруг прокурор, обращаясь к Мите,— но от вопроса моего, однако, не откажусь.","translation":"\"I shall follow your sensible advice entirely,\" the prosecutor suddenly cut in, turning to Mitya, \"but I will not withdraw my question all the same.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"от вопроса моего … не откажусь","title":"«отказаться от» + genitive","body":"«не откажусь от вопроса» — 'I will not give up / withdraw my question' — uses «отказаться от» + genitive (the thing renounced). «откажусь» is a reflexive perfective future, a firm single resolve cutting against Mitya's plea."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ввязался","title":"«ввязаться» — to cut in, butt in","body":"«ввязался» (perfective, with -ся) means to break into a conversation, to weigh in — here 'cut in'. The verb suggests entangling oneself («вязать», to tie), so the prosecutor doesn't merely speak but inserts himself pointedly into the exchange."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies последую","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"последую","lemma":"последовать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I will follow"},{"surface":"вашим","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of советам","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"благоразумным","lemma":"благоразумный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies советам","gloss":"sensible"},{"surface":"советам","lemma":"совет","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of последую","gloss":"advice"},{"surface":"ввязался","lemma":"ввязаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, introduces the attribution","gloss":"cut in"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ввязался","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ввязался","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ввязался","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"мите","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопроса","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вопроса","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of вопроса","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to откажусь","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies откажусь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"откажусь","lemma":"отказаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ввязался","gloss":"withdraw"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b9-c4-s46","source":"Нам слишком существенно необходимо узнать, для чего именно вам понадобилась такая сумма, то есть именно в три тысячи?","translation":"It is far too essential for us to learn just why you needed such a sum — that is, precisely three thousand.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нам слишком существенно необходимо узнать","title":"Dative «нам» + impersonal «необходимо»","body":"«Нам … необходимо узнать» is the dative-experiencer modal: «нам» (to us) plus invariable «необходимо» (it is essential) plus infinitive — 'we must / it is essential for us to learn'. The intensifiers «слишком существенно» pile on the prosecutor's insistence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для чего именно вам понадобилась такая сумма","title":"Dative of need «вам понадобилась»","body":"Again «вам понадобилась … сумма»: the needed thing «сумма» is the subject the verb agrees with, the needer «вам» stands in the dative. «для чего именно» ('for what exactly') presses on motive — the very point Mitya keeps dodging."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нам","lemma":"нам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of необходимо","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies существенно","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"существенно","lemma":"существенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies необходимо","gloss":"essential"},{"surface":"необходимо","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"узнать","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on необходимо","gloss":"to learn"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of понадобилась","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вам","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of понадобилась","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"понадобилась","lemma":"понадобиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of узнать","gloss":"you needed"},{"surface":"такая","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сумма","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"сумма","lemma":"сумма","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of понадобилась","gloss":"a sum"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of тысячи","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тысячи","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"restates сумма (w12), apposition","gloss":"thousand"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b9-c4-s47","source":"— Для чего понадобилась? Ну, для того, для сего… ну, долг отдать.","translation":"\"What did I need it for? Well, for this and for that... well, to pay back a debt.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"для того, для сего","title":"Archaic «сего» — 'this'","body":"«сего» is the genitive of the archaic demonstrative «сей» (this), surviving in fixed bookish phrases. «для того, для сего» is a dismissive 'for this and for that', the old «сей» giving a faintly formal, evasive shrug."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"долг отдать","title":"Infinitive of purpose «долг отдать»","body":"«долг отдать» — 'to pay back a debt' — is a bare infinitive answering 'what for?'; «отдать (долг)» is the perfective 'to give back / repay'. Mitya tosses out the purpose as an afterthought, the object «долг» fronted before its verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of понадобилась","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"понадобилась","lemma":"понадобиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did I need it"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to сего","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"parallel clause to сего","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"сего","lemma":"сие","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"долг","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отдать","gloss":"a debt"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to pay back"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b9-c4-s48","source":"— Кому именно?","translation":"\"To whom, precisely?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кому именно?","title":"Interrogative «кому» in the dative","body":"«Кому?» is the dative of the interrogative «кто» — 'to whom?' — the case demanded by repaying a debt to someone. The prosecutor's clipped two-word question presses straight for the recipient."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"to whom"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Кому","gloss":"precisely"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b9-c4-s49","source":"— Это положительно отказываюсь сказать, господа! Видите, не потому, чтоб не мог сказать, али не смел, али опасался, потому что всё это плевое дело и совершенные пустяки, а потому не скажу, что тут принцип: это моя частная жизнь, и я не позволю вторгаться в мою частную жизнь.","translation":"\"That I positively refuse to say, gentlemen! You see, it's not that I couldn't say, or didn't dare, or was afraid, because the whole thing is a mere nothing, the sheerest trifle — but I won't say it because there's a principle at stake: this is my private life, and I will not allow anyone to intrude into my private life.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не потому, чтоб не мог … а потому … что","title":"Correlative «не потому … а потому, что»","body":"Mitya builds a careful 'not because … but because' frame: «не потому, чтоб…» (with «чтоб» + past «не мог/смел/опасался») against «а потому не скажу, что…». «чтоб» here introduces a denied reason in the irrealis, while «потому что» gives the real one."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"плевое дело","title":"Idiom «плёвое дело»","body":"«плёвое дело» (from «плевать», to spit) means a trifling, contemptibly easy matter — 'not worth spitting on'. Mitya insists his secret is «плёвое дело и совершенные пустяки», a mere nothing, to wave off the suspicion it conceals anything grave."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"али","title":"«али» — folksy 'or'","body":"«али» is a colloquial, folk-tinged variant of «или» (or): «не смел, али опасался». Slipping into peasant diction, Mitya gives his protest a homespun, theatrical color even as he stands on aristocratic 'principle'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"topicalized direct object of сказать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"положительно","lemma":"положительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отказываюсь","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"отказываюсь","lemma":"отказываться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I refuse"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of отказываюсь","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address to the panel","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parenthetical addressing the gentlemen","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies потому","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase не потому, чтоб (it's not because)","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on потому","gloss":"I could"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction (dialectal, = или)","role":"links смел to the previous clause","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смел","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смел","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with мог","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction (dialectal, = или)","role":"links опасался to the previous clause","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"опасался","lemma":"опасаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смел","gloss":"was afraid"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the reason clause (with что) for опасался","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что (because)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дело","gloss":"the whole thing"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with дело","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"плевое","lemma":"плёвый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"paltry"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun of всё это (omitted copula: is a paltry matter)","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совершенные","lemma":"совершенный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies пустяки","gloss":"utter"},{"surface":"пустяки","lemma":"пустяк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with дело","gloss":"trifles"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"that's why"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отказываюсь (main clause)","gloss":"I'll say"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of принцип","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies принцип","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"принцип","lemma":"принцип","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the clause (there is a principle here)","gloss":"a principle"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of жизнь","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"частная","lemma":"частный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"private"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of это (this is my private life)","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of позволю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"позволю","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with the preceding clause (это ... жизнь)","gloss":"will allow"},{"surface":"вторгаться","lemma":"вторгаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of позволю","gloss":"to intrude"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жизнь","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"мою","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"частную","lemma":"частный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"private"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вторгаться","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b9-c4-s50","source":"Вот мой принцип. Ваш вопрос до дела не относится, а всё, что до дела не относится, есть моя частная жизнь!","translation":"That is my principle. Your question has no bearing on the case, and everything that has no bearing on the case is my private life!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё, что до дела не относится, есть моя частная жизнь","title":"Correlative «всё, что …» + copula «есть»","body":"«всё, что … не относится, есть моя частная жизнь» pairs the correlative «всё, что» (everything that) with the rarely-written present copula «есть» — 'is'. Russian normally drops the present 'to be', so the explicit «есть» gives the maxim a formal, axiomatic ring: a stated principle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"мой","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of принцип","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"принцип","lemma":"принцип","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Вот","gloss":"principle"},{"surface":"Ваш","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вопрос","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of относится","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дела (до дела = to the case)","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies вопрос","gloss":"the case"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies относится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"относится","lemma":"относиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pertains"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of относится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дела","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"дела","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of относится","gloss":"the case"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies относится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"относится","lemma":"относиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on всё","gloss":"pertains"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking всё to жизнь","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"моя","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of жизнь","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"частная","lemma":"частный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизнь","gloss":"private"},{"surface":"жизнь","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of есть","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b9-c4-s51","source":"Долг хотел отдать, долг чести хотел отдать, а кому— не скажу.","translation":"I wanted to pay a debt, a debt of honor I wanted to pay, but to whom — I won't say.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Долг хотел отдать, долг чести хотел отдать","title":"Emphatic fronting and repetition","body":"Mitya fronts the object «долг» before «хотел отдать» and then repeats with the fuller «долг чести» — 'a debt I wanted to pay, a debt of honor I wanted to pay'. The free word order plus incremental repetition is a rhetorical crescendo, the new weight on «чести»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Долг","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"fronted direct object of отдать","gloss":"a debt"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I wanted","note":"the subject \"I\" is understood, not stated."},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to pay"},{"surface":"долг","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"fronted direct object of the repeated отдать","gloss":"a debt"},{"surface":"чести","lemma":"честь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies долг","gloss":"of honor"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the repeated clause, coordinated with the first хотел","gloss":"I wanted"},{"surface":"отдать","lemma":"отдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to pay"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"кому","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of скажу","gloss":"to whom"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"I'll say"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b9-c4-s52","source":"— Позвольте нам записать это,— сказал прокурор.","translation":"\"Permit us to write that down,\" said the prosecutor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Позвольте нам записать это","title":"Imperative «позвольте» + dative «нам»","body":"«Позвольте нам записать» — 'permit us to write down' — combines the polite imperative «позвольте» with a dative «нам» (the ones permitted to act) and an infinitive. The prosecutor's clipped courtesy turns even note-taking into a request."}],"words":[{"surface":"Позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"permit"},{"surface":"нам","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of Позвольте","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"записать","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Позвольте","gloss":"to write down"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of записать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Позвольте","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"the prosecutor"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b9-c4-s53","source":"— Сделайте одолжение. Так и записывайте: что не скажу и не скажу.","translation":"\"By all means. Write it down just so: that I won't say, and won't say.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Сделайте одолжение","title":"Idiom «сделайте одолжение»","body":"«Сделайте одолжение» — literally 'do (me) a favor' — is a set polite formula meaning 'by all means / please do, go right ahead'. Mitya uses it with a flourish of mock-graciousness as he dares them to write down his refusal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так и записывайте: что не скажу и не скажу","title":"Imperfective imperative + emphatic repetition","body":"«записывайте» is an imperfective imperative ('go on writing, keep writing'), and «не скажу и не скажу» repeats the perfective future for stubborn emphasis — 'that I won't say, and won't say'. The doubling makes refusal itself the dictated content."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сделайте","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do","note":"\"Сделайте одолжение\" is a set idiom for \"by all means / if you please\"."},{"surface":"одолжение","lemma":"одолжение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Сделайте","gloss":"a favor"},{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies записывайте","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle in так и (just exactly so)","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"записывайте","lemma":"записывать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"write it down"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скажу","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to записывайте","gloss":"I'll say"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажу","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скажу","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with скажу","gloss":"I'll say"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b9-c4-s54","source":"Пишите, господа, что считаю даже бесчестным это сказать. Эк у вас времени-то много записывать!","translation":"Write it, gentlemen, that I even consider it dishonorable to say. My, but you have a great deal of time for writing!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Эк у вас времени-то много","title":"Exclamatory «Эк» + topic-clitic «-то»","body":"«Эк» is an expressive exclamatory particle ('my, how…!'), and «времени-то» tags the topic with «-то». «времени … много» uses the genitive «времени» with the quantity word «много» (much). Together: 'My, but you've got a lot of time!' — a teasing jab."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пишите","lemma":"писать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"direct object of считаю","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"считаю","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of Пишите","gloss":"I consider"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бесчестным","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"бесчестным","lemma":"бесчестный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of считаю","gloss":"dishonorable"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказать","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of считаю","gloss":"to say"},{"surface":"Эк","lemma":"эк","morphology":"interjection/particle","role":"exclamatory particle heading the sentence","gloss":"my!"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас (у вас = you have)","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of записывать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"времени","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive subject in the existential у вас ... construction","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"много","lemma":"много","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate quantifier (много времени = a great deal of time)","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"записывать","lemma":"записывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"for writing"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b9-c4-s55","source":"— Позвольте вас, милостивый государь, предупредить и еще раз вам напомнить, если вы только не знали того,— с особенным и весьма строгим внушением проговорил прокурор,— что вы имеете полное право не отвечать на предлагаемые вам теперь вопросы, а мы, обратно, никакого не имеем права вымогать у вас ответы, если вы сами уклоняетесь отвечать по той или другой причине.","translation":"\"Permit me, my dear sir, to warn you and remind you once more, in case you simply did not know it,\" the prosecutor pronounced with peculiar and most stern emphasis, \"that you have every right not to answer the questions now put to you, while we, conversely, have no right whatever to wring answers from you if you yourself decline to answer for one reason or another.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Позвольте вас … предупредить и … напомнить","title":"Animate accusative «вас» across two infinitives","body":"«Позвольте вас … предупредить и … напомнить вам» — the single «вас» (animate accusative) serves «предупредить» (warn), while «напомнить» switches to the dative «вам» (remind to someone). The shifting object cases mirror the two verbs' different government."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никакого не имеем права вымогать у вас ответы","title":"Negative concord «никакого … не имеем»","body":"«никакого не имеем права» shows negative concord: the negative pronoun «никакого» (genitive, 'no … whatever') co-occurs with the verbal «не» — two negatives, one denial. The genitive «права» follows from the negation: 'we have no right whatever'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Позвольте","lemma":"позволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"permit"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Позвольте","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"милостивый","lemma":"милостивый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies государь","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"государь","lemma":"государь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address (милостивый государь = my dear sir)","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"предупредить","lemma":"предупредить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with Позвольте","gloss":"to warn"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of напомнить","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of напомнить","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"напомнить","lemma":"напомнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with Позвольте","gloss":"to remind"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знали","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знали","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of напомнить","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking внушением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"особенным","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies внушением","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies строгим","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"строгим","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with особенным","gloss":"stern"},{"surface":"внушением","lemma":"внушение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"emphasis"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Позвольте","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имеете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of имеете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"имеете","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to Позвольте","gloss":"you have"},{"surface":"полное","lemma":"полный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies право","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеете","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies отвечать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"отвечать","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies право","gloss":"to answer"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросы","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"предлагаемые","lemma":"предлагать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, plural, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying вопросы","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of предлагаемые","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предлагаемые","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отвечать","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of имеем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"обратно","lemma":"обратно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имеем","gloss":"conversely"},{"surface":"никакого","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies права (no right at all)","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имеем","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with имеете","gloss":"we have"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеем","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"вымогать","lemma":"вымогать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies права","gloss":"to wring"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of вымогать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ответы","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of вымогать","gloss":"answers"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уклоняетесь","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of уклоняетесь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сами","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"clause modifying уклоняетесь","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"уклоняетесь","lemma":"уклоняться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, second, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вымогать","gloss":"decline"},{"surface":"отвечать","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of уклоняетесь","gloss":"to answer"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking причине","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of причине","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with той","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"причине","lemma":"причина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечать","gloss":"reason"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b9-c4-s56","source":"Это дело личного соображения вашего. Но наше дело состоит опять-таки в том, чтобы вам в подобном теперешнему случае представить на вид и разъяснить всю ту степень вреда, который вы сами же себе производите, отказываясь дать то или другое показание.","translation":"That is a matter for your own consideration. But it is, again, our business in a case like the present one to set before you and explain the whole degree of harm you are doing to yourself by refusing to give one piece of testimony or another.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вреда, который вы сами же себе производите","title":"«себе» reflexive + intensifier «сами же»","body":"«вы сами же себе производите» packs the reflexive pronoun «себе» (to yourself, dative) with the intensifier «сами» and the particle «же» — 'the harm you yourself are doing to yourself'. «который» relativizes «вреда» (harm). The layering drives home that the damage is self-inflicted."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отказываясь дать то или другое показание","title":"Present gerund «отказываясь»","body":"«отказываясь» is an imperfective present gerund (-ясь, reflexive) — 'by refusing', the means/circumstance of doing oneself harm. It shares the subject 'you' and condenses a whole causal clause into one verb-adverb, in the prosecutor's measured legal style."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дело","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a matter"},{"surface":"личного","lemma":"личный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies соображения","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"соображения","lemma":"соображение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"consideration"},{"surface":"вашего","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of соображения","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"наше","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of дело","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of состоит","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"состоит","lemma":"состоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consists"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies состоит","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"том","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of состоит","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of представить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of представить","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подобном","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"теперешнему","lemma":"теперешний","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of представить","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"представить","lemma":"представить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on том","gloss":"to set","note":"\"представить на вид\" is an idiom for \"to point out\"."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom на вид (to point out)","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom на вид (to point out)","gloss":"view"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разъяснить","lemma":"разъяснить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with представить","gloss":"explain"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of степень","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"ту","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of степень","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"степень","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of разъяснить","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"вреда","lemma":"вред","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies степень","gloss":"of harm"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of производите","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of производите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сами","lemma":"сами","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"clause modifying производите","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of производите","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"производите","lemma":"производить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on вреда","gloss":"you are doing"},{"surface":"отказываясь","lemma":"отказываться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on производите","gloss":"by refusing"},{"surface":"дать","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of отказываясь","gloss":"to give"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of показание","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"другое","lemma":"другое","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with то","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дать","gloss":"piece of testimony"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b9-c4-s57","source":"Затем прошу продолжать.","translation":"And now I beg you to continue.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Затем прошу продолжать","title":"«прошу» + infinitive request","body":"«прошу продолжать» — 'I beg/ask (you) to continue' — uses the 1st-person present «прошу» plus an imperfective infinitive, a courteous formula equivalent to a softened command. «Затем» here means 'and now / thereupon'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прошу","gloss":"and now"},{"surface":"прошу","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I beg"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of прошу","gloss":"to continue"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b9-c4-s58","source":"— Господа, я ведь не сержусь… я…— забормотал было Митя, несколько сконфуженный внушением,— вот-с видите, господа, этот самый Самсонов, к которому я тогда пошел…","translation":"\"Gentlemen, I'm not angry, you know... I...\" Mitya began to mumble, somewhat disconcerted by the admonition, \"you see, gentlemen, this same Samsonov, to whom I went that day...\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"забормотал было","title":"The particle «было» — an interrupted start","body":"«забормотал было» uses the particle «было» after a perfective past to mark an action begun but checked or undone — 'began to mumble (but…)'. It signals that Mitya's flustered start went nowhere, cut short by his own confusion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сконфуженный","title":"«сконфуженный» — abashed","body":"«сконфуженный» (past passive participle of «сконфузить», from the borrowing «конфуз») means abashed, disconcerted, put out of countenance. The prosecutor's «внушение» (admonition) has briefly knocked the bravado out of Mitya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вот-с видите","title":"Deferential «-с» on «вот-с»","body":"Even rattled, Mitya tacks the deferential «-с» (the clipped «сударь», sir) onto «вот-с» — 'you see, sir'. Catching himself after the rebuke, he slips into the obsequious register, the same particle the magistrate used in segment s10."}],"words":[{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сержусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ведь","lemma":"ведь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сержусь","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сержусь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сержусь","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Господа","gloss":"am angry"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забормотал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"забормотал","lemma":"забормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began to mumble"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"particle marking an action begun (used with забормотал)","gloss":"started to"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of забормотал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сконфуженный","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"сконфуженный","lemma":"сконфузить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying Митя","gloss":"disconcerted"},{"surface":"внушением","lemma":"внушение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сконфуженный","gloss":"by the admonition"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies видите","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to забормотал","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Самсонов","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Самсонов","gloss":"same"},{"surface":"Самсонов","lemma":"Самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with видите","gloss":"Samsonov"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошел","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of пошел","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"пошел","lemma":"пойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on Самсонов","gloss":"went"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b9-c4-s59","source":"Мы, конечно, не станем приводить рассказ его в подробности о том, что уже известно читателю.","translation":"We shall not, of course, set down his account in the detail of what is already known to the reader.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мы, конечно, не станем приводить рассказ его","title":"«не станем» — negated inceptive future","body":"«не станем приводить» uses «стать» as an inceptive auxiliary in the perfective future with an imperfective infinitive — 'we shall not (set about) recounting'. This is the chronicler-narrator's voice, the editorial 'we' declining to repeat known matter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что уже известно читателю","title":"Dative «читателю» + short «известно»","body":"«известно читателю» is the dative-experiencer pattern with the short predicate «известно» (is known) — 'what is already known to the reader'. The reader, like any experiencer, stands in the dative «читателю»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of станем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to станем","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies станем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"станем","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"приводить","lemma":"приводить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of станем","gloss":"set down"},{"surface":"рассказ","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of приводить","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies рассказ","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies рассказ","gloss":"detail"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"том","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подробности","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of известно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"читателю","lemma":"читатель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"to the reader"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b9-c4-s60","source":"Рассказчик нетерпеливо хотел рассказать всё до малейшей черточки и в то же время чтобы вышло поскорей.","translation":"The narrator was impatient to tell everything down to the smallest detail and at the same time to have it done with quickly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел рассказать … и … чтобы вышло поскорей","title":"Purpose clause «чтобы вышло»","body":"After «хотел», the second wish shifts to a «чтобы»-clause with the past-form «вышло» — 'and at the same time [wanted] it to come out quickly'. «чтобы» + past is Russian's willed/purposive irrealis, the second half of the «бы»-machinery fused into the conjunction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"до малейшей черточки","title":"«до малейшей черточки» — down to the last detail","body":"«до малейшей черточки» — 'down to the smallest little line/feature' — uses the superlative «малейшей» with the diminutive «черточка» for 'every last detail'. The same image of the tiny «черточка» echoes the prosecutor's scrutiny in segment s38, now turned to Mitya's eager fullness of telling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Рассказчик","lemma":"рассказчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of хотел","gloss":"the narrator"},{"surface":"нетерпеливо","lemma":"нетерпеливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"impatiently"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"рассказать","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассказать","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking черточки","gloss":"down to"},{"surface":"малейшей","lemma":"малый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies черточки","gloss":"the smallest"},{"surface":"черточки","lemma":"чёрточка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказать","gloss":"detail"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вышло","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вышло","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"вышло","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хотел","gloss":"it would come out"},{"surface":"поскорей","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вышло","gloss":"quickly"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b9-c4-s61","source":"Но по мере показаний их записывали, а стало быть, необходимо его останавливали.","translation":"But as his depositions were being written down, they necessarily kept stopping him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"по мере показаний","title":"«по мере» + genitive: 'in proportion as'","body":"The preposition «по мере» ('to the extent / as') governs the genitive «показаний» (gen. pl. of «показание»), here meaning 'as his depositions [proceeded].' It frames a gradual, parallel unfolding — the writing-down keeps pace with the testimony."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"их записывали… его останавливали","title":"Imperfective past for repeated action","body":"Both «записывали» (kept writing down) and «останавливали» (kept stopping) are imperfective past, marking habitual, repeated action through the interrogation rather than single events — hence English 'were being written down' and 'kept stopping him.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"показание","title":"«показание»: legal deposition","body":"«Показание» is the legal term for sworn testimony or a deposition, the formal statement a witness or suspect gives. The plural «показания» here is the running record of what Mitya keeps telling the investigators."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стало быть","title":"«стало быть»: 'consequently'","body":"«Стало быть» is a slightly old-fashioned, colloquial logical connector meaning 'and so / consequently / therefore.' It threads cause to effect in narration and speech and is a favorite of Dostoevsky's reasoning voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking показаний","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по мере (as, in the measure of)","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"показаний","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of записывали","gloss":"his depositions"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of записывали","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"записывали","lemma":"записывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were written down"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"part of the idiom стало быть (consequently)","gloss":"consequently"},{"surface":"необходимо","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"predicative adverb governing останавливали (it was necessary that they kept stopping him)","gloss":"necessarily"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of останавливали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"останавливали","lemma":"останавливать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"depends on необходимо","gloss":"kept stopping"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b9-c4-s62","source":"Дмитрий Федорович осуждал это, но подчинялся, сердился, но пока еще добродушно.","translation":"Dmitri Fyodorovich disapproved of this, yet submitted; he grew angry, but so far still good-naturedly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"осуждал… подчинялся, сердился","title":"A row of imperfectives for inner process","body":"The string of imperfective past verbs «осуждал… подчинялся… сердился» paints overlapping, ongoing states — he was disapproving, submitting, growing angry — none of them a finished event. The aspect keeps Mitya's mood as a continuing background rather than a sequence of completed acts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"но… но пока еще добродушно","title":"Double «но» and the particle «пока еще»","body":"Two contrastive «но» ('but') stack the concessions, while «пока еще» ('so far / for the time being still') flags a temporary state that the narrator hints will not last. It quietly foreshadows the souring of Mitya's good humor."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"добродушно","title":"«добродушно»: good-naturedly","body":"«Добродушно» (from «добрый» good + «душа» soul) means 'good-naturedly, kindly.' It captures the open, unguarded warmth that is so characteristic of Mitya — and that the cold procedure of the interrogation will steadily wear away."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дмитрий","lemma":"дмитрий","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осуждал","gloss":"Dmitri"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дмитрий","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"осуждал","lemma":"осуждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"disapproved of"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of осуждал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"подчинялся","lemma":"подчиняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with осуждал","gloss":"submitted"},{"surface":"сердился","lemma":"сердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with осуждал","gloss":"grew angry"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies добродушно","gloss":"so far"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies добродушно","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"добродушно","lemma":"добродушный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with осуждал","gloss":"good-naturedly"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b9-c4-s63","source":"Правда, вскрикивал иногда: «Господа, это самого го́спода бога взбесит», или: «Господа, знаете ли вы, что вы только напрасно меня раздражаете?», но всё еще, восклицая это, своего дружески экспансивного настроения пока не изменял.","translation":"True, he would cry out now and then: \"Gentlemen, this would enrage God Almighty Himself,\" or: \"Gentlemen, do you know that you are irritating me to no purpose?\" — but even while exclaiming this, he had not yet, for the moment, abandoned his friendly, expansive mood.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскрикивал иногда","title":"Imperfective «вскрикивал» + «иногда» for repetition","body":"«Вскрикивал» is imperfective past paired with «иногда» ('now and then'), marking a repeated outburst — he would cry out from time to time. The perfective «вскрикнул» would name a single shout; the imperfective makes it a recurring tic of his agitation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"знаете ли вы","title":"Interrogative particle «ли»","body":"«Знаете ли вы» fronts the verb and follows it with the enclitic «ли» to form a pointed yes/no question ('do you know…?'). The «ли» lends a rhetorical, slightly formal edge — Mitya is half-accusing, not really inquiring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"восклицая это… не изменял","title":"Gerund «восклицая» of attendant action","body":"«Восклицая» is an imperfective present деепричастие ('exclaiming / while exclaiming'), an indeclinable verb-adverb sharing Mitya's subject and naming the action going on at the same time as the main verb «не изменял» ('did not [yet] alter'). It packs 'even as he exclaimed this' into one word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"своего дружески экспансивного настроения… не изменял","title":"Genitive of negation","body":"Under the negated verb «не изменял» the object stands in the genitive — «своего… настроения» (gen.) rather than accusative — the genitive of negation, very common with abstract objects. It reads as 'did not abandon any of his mood.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"взбесит","title":"«взбесить»: to enrage, drive mad","body":"«Взбесить» (perfective; root «бес» = demon, the same as 'rabies/беситься') means 'to infuriate, drive into a frenzy.' Mitya's hyperbole — 'this would enrage God Almighty Himself' — is comically blasphemous, fusing the diabolical root with the holy «господа бога»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to вскрикивал","gloss":"True,"},{"surface":"вскрикивал","lemma":"вскрикивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would cry out"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскрикивал","gloss":"now and then"},{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative (vocative), masculine, plural","role":"term of address, not a clause argument","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of взбесит","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самого","morphology":"adjective, accusative (animate), masculine, singular","role":"modifies го́спода","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"го́спода","lemma":"господь","morphology":"noun, accusative (animate), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взбесит","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"бога","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies го́спода","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"взбесит","lemma":"взбесить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to вскрикивал","gloss":"would enrage"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative (vocative), masculine, plural","role":"term of address, not a clause argument","gloss":"Gentlemen"},{"surface":"знаете","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"do you know"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаете","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of знаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of раздражаете","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of раздражаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies напрасно","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"напрасно","lemma":"напрасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раздражаете","gloss":"for nothing"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of раздражаете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"раздражаете","lemma":"раздражать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знаете","gloss":"you irritate"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изменял","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"восклицая","lemma":"восклицая","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on изменял","gloss":"exclaiming"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of восклицая","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of настроения","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"дружески","lemma":"дружески","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies экспансивного","gloss":"amicably"},{"surface":"экспансивного","lemma":"экспансивный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies настроения","gloss":"expansive"},{"surface":"настроения","lemma":"настроение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of изменял","gloss":"mood"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изменял","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies изменял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"изменял","lemma":"изменять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вскрикивал","gloss":"had abandoned"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b9-c4-s64","source":"Таким образом он рассказал, как «надул» его третьего дня Самсонов.","translation":"In this manner he related how Samsonov had \"swindled\" him the day before yesterday.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Таким образом","title":"«таким образом»: instrumental adverbial 'thus'","body":"«Таким образом» ('in this manner / thus') is a frozen instrumental phrase (instr. of «образ» 'manner, image') used as a discourse connective. The instrumental here marks manner — the way in which something is done."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"надул его… Самсонов","title":"Object-before-subject word order","body":"The clause runs object «его» before subject «Самсонов» («надул его… Самсонов»). Because case endings keep the roles clear, Russian freely places the new, weighty information — the swindler's name — last for emphasis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"надул","title":"«надуть»: to cheat, dupe","body":"Literally 'to inflate / blow up,' «надуть» is slangy for 'to swindle, take in, dupe.' The narrator keeps it in quotation marks because it is Mitya's own raw word for what Samsonov did to him."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"третьего дня","title":"«третьего дня»: the day before yesterday","body":"A fixed genitive time-expression «третьего дня» ('on the third day [back]') means 'the day before yesterday.' It is bookish and dated; modern Russian prefers «позавчера»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказал","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"related"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надул","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"надул","lemma":"надуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рассказал","gloss":"swindled"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of надул","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"третьего","lemma":"третий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies дня","gloss":"the day before"},{"surface":"дня","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial genitive of time (третьего дня = \"the day before yesterday\"), modifies надул","gloss":"yesterday","note":"третьего дня is a fixed idiom meaning \"the day before yesterday,\" not a direct object."},{"surface":"Самсонов","lemma":"самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of надул","gloss":"Samsonov"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b9-c4-s65","source":"(Он уже догадывался теперь вполне, что его тогда надули).","translation":"(By now he fully suspected that he had been swindled on that occasion.)","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"догадывался… вполне","title":"Imperfective «догадывался» of a dawning realization","body":"«Догадывался» (imperfective past) presents the guessing as a gradual process now reaching fullness ('вполне', completely) — he was coming to suspect. The perfective «догадался» would freeze it into the single moment of realization."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что его тогда надули","title":"Impersonal 'they' passive «надули»","body":"«Надули» is a 3rd-person-plural verb with no stated subject — the impersonal 'they swindled him,' which Russian uses where English reaches for a passive ('he had been swindled'). The unnamed agent suits Mitya's vague, retrospective sense of having been had."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of догадывался","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадывался","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"догадывался","lemma":"догадываться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suspected"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадывался","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies догадывался","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надули","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of надули","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надули","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"надули","lemma":"надуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of догадывался","gloss":"had been swindled"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b9-c4-s66","source":"Продажа часов за шесть рублей, чтобы добыть на дорогу денег, совсем еще не известная следователю и прокурору, возбудила тотчас же всё чрезвычайное их внимание, и уже к безмерному негодованию Мити: нашли нужным факт этот в подробности записать, ввиду вторичного подтверждения того обстоятельства, что у него и накануне не было уже ни гроша почти денег.","translation":"The sale of the watch for six roubles, to get money for the journey, of which the magistrate and prosecutor knew nothing as yet, at once roused the whole of their extraordinary attention, and — to Mitya's boundless indignation — they found it necessary to write the fact down in detail, as a second confirmation of the circumstance that even the day before he had had scarcely a penny of money left.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Продажа часов за шесть рублей","title":"Genitive chains and numeral government","body":"«Продажа часов» is a noun-of-action with its object in the genitive ('the sale of the watch'), and «шесть рублей» shows numerals five-and-up taking the genitive plural «рублей». The case endings let this whole heavy subject stand before its verb «возбудила»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы добыть на дорогу денег","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + infinitive","body":"«Чтобы добыть… денег» is a purpose clause ('in order to get money'). Because the two clauses share a subject, «чтобы» takes a bare infinitive «добыть» rather than a past-form verb; «денег» is a partitive genitive ('some money')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не известная следователю и прокурору","title":"Dative of the experiencer with «известная»","body":"«Известная следователю и прокурору» means 'unknown to the magistrate and prosecutor' — the people to whom it is unknown stand in the dative, the case of the one a state pertains to. The participle-like adjective «известная» agrees with the feminine subject «продажа»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него… не было уже ни гроша почти денег","title":"Negated existential: «не было» + genitive","body":"«У него не было… ни гроша… денег» is the standard 'he had no…' frame: «у» + genitive for the possessor, «не было» (neuter, impersonal) for non-existence, and the absent thing in the genitive («гроша», «денег»). The «ни» intensifies to 'not a single penny.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ни гроша","title":"«ни гроша»: not a farthing","body":"A «грош» was a tiny copper coin (half a kopeck), so «ни гроша» ('not a grosh') is the idiom for utter pennilessness — 'not a red cent.' It survives in modern Russian only in such set negative phrases."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"к безмерному негодованию Мити","title":"«к негодованию»: 'to the indignation of'","body":"«К… негодованию» ('to the [boundless] indignation of') is a fixed «к» + dative reaction-phrase, like English 'to his dismay.' «Негодование» is high-register 'indignation, outrage'; «безмерному» ('measureless') heightens it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Продажа","lemma":"продажа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of возбудила","gloss":"The sale"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Продажа","gloss":"of the watch"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рублей","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on рублей","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"рублей","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies часов","gloss":"roubles"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of добыть","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"добыть","lemma":"добыть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on Продажа","gloss":"get"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дорогу","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of добыть","gloss":"the journey"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies дорогу","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies еще","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известная","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies известная","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"известная","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Продажа","gloss":"unknown"},{"surface":"следователю","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of известная","gloss":"to the magistrate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прокурору","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with следователю","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"возбудила","lemma":"возбудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"roused"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возбудила","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of внимание","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"чрезвычайное","lemma":"чрезвычайный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies внимание","gloss":"extraordinary"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of внимание","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"внимание","lemma":"внимание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of возбудила","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies негодованию","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking негодованию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"безмерному","lemma":"безмерный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies негодованию","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"негодованию","lemma":"негодование","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with возбудила","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"Мити","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to негодованию","gloss":"of Mitya"},{"surface":"нашли","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to возбудила","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"нужным","lemma":"нужный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of нашли","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"факт","lemma":"факт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нашли","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of факт","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of записать","gloss":"detail"},{"surface":"записать","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"infinitive complement of нашли нужным","gloss":"to write down"},{"surface":"ввиду","lemma":"ввиду","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подтверждения","gloss":"in view of"},{"surface":"вторичного","lemma":"вторичный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подтверждения","gloss":"a second"},{"surface":"подтверждения","lemma":"подтверждение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of записать","gloss":"confirmation"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обстоятельства","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"обстоятельства","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies подтверждения","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of было","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было (у него не было = \"he did not have\")","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"накануне","lemma":"накануне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"the day before"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause (у него не было ни гроша денег)","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies гроша","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гроша","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"гроша","lemma":"грош","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было","gloss":"penny"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies денег","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"денег","lemma":"деньга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies гроша","gloss":"of money"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b9-c4-s67","source":"Мало-помалу Митя начал становиться угрюмым.","translation":"Little by little Mitya began to turn sullen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начал становиться угрюмым","title":"Instrumental predicate after «становиться»","body":"«Становиться угрюмым» ('to become sullen') puts the predicate adjective in the instrumental «угрюмым», as «становиться/стать» and «быть» regularly do. The phasal verb «начал» ('began') adds the onset of the change."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Мало-помалу","title":"«мало-помалу»: little by little","body":"«Мало-помалу» ('bit by bit, gradually') is a reduplicative adverbial idiom — literally 'little [by] little' — slightly literary and well suited to charting the slow darkening of Mitya's mood."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb, part of idiom мало-помалу","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"помалу","lemma":"помалу","morphology":"adverb, part of idiom мало-помалу","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"by little","note":"мало-помалу is a fixed adverbial idiom meaning \"little by little\"; it is not the subject."},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"становиться","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to turn"},{"surface":"угрюмым","lemma":"угрюмый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of становиться","gloss":"sullen"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b9-c4-s68","source":"Затем, описав путешествие к Лягавому и проведенную в угарной избе ночь и проч., довел свой рассказ и до возвращения в город и тут начал сам, без особенной уже просьбы, подробно описывать ревнивые муки свои с Грушенькой.","translation":"Then, having described his journey to Lyagavy and the night spent in the fume-filled hut, and so on, he brought his account up to his return to town, and there, of his own accord, without any special prompting now, he began to describe in detail his torments of jealousy over Grushenka.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"описав… довел свой рассказ","title":"Perfective gerund «описав» for prior action","body":"«Описав» is a perfective past деепричастие ('having described'), naming the action completed before the main perfective verb «довел» ('brought up to'). The pairing — gerund of prior act, then finite verb — is the standard way Russian sequences events within one sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"проведенную в угарной избе ночь","title":"Past passive participle «проведенную»","body":"«Проведенную» is a past passive participle of «провести» ('to spend [time]'), declined to agree with «ночь» — 'the night [that had been] spent.' Such participles fold a whole relative clause ('which he spent…') into one modifier, a hallmark of literary compression."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в угарной избе","title":"«угарная изба»: the fume-filled hut","body":"An «изба» is a traditional peasant log hut; «угарный» derives from «угар», the dangerous carbon-monoxide fumes given off by a stove whose flue is shut too early. The detail recalls Mitya's grim, half-poisoned night at Lyagavy's."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ревнивые муки","title":"«ревнивые муки»: torments of jealousy","body":"«Муки» ('torments, agonies', from the same root as 'martyr/мученик') with «ревнивые» ('jealous') names the jealous suffering Mitya is about to lay bare. The plural «муки» heightens it into protracted, repeated anguish."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и проч.","title":"«и проч.»: 'et cetera'","body":"«И проч.» abbreviates «и прочее» ('and the rest / and so forth'), the period equivalent of 'etc.' The narrator uses it to wave past the parts of Mitya's account already known to the reader."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies описав","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"описав","lemma":"описать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on довел","gloss":"having described"},{"surface":"путешествие","lemma":"путешествие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of описав","gloss":"the journey"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Лягавому","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Лягавому","lemma":"Лягавый","morphology":"proper noun (nickname), dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies путешествие","gloss":"Lyagavy","note":"Лягавый is a nickname (\"pointer dog\"), not an ordinary adjective."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проведенную","lemma":"провести","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, feminine, singular, accusative, perfective","role":"clause modifying ночь","gloss":"spent"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking избе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"угарной","lemma":"угарный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies избе","gloss":"fume-filled"},{"surface":"избе","lemma":"изба","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проведенную","gloss":"hut"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of описав","gloss":"the night"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with ночь","gloss":"so on","note":"abbreviation of прочее, \"the rest, etc.\""},{"surface":"довел","lemma":"довести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рассказ","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"рассказ","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of довел","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возвращения","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"возвращения","lemma":"возвращение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of довел","gloss":"his return"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking город","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"город","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies возвращения","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with довел","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying начал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking просьбы","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"особенной","lemma":"особенный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies просьбы","gloss":"special"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies просьбы","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"просьбы","lemma":"просьба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of начал","gloss":"prompting"},{"surface":"подробно","lemma":"подробно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies описывать","gloss":"in detail"},{"surface":"описывать","lemma":"описывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitive complement of начал","gloss":"to describe"},{"surface":"ревнивые","lemma":"ревнивый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies муки","gloss":"jealous"},{"surface":"муки","lemma":"мука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of описывать","gloss":"torments"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of муки","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушенькой","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"Грушенькой","lemma":"грушенькой","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies муки","gloss":"Grushenka"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b9-c4-s69","source":"Его слушали молча и внимательно, особенно вникли в то обстоятельство, что у него давно уже завелся наблюдательный пункт за Грушенькой у Федора Павловича «на задах» в доме Марьи Кондратьевны, и о том, что ему сведения переносил Смердяков: это очень отметили и записали.","translation":"They listened to him in silence and attentively; they took particular note of the circumstance that he had long since set up an observation post on Grushenka at Fyodor Pavlovich's, \"at the back,\" in Marya Kondratyevna's house, and of the fact that it was Smerdyakov who brought him the reports: this they marked down with great care and wrote down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Его слушали молча и внимательно","title":"Subjectless 'they' + adverbs of manner","body":"«Его слушали» is again a subjectless 3rd-person-plural ('they listened to him'), the officials understood from context. «Молча» (itself a frozen gerund of «молчать», 'in silence') and «внимательно» add manner."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у него давно уже завелся наблюдательный пункт","title":"Reflexive «-ся» for a change of state","body":"«Завелся» (from «завестись») uses the middle/reflexive «-ся» to mean 'got started, came to be set up' — an intransitive change of state with no external agent grammatically present. The «у него» frame makes it 'he had set up,' literally 'an observation post had come into being for him.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему сведения переносил Смердяков","title":"Dative «ему» + subject-last order","body":"Here «ему» (dative, 'to him') is the recipient, «сведения» the object, and the subject «Смердяков» falls at the end for focus — it is the news that Smerdyakov was the informant. The free order spotlights the agent the officials care about."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«на задах»","title":"«на задах»: round at the back","body":"«Зады» (always plural) are the back yards or rear premises of a house, the kitchen-garden side away from the street. «На задах» — 'round the back' — is colloquial and rural; the narrator's quotation marks keep Mitya's own homely phrasing for his lookout spot."}],"words":[{"surface":"Его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of слушали","gloss":"Him"},{"surface":"слушали","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"they listened to"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушали","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"внимательно","lemma":"внимательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with молча","gloss":"attentively"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вникли","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"вникли","lemma":"вникнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with слушали","gloss":"they went into"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обстоятельство","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обстоятельство","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"обстоятельство","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вникли","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of завелся","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of завелся","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завелся","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies завелся","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"завелся","lemma":"завестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying обстоятельство","gloss":"had been set up"},{"surface":"наблюдательный","lemma":"наблюдательный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пункт","gloss":"an observation"},{"surface":"пункт","lemma":"пункт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of завелся","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Грушенькой","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Грушенькой","lemma":"грушенькой","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пункт","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Федора","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пункт","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich's"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking задах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"задах","lemma":"зад","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to пункт","gloss":"the back"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пункт","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"Марьи","lemma":"Марья","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"Marya"},{"surface":"Кондратьевны","lemma":"Кондратьевна","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Марьи","gloss":"Kondratyevna's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"том","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with слушали","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of переносил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of переносил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сведения","lemma":"сведение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of переносил","gloss":"the reports"},{"surface":"переносил","lemma":"переносить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"Смердяков","lemma":"смердяков","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of переносил","gloss":"Smerdyakov"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отметили","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отметили","gloss":"carefully"},{"surface":"отметили","lemma":"отметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"parallel clause to переносил","gloss":"they noted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"записали","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with отметили","gloss":"wrote down"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b9-c4-s70","source":"О ревности своей говорил он горячо и обширно и хоть и внутренно стыдясь того, что выставляет свои интимнейшие чувства, так сказать, на «всеобщий позор», но видимо пересиливал стыд, чтобы быть правдивым.","translation":"Of his jealousy he spoke hotly and at length, and though inwardly ashamed of exposing his most intimate feelings, so to speak, \"to general derision,\" he visibly forced down his shame in order to be truthful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стыдясь того, что выставляет","title":"Reflexive gerund «стыдясь» + «-ся» verb","body":"«Стыдясь» is the present gerund of «стыдиться» ('to be ashamed'), one of those verbs that exist only with «-ся». It governs the genitive «того, что…» ('of [the fact] that…'), so the whole means 'being ashamed of the fact that he exposes…'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть и… но","title":"Concessive «хоть и… но»","body":"The frame «хоть и [verb]… но [verb]» ('although he… yet he…') is the standard Russian concessive pairing, where «хоть и» concedes and «но» delivers the countering main clause. Here: though inwardly ashamed, he nonetheless overcame the shame."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"свои интимнейшие чувства","title":"Superlative «интимнейшие»","body":"«Интимнейшие» is the bookish superlative of «интимный» formed with the suffix «-ейш-» ('most intimate'). This synthetic superlative is markedly literary; everyday Russian would more often say «самые интимные»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на «всеобщий позор»","title":"«всеобщий позор»: general derision","body":"«Позор» means 'disgrace, shame, public dishonor'; with «всеобщий» ('universal, общий to all') it is exposure 'to general derision.' Mitya's quotation marks signal he is borrowing a grand, self-dramatizing phrase for the humiliation of confessing his jealousy."}],"words":[{"surface":"О","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ревности","gloss":"Of"},{"surface":"ревности","lemma":"ревность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"jealousy"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative (prepositional), feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ревности","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies говорил","gloss":"hotly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обширно","lemma":"обширно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with горячо","gloss":"at length"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies внутренно","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies внутренно","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"внутренно","lemma":"внутренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стыдясь","gloss":"inwardly"},{"surface":"стыдясь","lemma":"стыдиться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on говорил","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of стыдясь","gloss":"of the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выставляет (modifies того)","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"выставляет","lemma":"выставлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"he exposes"},{"surface":"свои","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of чувства","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"интимнейшие","lemma":"интимный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural, superlative","role":"modifies чувства","gloss":"most intimate"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of выставляет","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказать","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"сказать","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with выставляет","gloss":"to speak","note":"\"так сказать\" is the fixed idiom \"so to speak.\""},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking позор","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всеобщий","lemma":"всеобщий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies позор","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказать","gloss":"derision"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пересиливал","gloss":"visibly"},{"surface":"пересиливал","lemma":"пересиливать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выставляет","gloss":"forced down"},{"surface":"стыд","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пересиливал","gloss":"his shame"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of правдивым","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to правдивым","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"правдивым","lemma":"правдивый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on пересиливал","gloss":"truthful"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b9-c4-s71","source":"Безучастная строгость устремленных пристально на него, во время рассказа, взглядов следователя и особенно прокурора смутила его наконец довольно сильно: «Этот мальчик Николай Парфенович, с которым я еще всего только несколько дней тому говорил глупости про женщин, и этот больной прокурор не стоят того, чтоб я им это рассказывал,— грустно мелькнуло у него в уме,— позор!— „Терпи, смиряйся и молчи“»,— заключил он свою думу стихом, но опять-таки скрепился вновь, чтобы продолжать далее.","translation":"The impassive sternness of the gazes that the magistrate, and the prosecutor especially, fixed intently upon him during his account at last disconcerted him rather sharply: \"This boy Nikolai Parfenovich, with whom only a few days ago I was talking nonsense about women, and this sickly prosecutor — they aren't worth my telling them this,\" flashed mournfully through his mind, \"the shame of it! 'Bear, humble yourself, and be still,'\" he concluded his thought with a line of verse, but then once more braced himself anew to go on further.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"устремленных пристально на него… взглядов","title":"Participial phrase wrapped around its noun","body":"«Устремленных пристально на него… взглядов» is a past passive participle «устремленных» ('fixed, directed') with its own modifiers, all in the genitive agreeing with «взглядов» ('of the gazes'). The participle frames an entire embedded clause — 'the gazes that were fixed intently upon him' — a dense, very 19th-century construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Безучастная строгость… смутила его","title":"Abstract subject + perfective «смутила»","body":"The grammatical subject is the abstract «строгость» ('sternness'), and the perfective «смутила» ('disconcerted, threw into confusion') marks the single completed effect it had on Mitya. Russian readily lets an abstract quality act as agent on a person."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не стоят того, чтоб я им это рассказывал","title":"«чтоб» + past-form irrealis after «стоить»","body":"«Не стоят того, чтоб я… рассказывал» uses the reduced «чтоб» (= «чтобы») with the past-form verb «рассказывал» to express a non-factual, willed clause: 'are not worth my telling them.' «Чтобы/чтоб» always takes this irrealis (past) form, never a present."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"грустно мелькнуло у него в уме","title":"Impersonal «мелькнуло» of a passing thought","body":"«Мелькнуло у него в уме» ('flashed through his mind') is a perfective neuter verb with no personal subject — the thought itself, framed impersonally, darts across his mind. «У него» locates the experiencer; «в уме» the place."}],"words":[{"surface":"Безучастная","lemma":"безучастный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies строгость","gloss":"Impassive"},{"surface":"строгость","lemma":"строгость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of смутила","gloss":"sternness"},{"surface":"устремленных","lemma":"устремить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"modifies взглядов","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies устремленных","gloss":"intently"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of устремленных","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассказа","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase во","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"рассказа","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies строгость","gloss":"his account"},{"surface":"взглядов","lemma":"взгляд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"genitive complement of строгость (\"sternness of the gazes\")","gloss":"of the gazes"},{"surface":"следователя","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies взглядов","gloss":"of the magistrate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прокурора","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with следователя","gloss":"the prosecutor"},{"surface":"смутила","lemma":"смутить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"disconcerted"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of смутила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сильно","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сильно","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"сильно","lemma":"сильно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смутила","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчик","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоят","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчик","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которым","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"которым","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of говорил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies всего","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"in all"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дней","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of говорил","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тому","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of adverbial time phrase несколько дней тому (\"a few days ago\"), modifies говорил","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"говорил","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on Николай","gloss":"I was talking"},{"surface":"глупости","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of говорил","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женщин","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"женщин","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies глупости","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of прокурор","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"больной","lemma":"больной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies прокурор","gloss":"sickly"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоят","gloss":"prosecutor"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"стоят","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to смутила","gloss":"are worth"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"того","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of стоят","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассказывал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of рассказывал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"им","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of рассказывал","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of рассказывал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"рассказывал","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"should tell"},{"surface":"грустно","lemma":"грустно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мелькнуло","gloss":"mournfully"},{"surface":"мелькнуло","lemma":"мелькнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to стоят","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнуло","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уме","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of мелькнуло","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"позор","lemma":"позор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to стоят","gloss":"Shame!"},{"surface":"Терпи","lemma":"терпеть","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to стоят","gloss":"Endure"},{"surface":"смиряйся","lemma":"смиряться","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Терпи","gloss":"humble yourself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Терпи","gloss":"be silent","note":"Терпи, смиряйся и молчи is a quoted line of verse (three imperatives)."},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to смутила","gloss":"he concluded"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of думу","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"думу","lemma":"дума","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of заключил","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"стихом","lemma":"стих","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of заключил","gloss":"with a verse"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скрепился","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"таки","lemma":"таки","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скрепился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"скрепился","lemma":"скрепиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заключил","gloss":"braced himself"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies скрепился","gloss":"anew"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of продолжать","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on скрепился","gloss":"continue"},{"surface":"далее","lemma":"далее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies продолжать","gloss":"further"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b9-c4-s72","source":"Перейдя к рассказу о Хохлаковой, даже вновь развеселился и даже хотел было рассказать об этой барыньке особый недавний анекдотик, не подходящий к делу, но следователь остановил его и вежливо предложил перейти «к более существенному».","translation":"When he came to the story of Madame Khokhlakova, he even grew cheerful again and even wanted to tell a particular recent anecdote about that lady that had nothing to do with the case, but the magistrate stopped him and politely suggested they move on \"to something more essential.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Перейдя к рассказу","title":"Perfective gerund «перейдя»","body":"«Перейдя» is the perfective past gerund of the prefixed motion verb «перейти» ('to pass over to'), here figurative — 'having moved on to the story.' It marks the completed transition before the main verbs «развеселился» and «хотел»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хотел было рассказать","title":"The particle «было»: an action checked","body":"«Хотел было рассказать» uses the special particle «было» after a past-tense verb to mark an action that was just begun or intended but then interrupted or abandoned — 'was about to / made to tell.' Sure enough, «но следователь остановил его»: the magistrate cuts him off."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"об этой барыньке… анекдотик","title":"Diminutives «барынька», «анекдотик»","body":"Both nouns carry diminutive suffixes that color the tone: «барынька» (from «барыня», a lady of the gentry) is a faintly patronizing 'little lady,' and «анекдотик» a 'little anecdote.' The suffixes turn Madame Khokhlakova and her story into something Mitya can treat lightly and amusedly."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«к более существенному»","title":"«существенное»: 'the essential'","body":"«Существенное» (substantivized adjective, 'that which is essential/substantial') with «более» ('more') gives the polite bureaucratic 'to something more essential.' The magistrate's measured phrase, in quotation marks, contrasts with Mitya's loose storytelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Перейдя","lemma":"перейти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on развеселился","gloss":"turning to"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассказу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"рассказу","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Перейдя","gloss":"the story"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Хохлаковой","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies рассказу","gloss":"Khokhlakova"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вновь","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies развеселился","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"развеселился","lemma":"развеселиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew cheerful"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотел","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with развеселился","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks interrupted action, modifies хотел","gloss":"was about to"},{"surface":"рассказать","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барыньке","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of барыньке","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"барыньке","lemma":"барынька","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказать","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"особый","lemma":"особый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies анекдотик","gloss":"a particular"},{"surface":"недавний","lemma":"недавний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies анекдотик","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"анекдотик","lemma":"анекдотик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of рассказать","gloss":"anecdote"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подходящий","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"подходящий","lemma":"подходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying анекдотик","gloss":"pertaining"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подходящий","gloss":"the case"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"следователь","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановил","gloss":"the magistrate"},{"surface":"остановил","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with хотел via но","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of остановил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вежливо","lemma":"вежливо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies предложил","gloss":"politely"},{"surface":"предложил","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановил","gloss":"suggested"},{"surface":"перейти","lemma":"перейти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of предложил","gloss":"to move on"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking существенному","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies существенному","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"существенному","lemma":"существенный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of перейти","gloss":"something more essential"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b9-c4-s73","source":"Наконец, описав свое отчаяние и рассказав о той минуте, когда, выйдя от Хохлаковой, он даже подумал «скорей зарезать кого-нибудь, а достать три тысячи», его вновь остановили и о том, что «зарезать хотел», записали.","translation":"At last, having described his despair and told of that moment when, on leaving Madame Khokhlakova's, he had even thought, \"better to cut somebody's throat than not get the three thousand,\" they stopped him again and wrote down that he had \"wanted to cut a throat.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"описав… и рассказав… его вновь остановили","title":"Twin perfective gerunds, then subjectless main verb","body":"Two coordinated perfective gerunds «описав… и рассказав» ('having described… and told') set the prior actions, after which the subjectless «остановили… записали» ('they stopped… wrote down') delivers the officials' response. Note the gerunds share Mitya's subject even though the finite verb's subject is 'they' — a slight construction-slip Dostoevsky's running prose tolerates."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выйдя от Хохлаковой","title":"Perfective gerund of motion «выйдя»","body":"«Выйдя» is the perfective past gerund of «выйти» ('to go out / leave'), 'having left.' The prefix «вы-» gives the direction (out from), and «от Хохлаковой» ('from Khokhlakova's') uses «от» + genitive for leaving a person's place."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"зарезать кого-нибудь","title":"«зарезать»: to knife, cut a throat","body":"«Зарезать» (perfective) literally means to kill by cutting — to knife someone or cut a throat, as one slaughters an animal. The brutal concreteness is what so alarms the investigators; the indefinite «кого-нибудь» ('somebody, anybody') makes the impulse all the more damning to record."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановили","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"описав","lemma":"описать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on остановили","gloss":"having described"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of отчаяние","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"отчаяние","lemma":"отчаяние","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of описав","gloss":"despair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассказав","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with описав","gloss":"having told"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минуте","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of минуте","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"минуте","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассказав","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of подумал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"выйдя","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on подумал","gloss":"on leaving"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Хохлаковой","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Хохлаковой","lemma":"Хохлакова","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выйдя","gloss":"Khokhlakova's"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подумал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies подумал","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"подумал","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying минуте","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"скорей","lemma":"скорый","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of подумал","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"зарезать","lemma":"зарезать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of скорей","gloss":"to cut a throat"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of зарезать","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of зарезать","gloss":"-body"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"достать","lemma":"достать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with зарезать","gloss":"get"},{"surface":"три","lemma":"три","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on тысячи","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"тысячи","lemma":"тысяча","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of достать","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of остановили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"вновь","lemma":"вновь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановили","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"остановили","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links остановили and записали","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"том","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of остановили","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of хотел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"зарезать","lemma":"зарезать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотел","gloss":"cut a throat"},{"surface":"хотел","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"had wanted"},{"surface":"записали","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановили","gloss":"wrote down"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b9-c4-s74","source":"Митя безмолвно дал записать.","translation":"Mitya let it be written down without a word.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дал записать","title":"«дать» + infinitive: 'let it be written'","body":"«Дал записать» uses «дать» ('to give') plus a bare infinitive in its permissive sense — 'allowed [them] to write [it] down, let it be written.' The unexpressed agent ('them') and object ('it') are clear from context, leaving a terse, resigned construction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"безмолвно","title":"«безмолвно»: wordlessly","body":"«Безмолвно» (без 'without' + молв- 'speech, word') means 'silently, without a word.' It is a shade more literary and absolute than «молча», fitting Mitya's mute, defeated acquiescence as the damning phrase goes into the record."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"безмолвно","lemma":"безмолвно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дал","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"записать","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of дал","gloss":"it be written down"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b9-c4-s75","source":"Наконец дело дошло до той точки в рассказе, когда он вдруг узнал, что Грушенька его обманула и ушла от Самсонова тотчас же, как он привел ее, тогда как сама сказала, что просидит у старика до полуночи: «Если я тогда не убил, господа, эту Феню, то потому только, что мне было некогда»,— вырвалось вдруг у него в этом месте рассказа.","translation":"At last the account reached the point where he suddenly learned that Grushenka had deceived him and had left Samsonov's the moment he had brought her there, whereas she herself had said she would sit with the old man till midnight: \"If I didn't kill that Fenya then, gentlemen, it was only because I hadn't the time,\" burst suddenly from him at this place in the story.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тогда как сама сказала","title":"Adversative «тогда как»: 'whereas'","body":"«Тогда как» is a subordinating conjunction of contrast meaning 'whereas, while' — it sets Grushenka's promise against what she actually did. «Сама» ('she herself') stresses that the very person who promised broke the promise."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Если я тогда не убил… то потому только, что","title":"Real conditional «если… то»","body":"«Если я… не убил… то потому только, что…» is an indicative (real, not hypothetical) conditional: 'If I didn't kill… then it was only because…'. No «бы» appears because Mitya speaks of a real past fact, not a counterfactual; «то» is the correlative 'then' answering «если»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне было некогда","title":"Dative-experiencer «мне было некогда»","body":"«Мне было некогда» ('I had no time') is a classic impersonal construction: the dative «мне» names the one affected, «было» is impersonal neuter past, and «некогда» is the negative adverb 'there is no time.' There is no nominative subject at all."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вырвалось вдруг у него","title":"Reflexive «вырвалось»: it burst from him","body":"«Вырвалось» (perfective, with middle «-ся») means '[it] burst/escaped' — an involuntary outburst that grammatically has no human agent, only «у него» ('from him'). The construction stages the words as escaping Mitya against his will."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"эту Феню","title":"«Феня»: Fenya, the maid","body":"«Феня» is the familiar diminutive of «Феона/Федосья», the name of Grushenka's young maid. The contemptuous «эту Феню» ('that Fenya') in Mitya's threat shows how, in his jealous fury, even a servant girl became a target."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дошло","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of дошло","gloss":"the account"},{"surface":"дошло","lemma":"дойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reached"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking точки","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of точки","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"точки","lemma":"точка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дошло","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рассказе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"рассказе","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of дошло","gloss":"the story"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узнал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of узнал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies узнал","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"узнал","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on дошло","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of обманула","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Грушенька","lemma":"грушенька","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of обманула","gloss":"Grushenka"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обманула","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"обманула","lemma":"обмануть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of узнал","gloss":"had deceived"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ушла","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with обманула","gloss":"had left"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Самсонова","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Самсонова","lemma":"самсонов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ушла","gloss":"Samsonov's"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ушла","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of привел","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of привел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"привел","lemma":"привести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on тотчас","gloss":"had brought"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"ее","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of привел","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of сказала","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase тогда","gloss":"(whereas)"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сама","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying сказала","gloss":"she herself"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on привел","gloss":"had said"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of просидит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"просидит","lemma":"просидеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of сказала","gloss":"would sit"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking старика","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"старика","lemma":"старик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просидит","gloss":"the old man"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полуночи","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"полуночи","lemma":"полуночь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просидит","gloss":"midnight"},{"surface":"Если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of убил","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of убил","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тогда","lemma":"тогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies убил","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"убил","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the conditional clause introduced by Если","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative, direct address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of Феню","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Феню","lemma":"Феня","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убил","gloss":"Fenya"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of некогда","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlate with то, means 'because'","gloss":"for that reason"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of некогда","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of некогда","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to некогда","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"некогда","lemma":"некогда","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"predicate complement of было (main predicate of the что-clause)","gloss":"had no time"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to дошло","gloss":"burst"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месте","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, locative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of месте","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"месте","lemma":"место","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"рассказа","lemma":"рассказ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies месте","gloss":"in the story"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b9-c4-s76","source":"И это тщательно записали.","translation":"And this too was carefully written down.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И это тщательно записали","title":"Fronted object «это» + subjectless verb","body":"«Это» (the just-uttered threat) is fronted as topic before the subjectless «записали» ('[they] wrote [it] down'). The terse one-line paragraph, recurring through the chapter, drums home the relentless transcribing of Mitya's every incriminating word."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of записали","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"тщательно","lemma":"тщательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies записали","gloss":"carefully"},{"surface":"записали","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote down"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b9-c4-s77","source":"Митя мрачно подождал и стал было повествовать о том, как он побежал к отцу в сад, как вдруг его остановил следователь и, раскрыв свой большой портфель, лежавший подле него на диване, вынул из него медный пестик.","translation":"Mitya waited gloomily and was about to recount how he had run to his father's garden, when suddenly the magistrate stopped him and, opening his large portfolio, which lay beside him on the sofa, drew from it the brass pestle.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал было повествовать… как вдруг… остановил","title":"«стал было… как вдруг»: a checked action interrupted","body":"«Стал было повествовать» (began to recount) again uses the particle «было» for an action barely started, and «как вдруг» ('when suddenly') marks the abrupt interruption. The pattern stages Mitya's narration repeatedly cut short by the magistrate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"раскрыв… вынул из него медный пестик","title":"Gerund «раскрыв» + «из» + genitive","body":"«Раскрыв свой большой портфель… вынул из него…» chains a perfective gerund ('having opened') to the main verb «вынул» ('drew out'). «Из него» ('out of it') shows «из» governing the genitive, the case of motion out of something."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лежавший подле него на диване","title":"Past active participle «лежавший»","body":"«Лежавший подле него на диване» is a past active participle of «лежать» ('to lie'), agreeing with «портфель» — 'which was lying beside him on the sofa.' It compresses a который-clause into a modifier. «Подле» ('beside') is an archaic-flavored preposition + genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подождал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"мрачно","lemma":"мрачно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подождал","gloss":"gloomily"},{"surface":"подождал","lemma":"подождать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подождал","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"marks interrupted action, modifies стал","gloss":"was about to"},{"surface":"повествовать","lemma":"повествовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to recount"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"том","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of повествовать","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежал","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of побежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"had run"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отцу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"отцу","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежал","gloss":"his father's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сад","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сад","lemma":"сад","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of побежал","gloss":"the garden"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of остановил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies остановил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of остановил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"остановил","lemma":"остановить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on побежал","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"следователь","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановил","gloss":"the magistrate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"раскрыв","lemma":"раскрыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with остановил","gloss":"opening"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of портфель","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"большой","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies портфель","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"портфель","lemma":"портфель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of раскрыв","gloss":"portfolio"},{"surface":"лежавший","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying портфель","gloss":"which lay"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подле","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking диване","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"диване","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подле","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подождал","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынул","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"медный","lemma":"медный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пестик","gloss":"brass"},{"surface":"пестик","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вынул","gloss":"the pestle"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b9-c4-s78","source":"— Знаком вам этот предмет?— показал он его Мите.","translation":"\"Is this object familiar to you?\" he asked, showing it to Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Знаком вам этот предмет?","title":"Short adjective «знаком» + dative","body":"«Знаком» is the short (predicative) form of «знакомый» ('familiar, acquainted'), and it governs the dative «вам» — 'is this object familiar to you?' Short adjectives, used only predicatively, give the formal, clipped register of the magistrate's question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаком","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate, head of the phrase","gloss":"familiar"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of Знаком","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of предмет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"предмет","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Знаком","gloss":"object"},{"surface":"показал","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Знаком","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of показал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"его","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of показал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"Митя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of показал","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b9-c4-s79","source":"— Ах да!— мрачно усмехнулся он,— как не знаком! Дайте-ка посмотреть… А черт, не надо!","translation":"\"Ah yes!\" he smiled gloomily, \"how could it not be familiar! Let me have a look... No, the devil, never mind!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как не знаком!","title":"Rhetorical «как не…!» ('how could it not!')","body":"«Как не знаком!» is an exclamatory rhetorical denial — literally 'how [is it] not familiar!', i.e. 'of course it's familiar!'. The «как… не» pattern asserts emphatically by pretending to question, a lively colloquial turn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дайте-ка посмотреть","title":"Imperative + softening particle «-ка»","body":"«Дайте-ка» is the polite/plural imperative «дайте» ('give / let') with the enclitic «-ка», which softens a command into a casual, friendly request — 'let me just have a look.' «-ка» is a small but constant feature of colloquial Russian."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"А черт, не надо!","title":"«а черт!»: 'oh, the devil!'","body":"«Черт» ('devil') is Mitya's habitual oath of frustration, and «не надо» ('no need / never mind') reverses his own request mid-thought. The mercurial 'let me look — no, the devil, never mind' captures his jangled nerves before the pestle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ах","lemma":"ах","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to усмехнулся","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"in apposition to Ах","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"мрачно","lemma":"мрачно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"gloomily"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies знаком","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаком","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаком","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"parallel clause to усмехнулся","gloss":"familiar"},{"surface":"Дайте","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ка","lemma":"-ка","morphology":"particle","role":"softens imperative Дайте","gloss":"(informal particle)"},{"surface":"посмотреть","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Дайте","gloss":"have a look"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of надо","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"need"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b9-c4-s80","source":"— Вы о нем упомянуть забыли,— заметил следователь.","translation":"\"You forgot to mention it,\" the magistrate observed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"упомянуть забыли","title":"Inverted infinitive + «забыли»","body":"«О нем упомянуть забыли» places the infinitive «упомянуть» ('to mention') before the finite «забыли» ('you forgot') — an inversion that fronts the omitted content for emphasis. «О нем» ('about it') uses «о» + prepositional, the case for the topic mentioned."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of забыли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"нем","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упомянуть","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"упомянуть","lemma":"упомянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of забыли","gloss":"mention"},{"surface":"забыли","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to забыли","gloss":"observed"},{"surface":"следователь","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"the magistrate"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b9-c4-s81","source":"— А черт! Не скрыл бы от вас, небось без него бы не обошлось, как вы думаете? Из памяти только вылетело.","translation":"\"The devil! I wouldn't have hidden it from you — surely things couldn't have gone off without it, don't you think? It just slipped my memory.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не скрыл бы от вас","title":"Conditional «не скрыл бы»","body":"«Не скрыл бы» is the conditional/subjunctive — past-form verb «скрыл» + particle «бы» — 'I would not have hidden [it].' It states a counterfactual: had he remembered, he would not have concealed the pestle from them."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"без него бы не обошлось","title":"Impersonal «обошлось» + «бы»","body":"«Без него бы не обошлось» ('things wouldn't have managed without it') is an impersonal reflexive conditional: «обойтись» ('to do/manage without') with «-ся», neuter «обошлось», and «бы» for the hypothetical. «Без него» ('without it') takes «без» + genitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"небось","title":"«небось»: 'I dare say, surely'","body":"«Небось» is a colloquial modal word (a contraction of «не бойся», 'don't fear') meaning 'I suppose, surely, I'll bet.' It lends Mitya's speech a folksy, self-assured shrug — 'surely things couldn't have gone off without it.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Из памяти вылетело","title":"«из памяти вылетело»: it slipped my memory","body":"«Вылететь из памяти» ('to fly out of [one's] memory') is the idiom for 'to slip one's mind, escape one's memory.' The impersonal «вылетело» makes the forgetting something that happened to Mitya, not something he did."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скрыл","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скрыл","lemma":"скрыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hidden"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of скрыл","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of скрыл","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"небось","lemma":"небось","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обошлось (discourse particle: surely)","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of небось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"auxiliary of обошлось","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обошлось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"обошлось","lemma":"обойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with скрыл","gloss":"have gone off"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of думаете","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of думаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"думаете","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on обошлось","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"Из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking памяти","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"памяти","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вылетело","gloss":"memory"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вылетело","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"вылетело","lemma":"вылететь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"slipped out"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b9-c4-s82","source":"— Благоволите же рассказать обстоятельно, как вы им вооружились.","translation":"\"Be so good as to tell us in detail how you came to arm yourself with it.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как вы им вооружились","title":"Instrumental object of «вооружиться»","body":"«Вооружиться» ('to arm oneself', reflexive «-ся») takes its object in the instrumental — «им» ('with it', instr. of «он»). The instrumental is the natural case for the means or instrument: one arms oneself by means of the pestle."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Благоволите же рассказать","title":"«благоволите»: 'be so good as to'","body":"«Благоволить» (lit. 'to be well-disposed, deign'; from благо 'good' + воля 'will') is an archaic, ceremonious imperative of officialese — 'be so good as to, kindly.' The magistrate's stiff courtesy («благоволите же… обстоятельно») is exactly the chilly formality that grates on Mitya."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"обстоятельно","title":"«обстоятельно»: in full detail","body":"«Обстоятельно» (from «обстоятельство», 'circumstance') means 'thoroughly, circumstantially, in full detail.' It is the investigators' watchword — they want every fact «в подробности» and «обстоятельно» — and a quiet irony given how few of Mitya's details will help him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Благоволите","lemma":"благоволите","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (polite imperative)","gloss":"be so good"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Благоволите","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"рассказать","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of Благоволите","gloss":"to tell"},{"surface":"обстоятельно","lemma":"обстоятельно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказать","gloss":"in detail"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies вооружились","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of вооружились","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"им","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of вооружились","gloss":"with it"},{"surface":"вооружились","lemma":"вооружиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рассказать","gloss":"armed yourself"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b9-c4-s83","source":"— Извольте, благоволю, господа.","translation":"\"Very well, I'll be so good, gentlemen.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Извольте, благоволю","title":"«извольте» / «благоволю»: mock courtesy","body":"«Извольте» ('if you please, as you wish') is another formula of polite assent, and Mitya tosses the magistrate's own «благоволите» back as «благоволю» ('I will be so good'). He mimics the officials' ceremonious register, half-mockingly playing the obliging gentleman."}],"words":[{"surface":"Извольте","lemma":"изволить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"very well"},{"surface":"благоволю","lemma":"благоволить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Извольте","gloss":"I'll be so good"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Извольте","gloss":"gentlemen"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b9-c4-s84","source":"И Митя рассказал, как он взял пестик и побежал.","translation":"And Mitya told how he had seized the pestle and run off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взял пестик и побежал","title":"Two perfectives sequencing events","body":"«Взял… и побежал» ('seized… and ran off') are two perfective past verbs, each a single completed act, moving the narration forward step by step. «Побежал» (perfective of «бежать» with «по-») marks the onset of running."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"modifies взял","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of рассказал","gloss":"had seized"},{"surface":"пестик","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"the pestle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взял","gloss":"run off"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b9-c4-s85","source":"— Но какую же цель имели вы в предмете, вооружаясь таким орудием?","translation":"\"But what purpose did you have in mind in arming yourself with such a weapon?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"какую же цель имели вы","title":"Interrogative «какую» + particle «же»","body":"«Какую же цель» pairs the interrogative adjective «какую» ('what kind of / which', acc. agreeing with «цель») with the insistent particle «же», pressing the question — 'but what purpose exactly…?'. «Же» adds the prosecutor's prodding emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вооружаясь таким орудием","title":"Imperfective gerund «вооружаясь» + instrumental","body":"«Вооружаясь» is the present (imperfective) gerund of «вооружаться», marking the simultaneous action — 'in arming yourself.' Its object «таким орудием» ('with such a weapon') is again instrumental, the case of the instrument."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of цель","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какую","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"цель","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имели","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"имели","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of имели","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предмете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"предмете","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of имели","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"вооружаясь","lemma":"вооружаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on имели","gloss":"in arming yourself"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of орудием","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"орудием","lemma":"орудие","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of вооружаясь","gloss":"a weapon"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b9-c4-s86","source":"— Какую цель? Никакой цели! Захватил и побежал.","translation":"\"What purpose? No purpose at all! I grabbed it and ran.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никакой цели!","title":"Negative «никакой» + genitive ellipsis","body":"«Никакой цели!» ('no purpose at all!') uses the negative determiner «никакой» with the noun in the genitive — the genitive of negation surviving even though the verb is elided ([there was] no purpose). «Ни-» words like «никакой» intensify the denial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Какую","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of цель","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"цель","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"Никакой","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of цели","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"цели","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"Захватил","lemma":"захватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grabbed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Захватил","gloss":"ran"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b9-c4-s87","source":"— Зачем же, если без цели?","translation":"\"But why, if it was without a purpose?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зачем же, если без цели?","title":"«зачем же» + elliptical «если»","body":"«Зачем же» ('but why, then?') again carries the pressing particle «же», and «если без цели?» is an elliptical conditional ('if [it was] without a purpose?') with the verb dropped. «Без цели» uses «без» + genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Зачем","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of цели","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking цели","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"цели","lemma":"цель","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"adverbial clause on Зачем","gloss":"a purpose"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b9-c4-s88","source":"В Мите кипела досада.","translation":"Vexation was boiling up in Mitya.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В Мите кипела досада","title":"Subject-last word order with «кипела»","body":"«В Мите кипела досада» literally 'in Mitya boiled vexation' — the locative «в Мите» opens, the verb «кипела» follows, and the subject «досада» ('vexation') lands last as the new, weighty information. The order makes the feeling itself the emerging news."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кипела досада","title":"«кипеть»: to seethe, boil over","body":"«Кипеть» is literally 'to boil,' used figuratively for emotion 'seething, boiling up' inside a person. «Досада» is 'vexation, annoyance, chagrin' — the simmering irritation that will soon boil over into Mitya's outbursts."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Мите","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Мите","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of кипела","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"кипела","lemma":"кипеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, feminine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was boiling"},{"surface":"досада","lemma":"досада","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of кипела","gloss":"vexation"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b9-c4-s89","source":"Он пристально посмотрел на «мальчика» и мрачно и злобно усмехнулся.","translation":"He stared fixedly at the \"boy\" and smiled gloomily and spitefully.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мрачно и злобно усмехнулся","title":"Perfective «усмехнулся» of a single smile","body":"«Усмехнулся» (perfective, reflexive «-ся») names a single completed action — he gave a [bitter] smile. Paired with the adverbs «мрачно и злобно» ('gloomily and spitefully'), it captures one sharp, sardonic curl of the lip."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"усмехнулся","title":"«усмехнуться»: to smirk, give a wry smile","body":"Unlike «улыбнуться» (a warm smile), «усмехнуться» is a wry, ironic, or mocking smile — a smirk or sneer. It recurs through this scene as the index of Mitya's bitter, defensive humor toward 'the boy' magistrate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of посмотрел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"fixedly"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчика","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"the \"boy\""},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мрачно","lemma":"мрачно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"gloomily"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"злобно","lemma":"злобно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"spitefully"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with посмотрел","gloss":"smiled"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b9-c4-s90","source":"Дело в том, что ему всё стыднее и стыднее становилось за то, что он сейчас так искренно и с такими излияниями рассказал «таким людям» историю своей ревности.","translation":"The fact was that he felt more and more ashamed of having just now, so frankly and with such outpourings, told \"such people\" the history of his jealousy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему всё стыднее и стыднее становилось","title":"Dative-experiencer + intensifying comparative","body":"«Ему… стыднее становилось» is an impersonal dative-experiencer state ('he felt ashamed', lit. 'to him it became more shameful'), with «ему» in the dative and no nominative subject. The doubled comparative «стыднее и стыднее» ('more and more ashamed') marks a rising intensity."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дело в том, что","title":"«дело в том, что»: 'the thing is that'","body":"«Дело в том, что…» ('the fact/matter is that…') is a fixed framing phrase that introduces an explanation, with «что» opening the dependent clause. It signals the narrator stepping in to expose the real motive behind Mitya's spite."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с такими излияниями","title":"«излияния»: effusions, outpourings","body":"«Излияния» (from «излить», 'to pour out') means emotional 'outpourings, effusions' — the gushing self-revelation of feeling. The word, faintly ironic here, names just what Mitya now regrets having done before «таким людям» ('such people')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of том","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"том","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стыднее","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of стыднее","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies стыднее (comparative)","gloss":"more and more"},{"surface":"стыднее","lemma":"стыдный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of становилось","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стыднее","lemma":"стыдный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with стыднее (w7)","gloss":"more ashamed"},{"surface":"становилось","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (w4)","gloss":"was becoming"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of становилось","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of рассказал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of рассказал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказал","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies искренно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"искренно","lemma":"искренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рассказал","gloss":"frankly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking излияниями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"такими","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of излияниями","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"излияниями","lemma":"излияниями","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition с (w19), modifies рассказал","gloss":"outpourings"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause (w13)","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of людям","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"людям","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"indirect object of рассказал","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"историю","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of рассказал","gloss":"the history"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ревности","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"ревности","lemma":"ревность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies историю","gloss":"of his jealousy"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b9-c4-s91","source":"— Наплевать на пестик!— вырвалось вдруг у него.","translation":"\"To hell with the pestle!\" burst suddenly from him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вырвалось вдруг у него","title":"Recurring reflexive «вырвалось»","body":"Again «вырвалось… у него» ('burst from him') stages the words as an involuntary eruption with no agent-subject, only the source «у него». The repeated frame marks Mitya's outbursts as things that escape him rather than choices."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Наплевать на пестик!","title":"«наплевать на…»: 'to hell with it'","body":"«Наплевать на» (lit. 'to spit on') is a crude, dismissive idiom — 'to hell with, who cares about.' «Наплевать на пестик!» is Mitya contemptuously waving away the very evidence the officials prize."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наплевать","lemma":"наплевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to hell with it"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пестик","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пестик","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Наплевать","gloss":"the pestle"},{"surface":"вырвалось","lemma":"вырваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst out"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вырвалось","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вырвалось","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b9-c4-s92","source":"— Однако же-с.","translation":"\"All the same, sir.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Однако же-с","title":"The deferential «-с» (slovoers)","body":"The clitic «-с» appended to «однако же» ('all the same, however') is the «словоер» — a vestige of «сударь» ('sir') tacked onto words to signal deference or, here, a sly officious politeness. The prosecutor's «-с» keeps the surface courtesy while pressing his point."}],"words":[{"surface":"Однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Однако","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"с.","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle","role":"deferential politeness marker attached to Однако же","gloss":"sir","note":"The old-fashioned '-с' suffix mimics deferential speech, like adding 'sir' to every remark."}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b9-c4-s93","source":"— Ну, от собак схватил. Ну, темнота… Ну, на всякий случай.","translation":"\"Well, I grabbed it against the dogs. Well, it was dark... Well, just in case.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ну… Ну… Ну…","title":"Filler particle «ну» in halting speech","body":"The thrice-repeated «ну» ('well…') is a discourse particle marking hesitation and grudging concession as Mitya gropes for a reason. The staccato 'Well… well… well…' renders his irritable, improvised backpedaling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"от собак схватил","title":"«от» + genitive of cause/protection","body":"«От собак» ('against / because of the dogs') uses «от» + genitive, here in its sense of warding off or protecting from something. The object «пестик» is understood: 'I grabbed [it] against the dogs.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на всякий случай","title":"«на всякий случай»: just in case","body":"«На всякий случай» (lit. 'for every [eventual] case') is the set idiom 'just in case, to be on the safe side.' Mitya offers it as a lame, all-purpose excuse for arming himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to схватил","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собак","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"собак","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"the dogs"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I grabbed it"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"темнота","lemma":"темнота","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it was dark"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to случай","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случай","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всякий","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случай","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"случай","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"case","note":"'на всякий случай' is the fixed idiom 'just in case.'"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b9-c4-s94","source":"— А прежде вы тоже брали, выходя ночью со двора, какое-нибудь оружие, если боялись так темноты?","translation":"\"And before this, did you likewise take some weapon when going out of the yard at night, if you were so afraid of the dark?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"выходя ночью со двора","title":"Imperfective gerund «выходя» of habit","body":"«Выходя… со двора» is the imperfective present gerund of «выходить» ('going out'), here iterative — 'whenever you went out of the yard.' «Со двора» ('out of the yard') uses «с/со» + genitive for motion away from. The imperfective and «тоже… прежде» frame a repeated past habit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если боялись так темноты","title":"«бояться» + genitive of the feared thing","body":"«Боялись… темноты» — «бояться» ('to fear', a «-ся»-only verb) governs the genitive of what is feared, «темноты» ('of the dark'). The conditional «если… так» ('if you were so [afraid]') quietly mocks Mitya's excuse."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies брали","gloss":"before this"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of брали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"тоже","lemma":"тоже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies брали","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"брали","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did you take"},{"surface":"выходя","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on брали","gloss":"going out"},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходя","gloss":"at night"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двора","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"двора","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходя","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of оружие","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of оружие","gloss":"-ever","note":"'-нибудь' is the indefinite suffix; 'какое-нибудь' together means 'some kind of.'"},{"surface":"оружие","lemma":"оружие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of брали","gloss":"weapon"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of боялись","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"боялись","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on брали","gloss":"were you afraid"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies темноты","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"темноты","lemma":"темнота","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"subject of боялись","gloss":"of the dark"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b9-c4-s95","source":"— Э, черт, тьфу! Господа, с вами буквально нельзя говорить!— вскрикнул Митя в последней степени раздражения и, обернувшись к писарю, весь покраснев от злобы, с какою-то исступленною ноткой в голосе быстро проговорил ему:","translation":"\"Ugh, the devil, pah! Gentlemen, there is literally no talking with you!\" Mitya cried in the last degree of exasperation, and, turning to the clerk, flushing all over with spite, in a kind of frenzied note in his voice, he rapidly said to him:","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с вами буквально нельзя говорить","title":"Impersonal «нельзя» + instrumental «с вами»","body":"«Нельзя говорить» ('one cannot talk') is an impersonal modal with no subject; the implied experiencer is everyone. «С вами» ('with you') uses «с» + instrumental, the case for accompaniment. The whole bursts out as 'there is literally no talking with you.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обернувшись к писарю… проговорил","title":"Perfective gerund «обернувшись» + «к» + dative","body":"«Обернувшись к писарю» ('having turned to the clerk') is a perfective gerund of prior action before «проговорил». «К писарю» uses «к» + dative, the case after «к» ('toward'), marking the person turned to."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"весь покраснев от злобы","title":"Gerund «покраснев» + «от» of cause","body":"«Покраснев от злобы» is a perfective gerund ('having flushed') with «от» + genitive marking the cause — 'red from / with spite.' «От» + genitive is the standard way to express the emotion that produces a physical reaction."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"к писарю","title":"«писарь»: the copying clerk","body":"The «писарь» is the scribe or copying clerk who physically writes down the deposition — distinct from the «следователь» who directs the questioning. Mitya turns to dictate his furious 'confession' directly to the man holding the pen."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с какою-то исступленною ноткой","title":"«исступление»: frenzy, distraction","body":"«Исступленный» (from «исступление», a frenzied loss of self-control) means 'frenzied, distraught, beside oneself.' The «-то» on «какою-то» ('some kind of') hedges the description, and the diminutive «нотка» ('a little note') softens the bookish word — a 'frenzied note' creeping into his voice. Note the older instrumental endings «-ою/-ою» in «какою-то исступленною»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Э","lemma":"э","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection, head of the exclamation","gloss":"ugh"},{"surface":"черт","lemma":"чёрт","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Э","gloss":"the devil"},{"surface":"тьфу","lemma":"тьфу","morphology":"interjection","role":"coordinated with Э","gloss":"pah"},{"surface":"Господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вами","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of нельзя","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"буквально","lemma":"буквально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"literally"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"there is no way"},{"surface":"говорить","lemma":"говорить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to talk"},{"surface":"вскрикнул","lemma":"вскрикнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскрикнул","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking степени","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последней","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"the utmost"},{"surface":"степени","lemma":"степень","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскрикнул","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"раздражения","lemma":"раздражение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies степени","gloss":"of exasperation"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"обернувшись","lemma":"обернуться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking писарю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"писарю","lemma":"писарь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обернувшись","gloss":"the clerk"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies the understood subject он, coordinated with покраснев","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"покраснев","lemma":"покраснеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил, coordinated with обернувшись","gloss":"flushing"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking злобы","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"злобы","lemma":"злоба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies покраснев","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking какою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"какою","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ноткой","gloss":"a kind of"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"indefinite particle attached to какою (w25)","gloss":"-ish"},{"surface":"исступленною","lemma":"исступленный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ноткой","gloss":"frenzied"},{"surface":"ноткой","lemma":"нотка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голосе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"голосе","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies исступленною","gloss":"his voice"},{"surface":"быстро","lemma":"быстро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"rapidly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскрикнул","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of проговорил","gloss":"to him"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b9-c4-s96","source":"— Запиши сейчас… сейчас… «что схватил с собой пестик, чтобы бежать убить отца моего… Федора Павловича… ударом по голове!» Ну, довольны ли вы теперь, господа? Отвели душу?— проговорил он, уставясь с вызовом на следователя и прокурора.","translation":"\"Write it down this instant... this instant... 'that he seized the pestle to run and kill my father... Fyodor Pavlovich... with a blow to the head!' Well, are you satisfied now, gentlemen? Have you eased your hearts?\" he said, glaring defiantly at the magistrate and the prosecutor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Запиши сейчас","title":"Singular imperative «запиши»","body":"«Запиши» is the perfective singular imperative ('write [it] down!'), addressed familiarly to the clerk. The perfective imperative demands a single completed act — get it down now — matching the urgent, dictating «сейчас… сейчас» ('this instant')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы бежать убить отца моего","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + infinitive chain","body":"«Чтобы бежать убить отца» ('in order to run [and] kill my father') is a purpose clause with «чтобы» + infinitives, the two verbs «бежать убить» juxtaposed without a conjunction ('run to kill'). «Отца» is animate accusative (= genitive form), the direct object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ударом по голове","title":"Instrumental of means «ударом»","body":"«Ударом по голове» ('with a blow to the head') uses the instrumental «ударом» for the means/instrument of the killing, and «по голове» ('to/on the head', «по» + dative) for the target. The instrumental coldly specifies the method Mitya bitterly dictates."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Отвели душу?","title":"«отвести душу»: to ease one's heart","body":"«Отвести душу» (lit. 'to lead the soul aside') is the idiom 'to unburden oneself, get something off one's chest, have one's fill.' Mitya throws it sarcastically at the officials — 'have you eased your hearts now?' — accusing them of relishing his self-incrimination."}],"words":[{"surface":"Запиши","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"write down"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Запиши","gloss":"this instant"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"this instant"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the quoted clause of схватил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"he seized"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"собой","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"oblique complement of схватил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"пестик","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of схватил","gloss":"the pestle"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бежать","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"бежать","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on схватил","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"убить","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of бежать","gloss":"kill"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of убить","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of отца","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"Федора","lemma":"фёдор","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Fyodor"},{"surface":"Павловича","lemma":"павлович","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Федора","gloss":"Pavlovich"},{"surface":"ударом","lemma":"удар","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"with a blow"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking голове","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"голове","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ударом","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"довольны","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"satisfied"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies довольны","gloss":"[question particle]"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of довольны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies довольны","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"Отвели","lemma":"отвести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have you eased","note":"'отвести душу' is the idiom 'to vent one's feelings, ease one's heart.'"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Отвели","gloss":"your heart"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уставясь","lemma":"уставясь","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"staring"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вызовом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вызовом","lemma":"вызов","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уставясь","gloss":"defiance"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking следователя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"следователя","lemma":"следователь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вызовом","gloss":"the magistrate"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прокурора","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with следователя","gloss":"the prosecutor"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b9-c4-s97","source":"— Мы слишком понимаем, что подобное показание вы дали сейчас в раздражении на нас и в досаде на вопросы, которые мы вам представляем, которые вы считаете мелочными и которые, в сущности, весьма существенны,— сухо проговорил ему в ответ прокурор.","translation":"\"We understand all too well that you have just given such testimony out of irritation with us and vexation at the questions we are putting to you, which you consider petty and which are, in essence, highly essential,\" the prosecutor said dryly in answer.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что подобное показание вы дали сейчас в раздражении","title":"Reported «что»-clause and «в» + prepositional of state","body":"«Что… вы дали… в раздражении… и в досаде» is a reported-fact clause opened by «что» ('that you gave such testimony'). «В раздражении» / «в досаде» use «в» + prepositional to express the emotional state one is in — 'out of / in irritation and vexation.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которые вы считаете мелочными","title":"Relative «которые» + instrumental predicate","body":"Two «который»-clauses modify «вопросы» ('the questions'): «которые вы считаете мелочными» puts the predicate adjective in the instrumental «мелочными» after «считать» ('to consider [something] [to be]…'), which governs the instrumental for the assigned quality."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в сущности","title":"«в сущности»: in essence","body":"«В сущности» (from «сущность», 'essence') means 'essentially, in essence, at bottom.' The prosecutor's dry «в сущности, весьма существенны» ('are, in essence, highly essential') puns on the shared root «сущ-», turning Mitya's 'petty' questions into the truly substantial ones."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of понимаем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимаем","gloss":"all too well"},{"surface":"понимаем","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of дали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подобное","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies показание","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"показание","lemma":"показание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дали","gloss":"testimony"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of дали","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дали","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of понимаем","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дали","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раздражении","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"раздражении","lemma":"раздражение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дали","gloss":"irritation"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"нас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"modifies раздражении","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking досаде","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"досаде","lemma":"досада","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with раздражении","gloss":"vexation"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вопросы","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вопросы","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies досаде","gloss":"the questions"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"которые","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of представляем","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"мы","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of представляем","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of представляем","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"представляем","lemma":"представлять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on вопросы","gloss":"are putting"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"которые","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of считаете","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of считаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"считаете","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of представляем","gloss":"consider"},{"surface":"мелочными","lemma":"мелочный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of считаете","gloss":"petty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"которые","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of существенны","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сущности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сущности","lemma":"сущность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"parallel clause to существенны","gloss":"essence"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies существенны","gloss":"highly"},{"surface":"существенны","lemma":"существенный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"coordinated with считаете","gloss":"essential"},{"surface":"сухо","lemma":"сухо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"dryly"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with понимаем","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of проговорил","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ответ","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ответ","lemma":"ответ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"the prosecutor"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b9-c4-s98","source":"— Да помилуйте же, господа! Ну, взял пестик… Ну, для чего берут в таких случаях что-нибудь в руку? Я не знаю, для чего. Схватил и побежал. Вот и всё. Стыдно, господа, passons, a то, клянусь, я перестану рассказывать!","translation":"\"But have mercy, gentlemen! Well, I took the pestle... Well, why does one take something into one's hand on occasions like that? I don't know why. I grabbed it and ran. That's all there is to it. It's shameful, gentlemen, passons, or else, I swear, I'll stop telling it at all!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да помилуйте же","title":"Imperative «помилуйте» + particles «да… же»","body":"«Помилуйте» is the plural/polite imperative of «помиловать» ('to have mercy / spare'), here a worn-down exclamation 'but for goodness' sake, have mercy!' The framing particles «да» (insistent 'but, do') and «же» (emphatic) intensify the plea."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"для чего берут… что-нибудь в руку?","title":"Impersonal 'one' «берут» + «что-нибудь»","body":"«Берут» (3rd-pl., no subject) is the impersonal 'one takes / people take,' and «что-нибудь» is the non-specific indefinite 'something, anything [at all]' (the «-нибудь» series). Together: 'why does one take something into one's hand on such occasions?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"помилуйте","lemma":"помилуйте","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have mercy"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies помилуйте","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with помилуйте","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to взял","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"взял","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I took"},{"surface":"пестик","lemma":"пестик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of взял","gloss":"the pestle"},{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of берут","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"берут","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does one take"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"таких","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of случаях","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"случаях","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of берут","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of берут","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of берут","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of берут","gloss":"one's hand"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of знаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чего","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of знаю","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"Схватил","lemma":"схватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I grabbed it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"побежал","lemma":"побежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Схватил","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"all there is to it"},{"surface":"Стыдно","lemma":"стыдно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate of its own exclamatory clause","gloss":"it's shameful"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with Стыдно","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"passons","lemma":"passons","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Стыдно","gloss":"let's drop it","note":"French 'passons' = 'let's move on/pass over it.'"},{"surface":"a","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts with passons, pairs with то (w34) to form 'a то' = 'or else'","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"correlates with a (w33) to form 'a то' = 'or else'","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"клянусь","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Стыдно","gloss":"I swear"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of перестану","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"перестану","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll stop"},{"surface":"рассказывать","lemma":"рассказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of перестану","gloss":"telling it"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b9-c4-s99","source":"Он облокотился на стол и подпер рукой голову.","translation":"He leaned his elbows on the table and propped his head on his hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"облокотился… подпер","title":"Two perfectives of posture","body":"«Облокотился» (reflexive «-ся», 'propped his elbows') and «подпер» ('propped up') are perfective past verbs naming two completed gestures in sequence. «Облокотиться» builds on «локоть» ('elbow') — to lean on one's elbows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of облокотился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"облокотился","lemma":"облокотиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leaned his elbows"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of облокотился","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подпер","lemma":"подпереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with облокотился","gloss":"propped"},{"surface":"рукой","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"instrumental complement (instrument) of подпер","gloss":"with his hand"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подпер","gloss":"his head"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b9-c4-s100","source":"Он сидел к ним боком и смотрел в стену, пересиливая в себе дурное чувство.","translation":"He sat sideways to them and looked at the wall, mastering the foul feeling within himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидел… и смотрел","title":"Imperfective past for sustained state","body":"«Сидел… и смотрел» ('sat… and looked') are imperfective past, holding Mitya in a prolonged posture rather than naming events — the static, brooding tableau against which the questioning resumes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пересиливая в себе дурное чувство","title":"Imperfective gerund «пересиливая»","body":"«Пересиливая» is the present gerund of «пересиливать» ('to overpower, master'), simultaneous with the main verbs — 'mastering [the feeling] within himself.' «В себе» ('within himself') uses the reflexive pronoun «себя» in the prepositional, pointing back to Mitya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"ним","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of сидел","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"боком","lemma":"бок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"sideways"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидел","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стену","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"стену","lemma":"стена","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"пересиливая","lemma":"пересиливать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on смотрел","gloss":"mastering"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of пересиливая","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"дурное","lemma":"дурной","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies чувство","gloss":"foul"},{"surface":"чувство","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of пересиливая","gloss":"feeling"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b9-c4-s101","source":"В самом деле ему ужасно как хотелось встать и объявить, что более не скажет ни слова, «хоть ведите на смертную казнь».","translation":"He had, in truth, a dreadful urge to stand up and declare that he would not say another word, \"even if you lead me to the scaffold.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему ужасно как хотелось встать","title":"Dative-experiencer «ему хотелось» + infinitive","body":"«Ему… хотелось встать» is the impersonal dative-experiencer of desire: «ему» (dat.) + reflexive «хотелось» (it was wanted [by him]) + infinitive — 'he had a [dreadful] urge to stand up.' The «-ся» on «хотелось» frames the wish as welling up in him, not willed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть ведите на смертную казнь","title":"Concessive imperative «хоть ведите»","body":"«Хоть ведите…» uses «хоть» ('even if') with the imperative «ведите» ('lead [me]') in a concessive sense — 'even if you lead me to execution.' The imperative form expresses a defiant 'let them do their worst.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самом","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ужасно","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of ужасно","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасный","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотелось","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies ужасно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"хотелось","lemma":"хотеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on ужасно","gloss":"he wanted"},{"surface":"встать","lemma":"встать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотелось","gloss":"to get up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"объявить","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with встать","gloss":"to declare"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of скажет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies не","gloss":"any more"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies скажет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"скажет","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of объявить","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of скажет","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ведите","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"ведите","lemma":"вести","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on скажет","gloss":"you led me"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking казнь","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"смертную","lemma":"смертный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies казнь","gloss":"the fatal"},{"surface":"казнь","lemma":"казнь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ведите","gloss":"scaffold"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b9-c4-s102","source":"— Видите, господа,— проговорил он вдруг, с трудом пересиливая себя,— видите. Слушаю я вас, и мне мерещится… я, видите, вижу иногда во сне один сон… один такой сон, и он мне часто снится, повторяется, что кто-то за мной гонится, кто-то такой, которого я ужасно боюсь, гонится в темноте, ночью, ищет меня, а я прячусь куда-нибудь от него за дверь или за шкап, прячусь унизительно, а главное, что ему отлично известно, куда я от него спрятался, но что он будто бы нарочно притворяется, что не знает, где я сижу, чтобы дольше промучить меня, чтобы страхом моим насладиться… Вот это и вы теперь делаете! На то похоже!","translation":"\"You see, gentlemen,\" he said suddenly, mastering himself with an effort, \"you see. I listen to you, and something keeps coming to my mind... You see, I sometimes have a certain dream in my sleep... one such dream, and it often comes to me, recurs — that someone is chasing me, someone of whom I am terribly afraid, chasing me in the dark, at night, looking for me, while I hide somewhere from him, behind a door or behind a cupboard, hide myself humiliatingly — and the main thing is, he knows perfectly well where I've hidden from him, but he deliberately pretends, as it were, not to know where I'm sitting, so as to torment me longer, so as to gloat over my fear... That is exactly what you are doing now! It's just like that!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне мерещится… он мне часто снится","title":"Two dative-experiencer verbs of dreaming","body":"Both «мерещится» ('appears/looms [to me]') and «снится» ('is dreamt [by me]') are «-ся» verbs that take the dative experiencer «мне» — the dream comes to him, he does not actively dream it. This dative-and-reflexive framing makes the inner vision something that happens to Mitya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто-то за мной гонится, кто-то такой, которого я ужасно боюсь","title":"Indefinite «кто-то» + relative «которого»","body":"«Кто-то» ('someone', specific but unknown, «-то» series) is picked up by the relative clause «которого я… боюсь» — «бояться» governs the genitive, and «которого» takes the genitive its role demands while agreeing in number/gender with «кто-то». The vagueness is the dread."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"прячусь куда-нибудь от него за дверь или за шкап","title":"«за» + accusative of motion-toward","body":"«Прячусь… за дверь… за шкап» uses «за» + accusative because it expresses motion to a position behind something (hiding [going] behind the door/cupboard). With location it would be instrumental («за дверью»); the accusative marks the dynamic act of ducking behind."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы дольше промучить меня, чтобы страхом моим насладиться","title":"Purpose «чтобы» + instrumental of «насладиться»","body":"Two «чтобы» + infinitive purpose clauses give the tormentor's aim. «Насладиться» ('to revel in, gloat over') governs the instrumental «страхом моим» ('over my fear') — the instrumental marks the source of enjoyment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"за шкап","title":"«шкап»: older form of «шкаф»","body":"«Шкап» is the 19th-century spelling/pronunciation of «шкаф» ('cupboard, wardrobe'), still common in Dostoevsky's day. A small period detail in Mitya's nightmare of hiding 'behind a cupboard.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parenthetical to quoted speech","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking трудом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"трудом","lemma":"труд","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пересиливая","gloss":"effort"},{"surface":"пересиливая","lemma":"пересиливать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"mastering"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of пересиливая","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to проговорил","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"Слушаю","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I listen"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Слушаю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Слушаю","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of мерещится","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"мерещится","lemma":"мерещиться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Слушаю","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to вижу","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вижу","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сне","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сне","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вижу","gloss":"my sleep"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies сон","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вижу","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"quantifies сон","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of сон","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of повторяется","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of снится","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"мне","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of снится","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies снится","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"снится","lemma":"сниться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with повторяется","gloss":"comes to me"},{"surface":"повторяется","lemma":"повторяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with снится","gloss":"recurs"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of гонится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of гонится","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of гонится","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мной","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"мной","lemma":"мной","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, singular","role":"oblique complement of гонится","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"гонится","lemma":"гнаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of повторяется","gloss":"chases"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of гонится","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of гонится","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of то","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"которого","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of боюсь","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of боюсь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies боюсь","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"боюсь","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on такой","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"гонится","lemma":"гнаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with гонится","gloss":"chases"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking темноте","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"темноте","lemma":"темнота","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of гонится","gloss":"the dark"},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with темноте","gloss":"at night"},{"surface":"ищет","lemma":"искать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with гонится","gloss":"searches for"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ищет","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прячусь","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"прячусь","lemma":"прятаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with гонится","gloss":"hide"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прячусь","gloss":"to somewhere"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прячусь","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прячусь","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверь","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прячусь","gloss":"a door"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шкап","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"шкап","lemma":"шкап","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with дверь","gloss":"a cupboard","note":"Archaic spelling of шкаф (cupboard)."},{"surface":"прячусь","lemma":"прятаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with гонится","gloss":"hide"},{"surface":"унизительно","lemma":"унизительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прячусь","gloss":"humiliatingly"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, introduces the clause of известно","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of известно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"ему","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of известно","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отлично","lemma":"отлично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies известно","gloss":"perfectly well"},{"surface":"известно","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"predicate, complement of главное","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спрятался","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of спрятался","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"него","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрятался","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"спрятался","lemma":"спрятаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"depends on известно","gloss":"hid"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of притворяется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of притворяется","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies притворяется (with бы, w82)","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional","role":"part of the phrase будто","gloss":"(as if)"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies притворяется","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"притворяется","lemma":"притворяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with известно","gloss":"pretends"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of знает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of притворяется","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сижу","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"сижу","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"am sitting"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of промучить","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"дольше","lemma":"долгий","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies промучить","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"промучить","lemma":"промучить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose clause modifying притворяется (why he pretends)","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"меня","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of промучить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of страхом","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"страхом","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of насладиться","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"моим","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of страхом","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"насладиться","lemma":"насладиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"second purpose infinitive, coordinated with промучить","gloss":"gloat over"},{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies это","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делаете","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вы","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of делаете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делаете","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"делаете","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are doing"},{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of похоже","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"похоже","lemma":"похожий","morphology":"adjective, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"it's like"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b9-c4-s103","source":"— Это вы такие видите сны?— осведомился прокурор.","translation":"\"Is that the kind of dream you have?\" the prosecutor inquired.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Это вы такие видите сны?","title":"Fronted «это вы» + framing word order","body":"«Это вы такие видите сны?» fronts «это» and the pronoun «вы» for incredulous emphasis — 'is it really you who has such dreams?' Russian «видеть сны» ('to see dreams') is the idiom for 'to have/dream dreams.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осведомился","title":"«осведомиться»: to inquire","body":"«Осведомиться» (perfective, «-ся») is a formal, slightly bookish 'to inquire, ask after' — the prosecutor's measured, official register, dryly noting Mitya's dreams rather than reacting to them."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"expletive with видите","gloss":"is it that"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of сны","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"видите","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"you have"},{"surface":"сны","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of видите","gloss":"dreams"},{"surface":"осведомился","lemma":"осведомиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to видите","gloss":"inquired"},{"surface":"прокурор","lemma":"прокурор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осведомился","gloss":"the prosecutor"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b9-c4-s104","source":"— Да, такие вижу сны… А вы уж не хотите ли записать?— криво усмехнулся Митя.","translation":"\"Yes, that's the kind of dream I have... And now you wouldn't be wanting to write it down, would you?\" Mitya smiled crookedly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А вы уж не хотите ли записать?","title":"«не… ли» tentative question + particle «уж»","body":"«Не хотите ли записать?» is the tentative-question frame «не [verb] ли» ('you wouldn't be wanting to…, would you?'), softened and barbed by «уж» ('surely, now'). Mitya mockingly anticipates that they will write even his dreams down."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"криво усмехнулся","title":"«криво усмехнулся»: smiled crookedly","body":"«Криво» ('crookedly, askew') with «усмехнулся» paints a lopsided, sardonic half-smile — the bodily sign of Mitya's bitter irony as he taunts the investigators."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to вижу","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of сны","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"сны","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of вижу","gloss":"dreams"},{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of хотите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотите","gloss":"by any chance"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотите","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотите","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотите","gloss":"(question particle)"},{"surface":"записать","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотите","gloss":"to write it down"},{"surface":"криво","lemma":"кривой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усмехнулся","gloss":"crookedly"},{"surface":"усмехнулся","lemma":"усмехнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to хотите","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of усмехнулся","gloss":"Mitya"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b9-c4-s105","source":"— Нет-с, не записать, но всё же любопытные у вас сны.","translation":"\"No, sir, not to write it down, but all the same you have curious dreams.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нет-с, не записать","title":"Deferential «-с» on «нет»","body":"«Нет-с» again appends the obsequious «-с» (from «сударь», 'sir') to «нет», maintaining the prosecutor's cool officialese politeness. The «-с» peppers the officials' speech as a marker of their careful, deferential surface."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"любопытные у вас сны","title":"Predicate-first inversion","body":"«Любопытные у вас сны» fronts the predicate adjective «любопытные» ('curious') before the possessor-phrase «у вас» and the subject «сны» — 'curious dreams you have.' The inversion lands the comment ('curious') first for dry effect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection, response particle","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"particle, archaic deferential suffix ('-s')","role":"deferential particle attached to Нет","gloss":"sir","note":"Archaic deferential suffix -с (from сударь), like saying \"no, sir.\""},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies записать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"записать","lemma":"записать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to write it down"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial phrase (всё же = 'still, all the same'), modifies любопытные","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies всё","gloss":"(emphasis)"},{"surface":"любопытные","lemma":"любопытный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies сны","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вас","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of любопытные","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"сны","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of the clause (predicate: любопытные ... сны)","gloss":"dreams"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b9-c4-s106","source":"— Теперь уж не сон! Реализм, господа, реализм действительной жизни! Я волк, а вы охотники, ну и травите волка.","translation":"\"This time it's no dream! Realism, gentlemen, the realism of actual life! I'm the wolf, and you're the hunters — so hunt the wolf down.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я волк, а вы охотники","title":"Zero copula + contrastive «а»","body":"«Я волк, а вы охотники» ('I'm the wolf, and you're the hunters') shows the present-tense zero copula — no verb 'to be,' just nominative predicates «волк», «охотники». The contrastive «а» sets the two sides against each other in a single balanced antithesis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"травите волка","title":"Imperative «травите» of the hunt","body":"«Травите волка» ('hunt the wolf down!') is the plural imperative of «травить», the hunting verb for setting hounds on quarry and running it to ground. The animate accusative «волка» (= genitive form) is the object. Mitya bitterly invites his own quarry-hunt."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"травите волка","title":"«травить»: to bait, hunt down","body":"«Травить» means to bait or hound an animal — to set dogs on it and harry it to death. Figuratively it is 'to persecute, hound a person.' Mitya's wolf-and-hunters image casts the interrogation as a literary wolf-hunt, a charged motif in Russian writing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сон","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сон","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сон","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сон","lemma":"сон","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a dream"},{"surface":"Реализм","lemma":"реализм","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Realism"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"реализм","lemma":"реализм","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Реализм","gloss":"the realism"},{"surface":"действительной","lemma":"действительный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies жизни","gloss":"actual"},{"surface":"жизни","lemma":"жизнь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies реализм","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of волк","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"волк","lemma":"волк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"a wolf"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of охотники","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"охотники","lemma":"охотник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with волк","gloss":"hunters"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies травите","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"травите","lemma":"травить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"imperative verb, main verb of the clause","gloss":"hunt"},{"surface":"волка","lemma":"волк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of травите","gloss":"the wolf"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b9-c4-s107","source":"— Вы напрасно взяли такое сравнение…— начал было чрезвычайно мягко Николай Парфенович.","translation":"\"You are wrong to take such a comparison...\" Nikolai Parfenovich began exceedingly mildly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начал было… Николай Парфенович","title":"Checked action «начал было»","body":"«Начал было» again uses the particle «было» to mark an action just begun and then cut off — the magistrate 'began [to say]' but is at once interrupted by Mitya in the next segment. The pattern keeps stranding the officials mid-sentence."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"напрасно взяли такое сравнение","title":"«напрасно»: in vain, wrongly","body":"«Напрасно» means 'in vain, to no purpose, wrongly' — here 'you are wrong to draw such a comparison.' The word becomes the hinge of the next exchange, which Mitya seizes on, throwing «не напрасно!» back at the magistrate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of взяли","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"напрасно","lemma":"напрасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взяли","gloss":"wrongly"},{"surface":"взяли","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"такое","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сравнение","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"сравнение","lemma":"сравнение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взяли","gloss":"comparison"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parenthetical to quoted speech","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"particle marking an interrupted/incomplete action, modifies начал","gloss":"(began to, but...)","note":"было after a past-tense verb marks an action begun then interrupted."},{"surface":"чрезвычайно","lemma":"чрезвычайно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мягко","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"мягко","lemma":"мягко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"mildly"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b9-c4-s108","source":"— Не напрасно, господа, не напрасно!— вскипел опять Митя, хотя и, видимо облегчив душу выходкой внезапного гнева, начал уже опять добреть с каждым словом.— Вы можете не верить преступнику или подсудимому, истязуемому вашими вопросами, но благороднейшему человеку, господа, благороднейшим порывам души (смело это кричу!)— нет! этому вам нельзя не верить… права даже не имеете… но—","translation":"\"I am not wrong, gentlemen, not wrong!\" Mitya flared up again, though, having visibly relieved his soul with this outburst of sudden anger, he was already beginning to soften once more with every word. \"You may not believe a criminal or a defendant tortured by your questions, but a man of the noblest sort, gentlemen, the noblest impulses of the soul (I cry it boldly!) — no! that you cannot but believe... you haven't even the right to... but —\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"облегчив душу выходкой","title":"Perfective gerund «облегчив» + instrumental","body":"«Облегчив душу выходкой» ('having relieved his soul by an outburst') is a perfective gerund of prior action, with «выходкой» in the instrumental of means — the antic by which he eased himself. The clause explains why he begins to soften even as he flares up."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"благороднейшему человеку… благороднейшим порывам","title":"Bookish superlative «благороднейший»","body":"«Благороднейший» ('noblest') is the synthetic superlative in «-ейш-», declined to agree with its nouns in the dative («благороднейшему человеку», «благороднейшим порывам»). The dative is governed by «верить» ('to believe [in] someone'). The lofty superlative suits Mitya's swelling self-defense of his 'noble' soul."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"этому вам нельзя не верить","title":"Double negation «нельзя не верить»","body":"«Нельзя не верить» ('one cannot not believe' = 'one cannot but believe') stacks the modal «нельзя» with the negated infinitive «не верить» to make an emphatic positive. «Этому» is dative ('this') governed by «верить»; «вам» is the impersonal experiencer."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"истязуемому вашими вопросами","title":"«истязуемый»: tortured (passive participle)","body":"«Истязуемый» is the rare bookish present passive participle in «-емый» of «истязать» ('to torture, torment'), agreeing in the dative with «подсудимому» — 'a defendant [being] tortured by your questions.' The agent «вашими вопросами» stands in the instrumental, as passive agents do. «Истязать» is a heavy, almost juridical word for cruel torment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"подсудимому","title":"«подсудимый»: the accused, defendant","body":"«Подсудимый» (substantivized participle, lit. 'one [brought] under judgment') is the legal term for the accused / defendant standing trial. Mitya pairs it with «преступник» ('criminal'), bitterly naming the categories the law would file him under."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies напрасно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"напрасно","lemma":"напрасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"wrongly"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies напрасно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"напрасно","lemma":"напрасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with напрасно","gloss":"wrongly"},{"surface":"вскипел","lemma":"вскипеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narration, parenthetical to quoted speech","gloss":"flared up"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вскипел","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Митя","lemma":"митя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскипел","gloss":"Mitya"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of облегчив","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies облегчив","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"видимо","lemma":"видимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies облегчив","gloss":"visibly"},{"surface":"облегчив","lemma":"облегчить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"having relieved"},{"surface":"душу","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of облегчив","gloss":"his soul"},{"surface":"выходкой","lemma":"выходка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of облегчив","gloss":"with the outburst"},{"surface":"внезапного","lemma":"внезапный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гнева","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"гнева","lemma":"гнев","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies выходкой","gloss":"of anger"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскипел","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опять","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies добреть","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"добреть","lemma":"добреть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"to soften"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking словом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"каждым","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of словом","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of добреть","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"Вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of можете","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"можете","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верить","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of можете","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"преступнику","lemma":"преступник","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of верить","gloss":"a criminal"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"подсудимому","lemma":"подсудимый","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with преступнику","gloss":"a defendant"},{"surface":"истязуемому","lemma":"истязуемый","morphology":"participle, present, passive, dative, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying преступнику","gloss":"tortured (by)"},{"surface":"вашими","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of вопросами","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"вопросами","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of истязуемому","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"благороднейшему","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человеку","gloss":"the noblest"},{"surface":"человеку","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with преступнику","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"господа","lemma":"господин","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"благороднейшим","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, superlative, dative, plural","role":"modifies порывам","gloss":"noblest"},{"surface":"порывам","lemma":"порыв","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with человеку (dative object of верить)","gloss":"impulses"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies порывам","gloss":"of the soul"},{"surface":"смело","lemma":"смело","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies кричу","gloss":"boldly"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of кричу","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"кричу","lemma":"кричать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause, exclamation","gloss":"I proclaim"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"interjection, emphatic negation","gloss":"no!"},{"surface":"этому","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of нельзя (referring to благороднейшим порывам)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вам","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of нельзя","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cannot"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies верить","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"верить","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"права","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имеете","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеете","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имеете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"имеете","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"but—"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b9-c4-s109","source":"молчи, сердце, Терпи, смиряйся и молчи!","translation":"be still, my heart, Bear, humble yourself, and be still!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"молчи, сердце, Терпи, смиряйся и молчи!","title":"Chain of singular imperatives","body":"The verse is built of four singular imperatives — «молчи» ('be still'), «терпи» ('bear, endure'), «смиряйся» ('humble yourself', reflexive «-ся»), «молчи» again — addressed to the heart («сердце»). The imperative-to-the-self is the lyric's mode of inner command."}],"words":[{"surface":"молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"be still"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"my heart"},{"surface":"Терпи","lemma":"терпеть","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молчи","gloss":"endure"},{"surface":"смиряйся","lemma":"смиряться","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Терпи","gloss":"humble yourself"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молчи","lemma":"молчать","morphology":"verb, imperative, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with молчи","gloss":"be still"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b9-c4-s110","source":"Ну, что же, продолжать?— мрачно оборвал он.","translation":"Well, what then, shall I go on?\" he broke off gloomily.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"что же, продолжать?","title":"Particle «же» + bare infinitive question","body":"«Ну, что же, продолжать?» combines the filler «ну», the insistent «же», and a bare infinitive «продолжать?» used as a deliberative question — 'well then, [am I] to go on?' The subjectless infinitive-question is a common Russian way to ask 'shall I…?'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"мрачно оборвал","title":"«оборвать»: to break off abruptly","body":"«Оборвать» (perfective) literally 'to tear off,' figuratively 'to cut short, break off (speech)' — here Mitya curtly breaks off his own outburst. «Мрачно» ('gloomily') marks the sullen abruptness with which he snaps back to the matter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to продолжать","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"clausal complement of Ну","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"продолжать","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall I go on"},{"surface":"мрачно","lemma":"мрачно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оборвал","gloss":"gloomily"},{"surface":"оборвал","lemma":"оборвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke off"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оборвал","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b9-c4-s111","source":"— Как же, сделайте одолжение,— ответил Николай Парфенович.","translation":"\"By all means, be so good as to do so,\" answered Nikolai Parfenovich.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сделайте одолжение","title":"«сделайте одолжение»: 'be so good'","body":"«Сделайте одолжение» (lit. 'do [me] a favor') is a courteous formula 'by all means, please do, be so good.' Nikolai Parfenovich's smooth politeness — answering Mitya's gloom with elaborate courtesy — keeps up the unnerving civility of the whole interrogation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как же","title":"Affirmative «как же»: 'of course, by all means'","body":"«Как же» here is not a question but an emphatic affirmation — 'why, of course! certainly!' — with «же» reinforcing the ready assent. It is a polite, slightly formal way of saying 'please do go on.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сделайте","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Как","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"сделайте","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"please do"},{"surface":"одолжение","lemma":"одолжение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сделайте","gloss":"the favor"},{"surface":"ответил","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parenthetical to quoted speech","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Николай","lemma":"николай","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ответил","gloss":"Nikolai"},{"surface":"Парфенович","lemma":"парфёнович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Николай","gloss":"Parfenovich"}]}]}